Translation Brief Sofiane& Billel

8/17/2019 Translation Brief Sofiane& Billel

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1-Introduction

The role and signifcance o Translation throughout human

history and the development o civilization itsel need no introduction.

What is ascinating to watch is the act that as the world becomes

increasingly “globalized”, the role and signifcance o Translation also

become increasingly important as never beore in human history. For

all its apparent eualizing e!ects on the world"s nations, globalization

seems to have been particularly ine!ective in bridging the cultural

divides that still plague humanity.

This wor# presents a course in translation problems or fnal$year

%nglish students and it is addressing to %nglish learners in general

term. &ear in mind that #nowing a oreign language is based on a good

level o reading and comprehension" ability on the one hand, on the

other hand the way chosen by the translator is di!er rom one to

another depending on the meaning o the source language using many

types o translation that acilitate doing so.

' good translator can simply avoid ma#ing mista#es, but in act

there is many problems in translation that prevent a learner rom

ma#ing a good process o translation and these are the main issues in

translation that we are going to deal with in the ollowing discussion.


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01

2. Defnition1

What is Translation

The term translation reers to the process o transerring or

rendering the meaning o a te(t ramed in one language into another

language.

“The word translation comes rom the )atin word translatio,

originally derived rom the perect passive participle, translatus o the

)atin verb * transferre. Transferre, meaning +to transer" in %nglish, is

ormed by two parts, +trans" and +erre". n %nglish, the pref( +trans"

means +across", whereas +erre" means +to carry" or +to bring".

Transferre,

thereore, also means +to carry across" or +to bring across" in

%nglish”-td.in &o Tso /.

'ccording to the dictionary we can fnd it defned as0

1 The process o translating words or te(ts rom one language

into another2

1 The written or spo#en rendering o the meaning o a word,


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speech, boo# or other te(t, in another language 3...4.

Translation also can be defned as the operation o fnding similarities

between languages rom the source language -5)/ to the target -T)/.

-6aula78osman /

“Translation is a specifc oral or written activity aimed at the

recreation o an oral or written te(t -utterance/ e(isting in one

language into a te(t in another language.” “Translation is a process

-and its result/ caused by social necessity o inormation -content/

transmitting, e(pressed in a written or oral te(t in one language by

means o an euivalent

-adeuate/ te(t in another language.”

“To translate means to precisely and completely e(press by means o

one language the things that had been e(pressed earlier by the means

o another language.”

02

Translation is a Communication

“Translation is a type o speech activity, aimed at

transmitting a message, doubling the components o communication in

those cases, when there is a discrepancy between codes used by the

sender and the receiver o the message.” -td. in 5o#olovs#y 9:;/.


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• +spea#" - يتك )

• ‘satellite’ ( صطناعقمر )

• ‘aspirin’ (يربس)

• ‘democracy’ (ةرميد )

3. Types of Translation

The process of translation has many types and since the aim of

translation is to deliver the sense of the message in all cases, but translators

have suggested different methods based on the two major types: LITERAL &

FREE, each one

consists of other types that are going to be presented with more details.

3.1. Literal Translation

iteral translation is giving the simplest e!uivalent of the word from

source language (") grammatical structure into the target language (T)

(#ewmar$ %&) i.e. only the language is changed in this type of translation, the

following e'ample will clarify more:

’ai trouv mon dictionnaire de poche ** + have found my poc$et dictionary

iteral translation methods are understood and applied in three different ways,

which can be summari-ed and e'emplified as follows. (ha-ala %)

This method is commonly $nown as word/for/word translation. +deally

the segmentation of the " te't into individual words and T rendering of those

word/segments

03


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one at a time0. 1owever, at the te't level, the TT will become unreadable unless

compromises

are made 2 thus, when translating, individual words and the word order of the "T

are $ept only when it is possible.

3.2. Word-for-Word Translation

+n this type we translate each word from the source te't ("T) into an

e!uivalent word in the target te't (TT)

This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with The T

immediately below the " words. The " word/order is preserved and the words

translated singly by their most common meanings, out of conte't. 3ultural words

are translated literally. The main use of word/for/word translation is either to

understand the mechanics of the source language or 4o construe a difficult te't

as a pre/t ran slat ion process.0 (#ewmar$ %5/%&).

