Translation Translation PrinciplesPrinciples

Teaching PlanTeaching PlanTeaching Contents:Teaching Contents:► 1. The definition to the principle/criteria of translation 1. The definition to the principle/criteria of translation ► 2. Some influential principles:2. Some influential principles:► Yan Fu’s Three-character PrincipleYan Fu’s Three-character Principle► Fu Lei’s “Similarity in Spirit” (1957) Fu Lei’s “Similarity in Spirit” (1957) ► Qian Zhongshu’s “Sublimation” (1963)Qian Zhongshu’s “Sublimation” (1963)► Tytler’s Principles of Translation (18th century)Tytler’s Principles of Translation (18th century)► Nida’s “Equivalent Effect” (Dynamic Equivalence) (1Nida’s “Equivalent Effect” (Dynamic Equivalence) (1964)964)► 3. Different views of translation3. Different views of translation► 4. What are unqualified or unsatisfactory translation?4. What are unqualified or unsatisfactory translation?

Teaching PlanTeaching Plan► Teaching Aims: Teaching Aims: ► To make students aware of what translation To make students aware of what translation

principles are and its developing history.principles are and its developing history.Teaching Focus: Teaching Focus: ► The content of different translation principles and The content of different translation principles and

what are the principles we should follow in practicingwhat are the principles we should follow in practicingTeaching Methods:Teaching Methods: ► teacher-oriented lecturingteacher-oriented lecturing► Discussion (group work, then class work) Discussion (group work, then class work) ► Multi-media aided.Multi-media aided.Teaching Procedures:Teaching Procedures:

Teaching PlanTeaching Plan► Teaching Contents: Teaching Contents:

► Principles of translationPrinciples of translation► Factors of translationFactors of translation► Process of translationProcess of translation

► Teaching Aims: Teaching Aims: To teach students the theory of translation. To teach students the theory of translation. ► Teaching Focus: Teaching Focus: The principles of the translationThe principles of the translation► Teaching Methods:Teaching Methods: Discussion (group work, then class work).Discussion (group work, then class work).► Teaching Approaches: Multi-media aided.Teaching Approaches: Multi-media aided.► Teaching Procedures:Teaching Procedures:

Definition of PrincipleDefinition of Principle► Principles / criteria refers to established stPrinciples / criteria refers to established standards or principles on which an action andards or principles on which an action or judgment is based.or judgment is based.► the principle of translationthe principle of translation ：： the one as a the one as a goal set for translators to strive after the cgoal set for translators to strive after the criterion of translationriterion of translation ：： the one as a stanthe one as a standard / yardstick for measuring the professdard / yardstick for measuring the professional level of translationional level of translation

I. Some influential I. Some influential principlesprinciples

► 1. Yan Fu’s Three-character Principle (Requirement 1. Yan Fu’s Three-character Principle (Requirement / Criteria) (1898):/ Criteria) (1898):► The so-call principles and criteria of translation are aThe so-call principles and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the same thing. The former lays ctually the two sides of the same thing. The former lays emphasis on the translator, who should follow them whiemphasis on the translator, who should follow them while translating; while the latter on the reader or critic, whle translating; while the latter on the reader or critic, who may use the criteria to evaluate translation works. Who may use the criteria to evaluate translation works. Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Yan Fu’s “three-character guide”, wussion in China, Yan Fu’s “three-character guide”, which was first proposed in 1898, would evoke controvershich was first proposed in 1898, would evoke controversy, namely the principle of “faithfulness, expressiveness y, namely the principle of “faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance”.and elegance”.

I. Some influential I. Some influential principlesprinciples

► 2. Fu Lei’s “Similarity in Spirit” (1952. Fu Lei’s “Similarity in Spirit” (1957) & Qian Zhongshu’s “Sublimation” 7) & Qian Zhongshu’s “Sublimation” (1963)(1963)► As far as the effect is concerned, translatioAs far as the effect is concerned, translation should be like coping a painting. What is n should be like coping a painting. What is desired is not being alike in appearance bdesired is not being alike in appearance but being alike in spirit. The transmigration ut being alike in spirit. The transmigration of souls, “Although the body changes, thof souls, “Although the body changes, the soul of gesture remains its old self.”e soul of gesture remains its old self.”

I. Some influential I. Some influential principlesprinciples

► 3. Tytler’s Principles of Translation (18th ce3. Tytler’s Principles of Translation (18th century)ntury) (1) A translation should give a complete transcrip(1) A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. (t of the ideas of the original work. ( 译文应完整地译文应完整地再现原文地思想内容再现原文地思想内容 )) (2) The style and manner of writing should be of t(2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of theoriginal. (he same character as that of theoriginal. ( 译文的译文的风格、笔调应与原文的性质相同风格、笔调应与原文的性质相同 )) (3) A translation should have all the ease of the or(3) A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. (iginal composition. ( 译文应像原文一样流畅自然译文应像原文一样流畅自然 ))

I. Some influential I. Some influential principlesprinciples

► 4. Nida’s “Equivalent Effect” (Dynam4. Nida’s “Equivalent Effect” (Dynamic Equivalence) (1964)ic Equivalence) (1964)► The relationship between receptor and mThe relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same aessage should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original rs that which existed between the original receptors and the message.eceptors and the message.

