TRANSMISSION ROUTE DEFINITIONS · 2018-04-14 · TRANSMISSION ROUTE DEFINITIONS Disease causing...
Transcript of TRANSMISSION ROUTE DEFINITIONS · 2018-04-14 · TRANSMISSION ROUTE DEFINITIONS Disease causing...
TRANSMISSION ROUTE DEFINITIONS
Disease causing agents can be spread from animal-to-animal or animal-to-human and vice versa, through a variety of transmission routes.
• Aerosol— Droplets are passed through the air from one animal to another.
• Oral— Consuming disease causing agents in contaminated feed, water or licking/chewing on contaminated environmental objects.
• Direct contact— A susceptible animal becomes exposed when the disease agent directly touches open wounds, mucous membranes, or the skin through blood, saliva, nose to nose contact, rubbing, or biting.
• Reproductive — A subtype of direct contact that includes diseases spread through mating or to the fetus during pregnancy.
• Fomite — An inanimate object carrying a disease agent from one susceptible animal to another.
• Traffic —A subtype of fomite transmission in which a vehicle, trailer, or human spreads organic material to another location.
• Vector-borne — An insect acquires a disease agent from one animal and transmits it to another.
• Zoonotic — Diseases transmitted from animals to humans.
Environmental contamination must always be taken into consideration.
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Feline—Aerosol Transmission
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
Aspergillus spp.
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Calicivirus (FCV)
Canine Parvovirus 2
Chlamydophila felis
Coccidioides immitis
Cryptococcus neoformans
Feline Distemper (Feline Panleukopenia, Feline Parvovirus)
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FRV)
Glanders (Burkholderia mallei)
Hendra Virus
Histoplasma capsulatum
Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei)
Nipah Virus
Plague (Yersinia pestis)
Pneumocystis carinii
Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)
Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium spp.)
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
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Feline—Oral Transmission
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
Babesia spp.
Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)
Campylobacter jejuni
Canine Parvovirus 2
Coccidiosis (Isospora spp.)
Cryptosporidium parvum
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Feline Coronavirus (FCoV)
Feline Distemper (Feline Panleukopenia, Feline Parvovirus)
Feline Immunodefi ciency Virus (FIV)
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)
Giardia spp.
Glanders (Burkholderia mallei)
Helicobacter pylori
Hookworms (Ancylostoma spp.)
Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.)
Listeria monocytogenes
Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei)
Pseudorabies
Roundworms (Toxocara spp.)
Salmonella spp.
Strongyles (Strongyloides spp.)
Tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum, Echinococcus spp.)
Toxoplasma gondii
Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium spp.)
Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
Whipworms (Trichuris campanula)
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
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Feline—Fomite Transmission
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Canine Parvovirus 2
Chlamydophila felis
Coccidiosis (Isospora spp.)
Feline Coronavirus (FCoV)
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)
Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FRV)
Giardia spp.
Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei)
Nipah Virus
Ringworm (Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp.)
Salmonella spp.
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
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Feline—Direct Contact Transmission
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
Capnocytophaga canimorsus
External Parasites
Feline Immunodefi ciency Virus (FIV)
Glanders (Burkholderia mallei)
Haemobartonella felis
Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.)
Pasteurella spp. (Bite wound abscesses)
Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)
Rabies
Ringworm (Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp.)
Sporothrix schenckii (Rose gardener’s disease)
Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
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Feline—Vector Transmission
Babesia spp.—ticks
Bartonella spp.—ticks & fl ies
Cytauxzoon felis—ticks
Ehrlichia spp.—ticks
Haemobartonella felis—fl eas
Leishmaniasis—sandfl ies
Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)—ticks
Plague (Yersinia pestis)—fl eas
Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)—ticks
Rift Valley Fever—mosquitoes
Screwworm Myiasis—fl y larvae
Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)—ticks & fl ies
West Nile Virus (WNV)—mosquitoes
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
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Canine—Aerosol Transmission
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
Aspergillus spp.
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Canine Distemper Virus
Canine Parvovirus 2
Coccidioides immitis
Cryptococcus neoformans
Glanders (Burkholderia mallei)
Histoplasma capsulatum
Infectious Canine Hepatitis (CAV-2)
Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei)
Nipah Virus
Plague (Yersinia pestis)
Pneumocystis carinii
Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)
Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium spp.)
Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
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Canine—Oral Transmission
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)
Brucellosis (Brucella canis)
Campylobacter jejuni
Canine Coronavirus
Canine Parvovirus 2
Coccidiosis (Isospora spp.)
Cryptosporidium parvum
Echinococcus granulosus
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Giardia spp.
Glanders (Burkholderia mallei)
Helicobacter pylori
Hookworms (Ancylostoma spp., Uncinaria stenocephala)
Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.)
Listeria monocytogenes
Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei)
Neospora caninum
Pseudorabies
Roundworms (Toxocara spp.)
Salmon Poisoning (Neorickettsia helminthoeca)
Salmonella spp.
Strongyles (Strongyloides spp.)
Tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum, Echinococcus spp.)
Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium spp.)
Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
Verminous Myelitis (Baylisascaris procyonis)
Whipworms (Trichuris vulpis)
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
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Canine—Fomite Transmission
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Brucellosis (Brucella canis)
Canine Distemper Virus
Canine Parvovirus 2
Coccidiosis (Isospora spp.)
Dermatophilus congolensis (Dermatophilosis)
Giardia spp.
Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.)
Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei)
Nipah Virus
Ringworm (Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp.)
Salmonella spp.
Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
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Canine—Direct Contact Transmission
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
Brucellosis (Brucella canis)
Capnocytophaga canimorsus
External Parasites
Glanders (Burkholderia mallei)
Haemobartonella canis
Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.)
Pasteurella spp. (Bite wound abscesses)
Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)
Rabies
Ringworm (Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp.)
Sporothrix schenckii (Rose gardener’s disease)
Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
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Canine—Vector Transmission
Babesia canis—ticks
Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis,
Trypanosoma cruzi)—Triatomine bug
Ehrlichia spp.—ticks
Haemobartonella canis—ticks
Leishmaniasis—sandfl ies
Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)—ticks
Plague (Yersinia pestis)—fl eas
Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)—ticks
Rift Valley Fever—mosquitoes
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsii)—ticks
Screwworm Myiasis—fl y larvae
Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)—ticks
West Nile Virus (WNV)—mosquitoes
foreign animal disease
zoonotic disease
Selected* Viral Families, Viruses and Species Affected
E:
Envelo
ped
NE:
Nonenvelo
ped
Virus Family (relative size)
SS = single stranded DS = double stranded
Fo
reig
n A
nim
al
Dis
ea
se (
for
US
)
Zo
on
oti
c (
Z)
Virus (Disease)
Hu
ma
ns A
ffe
cte
d
Animal Species Affected
A=avian; B=bovine; Bt=bat; C=canine; Cp=caprine; Cv=cervine; Eq=equine; F=feline; Fr=ferret; H=human; L=lagomorph; R=rodent; NHP=non-human primate; O=ovine; P=porcine; Diseases in RED or with a = Foreign Animal Diseases 1
DNA Virus Families
D
N A
NE Adenoviridae
80 – 100 nm
DS linear
Bovine adenoviruses A, B, C B
Canine adenovirus (infectious canine hepatitis) C
Caprine adenovirus Cp
Equine adenoviruses A, B Eq
Fowl adenoviruses A – E A
Human adenoviruses A – F (respiratory and/or ocular disease) H NHP
Ovine adenoviruses A, B, C O
Porcine adenoviruses A, B, C P
D N
A
E Asfarviridae
175 – 215 nm
DS linear
African swine fever
