Transmission & Switching Systems
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Transcript of Transmission & Switching Systems
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Switching Systems for Public Networks
Amila PereraSri Lanka Telecom Training Centre
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Description of Unit
The aim of this unit is to provide an understanding of the architecture, operation and major design issues relating to switching and transmission systems.
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Description of Unit
This unit has been designed to enable the learner to understand the importance of switching and transmission systems within public and private networks.
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Description of Unit
Learners will consider the need for seamless and transparent global networks and the requirement for unified networks incorporating differing technologies for multi-media applications.
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Summary of learning outcomes Investigate switching systems for public
networks Investigate switching systems for private and
integrated networks Investigate the properties of the
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) Investigate the properties of the Synchronous
Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
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Summary of learning outcomes Investigate switching systems for public
networks Investigate switching systems for private and
integrated networks Investigate the properties of the
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) Investigate the properties of the Synchronous
Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
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Links
The unit is designed to stand alone but it has links with:
Unit 8: Data Communications and Networks Unit 17: Digital Networks.
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Switching systems for public networks Call set up process Call routing Signalling techniques
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Call Set up Process
Number allocation/recognition Use of tones Network hierarchy (eg: local exchange,
tandem/transit, international gateway)
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Call Routing
Subscriber trunk dialling (STD) Access networks Transmission equipment Concentrators Remote concentrator units (RCU) Digital cell centre exchange (DCCE) Digital main switching units (DMSU) Time and space switching Stored programme control (SPC)
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Signaling Techniques
DC Tones in-band Tones out-of-band Supervisory Channel associated signalling (CAS Common channel signalling (CCS) Signalling system no. 7 (SS7) Service logic (eg: service switching point (SSP),
service control point (SCP) call processing)
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Switching systems for private and integrated networks PBX architecture PBX features Voice over internet protocol
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PBX Architecture
Hardware (eg: leased lines, leased carriers, leased trunks, multi-line key handsets); Centrex
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PBX features Range and modularity of services
time-of-day routing toll-free calling, call line identification local number portability
Enterprise switching hunt groups key systems
Connectivity options PBX-PBX, PBX-PSTN ISDN
Unified network concept Call/contact centres
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Voice over internet protocol internet telephony major system components
gateways, gatekeepers, IP telephones PC based software phones
development issues Voice quality bandwidth constraint transparency to the user TCP/UDP issue Security accounting/billing
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Switching systems for public networks describe the call set up process explain how calls are routed over the PSTN evaluate the range of signalling techniques
used in public networks
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Switching systems for private and integrated networks describe the architecture of a private branch
exchange (PBX) describe the features of a PBX explain the principles of voice
communication by means of the internet protocol (voice over IP)
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Textbooks
Ronayne J – Introduction to Digital Communications Switching (UCL Press, 1991) ISBN 0273034529
Russell T – Signalling System #7 (McGraw-Hill, 2000) ISBN 0071361197
Sexton M and Reid A – Broadband Networking: ATM, SDH and SONET (Artech House, 1997) ISBN 0890065780
Shepard S – SONET/SDH Demystified (McGraw-Hill, 2001) ISBN 0071376186
Thompson R – Telephone Switching Systems (Artech House, 2000) ISBN 1580530885
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Switching systems for public networks describe the call set up process explain how calls are routed over the PSTN evaluate the range of signalling techniques
used in public networks
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The Phone
transmitter
receiver
Hybrid network
(inside telephone)
Line cordTip
Ring
RJ11
RJ11
RJ11
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Speak
transmitter
receiver
Sound waves
Hybrid network
(inside telephone)
Line cordTip
Ring
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Listen
transmitter
receiver
Sound waves
Hybrid network
(inside telephone)
Line cordTip
Ring
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Tip & Ring
two wires ordinary telephone line Tip is the ground side (+), (also called A –
earth) Ring is the working voltage (-), (also called B
– battery)
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Origin of the Term
tipring
sleeve
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Early Phones
Early phones were self-powered Used batteries for powering the transmitter Ringer on the phone B was activated by the
electrical energy generated by the hand crank on A.
When the receiver was lifted, the hook switch would connect the transmitter and the battery
When in idle they were kept disconnected to save battery.
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Ringing Tone
To ring the phone to alert to an incoming call, about 90 volts of 20 Hz AC current is superimposed over the DC voltage already present on the idle line. (America)
In Europe it is around 60-90 volts AC at a frequency of 25 Hz
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Manual Central Exchange
The first telephone exchange installed in 1878
First phones were self-powered Ringing by means of using a hand crank Ringing signal would operate a relay and a
lamp, at the central office. The operator would answer the call To connect A and B, the operator had patch
cords.
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Manual Central Exchange
Main disadvantage?
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Manual Central Exchange
Main disadvantage: There was no indication when the call was
completed.
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Operator switchboard
To overcome the above disadvantage the operator switchboard was invented
It provided the operator with a monitor switch The monitor switch had 3 positions 1 – allow A and B talk 2 – talk to A in private 3 – talk to B in private
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31Bell Telephone Company Central Exchange in New York (in 1888)
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Operator did not listen to the ongoing call But would interrupt from time to time (in a few
minutes) either A or B. One operator could handle about 10 calls at a
time.
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Numbering
In those early times the operator could remember the people (subscribers) in a small town by name.
In large cities this was not practical Telephone numbering started
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North American Telephone Numbering Plan In about 1957, 3-digit area code 3-digit central exchange code 4-digit line number
7 –digit ‘subscriber number’
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Centralized Power
When the concept of central exchanges were introduced, ringing the phone became a task of the switchboard operator.
The use of hand crank as well the battery in the phone were no longer necessary
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Line Relay
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Later, a third lead, called sleeve, was introduced to the plug of the patch cord.
It was wired to contact in the line relay, which operated a ‘monitor’ or ‘supervisory’ lamp for the duration of the call.
Operators no longer needed to interrupt into the call, since they could watch the lamps.
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Automation of Switching Process As the number of subscribers grew, Look for more efficient ways for switching Automation of switching function became
necessary
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If Not Automated…
Whole population would be required to work as switchboard operators!
Or, limit the number of users to 10% of present users!
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1892 Strowger Switch
Handling of switching instructions that were previously done by the operator, was now assigned to the user from the telephone unit itself (telephone dial).
This switch had stepping relays that worked according to the dial pulses.
Upon completing one digit, the first stepping relay would activate another stepping relay.
Complete connection was achieved by serial activation of several stepping relays.
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Strowger switch was also called the step-by-step switch.
They came into wide use only by 1920’s. Still in rural areas, manual switchboards were
in operation until 1950’s.
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SPC Switching Systems
With the invention of the transistor and computers, Strowger switches have been replaced SPC electronic switches.
They take much smaller space, and economical in power consumption.
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