by Nida: changes of order, omission, structure, addition

by Vinay and Darbelnet: loan, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, total syntagmatic change, adaptation.

1. Transference2. Naturalization3. Cultural equivalent4. Functional equivalent5. Descriptive equivalent6. Through translation7. Shift/transpositions8. Modulation

3

I have done the homework

Subj + Vaux + Vpp + Obj

Who broke the window?

Đây là anh tôi

Tôi đã làm xong bài tập

Subj + Vaux + Vpp + Obj

Ai làm vỡ cửa sổ This is my brother

Parallelism breaks down when word- for-word translation impossible

Basically, a translator has two options for translating:

1.Direct or literal translation2.Oblique translation

There are several translation techniques available under each option.

Possible because of parallel categories

1. Structural parallelism → grammatical categories◦ He’s standing by the window

2. Meta-linguistic parallelism → parallel concepts ◦ book, judge, love, angry, …

There comes a time when direct translation techniques would not work because:◦ They are structurally impossible◦ The target language does not have a

corresponding expression And the generated text would have:

◦ a different meaning◦ no meaning◦ a foreign structure

Eg: He is the black sheep of the family

Borrowing: borrowing from the source language a term or concept to overcome a lacuna in the target language or to create a stylistic effect◦ Internet, blog, pizza

Calque: a special type of borrowing, consisting of borrowing an expression from the source language and translating literally each element. Calque can be either lexical◦ AIDS↔ Hội chứng suy giảm miễn dịch mắc phải

Literal translation: the direct transfer of the source text into the target language in a grammatically and idiomatically proper way◦ open the book ↔ mở sách

Transposition: replacing words from one grammatical word class with another without changing the meaning of the message◦ He’s a big liar - Hắn rất hay nói dối

Modulation: changing the point of view without changing the meaning of the message◦ It’s not difficult - Dễ ợt

Equivalence: generally refers to the commonly accepted and used equivalents of idioms, proverbs, idiomatic expression and lexicalized terms, i.e. terms commonly accepted as equivalents of a source language term◦ ..White House policy..- …chính sách của Chính phủ Mỹ

Adaptation: adapting a source language situation when it does not exist in the target language or would be considered inappropriate in the target culture◦ Johnny English - Điệp viên Không Không Thấy

- A SL word is directly taken into TL text with no translation

- names: names of newspapers, geographical names, street names, etc.

- to create some particular stylistic effect- new technical terms that do not have

equivalents in the source language Hollywood, blog, web, Internet , MC

A transferred word is adapted to the TL (pronunciation and morphology)

Coffee - cµ phªTurbine - tua bin

- A word or normally an expression is translated literally into the target language.

- Through-translation should be used for already recognized terms

e.g. names of organisations, common collocations

AIDS -Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Hội chứng Suy giảm Miễn dịch Mắc phải

UNDAF: United Nations Development Assistance Framework

Khuôn khổ Hỗ trợ Phát triển Liên Hợp Quốc

- Shift or transposition involves a change in the grammar/part of speech from SL to TL.

1. Only 14% of provincial and district hospitals are properly staffed and equipped for obstetric conditions.

ChØ cã 14% c¸c bÖnh viÖn tØnh vµ huyÖn cã ®ñ nh©n viªn vµ trang thiÕt bÞ cho khoa s¶n.

2. The details of the scandal are now common knowledge.

Giê th× ai còng biÕt chi tiÕt cña vô x× c¨ng ®an ®ã.

 

after her return ↔ sau khi cô ấy trở lại Help will come ↔ Sẽ có người tới giúp Anh ấy rất hay đi xem phim ↔ He is a great

cinema-goer ... due to his failure to come ↔ ... do anh ta

không đến He is thought to have left.. ↔ Người ta cho

rằng anh ta đã đi...

Modulation means a variation in the message when it is translated into a target

language due to a change in the point of view

One part <-> anotherShe cleared her throat before she began to

speak.C« Êy h¾ng giäng tr íc khi nãi.

Passive<-> activeThe roof was damaged by the storm.TrËn b·o ph¸ háng c¶ m¸i nhµ.

Positive <-> double-negative The vase is not totally worthless.C¸i b×nh nµy còng cã chót gi¸ trÞ.

Hoàn hảo ↔ Flawless South China Sea ↔ Biển Đông I lent him my bike ↔ Anh ta mượn xe của tôi His late arrival made me worried ↔ Tôi lo

lắng vì anh ta tới muộn not there absent undoubtedly chắc chắn không có lack thừa nhận did not deny

For a comprehensive understanding of modulation, see A textbook of translation by Peter Newmark, p.88.

- a SL cultural word/expression is translated by a TL cultural word considered equivalent to it. e.g.

He graduated after obtaining a degree with (high) distinction.

Anh ta tèt nghiÖp lo¹i giái (xuất sắc). A quarter mile down the road he stopped and

looked back.§i kho¶ng bèn tr¨m mÐt, anh ngo¶nh l¹i.

  

- the using of a culture-free word/expression in a translation for a cultural word/expression in the source text.

Will the Pentagon decide to terminate the program?

LiÖu Bé Quèc Phßng Mü cã quyÕt ®Þnh ngõng

ch ¬ng tr×nh nµy kh«ng?

- the meaning of the original word is explained in several words.

- often used with transference to translate a cultural word/expression

To attend the barbecue, you must have a student ID.

§Ó ® îc dù tiệc barbecue (b÷a tiÖc ngoµi trêi, ®å ¨n ® îc n íng trªn bÕp còng ®Æt ngoµi trêi), anh ph¶i mang theo thÎ sinh viªn.

- combine two or more translation procedures for dealing with a single problem.

- particularly common for cultural words, where transference may be combined with a functional or cultural equivalent. To attend the barbecue, you must have a student ID.

§Ó ® îc dù tiệc barbecue (b÷a tiÖc ngoµi trêi, ®å ¨n ® îc n íng trªn bÕp còng ®Æt ngoµi trêi), anh ph¶i mang theo thÎ sinh viªn.

Một số nguồn tin cho biết, Spice Girls đã cãi vã nhau trong thời gian qua (Friendship Never Ends).

Các cô nàng đua nhau thể hiện bản lĩnh Diva khiến cuộc ghi hình hôm 19/10 bị bỏ dở.

17/1/1998. Chỉ một ngày sau khi tờ báo giấy Newsweek công bố một vụ xì-căng-đan ở Nhà Trắng liên quan tới tổng thống Clinton đương thời, trang Drudge Report cũng phát tán câu chuyện về Monica Lewinsky. Đây là ví dụ tiêu biểu đầu tiên chứng minh truyền thông Internet chiếm mất "món hời" của báo giấy truyền thống, khiến các tờ báo này sau đó phải làm một phiên bản trực tuyến hoặc biến đổi mình, hoặc tự đào thải.  

He acted at once.Anh Êy kh«ng chÇn chõ mét gi©y.

She got 91% for her assignment. Bµi lµm cña c« Êy ® îc ®iÓm 10.

If you miss the bus, catch the City Cat.

NÕu b¹n nhì xe buýt, h·y ®i b»ng City Cat, mét

lo¹i phµ ch¹y däc s«ng Brisbane, mét thµnh phè

cña óc.

Kill two birds with one stone ↔ Mũi tên trúng hai đích

The Federal Reserve ↔ Ngân hàng Trung ương Hoa Kỳ