P
D
N A
NE Circoviridae
17 – 22 nm SS circular
Chicken anemia virus A
Porcine circovirus P
Psittacine beak and feather disease virus A
D N
A
E Hepadnaviridae
42 nm
partial DS circular
Z Hepatitis B virus H NHP
D N A
E Herpesviridae
150 - 200 nm
DS linear
Alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (malignant catarrhal fever) B, Cv
Avian herpesvirus 1 (infectious laryngotracheitis) A
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis) B
Bovine herpesvirus 2 (pseudo-lumpy skin disease, bovine mammillitis) B
Bovine herpesvirus 3/ bovine cytomegalovirus B
Canine herpesvirus 1, 2 (hemorrhagic disease of pups) C
Caprine herpesviruses 1, 2 Cp
Equine herpesvirus 1 (equine viral rhinopneumonitis; equine abortion) Eq
Equine herpesvirus 2 Eq
Equine herpesvirus 3 (equine coital exanthema) Eq
Equine herpesvirus 4 (equine viral rhinopneumonitis) Eq
Feline viral rhinotracheitis virus F
Human herpes simplex virus 1 H NHP
Human herpes simplex virus 2 H
Human herpesvirus 3/ varicella-zoster virus (chicken pox, shingles) H
Human herpesvirus 4/ Epstein Barr virus H
Human herpesvirus 5/ human cytomegalovirus H
Human herpesviruses 6, 7 (roseola infantum) H
Selected* Viral Families, Viruses and Species Affected
E:
Envelo
ped
NE:
Nonenvelo
ped
Virus Family (relative size)
SS = single stranded DS = double stranded
Fo
reig
n A
nim
al
Dis
ea
se (
for
US
)
Zo
on
oti
c (
Z)
Virus (Disease)
Hu
ma
ns A
ffe
cte
d
Animal Species Affected
A=avian; B=bovine; Bt=bat; C=canine; Cp=caprine; Cv=cervine; Eq=equine; F=feline; Fr=ferret; H=human; L=lagomorph; R=rodent; NHP=non-human primate; O=ovine; P=porcine; Diseases in RED or with a = Foreign Animal Diseases 2
Herpesviridae (continued)
Ictalurid herpesvirus 1 (channel catfish virus disease) Fish
Koi herpesvirus disease Fish
Marek’s disease virus A
Oncorhynchus masou virus disease (or salmonid herpesvirus type 2 disease)
Fish
Ovine herpesvirus-1 O
Ovine herpesvirus-2 (malignant catarrhal fever) B, Cp, Cv, O, P
Porcine herpesvirus 2/ porcine cytomegalovirus P
Pseudorabies virus (Aujeszky’s disease) B, C, Cp, F, O, P
D N A
NE Iridoviridae
125 – 300 nm
DS linear
Epizootic haemotopoietic necrosis (EHN) Fish
Largemouth bass disease Fish
D
N A
NE Papovaviridae
45 - 55 nm
DS circular
Bovine papillomavirus B
Equine papillomavirus Eq
Human papillomavirus H
D N
A
NE Parvoviridae
18 - 26 nm SS linear
Adeno-associated viruses 1-6 H
B19 virus H
Canine minute virus/ canine parvovirus 1 C
Canine parvovirus 2 (“parvo”) C
Feline panleukopenia virus (Feline parvovirus) F
Porcine parvovirus P
D N A
E Poxviridae
250 X 200 X 200 nm
DS linear
Z Bovine papular stomatitis virus H B
Z Contagious ecthyma/contagious pustular dermatitis/orf virus H C, Cp, Cv
Z Cowpox virus H B, F, R
Feline pox virus F
Fowlpox virus A
Lumpy skin disease virus B, Bf
Z Monkeypox virus H NHP, R
Z Pseudocowpox virus (milker’s nodules) H B
Sheep and goat pox viruses Cp, O
Smallpox virus (Variola) H
Swinepox virus P
Z Vaccinia virus H B, L, P
Selected* Viral Families, Viruses and Species Affected
E:
Envelo
ped
NE:
Nonenvelo
ped
Virus Family (relative size)
SS = single stranded DS = double stranded
Fo
reig
n A
nim
al
Dis
ea
se (
for
US
)
Zo
on
oti
c (
Z)
Virus (Disease)
Hu
ma
ns A
ffe
cte
d
Animal Species Affected
A=avian; B=bovine; Bt=bat; C=canine; Cp=caprine; Cv=cervine; Eq=equine; F=feline; Fr=ferret; H=human; L=lagomorph; R=rodent; NHP=non-human primate; O=ovine; P=porcine; Diseases in RED or with a = Foreign Animal Diseases 3
RNA Virus Families
R
N A
E Arenaviridae
110 - 300 nm
SS linear segments
Z Lassa virus H NHP, R
Z Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus H C, NHP, P, R
Z Machupo virus (Bolivian hemorrhagic fever) H NHP, R
R N
A
E Arteriviridae
50 – 70 nm SS linear
Equine arteritis virus (equine viral arteritis) Eq
Lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus R
Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus P
Simian hemorrhagic fever virus NHP
R
N A
NE Astroviridae
28 – 30 nm SS linear
Avian nephritis viruses 1, 2 A
Bovine astrovirus B
Feline astrovirus (gastroenteritis) F
Human astroviruses 1-8 (gastroenteritis) H
Ovine astrovirus (gastroenteritis) O
Porcine astrovirus (porcine acute gastroenteritis) P
Turkey astrovirus (poultry enteritis and mortality syndrome) A
R N
A
NE Birnaviridae
60 nm
DS linear segments
Infectious bursal disease virus A
Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) (hemorrhagic kidney syndrome) Fish
R
N A
E Bunyaviridae
80 – 120 nm
SS linear segments
Akabane virus (Akabane/congenital arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly) B, Cp, O
Cache Valley virus H B, O
Z California encephalitis virus H R
Z Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus H A, B, C, L, O
* Z Hantaviruses (various serotypes)* H R
Z Jamestown Canyon virus H Cv
Z La Crosse virus (La Crosse encephalitis) H Cp, Cv, R
Z Nairobi sheep disease virus H Cp, O, R
Z Rift Valley fever virus H B, C, Cp, F, O
R N
A
NE Caliciviridae
30 -38 nm SS linear
Bovine enteric calicivirus B
Canine calicivirus C
Feline caliciviruses (upper respiratory disease) F
Fowl calicivirus A
Z Hepatitis E virus H P
Noroviruses (Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses) H
Porcine enteric calicivirus P
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus L
San Miguel sea lion virus Other, P
Z Vesicular exanthema of swine virus (vesicular exanthema) H B, Eq, NHP, P
Selected* Viral Families, Viruses and Species Affected
E:
Envelo
ped
NE:
Nonenvelo
ped
Virus Family (relative size)
SS = single stranded DS = double stranded
Fo
reig
n A
nim
al
Dis
ea
se (
for
US
)
Zo
on
oti
c (
Z)
Virus (Disease)
Hu
ma
ns A
ffe
cte
d
Animal Species Affected
A=avian; B=bovine; Bt=bat; C=canine; Cp=caprine; Cv=cervine; Eq=equine; F=feline; Fr=ferret; H=human; L=lagomorph; R=rodent; NHP=non-human primate; O=ovine; P=porcine; Diseases in RED or with a = Foreign Animal Diseases 4
R
N A
E Coronaviridae
80 – 160 nm
SS linear
Avian infectious bronchitis virus A
Bovine coronavirus B
Canine coronavirus C
Feline enteric coronaviruses F
Feline infectious peritonitis virus F
Human coronaviruses (colds) H
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus P
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus P
Z Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus H F
Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus P
Turkey coronavirus (bluecomb disease) A
R
N A
E Filoviridae
790 – 970 X 80 nm
SS linear
Z Ebola virus H NHP
Z Marburg virus H NHP
R N
A
E Flaviviridae
45 – 60 nm SS linear
Border disease virus O
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) viruses 1, 2 B
Classical swine fever virus (hog cholera) P
Z Dengue virus H NHP
Hepatitis C virus H
Z Japanese encephalitis virus H A, P
Z Louping ill virus H A,B, C, Cp, Cv, Eq, O, P,R
Z Murray valley encephalitis virus H A, B, C, Eq
Z Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus H R
Z St. Louis encephalitis virus H A, Eq
Z Tick-borne encephalitis viruses (various subtypes) H B, C, Cp, O, R
Z Yellow fever virus H NHP
Z Wesselsbron virus H B, Cp, O
Z West Nile Virus (WNV) (West Nile fever) H A, Eq
R N A
NE Nodaviridae
30 nm
SS linear
Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (viral nervous necrosis) Fish
Selected* Viral Families, Viruses and Species Affected
E:
Envelo
ped
NE:
Nonenvelo
ped
Virus Family (relative size)
SS = single stranded DS = double stranded
Fo
reig
n A
nim
al
Dis
ea
se (
for
US
)
Zo
on
oti
c (
Z)
Virus (Disease)
Hu
ma
ns A
ffe
cte
d
Animal Species Affected
A=avian; B=bovine; Bt=bat; C=canine; Cp=caprine; Cv=cervine; Eq=equine; F=feline; Fr=ferret; H=human; L=lagomorph; R=rodent; NHP=non-human primate; O=ovine; P=porcine; Diseases in RED or with a = Foreign Animal Diseases 5