This method of translation is considered to be a translation of individual

words, so all we must do is to find the e!uivalent of each word in the source

language to the target language. "ome students find it an easy way to ma$e any

translation faraway of differences in grammar or word order. The following

e'amples will help you to understand more:

/6/ + can stay awa$e all night.

ا ط ت س ا ب ل ا ظ ت ل

( تظ لباء طتس ل !" )

./7/ This boy is very intelligent.


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#$ ب % ل "$ &' (

) &' ( ب % ل #$ (

04

/8/ we spend a lot of money to buy new

clothes.

) ا ن * لك + ر لما! ! '&ي &- , رء

./0

( & ل ر 1ل ا! م ل ر + كل ا ن *

&' ./0 ي &- )

/%/ +t is very cold outside today.

2 يك "3 &' د / ا4 564ا 7 ل 8" ل

) ا94 ق د ر ب ل 8" ل ل 7ا64 5 (

2.1.2 One- To- One Literal Translation

+n this method of translation, a word or phrase in " is translated into an

+dentical word or phrase in T. 99that is a noun is translated into a noun two

nouns

+nto two nouns one adjective into one adjective tow into two etc.;; (ha-ala.


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>riend in need is a friend indeed ? @ ل A قB ل %&ي ?

1e spea$s ?rabic /ر : ل ك ت ي "$

The novel of "ha$espeare بك , ةي B4

"he plays tennis لتن . C: ; $

+n addition to this, a fi'ed e'pression such as a collocation, a proverb or

an idiom is

translated into a fi'ed e'pression, and also a metaphor is rendered into a

metaphor.

This type of translation is better than word for word translation because

99it ta$es the conte't into consideration 4and@ it translates special and

metaphorical sources words and phrase into special and metaphorical target

e!uivalents ;; (ha-ala.A)

This method also cannot be acceptable in some cases because it still

ignores the target language word and grammar when translating the source

language word and grammar,

05

also because it emphasi-e on $eeping the number and the types in target

language when

we translate the source language words and phrase , in here two possible

mista$es are

going to be caused :

The first one is the emphasi-e on having an source language fi'ed e'pression

translated


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into a target language fi'ed e'pression i.e. 99the insistence on having an source

language

3ollocation, idiom, metaphor, etc. translated into a target language collocation,

idiom or

metaphor even though it may not e'ist;; (ha-ala.6B).>or e'ample in the

translation of

the metaphor a can of worms0 into ( CDا % ة ب ع )usually in ?rabic it does not e'ist

such a

metaphor but the collocation ع "ي % . 1”it can be a good e!uivalent in ?rabicك ة

2.1.3 Direct Translation

This type of translation ta$es the grammar and word order of the

target language into consideration. ?ccording to ha-ala it is the translation of

meaning in conte't. +t ta$es into consideration the grammar and word order of

the target language. Cetaphorical and special uses of language are

also accounted for in the target language 4or a@ full translation of meaning.(66) . +t

is considered to be the best method of literal translation. 99+t has a different view

to literal meaning. iteral meaning is not one single, unchanged direct meaning

for a word, but its different meanings in different conte'ts and combinations with

other words.;; (ha-ala.66).

>or e'ample, the =nglish word D runD cannot be translated into Eر = ي″ ″ in ?rabic

in all situations and combinations .

=.g :

+n the long run & : بل F& مل G ع


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To run wild H"$ G ع ر ي

To run across I دا % ي

06

To run to fat لمن G ل مي

To run bac$ 4" ل G ل د /# ر;2 ي :"

To run a company , ر ي &ير

To run short of money ا! ين *# H& ن ع ا

To run through 8ركل 4Bر ر م ي

To run its out : بطل Hر = Eر = ي

+t is very clear that if the wordD run D in the stated e'amples is rendered

into Eر = ي″ ″ in the target language, that will be a wrong translation because we

say لمن Eر = ي in ?rabic, but only لمن G ل م ي .?nother e'ample is Dto run a

companyD it has only one meaning which is Dري& ي″ and we cannot say ر , Eر = ي in

?rabic but only ر , ري and if we translate it intoي & ر , Eر = ي it will be considered a

wrong translation not a literal translation .The same thing with the other

e'amples.