► The teacher’s opinion:The teacher’s opinion:► In my opinion, two criteria are very important: tIn my opinion, two criteria are very important: the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy (he criterion of faithfulness/accuracy ( 忠实忠实 // 准准确确 ) and that of smoothness () and that of smoothness ( 流畅流畅 ). By faithfuln). By faithfulness/accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to ess/accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning anthe original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. Bd views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readay smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in tble rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the target language, free from stiff formula and he target language, free from stiff formula and mechanical copying from dictionaries.mechanical copying from dictionaries.

中国学者及翻译家的学说中国学者及翻译家的学说► 严复的“信、达、雅”三字标准严复的“信、达、雅”三字标准► 鲁迅先生的“兼顾两面”论鲁迅先生的“兼顾两面”论► 钱钟书先生的“化境”说钱钟书先生的“化境”说► 矛盾先生的“忠实”、“通顺”准则矛盾先生的“忠实”、“通顺”准则► 林语堂的“忠实标准、通顺标准、美好标林语堂的“忠实标准、通顺标准、美好标准”准”► 刘重德先生的“信、达、切”三字标准刘重德先生的“信、达、切”三字标准

History of ArgumentHistory of Argument““ 案本案本 ------ 求真求真 ------ 神似神似 ------ 化境”化境”► 严复“信、达、雅”严复“信、达、雅”► 林语堂“忠、顺、美”林语堂“忠、顺、美”► 梁实秋、赵景琛“宁错务顺”梁实秋、赵景琛“宁错务顺”► 鲁迅“宁信不顺”鲁迅“宁信不顺”► 瞿秋白“信顺统一”瞿秋白“信顺统一”► 傅雷“形似神似”傅雷“形似神似”► 钱钟书“入化境界”钱钟书“入化境界”

余光中“变通的艺术”余光中“变通的艺术”► ““ 翻译如婚姻，是一种两相妥协的艺术。譬翻译如婚姻，是一种两相妥协的艺术。譬如英文译成中文，既不能西风压倒东风，变如英文译成中文，既不能西风压倒东风，变成洋腔洋调的中文，也不许东风压倒西风，成洋腔洋调的中文，也不许东风压倒西风，变成油腔滑调的中文，则东西之间势必相互变成油腔滑调的中文，则东西之间势必相互妥协，以求‘两全之计’。至于妥协到什么妥协，以求‘两全之计’。至于妥协到什么程度，以及哪一方应该多让一步，神而明之，程度，以及哪一方应该多让一步，神而明之，变通之道，就要看每一位译者自己的修养变通之道，就要看每一位译者自己的修养了。”了。”

外国学者及翻译家的学说外国学者及翻译家的学说► ““ 等值论”：等值论”：以前苏联的以前苏联的费道罗夫费道罗夫为代表的：为代表的：“等值翻译就是表达的原文思想内容完全准“等值翻译就是表达的原文思想内容完全准确并在修辞上、作用上与原文完全一致。”确并在修辞上、作用上与原文完全一致。”► ““ 等效论”：等效论”：奈达奈达先生的“动态对等”先生的“动态对等” (dyn(dynamic equivalence) amic equivalence) 及“功能对等”及“功能对等” (functi(functional equivalence)onal equivalence) 学说，强调读者反应，即学说，强调读者反应，即译文读者对译文所产生的反应与原文读者对译文读者对译文所产生的反应与原文读者对原文所作出的反应基本一致。原文所作出的反应基本一致。

英国历史学教授泰特勒（英国历史学教授泰特勒（ A. F. TytleA. F. Tytlerr）在）在 1818 世纪提出的世纪提出的翻译三原则翻译三原则：：

► That the translation should give a complete tranThat the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.script of the ideas of the original work. 译文应完译文应完整地再现原文地思想内容整地再现原文地思想内容► That the style and manner of writing should be oThat the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. f the same character with that of the original. 译译文地风格、笔调应与原文的性质相同文地风格、笔调应与原文的性质相同► That the translation should have all the ease of tThat the translation should have all the ease of the original composition. he original composition. 译文应像原文一样流畅译文应像原文一样流畅自然自然

II. Different views of translationII. Different views of translation

► 1. 1. 以作者或读者两方中某一方为主要着眼点的原则以作者或读者两方中某一方为主要着眼点的原则► 中国汉唐时期的“文”与“质”之争（实际中国汉唐时期的“文”与“质”之争（实际上是意译与直译之争）上是意译与直译之争） 主张“文”的翻译家强调翻译的修辞和通主张“文”的翻译家强调翻译的修辞和通顺强调译文的可读性（意译）；主张“质”顺强调译文的可读性（意译）；主张“质”的翻译家则强调翻译的不增不减，强调翻译的翻译家则强调翻译的不增不减，强调翻译的忠实性（直译，甚至是硬译）。 的忠实性（直译，甚至是硬译）。 两者都有片面性。 两者都有片面性。

II. Different views of translationII. Different views of translation

2. 2. 同时考虑作者和读者的翻译原则同时考虑作者和读者的翻译原则►玄奘的“既须求真，又须喻俗”玄奘的“既须求真，又须喻俗”►泰特勒翻译三原则泰特勒翻译三原则► 严复的译事三难“信达雅”严复的译事三难“信达雅”► 鲁迅的“凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然力求鲁迅的“凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保存着原作的丰姿。”其易解，一则保存着原作的丰姿。”►符号学的翻译原则：“符号学的翻译原则：“意义意义相符，相符，功能功能相似”（相似”（ cocorrespondence in meaning and similarity in functirrespondence in meaning and similarity in functionon）（意义的分类，文本功能的分类））（意义的分类，文本功能的分类）