R
N A
E Orthomyxoviridae
80 - 120 nm
SS linear segments
Infectious salmon anemia Fish
Z Influenza virus A: H A, Eq, F, Fr, P
Z Avian influenza H A, Eq, P
Equine influenza Eq
Z Swine influenza H A, P
Human influenza H Fr, P
Z Influenza virus B: (human influenza) H Fr
Influenza virus C: (human influenza) H P
R
N A
E Paramyxoviridae
150 – 300 nm
SS linear
Z Avian paramyxovirus type 1 (Newcastle disease) H A
Avian paramyxoviruses 2-9 A
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) B, O
Canine distemper virus C, Fr
Canine parainfluenza virus C
Z Hendra virus H Bt, Eq, F
Human parainfluenza viruses 1-4 H
Measles virus H NHP
Mumps virus H
Z Nipah virus H Bt, C, Cp, Eq, F, O, P
Parainfluenza 3 virus H B, O
Peste de petitis ruminants virus Cp, O
Respiratory syncytial virus H
Rinderpest virus B, Cp, O, P
R N
A
NE Picornaviridae
28 - 30 nm SS linear
Avian enteroviruses (encephalomyelitis, hepatitis) A
Bovine enteroviruses B
Bovine rhinoviruses B
Z Encephalomyelocarditis virus (encephalomyelocarditis) H NHP, P, R
Equine rhinoviruses 1, 2 Eq
Foot and mouth disease virus¥ H¥ B, Ca, Cp, Cv, O, P
Z Human hepatitis A virus H NHP
Human rhinoviruses H
Poliovirus H
Porcine enteroviruses (porcine enteroviral encephalomyelitis/ Teschen-Talfan disease)
P
Z Swine vesicular disease virus H P
R N
A
NE Reoviridae
60 - 80 nm
DS linear segments
African horse sickness viruses 1-10 Eq
Avian orthoreoviruses A
Bluetongue viruses 1-24 B, Cp, Cv, O
Z Colorado tick fever virus H R
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses B, Cv, O
Rotaviruses, group A to F (rotaviral gastroenteritis) H B, Eq, L, O, P, R
Selected* Viral Families, Viruses and Species Affected
E:
Envelo
ped
NE:
Nonenvelo
ped
Virus Family (relative size)
SS = single stranded DS = double stranded
Fo
reig
n A
nim
al
Dis
ea
se (
for
US
)
Zo
on
oti
c (
Z)
Virus (Disease)
Hu
ma
ns A
ffe
cte
d
Animal Species Affected
A=avian; B=bovine; Bt=bat; C=canine; Cp=caprine; Cv=cervine; Eq=equine; F=feline; Fr=ferret; H=human; L=lagomorph; R=rodent; NHP=non-human primate; O=ovine; P=porcine; Diseases in RED or with a = Foreign Animal Diseases 6
¥ Unconfirmed mild human cases have been reported. R
N A
E Retroviridae
80 – 130 nm
2 copies SS linear
Avian leukosis virus A
Bovine immunodeficiency virus B
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) B
Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus Cp, O
Equine infectious anemia virus (EIA) Eq
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) F
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) F
Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1, HIV-2) (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - AIDS)
H
Human T-lymphotropic viruses 1, 2 H
Maedi-visna virus (ovine progressive pneumonia) Cp, O
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma virus (pulmonary adenomatosis) Cp, O
Simian immunodeficiency virus NHP
Simian leukemia viruses 1-3 NHP
R N
A
E Rhabdoviridae
180 X 75 nm SS linear
Bovine ephemeral fever virus B
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) Fish
Z Rabies H All mammals
Spring viremia of carp Fish
Z Vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana 1 and New Jersey subtypes) H B, Cp, Eq, O, P
Z Vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana 2 and 3 subtypes) H B, Cp, Eq, O, P
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (Egtved disease) Fish
R
N A
E Togaviridae
70 nm
SS linear
Z Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEE) H A, Bt, Eq, P, R
Rubella virus H
Z Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) H A, Eq, R
Spring viremia of carp Fish
Z Western equine encephalitis virus (WEE) H A, Eq
Chart researched and compiled by Kristine Edwards, MA, DVM, MPH; Anna Rovid-Spickler, DVM, PhD and Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MS, MPH.