Cetaphorical phrases li$e idioms translated in the same way ,for

e'ample the only meaning of Dto beat about the bushD is ( 4B& ي B J ي ) also the only

meaning of Dto get the sac$D is (درطي) ,the same thing for the e'ample Dmon$ey

businessD which means only D ب ي ر اء ,″ and Dtall orderD which means D K مة , اق

″ .

Eirect translation is the one among the method of literal translation which

is acceptable and most widely spread and popular in practice among translators.


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2.2. Free Translation

Fnli$e the previous ones, this type of translation ta$es into account the

meaning rather than the structure of the (") te'ts. The translator practices the

process of translation freely. 1eGshe translates the te't the way heGshe wants and

understands under no limitations and without any instructions. ?s ha-ala (6%)

maintains ‘the translator is not confined by the

07

te't or conte't, or the direct and available meaning of words and phrases .1e

goes outside and

out of te'ts and conte'ts and behind and beyond words and phrases. #o

limitations are put on his translation.’ +t is alternatively referred to as ‘sense/for/

sense translation’ in which the translator focuses on producing a natural readable

target te't, i.e. it attempts to reproduce the meaning of the " te't. ’>ree

translation reproduces the matter without the manner or the conte't without the

form of the original’ (#ewmar$: %&). +n this case, the focus is on the message

proper. The translator tries to convey its intended meaning in a way that suits the

T reader.

This method of translation is, li$ewise, $nown as ‘dynamic translation’

because the translator goes beyond words or phrases. +t may be also called

DcommunicativeD, Dpragmatic’’ and DcreativeD translation.

+t worthwhile to point out that free translation is used more abundantly in


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literal te'ts and poetry. +t is divided by ha-ala (6AA5) into two types:

6. Hound/free translation.

7. oose/free translation.

2.2.1. o!nd- Free Translation

Hound 2free translation focuses more on the conte't. +t $eeps the same

impact of the " but it uses different words or phrases that serve similar effect in

the T .+n other words, the way sentences are used in the communicative

situations has to be ta$en into consideration in order to serve similar effects to

that of the original te't. >or instance, the form of e'pressivity, strong language

and so on. ha-ala provides the following e'amples:

0"

1e got nothing at the end ن L *7/ داع

Cy friend goes to the top very soon لم =& -"K ص ي & ص G طت M رب ل Nر س 5

3ome down to earth /O ا $B ع ق ا K ; Pا *

"he was sad deep down ل (>3 ا K ب ق ر ط *;

Iou loo$ !uiet QR= ل S/4B& ب ;

"he had a new baby د '&ي & ل / 2م "ل " T4ق Kا

?re you lying to meJ ل 2 G ع Eرت *;UVا /#


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The point that is noticeably common to these translated sentences is the

plain deployment of e'pressive, very formal ?rabic.

This type of free translation is not loose, or without limitation, but is still

bound to the linguistic conte't in some way. Hecause of this reason, this type of

free translation is widely acceptable. 1owever, when the translated does not go

hand in hand with the respective conte't, it is unacceptable.

2. Loose Free Translation

+n this $ind of translation the translator understands the pragmatic

meaning of "T and translates it that is to say this type of translation does not rely

on direct conte't .This translation is indirect ,pragmatic (KKK.)rendering the

meaning intended by spea$ers behind what they say (ha-ala 6&).

/+t is half past nine Wر Xا ;ر +

0#

+ am frightened : /

iteral translation is accepted in only some $inds of te'ts such as

technical and legal ones, but is not wor$able in other $inds li$e literally te'ts and

poetry ("huttel worth,6AAL),because this type of translation ignores the culture of

the T.

?lso we can say that there are some free translations which are not


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directly related to the original they are resulted according to the understanding of

the translator.

=g: #o bacon in my brea$fast

Hoo$s are very e'pensive لرء- ع لنا 9 J ق"; & ل

(ha-ala 6&)

?ll this translations are also indirect and pragmatic .this type of

translation allows the translator to translate according to the way he understands,

and the aim also is to facilitate the tas$ allowing the readers to infer the implied

meanings in the "T as in the TT.

3. T$e %eneral &ss!es of Translation

3.1. '(!i)alence in Translation

?s a principle of translation, the TT must be e!uivalent to "T. =!uivalence is

divided into either word by word translation or meaning translation. et us shed light

on this principle of translation.