II. Different views of II. Different views of translationtranslation

3. 3. 从美学角度提出的翻译原则从美学角度提出的翻译原则► 傅雷的“神似”傅雷的“神似” (similarity in spirit) (similarity in spirit) 说：说：《高老头重《高老头重译序》中提出来的：“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一译序》中提出来的：“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不再形似而在神似”。“神似”即要传达原样，所求的不再形似而在神似”。“神似”即要传达原文的意蕴和韵味，“把原文的意义、神韵把握住”。文的意蕴和韵味，“把原文的意义、神韵把握住”。► 钱钟书的“化境”钱钟书的“化境” (perfection; sublimation) (perfection; sublimation) 说：说：《林纾的翻译》一文中提出。“把作品从一国文字转变《林纾的翻译》一文中提出。“把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入乎强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入乎‘化境’。” 译作被比作原作的“投胎转世”（‘化境’。” 译作被比作原作的“投胎转世”（ the trthe transmigration of soulsansmigration of souls））► 许渊冲的“三美说”：许渊冲的“三美说”：音美、形美、意美音美、形美、意美

III. The principles we should III. The principles we should followfollow

► 1. Faithfulness & Smoothness1. Faithfulness & Smoothness Faithfulness ---- ① faithful to the original; ② keeping the Faithfulness ---- ① faithful to the original; ② keeping the

style of the originalstyle of the original Smoothness ---- with standard languageSmoothness ---- with standard language► 2. Similarity in Function and Correspondence in 2. Similarity in Function and Correspondence in

MeaningMeaning A text is a semantic unit with meaning and function.A text is a semantic unit with meaning and function. Meaning and function should be considered as essential Meaning and function should be considered as essential

for translation criteria.for translation criteria.► (1) Informative function: The core of it is external (1) Informative function: The core of it is external

situation, the facts of a topic, reality outside language, situation, the facts of a topic, reality outside language, including reported ideas or theories. e.g. He is my elder including reported ideas or theories. e.g. He is my elder brother./ Look, that is a newly-built residential area.brother./ Look, that is a newly-built residential area.

► (2) Expressive function: The core of it is the mind of the (2) Expressive function: The core of it is the mind of the speaker, the writer, the originator of the utterance. He speaker, the writer, the originator of the utterance. He uses the utterance to express his feelings irrespective uses the utterance to express his feelings irrespective of any response, e.g. What a beautiful view!of any response, e.g. What a beautiful view!

► (3) Vocative function: The core of it is the readership, the (3) Vocative function: The core of it is the readership, the addressee. The term is used in the sense of “calling upoaddressee. The term is used in the sense of “calling upon” the readership to act, think or feel, in fact to “reacn” the readership to act, think or feel, in fact to “react” in the way intended by the text. e.g. Sit down, please!t” in the way intended by the text. e.g. Sit down, please! / Just do it! (Nike) / Just do it! (Nike)► (4) Aesthetic function: This is the language designed to p(4) Aesthetic function: This is the language designed to please the sense, first through its actual or imagined sounlease the sense, first through its actual or imagined sound, and secondly through its metaphors, e.g.d, and secondly through its metaphors, e.g.► She sells sea-shells on the sea-shore. / Don’t trouble trShe sells sea-shells on the sea-shore. / Don’t trouble troubles until trouble troubles you.oubles until trouble troubles you.► (5) Phatic function: It is used for maintaining friendly co(5) Phatic function: It is used for maintaining friendly contact with the addressee rather than for imparting foreigntact with the addressee rather than for imparting foreign information, e.g. Hello!n information, e.g. Hello!► (6) Metalingual function: It indicates a language’s abilit(6) Metalingual function: It indicates a language’s ability to explain, name and criticize its own features. e.g. Lany to explain, name and criticize its own features. e.g. Language is a unique system of signs.guage is a unique system of signs.

IV. IV. What are the highest and What are the highest and lowest criteria for lowest criteria for

translation?translation?► The highest standard: To make the readers of thThe highest standard: To make the readers of the target language have the same feeling as those e target language have the same feeling as those of the original works. That is to say, to keep the sof the original works. That is to say, to keep the same meaning, style and the smoothness.ame meaning, style and the smoothness. ((最高标准最高标准 : : 达到基本相同的感受达到基本相同的感受 , , 包括达意、传神、包括达意、传神、入化， 即不仅保存原作的思想内容、风格神韵而且入化， 即不仅保存原作的思想内容、风格神韵而且自然流畅，读起来不象是译本）。自然流畅，读起来不象是译本）。► The lowest standard: To keep the same meaning The lowest standard: To keep the same meaning and make the translated version smooth.and make the translated version smooth. ((最低标准：译文起码应该达到的标准。忠实原文，最低标准：译文起码应该达到的标准。忠实原文，表达通顺，达意。表达通顺，达意。 ))