References: Aiello SE, Mays A, editors. The Merck Veterinary Manual. 8th
Edition. Whitehouse Station, NJ; Merck and Co: 1998.
All the Virology on the WWW. Available at http://www.tulane.edu/~dmsander/ATVGlossary.html
American Society for Virology. Available at http://www.mcw.edu/asv/
Big Picture Book of Viruses. Available at http://www.virology.net/Big_Virology.html
Flint SJ, Enquist LW, Racaniello VR, Skalka AM. Principles of Virology, Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis and Control of Animal Viruses. 2nd Edition. American Society of Microbiology, 2003. Princeton University, NJ.
Gelderblom HR. Structures and Classification of Viruses. 1996. Medical Microbiology. Baron S, editor. Available at http://www.gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/toc.htm
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses [ICTV]. Universal Virus Database [onLine]. ICTV; 2002. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/index.htm Accessed May 2005.
MedBio World Virology. Available at http://www.sciencekomm.at/both/assocdb/virology.html
Murphy FA. Gibbs EPJ, Horzinek MC, Studdert MJ. Veterinary Virology, 3rd Edition. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc.; 1999.
The Journal of Virology. American Society of Microbiology. Available at http://jvi.asm.org
The Virology Journal. Available at http://www.virologyj.com
Virus family graphics adapted with permission from Medical Microbiology, 4th edition, Baron S., editor. 1996. Available at http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/images/fig41_6.jpg
*This table was developed as a supplement for the CFSPH “Disinfection 101” document (http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/BRM/disinfectants.htm)
which provides an overview of important principles for the development of disinfection protocols, including how to choose an appropriate
disinfectant. We expect this virus table to be useful for veterinarians, veterinary students and graduate students in virology. The mammalian, avian
and fish viruses selected are those we perceive to be the ones veterinarians will most likely need to know about.
DisinfectantCategory Alcohols Aldehydes Biguanides Halogens:
Hypochlorites
Halogens: Iodine Compounds
Oxidizing Agents Phenols
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QAC)
Sample Trade Names
Ethyl alcoholIsopropyl alcohol
FormaldehydeGlutaraldehyde
ChlorhexidineNolvasan
Virosan
Bleach Betadyne
ProvidoneHydrogen peroxidePeracetic acidVirkon S
Oxy-Sept 333
One-Stroke Environ
Pheno-Tek II Tek-Trol
Roccal
DiQuat
D-256
Mechanism of Action
•Precipitatesproteins•Denatureslipids
•Denaturesproteins•Alkylates nucleic acids
•Altersmembranepermeability
•Denaturesproteins •Denaturesproteins •Denatureproteinsand lipids
•Denaturesproteins•Alterscellwallpermeability
• Denaturesproteins• Bindsphospholipids ofcellmembrane
Advantages
•Fastacting•Leavesnoresidue
•Broadspectrum •Broadspectrum •Broadspectrum•Shortcontacttime•Inexpensive
•Stableinstorage•Relativelysafe
•Broadspectrum •Goodefficacywithorganic material
•Non-corrosive•Stableinstorage
• Stableinstorage• Non-irritatingtoskin• Effectiveathigh
temperatures and high pH (9-10)
Disadvantages
•Rapidevaporation•Flammable
•Carcinogenic•Mucousmembranesandtissue irritation•Onlyuseinwellventilated areas
•Onlyfunctionsinlimited pH range (5–7)•Toxictofish(environmental concern)
•Inactivatedbysunlight•Requiresfrequentapplication•Corrodesmetals•Mucousmembraneand tissue irritation
•InactivatedbyQACs•Requiresfrequentapplication•Corrosive•Stainsclothesandtreated surfaces
•Damagingtosomemetals
•Cancauseskinandeye irritation
Precautions Flammable CarcinogenicNevermixwithacids;
toxic chlorine gas willbereleased
Maybetoxictoanimals, especially
cats and pigs
Vegetative Bacteria Effective Effective Effective Effective Effective Effective Effective YES—Gram Positive
Limited—GramNegative
Mycobacteria Effective Effective Variable Effective Limited Effective Variable Variable