Cany writers use the term =!uivalence0 to describe the nature and the

e'tent of the relationship that e'ist between the " and T te't. eonardi (7BBB)

states that for #ida(6A&%),defining and e'plaining the e!uivalence nature and

conditions is considered

Translation is a *o++!nication


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Translation is a type of speech activity, aimed at transmitting a

message, doubling the components of communication in those cases, when

there is a discrepancy between codes used by the sender and the receiver of the

message.0 (!td. in "o$olovs$y 7


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This method is commonly $nown as word/for/word translation. +deally

the segmentation of the " te't into individual words and T rendering of those

word/segments

03

one at a time0. 1owever, at the te't level, the TT will become unreadable unless

compromises

are made 2 thus, when translating, individual words and the word order of the "T

are $ept only when it is possible.
















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#$ ل % ب "$ &' (

) &' ( ب % ل #$ (

04


clothes.

) ا ن * لك + ر لما! ! '&ي &- , رء

./0

( & ل ر 1ل ا! م ل ر + كل ا ن *

&' ./0 ي &- )


2 يك "3 &' د / ا4 564ا 7 ل 8" ل

) ا94 ق د ر ب ل 8" ل ل 7ا64 5 (




nouns


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18/58

mista$es are



translated


language


idiom or


translation of


such a













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=.g :




06













e'amples.





20/58


″ .









07


goes outside and








T reader.



21/58














0"







22/58















0#

+ am frightened : /





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the T.



the translator.



(ha-ala 6&)















24/58










#$ ل % ب "$ &' (

) &' ( ب % ل #$ (

04


clothes.

) ا ن * لك + ر لما! ! '&ي &- , رء

./0

( & ل ر 1ل ا! م ل ر + كل ا ن *

&' ./0 ي &- )



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2 يك "3 &' د / ا4 564ا 7 ل 8" ل

) ا94 ق د ر ب ل 8" ل ل 7ا64 5 (




nouns



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05


language when


mista$es are



translated


language


idiom or


translation of


such a







27/58









=.g :




06












28/58



e'amples.





″ .









07


goes outside and





29/58





T reader.















0"



30/58



















0#


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+ am frightened : /




the T.



the translator.



(ha-ala 6&)










32/58





conditions is considered as the

10

main objective of translation studies (#ida 6B)made a distinction between formal

correspondence

and dynamic e!uivalence. M>ormal correspondence focuses attention on the

message itself in both form and content (+bid.).The purpose from this is to be as

faithful as possible to the source culture and to ma$e the reader $nows the customs ,

manner of thought and means of e'pression (+bid.).dynamic e!uivalence , on the

other hand ,see$s an e!uivalent effect on the target reader .+t states that the features

of the "3 are of a secondary importance .#ida and Taber (6A


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target te't .1e states0 wherever there is a deficiency when the translator cannot find

a direct e!uivalent to a particular " word or te't, 0terminology may be !ualified and

amplified by loan words or loan translation,

#eologisms or semantic shift0(+bid.).

3.2. ,on-e(!i)alence in translation

Hecause of the differences at cultural , grammatical ,le'ical or stylistic levels

translators may face the problem of non/e!uivalence while translating from one

language to another .

(Ha$er ) argues that non/e!uivalence may be at word level or above it.

?ccording to (Hassnett 8A), non/e!uivalence at word level can occur because of the

absence in the target culture

11

of relevant situational feature for the source language te't .This because the concept

may be le'icali-ed in the " and not in the T. "apir and Nhorf discuss this point,

and gave the notion of snow0 as an e'ample. +n #orthern countries where snow falls

almost the year .people refer to it differently according to the $ind of snow, whereas

in countries where snowfalls rarely people le'icali-e only one type of it. This

phenomenon is strongly related to culture.

#on/e!uivalence can appear above word level, since words do not occur


34/58

on their own, but they almost occur on the company of other word (Ha$er

%&)."ometimes the comprehension of a word meaning is possible until it is

combined with other words to form stretches of language.

The great pest of speech is fre!uently of translation .#o boo$ was ever

turned one language into another, without imparting something of its nature

idiom this is the most mischievous and comprehensive innovation, single words

may enter by thousands and fabric of the tongue continue the same, but new

phraseology changes much once it alters not the single stories of building , but

the order of the columns (!td.in ba$er %&).