V. What are the reasons that the V. What are the reasons that the translation can’t keep the same feeling translation can’t keep the same feeling

as that of the original material?as that of the original material?► Because of many differences between the two languages Because of many differences between the two languages and the culture, etc., readers of the translated works can and the culture, etc., readers of the translated works can not have the same feeling as those of the original ones. Tnot have the same feeling as those of the original ones. These are reflected from many aspects, such as:hese are reflected from many aspects, such as:► 1) 1) 两种语言表达方式不同两种语言表达方式不同► 由于两中语言的表达方式不同如直译， 很难符合译语的习惯，由于两中语言的表达方式不同如直译， 很难符合译语的习惯，容易造成含混费解，或意思走样。在翻译时应与原文的意思容易造成含混费解，或意思走样。在翻译时应与原文的意思为依据，按译语的习惯重新表达，在用词、句法结构以及比为依据，按译语的习惯重新表达，在用词、句法结构以及比喻修辞等方面作相应的调整和改变。喻修辞等方面作相应的调整和改变。► 2) 2) 原作的对象与译作的对象不同。原作的对象与译作的对象不同。► 作者写作时考虑的是原文的读者的实际情况，写作时着眼点作者写作时考虑的是原文的读者的实际情况，写作时着眼点不同。翻译后是以译语的读者为对象。译语读者和原语读者不同。翻译后是以译语的读者为对象。译语读者和原语读者在社会背景、文化水平、知识领域以及国情等方面不同。因在社会背景、文化水平、知识领域以及国情等方面不同。因此，即使翻译得十全十美， 译文读者对某些地方理解起来也此，即使翻译得十全十美， 译文读者对某些地方理解起来也难免会遇到一些困难。有时要采取“译者注”的办法进行补难免会遇到一些困难。有时要采取“译者注”的办法进行补救。例如：救。例如：

►史记：史记： Shiji/Historical Records by SimaqianShiji/Historical Records by Simaqian►离骚：离骚： Li Sao, a long poem of patriotismLi Sao, a long poem of patriotism►水浒传：水浒传： Heroes of the Marshes(Heroes of the Marshes(沼泽地沼泽地 )/Water )/Water Margin, a Chinese novel of the early Ming DynastMargin, a Chinese novel of the early Ming Dynasty by Shi Nai’any by Shi Nai’an►红楼梦：红楼梦： A Dream of the Red Chamber/ Red ManA Dream of the Red Chamber/ Red Mansions/Shitouji/the Story of the Stone, novel publsions/Shitouji/the Story of the Stone, novel published in the early Qing Dynasty about 1790 by Caished in the early Qing Dynasty about 1790 by Cao Xueqino Xueqin► She is as beautiful as Helen. :She is as beautiful as Helen. :她是绝代佳人。她是绝代佳人。（（ HelenHelen 是古西腊女神， 是最美的人）是古西腊女神， 是最美的人）

► 3) 3) 原语作者与译语作者的理解和表达水平的原语作者与译语作者的理解和表达水平的差异。差异。► 要达到使译文读者的感受与原文读者完全相要达到使译文读者的感受与原文读者完全相同，从理论上讲，应要求译者：一、对原文同，从理论上讲，应要求译者：一、对原文的理解水平不低于原文读者的一般水平；二、的理解水平不低于原文读者的一般水平；二、对译语的表达能力不低于原文作者的表达能对译语的表达能力不低于原文作者的表达能力。这一点是达不到的。因为译者对外语力。这一点是达不到的。因为译者对外语（译语）的理解水平不可能等同与原语的读（译语）的理解水平不可能等同与原语的读者，他的表达能力也不可能等同与原语作者者，他的表达能力也不可能等同与原语作者的表达水平。的表达水平。

► 4) 4) 礼俗文化的语境干涉礼俗文化的语境干涉 英、汉语有着各自不同的文化，在表达上各有不同。英、汉语有着各自不同的文化，在表达上各有不同。如汉语中的自谦语、尊称语问候语、道歉语和感谢如汉语中的自谦语、尊称语问候语、道歉语和感谢语等体现了汉民族的谦虚仁让。然而， 在该文化信语等体现了汉民族的谦虚仁让。然而， 在该文化信息转换成目标语时， 信息编码存在很大阻力。译者息转换成目标语时， 信息编码存在很大阻力。译者虽能译出所指， 却难保语体色彩和感情色彩，“形虽能译出所指， 却难保语体色彩和感情色彩，“形似而神不似”， 语境得不到体现。因此给人“有骨似而神不似”， 语境得不到体现。因此给人“有骨无肉”的遗憾，造成文化失真。 如下面的翻译： 无肉”的遗憾，造成文化失真。 如下面的翻译： ► a. a. 自谦语的翻译：自谦语的翻译： 汉语：不才、小人、家兄、谨上、愚师等；汉语：不才、小人、家兄、谨上、愚师等； 英语：均译为“英语：均译为“ I, me., mine, myself”I, me., mine, myself” 。。► b. b. 尊称语：尊称语： 汉语：尊姓、贵庚、玉体、令堂汉语：尊姓、贵庚、玉体、令堂 英语：英语： name; age; health, mothername; age; health, mother