Enveloped Viruses Effective Effective Limited Effective Effective Effective Effective Variable
Non-enveloped Viruses Variable Effective Limited Effective Limited Effective Variable Not Effective
Spores Not Effective Effective Not Effective Variable Limited Variable Not Effective Not Effective
Fungi Effective Effective Limited Effective Effective Variable Variable Variable
Efficacy with Organic Matter Reduced Reduced ? Rapidly reduced Rapidly reduced Variable Effective Inactivated
Efficacy with Hard Water ? Reduced ? Effective ? ? Effective Inactivated
Efficacy with Soap/Detergents
? Reduced Inactivated Inactivated Effective ? Effective Inactivated
Characteristics of Selected Disinfectants
Disclaimer: The use of trade names does not in any way signify endorsement of a particular product. For additional product names, please consult the most recent Compendium of Veterinary Products.RefeRences: Linton AH, Hugo WB, Russel AD. Disinfection in Veterinary and Farm Practice. 1987. Blackwell Scientific Publications; Oxford, England; Quinn PJ, Markey BK. Disinfection and Disease Prevention in Veterinary Medicine, In: Block SS, ed., Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation. 5th edition. 2001. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins: Philadelphia. ©2008 CFSPH
foR MoRe InfoRMatIon, see the ‘DIsInfectIon 101’ DocuMent at www.cfsph.iastate.edu
? Information not found
www.cfsph.iastate.edu
Disinfectant Product Good points Cautions
RescueTM
, formerly branded as
Accel ® (accelerated hydrogen
peroxide)
http://ogenasolutions.com/rescue-
for-companion-animals/
Formulations: Rescue Concentrate
(most economical), Rescue RTU
(faster-acting), Rescue Wipes
(faster-acting)
Good detergent activity and
effective in the presence of organic
material making it a one-step
product.
Short contact time (1-10 min.
depending on concentration or
formulation).
Marketed efficacy against non-
enveloped viruses and
dermatophytes.
Liquid concentrate form for easy
dilution.
Various application options (e.g.
spray bottles, hose-end applicators,
centralized systems, pump up
foamers).
90 day shelf life once diluted.
No independent research
available yet to verify Pure
Oxygen (product by the same
company) shampoo’s efficacy
against dermatophytes (m.
canis).
Potassium peroxymonosulfate (e.g.,
Virkon® or Trifectant®)
http://www.tomlyn.com/products/cat
-dog-dog-cat-
ferret/sanitizer/trifectant%C2%AE-
tub
Completely inactivates un-
enveloped viruses and
dermatophytes when used
correctly.
Some detergent activity.
Relatively good activity in the face
of organic matter.
Short contact time (5-10 min.
depending on pathogen).
Dry powder form.
Not designed for easy
application through hose-end
applicator systems (can be
applied through specialized
delivery systems).
Leaves visible residue on
some surfaces.
7 day shelf life once diluted.
Sodium hypochlorite (Bleach)
Usually used at 1:32 dilution of 5%
household bleach (1/2 cup per
gallon), applied to clean, non-porous
surface
Completely inactivates un-
enveloped viruses when used
correctly.
Effective against dermatophytes at
high concentration (1:10) –
however this dilution is caustic.
Very inexpensive.
Stable for 30 days once diluted if
stored correctly.
Significantly inactivated by
organic matter, exposure to
light, or extended storage.
No detergent activity.
Surfaces must be pre-cleaned
and all organic matter
removed prior to disinfection
– thus always a two-step
process.
Corrosive to metal.
Calcium hypochlorite (e.g.,
Wysiwash®)
https://www.wysiwash.com/
Completely inactivates un-
enveloped viruses when used
correctly.
Can be used in hose-end applicator
system (specific to this product).
Dry tablet form.
No detergent activity.
Dry form is irritating to
mucous membranes if
inhaled.
Sodium dichloroisocyanurate
(e.g., Bruclean®)
http://www.brulin.com/productdetail
s.aspx?pid=52&cid=26
Completely inactivates un-
enveloped viruses when used
correctly.