#on/e!uivalence above word level characteri-es notions li$e idioms,

metaphors and collocations. 3ollocations will be discussed in details in the

second part of this chapter.

3. role+s of Translation

Translators while translating may be confronted with some difficulties and

problems. "everal issues occur when we translate two different and distant

language families. These issues oblige the translator to stop and thin$, rewrite, or

use dictionary to solve the problem.

12

+n general we can divide these difficulties into two main issues:

6. inguistics Oroblems in it we have rammatical Oroblems, e'ical


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Oroblems, "tylistic Oroblems, and Oragmatic Oroblems.

7. 3ultural Oroblems: +t includes different situational features.

3.1 %ra++atical role+s

The first problem that faces the translators is this one of grammatical

differences between the " and the T. Ne may have two complicated grammar

languages which differ in rules, structures, or non/direct e!uivalent in the T.

?nd according to the state of Cr. ha-ala the most problems are:

6. (the grammatical problems can be caused by :

/. co+plicated L ra++ar

=g: of the three boo$s you have recommended to me + have chosen only one

( ت ل ة Y0+ ل C ت ك ل K/ )% S 5 تن &LB Wرت X )

The start of the sentence with of0 and the delay of the main clause of the

sentence (+ have chosen) until the end of it, ma$e for its comple'ity. The students

of translation find it difficult to understand easily and directly. The point becomes

clearer, comparing it to the following normal, direct structure: + have chosen only

one of the three boo$s you have recommended to me0. Wرت X C ت ك ل S 5 &LB

)% تن K/ ل + Y0ة ت ل “, where the main clause is at the beginning. )(6


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6. The translation of the verbs to be0, to do0 , to have0

To be0

+ am a student. الب 3" ا “C لا

The boys were dismissed.P Bدر ق & >B>د ا 3 رBدي ط د >B> ا 3

+ am leaving now. 3> Zاد4 3" ا 3> [ اد4 ا

PThey had been released . " ا ءا KLرس ? P

to do0

PEo you admit thatJ Ies, + do.P :5 : ?O ل#/ I رت :; $

P"ome students do their wor$ !uic$ly.P / رع K;اب 'B ةب طل \:/ م : ي …C تكي

\:/

To have0

P"he has money .P

" عن &$ ا ل &ي Kا " د K;T"L 5ا د "

Olus that we have among this grammatical problems the issue of modals

for e'ample will, would , shall are not verbs in ?rabic .they mean the future

particale I" س,9 gha-ala %7 .the problems do not stop here translators face

problems in the translation of !uestions , negation , word order , personal

pronouns , the verbal and nominal sentences , K , and tenses( there are

fourteen tenses in =nglish , whereas in ?rabic there are only two tenses)

( gha-ala . &A ).

=g :

They will forgive us .0 لن 3Bر *[ ي I" س 3Bر *[ سنل

"he has not money .0 . ل K: " د > د " K: ا


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"he has headache.0 $O م ;ع& ص

PThe diplomat left for ondon.P لن &3 G ل اس Z اد4 ل &/ "

14

3.2 Leical role+s

Qne of the most $nown problems that faces translators and causes them

constant bewilderment is le'ical or te'tual problems. These problems usually

come up when a given word un$nown to them. 1ere are the main le'ical

problems which subtract.




nouns



38/58

The novel of "ha$espeare بك , ةي B4

"he plays tennis لتن . C: ; $

+n addition to this, a fi'ed e'pression such as a collocation, a proverb or

an idiom is

translated into a fi'ed e'pression, and also a metaphor is rendered into a

metaphor.

This type of translation is better than word for word translation because

99it ta$es the conte't into consideration 4and@ it translates special and

metaphorical sources words and phrase into special and metaphorical target

e!uivalents ;; (ha-ala.A)

This method also cannot be acceptable in some cases because it still



05


language when


mista$es are



translated


language


39/58


idiom or


translation of


such a














=.g :





40/58

06













e'amples.





″ .





41/58






07


goes outside and








T reader.







42/58










0"











43/58











0#

+ am frightened : /




the T.



the translator.