► 5) 5) 典籍文化的语境干涉典籍文化的语境干涉► 在各自的语言中都有一些典故，由于东、西放文化在各自的语言中都有一些典故，由于东、西放文化的差异，这些典故如直译出来会造成译文读者的费的差异，这些典故如直译出来会造成译文读者的费解或误解。 在这中情况下就要采取不同的方法， 如解或误解。 在这中情况下就要采取不同的方法， 如增词译法、加注译法或引伸译法以及与译语大致接增词译法、加注译法或引伸译法以及与译语大致接近的典故等译法进行翻译， 方可将原译比较贴切地近的典故等译法进行翻译， 方可将原译比较贴切地翻译出来。翻译出来。► 如：如：► 中山狼：中山狼： the zhongshan wolf, a mountain wolf the zhongshan wolf, a mountain wolf attacked and wanted to eat the person who has attacked and wanted to eat the person who has just saved himjust saved him

VI. What are unqualified or VI. What are unqualified or unsatisfactory translation?unsatisfactory translation?

► Unqualified or unsatisfactory translation are as follows:Unqualified or unsatisfactory translation are as follows:（ （ Group work: discuss the following questions and theGroup work: discuss the following questions and then ask the students to answer them in class.n ask the students to answer them in class. ））► 11 ） ） wrong translation:wrong translation: Read the examples on P41. Read the examples on P41. ► 22 ）） missing translation:missing translation: Read the examples on P42. Read the examples on P42.► 33 ）） careless translation: careless translation: DittoDitto► 4) wrong expressions: 4) wrong expressions: DittoDitto► 5) wrong word collocation: 5) wrong word collocation: DittoDitto► 6) translation difficult to understand: 6) translation difficult to understand: DittoDitto► 7) translation sounding like English or the original l7) translation sounding like English or the original language: anguage: DittoDitto► 8) tasteless translation: 8) tasteless translation: DittoDitto

VII. What are the three VII. What are the three characteristics of the same feeling characteristics of the same feeling

in translation?in translation?► There are the following characteristics:There are the following characteristics:► 1) 1) 融为一体：感受强调的是翻译的效果，翻译标融为一体：感受强调的是翻译的效果，翻译标准缺一不可。愿意有出入、译文不通顺、风格不一准缺一不可。愿意有出入、译文不通顺、风格不一致等，都无法达到大致相同的感受。致等，都无法达到大致相同的感受。► 2) 2) 重点突出：注意翻译的传意性和可接受性。任重点突出：注意翻译的传意性和可接受性。任何意思的歪曲和走样都会影响传意性。 何意思的歪曲和走样都会影响传意性。 如果是文学作品，除传意外，还要做到传神。形式如果是文学作品，除传意外，还要做到传神。形式一致内容不一致、内容一致风格不一致， 或只传意一致内容不一致、内容一致风格不一致， 或只传意不传神， 都无法得到与原文读者大致相同的感受。不传神， 都无法得到与原文读者大致相同的感受。以读者对译文的感受为衡量翻译的尺度， 译者在翻以读者对译文的感受为衡量翻译的尺度， 译者在翻译时还必须考虑译文的可接受性。译时还必须考虑译文的可接受性。

VII. What are the three VII. What are the three characteristics of the same feeling characteristics of the same feeling

in translation?in translation?► 3) 3) 提高翻译质量：提高翻译质量： 提高翻译质量有注意处理好信和达的关系。如果偏提高翻译质量有注意处理好信和达的关系。如果偏重于信，往往只拘泥于形式，死抠原文，结果导致重于信，往往只拘泥于形式，死抠原文，结果导致译文洋化现象严重，表达不合乎译语习惯。译文不译文洋化现象严重，表达不合乎译语习惯。译文不自然、不流畅、生硬、费解甚至不知所云。这样就自然、不流畅、生硬、费解甚至不知所云。这样就导致了翻译症。如果偏重于达， 为了追求译文通顺、导致了翻译症。如果偏重于达， 为了追求译文通顺、流畅、文字优美， 常常置原文于不顾。从译语中找流畅、文字优美， 常常置原文于不顾。从译语中找一些常用习语去翻译原文中意思并不完全相同的词一些常用习语去翻译原文中意思并不完全相同的词语， 结果与原意出入较大，有时会导致错译、漏译。语， 结果与原意出入较大，有时会导致错译、漏译。这就是我们所说的马虎翻译。这就是我们所说的马虎翻译。

汉译英特别强调“通顺”和“地汉译英特别强调“通顺”和“地道”道”►对以汉语为母语者来说，要把英语这样一种对以汉语为母语者来说，要把英语这样一种外国语写的“通顺”、“地道”显然很不容外国语写的“通顺”、“地道”显然很不容易。（相对而言，写的“正确”，不大出错易。（相对而言，写的“正确”，不大出错还是不难做到的）还是不难做到的）►汉译英切忌拐弯抹角、华而不实、生硬难懂；汉译英切忌拐弯抹角、华而不实、生硬难懂；有一个“梳理”、“调整”甚至“消肿”的有一个“梳理”、“调整”甚至“消肿”的过程。 过程。

基本标准：忠实而通顺基本标准：忠实而通顺► 在翻译中，忠实与通顺是一个矛盾统一体的在翻译中，忠实与通顺是一个矛盾统一体的两个方面。二者相辅相成，不可割裂。两个方面。二者相辅相成，不可割裂。► 忠实是翻译的首要问题，因而是矛盾的主要忠实是翻译的首要问题，因而是矛盾的主要方面，在翻译中要首先解决好。方面，在翻译中要首先解决好。► 通顺是矛盾的次要方面，是第二位的，但在通顺是矛盾的次要方面，是第二位的，但在实践中决不可只顾忠实而忽视了通顺，二者实践中决不可只顾忠实而忽视了通顺，二者必须“统筹兼顾”。必须“统筹兼顾”。