Less corrosive to metal than
bleach.
Less of a respiratory irritant than
bleach.
Dry tablet form.
Dry form is irritating to
mucous membranes if
inhaled.
Requires multiple step
process for cleaning and
disinfection via a specialized
applicator.
Quaternary ammonium compounds
(e.g., Roccal, Parvo-sol, A33,
Maxxon, many others)
Some detergent activity.
Only moderate inactivation by
organic matter (less than bleach).
Low tissue toxicity when diluted
correctly.
Not reliably effective against
un-enveloped viruses or
dermatophytes.
Potential to be toxic to cats
causing tongue ulcers.
Chlorhexidine (e.g., Nolvasan®)
https://www.zoetisus.com/products/c
ats/nolvasan-solution.aspx
Very low tissue toxicity. Relatively expensive.
Not reliably effective against
un-enveloped viruses or
dermatophytes.
Alcohol (e.g., Ethanol, Isopropyl
alcohol)
Usually in hand sanitizers
Less irritating to tissue than
quaternary ammonium or bleach.
Moderately effective against
calicivirus at higher concentration.
Not reliably effective against
parvovirus or dermatophytes.
Wood, A. P., Payne, D. (1998). The action of three antiseptics/disinfectants against enveloped and non-
enveloped viruses. J Hosp Infect, 38 (4), 283-95.
Eleraky, N. Z., Potgieter, L. N. D., Kennedy, M. A. (2002). Virucidal Efficacy of Four New Disinfectants.
J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 38 (3), 231-234.
Howie, R., Alfa, M. J., Coombs, K. (2008). Survival of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses on surfaces
compared with other micro-organisms and impact of suboptimal disinfectant exposure. J Hosp Infect , 69
(4), 368-76.
Jimenez, L., Chiang, M. (2006). Virucidal activity of a quaternary ammonium compound disinfectant
against feline calicivirus: A surrogate for norovirus. Am J Infect Control , 34 (5), 269-273.
Kennedy, M. A., Mellon, V. S., Caldwell, G., Potgieter, L. N. (1995). Virucidal efficacy of the newer
quaternary ammonium compounds. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc , 31 (3), 254-8.
Lages, S. L., Ramakrishnan, M. A., Goyal, S. M. (2008). In-vivo efficacy of hand sanitisers against feline
calicivirus: a surrogate for norovirus. J Hosp Infect , 68 (2), 159-63.
Malik, Y. S., Maherchandani, S., Goyal, S. M. (2006). Comparative efficacy of ethanol and isopropanol
against feline calicivirus, a norovirus surrogate. Am J Infect Control , 34 (1), 31-5.
Remove all grossly visible debris.The presence of gross contamination or organic material,
especially feces, will inactivate most disinfectants.
Wash the area or itemwith water and detergent.
Allow the area to dry completely.
Select and applyan appropriate, e�ective disinfectant.
Thoroughly rinse away any residual disinfectant and allow the area or item to dry.
Thoroughly rinse the cleaned areato remove any detergent residue.
Some disinfectants may be inactivated by detergents; therefore, it is very important to rinse well after washing the area or item.
Allow the proper contact time!This is one of the most overlooked steps!!
Contact time may vary depending on the disinfectant selected,but is usually at least 10 minutes. Consult the product label.
Cleaning and Disinfection Protocol
Wet hands and forearms with warm water
Add at least 3-5 mls of soap (the size of an olive)
Lather up and vigorously scrub each side of the hands beyond the wrist for 10-30 seconds, cleaning under rings and scrubbing dirty fingernails
Rinse under warm water until no soap residue remains
Turn off running water with a paper towel, not bare hands
Dry hands with paper towel or hot air dryer
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PARASITES
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Animal Severity of disease in potentially affected species
Mild Moderate Severe
Incu
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www.cfsph.iastate.edu [email protected] 515.294.7189
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Prominent Clinical Signs
Animal Severity of disease in potentially affected species
Mild Moderate Severe
Incu
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www.cfsph.iastate.edu [email protected] 515.294.7189
Disease C
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Pig
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Ho
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Do
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PARASITES
VIRUSES
BACTERIA
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