44/58



(ha-ala 6&)













conditions is considered as the

10

main objective of translation studies (#ida 6B)made a distinction between formal

correspondence


45/58

and dynamic e!uivalence. M>ormal correspondence focuses attention on the

message itself in both form and content (+bid.).The purpose from this is to be as

faithful as possible to the source culture and to ma$e the reader $nows the customs ,

manner of thought and means of e'pression (+bid.).dynamic e!uivalence , on the

other hand ,see$s an e!uivalent effect on the target reader .+t states that the features

of the "3 are of a secondary importance .#ida and Taber (6A


46/58

?ccording to (Hassnett 8A), non/e!uivalence at word level can occur because of the

absence in the target culture

11

of relevant situational feature for the source language te't .This because the concept

may be le'icali-ed in the " and not in the T. "apir and Nhorf discuss this point,

and gave the notion of snow0 as an e'ample. +n #orthern countries where snow falls

almost the year .people refer to it differently according to the $ind of snow, whereas

in countries where snowfalls rarely people le'icali-e only one type of it. This

phenomenon is strongly related to culture.

#on/e!uivalence can appear above word level, since words do not occur

on their own, but they almost occur on the company of other word (Ha$er

%&)."ometimes the comprehension of a word meaning is possible until it is

combined with other words to form stretches of language.

The great pest of speech is fre!uently of translation .#o boo$ was ever

turned one language into another, without imparting something of its nature

idiom this is the most mischievous and comprehensive innovation, single words

may enter by thousands and fabric of the tongue continue the same, but new

phraseology changes much once it alters not the single stories of building , but

the order of the columns (!td.in ba$er %&).

#on/e!uivalence above word level characteri-es notions li$e idioms,


47/58

metaphors and collocations. 3ollocations will be discussed in details in the

second part of this chapter.

3.

role+s of Translation

Translators while translating may be confronted with some difficulties and

problems. "everal issues occur when we translate two different and distant

language families. These issues oblige the translator to stop and thin$, rewrite, or

use dictionary to solve the problem.

12

+n general we can divide these difficulties into two main issues:

6. inguistics Oroblems in it we have rammatical Oroblems, e'ical

Oroblems, "tylistic Oroblems, and Oragmatic Oroblems.

7. 3ultural Oroblems: +t includes different situational features.

3.1 %ra++atical role+s

The first problem that faces the translators is this one of grammatical

differences between the " and the T. Ne may have two complicated grammar

languages which differ in rules, structures, or non/direct e!uivalent in the T.

?nd according to the state of Cr. ha-ala the most problems are:

6. (the grammatical problems can be caused by :

/. co+plicated L ra++ar

=g: of the three boo$s you have recommended to me + have chosen only one

( ت ل ة Y0+ ل C ت ك ل K/ )% S 5 تن &LB Wرت X )


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The start of the sentence with of0 and the delay of the main clause of the

sentence (+ have chosen) until the end of it, ma$e for its comple'ity. The students

of translation find it difficult to understand easily and directly. The point becomes

clearer, comparing it to the following normal, direct structure: + have chosen only

one of the three boo$s you have recommended to me0. Wرت X C ت ك ل S 5 &LB

)% تن K/ ل + Y0ة ت ل “, where the main clause is at the beginning. )(6 [ اد4 ا

PThey had been released . " ا ءا KLرس ? P

to do0

PEo you admit thatJ Ies, + do.P :5 : ?O ل#/ I رت :; $

P"ome students do their wor$ !uic$ly.P / رع K;اب 'B ةب طل \:/ م : ي …C تكي

\:/

To have0


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P"he has money .P

" عن &$ ا ل &ي Kا " د K;T"L 5ا د "

Olus that we have among this grammatical problems the issue of modals

for e'ample will, would , shall are not verbs in ?rabic .they mean the future

particale I" س,9 gha-ala %7 .the problems do not stop here translators face

problems in the translation of !uestions , negation , word order , personal

pronouns , the verbal and nominal sentences , K , and tenses( there are

fourteen tenses in =nglish , whereas in ?rabic there are only two tenses)

( gha-ala . &A ).

=g :

They will forgive us .0 لن 3Bر *[ ي I" س 3Bر *[ سنل

"he has not money .0 . ل K: " د > د " K: ا

"he has headache.0 $O م ;ع& ص

PThe diplomat left for ondon.P لن &3 G ل اس Z اد4 ل &/ "

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3.2 Leical role+s

Qne of the most $nown problems that faces translators and causes them

constant bewilderment is le'ical or te'tual problems. These problems usually

come up when a given word un$nown to them. 1ere are the main le'ical

problems which subtract.