英语专业八级考试汉译英评分等级表英语专业八级考试汉译英评分等级表 等级等级项目项目

优秀优秀（（ 100100 ～～ 9900 ））

良好良好（（ 8989 ～～ 8800 ））

中等中等（（ 7979 ～～ 7700 ））

及格及格（（ 6969 ～～ 6600 ））

不及格不及格 （（ <59<59 ））

忠忠 实实 （（ 6060％）％）

原文的信息原文的信息全部转达，全部转达，语气和文体语气和文体风格与原文风格与原文相一致。相一致。

除个别次要除个别次要信息有疏漏信息有疏漏外，原文的外，原文的重要信息全重要信息全部转达，语部转达，语气和文体风气和文体风格与原文一格与原文一致。致。

有少量理解有少量理解错误或有个错误或有个别漏译，但别漏译，但主要精神与主要精神与原文一致。原文一致。

有个别重大有个别重大错误或遗漏。错误或遗漏。部分信息含部分信息含混，但总体混，但总体上基本达意。上基本达意。

误译、漏译误译、漏译较多，不能较多，不能转达原文主转达原文主要精神。要精神。

通通 顺顺（（ 4040％）％）

句式处理恰句式处理恰当，选词妥当，选词妥帖，英语比帖，英语比较地道。较地道。语言基本合语言基本合乎英语规范。乎英语规范。行文比较流行文比较流畅。畅。

有个别句子有个别句子结构错误和结构错误和词不达意现词不达意现象。行文不象。行文不够流畅。够流畅。

有逐字硬翻，有逐字硬翻，不符合英语不符合英语表达习惯的表达习惯的现象。句子现象。句子不连贯，比不连贯，比较费解。较费解。

有大量句法有大量句法与用词错误。与用词错误。三分之一以三分之一以上的句子生上的句子生搬硬套、不搬硬套、不知所云。知所云。

教学大纲和八级考试汉译英要求教学大纲和八级考试汉译英要求► 能翻译相当于我国《人能翻译相当于我国《人民日报》等报刊上各种民日报》等报刊上各种文章文章►题材包括：题材包括： 11）日常生活记叙）日常生活记叙 22）一般政治、经济、）一般政治、经济、文化方面的文章文化方面的文章 33）文学作品）文学作品► 翻译速度为每小时翻译速度为每小时 250250~300~300 汉字汉字

► 能运用汉译英的理论和能运用汉译英的理论和技巧，翻译我国报刊杂技巧，翻译我国报刊杂志上的论述文和国情介志上的论述文和国情介绍，以及一般文学作品绍，以及一般文学作品的节录的节录► 翻译速度为每小时翻译速度为每小时 250250~300~300 词词

汉译英的出版标准汉译英的出版标准► 高层次的汉英出版物如上海古籍出版社高层次的汉英出版物如上海古籍出版社等等

1. 1. 明白：明白： understandabilityunderstandability2. 2. 通畅通畅 : readability: readability

3. 3. 简洁：简洁： succinctnesssuccinctness► 我国外文出版发行事业局制定的标准我国外文出版发行事业局制定的标准

1. 1. 译文必须忠实于原文译文必须忠实于原文 2. 2. 译文必须是流畅的外文译文必须是流畅的外文

ExercisesExercises►月光如流水一般，静静地泻在这月光如流水一般，静静地泻在这一片叶子和花上。薄薄的青雾浮一片叶子和花上。薄薄的青雾浮起在荷塘里。叶子和花仿佛在牛起在荷塘里。叶子和花仿佛在牛乳中洗过一样；又象笼着轻纱的乳中洗过一样；又象笼着轻纱的梦。梦。 （选自朱自清《荷塘月色》）（选自朱自清《荷塘月色》）

►Moonlight was flowing quietly like a streaMoonlight was flowing quietly like a stream down to the leaves and flowers. A light m down to the leaves and flowers. A light mist over-spread the lotus pond. Leaf and mist over-spread the lotus pond. Leaf and flower, seemed washed in milk.(flower, seemed washed in milk.( 见《英语见《英语世界》 世界》 19851985 年第年第 55期）期）► The moon sheds her liquid light silently ovThe moon sheds her liquid light silently over the leaves and flowers, in the floating trer the leaves and flowers, in the floating transparency of a bluish haze from the ponansparency of a bluish haze from the pond, look as if they had just been bathed in d, look as if they had just been bathed in milk, or like a dream wrapped in a gauzy hmilk, or like a dream wrapped in a gauzy hood.ood.（见《中国翻译》 （见《中国翻译》 19921992 年第年第 22 期）期）

1.1.爱就是只要别人幸福快乐，我们就幸福爱就是只要别人幸福快乐，我们就幸福快乐！快乐！ To love is to place our To love is to place our happiness in the happiness happiness in the happiness of another.of another.

2.2. 求婚时想入非非，结婚后如梦方醒。求婚时想入非非，结婚后如梦方醒。 They dream in They dream in courtship, but in courtship, but in wedlock wake.wedlock wake.

3.3. 为了被爱去爱是人类的天性，为了爱去为了被爱去爱是人类的天性，为了爱去爱却是天使般的美德爱却是天使般的美德 To love for the sake of To love for the sake of being loved is human, but being loved is human, but to love for the sake of to love for the sake of loving is angelic.loving is angelic.

4.4.幸福像一只蝴蝶，你去追逐它，总是捉不到。幸福像一只蝴蝶，你去追逐它，总是捉不到。当你安静地坐下来，它又会落到你身上。当你安静地坐下来，它又会落到你身上。 Happiness is a butterfly, Happiness is a butterfly, which, when pursued, is which, when pursued, is always just beyond your always just beyond your grasp, but which, if you will grasp, but which, if you will sit down quietly, may alight sit down quietly, may alight upon you. upon you.

5.5. 幸福之路源于两个简单的道理：首先，找准你的兴趣和特长幸福之路源于两个简单的道理：首先，找准你的兴趣和特长所在；然后，全身心地投入到自己所感兴趣的事物中去，这里所在；然后，全身心地投入到自己所感兴趣的事物中去，这里““全身心全身心””指的是：全部的精力、雄心和天赋。指的是：全部的精力、雄心和天赋。 The road to happiness lies in The road to happiness lies in

two simple principles: find out two simple principles: find out what it is that interests you and what it is that interests you and that you can do well, and when that you can do well, and when you find it, put your whole soul you find it, put your whole soul into it -- every bit of energy and into it -- every bit of energy and ambition and natural ability you ambition and natural ability you have. have.

修改下列误译的句子修改下列误译的句子

11．中国人有在正月十五晚上吃元宵、赏．中国人有在正月十五晚上吃元宵、赏花灯的习俗。花灯的习俗。 Chinese have the Chinese have the custom that they eat sweet custom that they eat sweet dumplings made of dumplings made of glutinous rice flour and glutinous rice flour and appreciate festive lanterns appreciate festive lanterns at the night of January 15. at the night of January 15.

22．他的不合作态度使这个项目进展十分．他的不合作态度使这个项目进展十分缓慢。缓慢。 The project makes less proThe project makes less progress because of his incoopergress because of his incooperation. ation.

33．你们谁想参加春游就在星期五之前报．你们谁想参加春游就在星期五之前报名并交费。名并交费。 You whoever wants to You whoever wants to go spring outing please go spring outing please sign up your name and pay sign up your name and pay dues before Friday. dues before Friday.

44．我觉得这个店里的衣服即使打六折也．我觉得这个店里的衣服即使打六折也还是太贵还是太贵 I think the clothes I think the clothes prices in the shop were so prices in the shop were so expensive even if they are expensive even if they are made 60 percent discount.made 60 percent discount.

55．就目前情况看，工程造价将会超出预．就目前情况看，工程造价将会超出预算百分之三十算百分之三十 With respect to the With respect to the current situation, the cost current situation, the cost of this engineering will of this engineering will exceed 30 percent of the exceed 30 percent of the budget. budget.

66．万一你想取消这次旅行，请至少提前．万一你想取消这次旅行，请至少提前一个月书面通知我们一个月书面通知我们 If you want to cancel If you want to cancel this travel, please tell us by this travel, please tell us by writing at least one month writing at least one month earlier. earlier.

77．想让他答应如此要求恐怕不大可能。．想让他答应如此要求恐怕不大可能。 I’m afraid it is I’m afraid it is impossible for him to agree impossible for him to agree such requirement. such requirement.

88．在董事会年会上，．在董事会年会上， 他请大家注意一个他请大家注意一个被普遍忽视的问题。被普遍忽视的问题。 On the annual board of On the annual board of directors, he reminded directors, he reminded everyone to pay attention to everyone to pay attention to a problem which was a problem which was ignored in common. ignored in common.

基尤植物园基尤植物园► 伦敦有许多美丽的公园和花园， 但基尤植物园伦敦有许多美丽的公园和花园， 但基尤植物园景色最美。它每天都开放， 乘公共汽车从伦敦市中景色最美。它每天都开放， 乘公共汽车从伦敦市中心出发只需心出发只需 2020 分钟就可到达。一年四季都可以看分钟就可到达。一年四季都可以看到各种各样的花，在这个植物园里十万种不同的植到各种各样的花，在这个植物园里十万种不同的植物是从许多国家采集来的。喜爱温暖气候的植物生物是从许多国家采集来的。喜爱温暖气候的植物生长在玻璃房中， 我们把这些玻璃房称为温室， 最大长在玻璃房中， 我们把这些玻璃房称为温室， 最大的是棕榈温室， 它有将近的是棕榈温室， 它有将近 150150年的历史。棕榈室的年的历史。棕榈室的构思很巧妙。大量的阳光能射进来照在植物上。在构思很巧妙。大量的阳光能射进来照在植物上。在温室内，你可以爬到温室内，你可以爬到 2020米高的阶梯顶端，从上往米高的阶梯顶端，从上往下观看棕榈树、橘子树和香蕉树，其景色令人心旷下观看棕榈树、橘子树和香蕉树，其景色令人心旷神怡。神怡。

Kew GardensKew Gardens► London has many beautiful parks and London has many beautiful parks and

gardens but Kew Gardens is the most beautiful gardens but Kew Gardens is the most beautiful of all. It’s only twenty minutes by bus from the of all. It’s only twenty minutes by bus from the middle of London and it’s open every day. All middle of London and it’s open every day. All through the year you can see lots of flowers, through the year you can see lots of flowers, because because Kew gets its plants --- 100,000 Kew gets its plants --- 100,000 different ones --- from many countries. The different ones --- from many countries. The plants that like hot weather live in glass houses plants that like hot weather live in glass houses which which we call greenhouses. The biggest is the we call greenhouses. The biggest is the Palm House. It’s nearly 150 years old. The idea Palm House. It’s nearly 150 years old. The idea of the Palm House is clever. A lot of light can of the Palm House is clever. A lot of light can get in to the plants. Inside you can climb a stair get in to the plants. Inside you can climb a stair twenty meters to the top. It’s exciting to look twenty meters to the top. It’s exciting to look down on palm trees, oranges and bananas.down on palm trees, oranges and bananas.

What is Translatability?What is Translatability?► 什么是可译性？ 什么是可译性？ 一种语言译成另一种语言时原文信息得以一种语言译成另一种语言时原文信息得以传达的最大可能性传达的最大可能性► 翻译的可能性，建立在文化的共性上。翻译的可能性，建立在文化的共性上。

Limits of TranslatabilityLimits of Translatability► 什么是可译性限度？什么是可译性限度？ 可译性的大小取决于客观因素对翻译过程可译性的大小取决于客观因素对翻译过程中意义转换的限度，即“可译性限度”中意义转换的限度，即“可译性限度”► 翻译的局限性，建立在文化的个性上翻译的局限性，建立在文化的个性上

语言文字的限制语言文字的限制►诗词的翻译诗词的翻译►所有要求内容与形式相统一的翻译所有要求内容与形式相统一的翻译 11 、汉语中的拆字：、汉语中的拆字： 弓长张 耳东陈 木子李 弓长张 耳东陈 木子李 切瓜分片，横七刀，竖八刀，切瓜分片，横七刀，竖八刀， 冻雨洒窗，东两点，西三点。冻雨洒窗，东两点，西三点。 信是人言，本是取信于人，因而必须言而有信。信是人言，本是取信于人，因而必须言而有信。 烟乃火因，曾见抽烟起火，应该因此戒烟。烟乃火因，曾见抽烟起火，应该因此戒烟。 无田不富，有禾才稳。无田不富，有禾才稳。 人曾是僧，人弗可以成佛；人曾是僧，人弗可以成佛； 女卑是婢，女又何妨称奴。女卑是婢，女又何妨称奴。

22 、、象形象形：马走日，象走田：马走日，象走田33 、、双关语双关语：： 东边日出西边雨，道是无晴却有晴东边日出西边雨，道是无晴却有晴 骑毛驴看唱本骑毛驴看唱本 ------走着瞧走着瞧 外甥打灯笼 外甥打灯笼 ------照旧（舅）照旧（舅） 擀面杖吹火擀面杖吹火 --- --- 一窍不通一窍不通 孔夫子搬家孔夫子搬家 --- --- 尽是输（书）尽是输（书）44 、、回文回文：： 客上天然居，居然天上客客上天然居，居然天上客 人过大佛寺，寺佛大过人人过大佛寺，寺佛大过人

英语双关语英语双关语► ---What’s the relationship between the doo---What’s the relationship between the door-mat and the door?r-mat and the door? --- A step father. --- A step father. ► ---“Call me a taxi,” said the fat man. ---“Call me a taxi,” said the fat man. --- “Okay,” said the doorman. “You’er a t--- “Okay,” said the doorman. “You’er a taxi, but you look more like a truck to me.’ axi, but you look more like a truck to me.’ ► ---Why is a room full of married people very e---Why is a room full of married people very empty?mpty? ---Because there isn’t a single person in it. ---Because there isn’t a single person in it.

►---At a wedding a man looses his bachelor’s ---At a wedding a man looses his bachelor’s degree and a woman wins her master’s. degree and a woman wins her master’s. ►--- A teacher came to a prison to teach the in--- A teacher came to a prison to teach the inmates English. He began his lesson by saying mates English. He began his lesson by saying “I suppose you all know what a sentence i“I suppose you all know what a sentence is.” s.” ►American former president Ford once said, American former president Ford once said, “I’m a Ford, not a Lincoln.” ( ““I’m a Ford, not a Lincoln.” ( “我是福特，我是福特，不是林肯。” “我是福特车而不是林肯车。”不是林肯。” “我是福特车而不是林肯车。” ))

文化因素的限制文化因素的限制► 文化空缺 （导致词汇空缺）文化空缺 （导致词汇空缺） 中国特有的事物（中国特有的事物（ China EnglishChina English ）：）： 中医、中药、武术、菜谱、阴阳、称谓中医、中药、武术、菜谱、阴阳、称谓语（“你好，表哥”怎么翻译？）等等语（“你好，表哥”怎么翻译？）等等► 文化冲突 （导致词汇冲突）文化冲突 （导致词汇冲突） 动物：龙、狗、蝙蝠等动物：龙、狗、蝙蝠等 颜色词：红、绿、黄等颜色词：红、绿、黄等

译者的任务译者的任务► 如何提高可译程度：对原语和译语在语言文如何提高可译程度：对原语和译语在语言文化方面的差异进行分析，尽力找出化方面的差异进行分析，尽力找出最大限度最大限度地传达原语信息的方法。 地传达原语信息的方法。