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1 .Literal translation

The central le'ical problem that faces translators is direct translation.

Nhen we use this method, we ta$e words in isolation, while in any language

words are used together in special combinations. ?nd when students use direct

translation that results many silly mista$es e.g.:

+f you were in my shoes D#L 5 A ن " ل اك A ن " ل

>at salary مس C;4 7] C;4

Hit the dust ^رتل ي : ي :\ ر ص ر 7 ي

2. ynony+y

Nhen the translators start their wor$, they attach a great deal of t importance

to words, and they try to find the e!uivalent or the synonymy in the T using a

T e!uivalent to a " word in a conte't, a precise e!uivalent may not e'ist.

(#ewmar$ :


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1e is annoyed ت @ اي ? "$

1e is disturbed ن >ع _ "$

1e is inconvenient ر; ا` $" ر Z

1e is agita SXاس "$

1e is furious aات [ "$

1e is enrage 1تا @Z bب "$

1e is worried C%: ق ? $" "$

1e is nervous ت "; "$

1e is impatient Hربص ا#5 "$

1e is discontented ]4ر Z ر ت # "$

1e is displeased تك &4 4Bر ر Z "$

1e is wrathful @Zبتا'_$"

(ha-ala .A7)

3. olyse+y

Oolysemy problems occur when we have one word but it can serve many

meanings or has more than one meaning but just one meaning is popular


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+n general ‘brea$’ is in ?rabic ر but in fact we may translate it into:

16

The runner tried to brea$ the world record ط ); ء ل :& !Bا L

لرق لاس

Nhy did you brea$ his face ( امل

A مط L2K'B

That man is bro$en down O ل(

) ط 'رل

The manager‘s policy bro$e the ban$ ساس Wرد

O ن ب ل ر ي & مل

4. *ollocations

+t designates two or more words which occur usually together in

language. There are several types of collocations, and the problem in the

translation thereof arises when we have no e!uivalent or different grammatical

structures e.g :

1oney moon ع , Kر not , Kر

ع

Ooet laureate ر :1ل ر not

Eرعا , ر


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Ne had bread and butter together : ) ا B نا Xب > no t

: -&/T B …

5. &dio+s

Ohrases and sentences that have special meaning but is not a literal

meaning we cannot get it from the direct words meaning e.g.:

To wal$ on water

W


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1ands of the cloc$

لاع عا4^

To $ill time

A ق" ل تي

"he is busy up to her ears $ل"[1

G ت L K (

". Tec$nical translation

The ?rabi-ation of scientific terms pose some problems specially up/to/

date technical terms =.g:

Han$ O ن / , video & 5ي " , virus "Yر ' 9Bر 5

tylistic prole+s

>irst in the past translators were not interested in the style and it was not

considered as a part of the meaning. Hut translators were stop translating

because of the stylistic obstacle which affect on the meaning of the sentence or

what the writer want to say. The style of the " te't may pose problems that are

important and can affect on the meaning and may change it sometimes among

these problems we have for e'ample:

1"


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1. T$e for+al and infor+al tets

+n both languages ?rabic and =nglish we have two styles of language the

formal and informal and translator when they translate may do not distinguish

between the two. ?lso translators may find the e!uivalent for the formal language

but for the informal one it seems to be very difficult especially because of the

cultural, ethnic, bac$ground, and religion aspects.

2. Frontin

The translator may find a word or a clause at the beginning of the

sentence in an unusual way. This is called fronting. +t is done on purpose by the

" writer to achieve a stylistic function. 1ere the translators should pay attention

to the fronting and its special importance to the meaning of the sentence and the

hole te't and conte't.

3. arallelis+

+n some te'ts writers may use two clause or sentences that have the

same structure i.e. parallel what ma$e the sentences or clauses difficult to be

translated because this style of parallelism is not randomly the writers use it on

purpose and when the translators came to translate this sentences or clause they

should be careful because it may change the meaning completely.

4. /+i!ity

?nother difficult problem that face translators is ambiguity .some words

or sentences may be ambiguous i.e. have more than one possible meaning or

can be understood in more than one way. That will cause misunderstanding

confusing, losing or dispersing meaning for the translators and their wor$ will be


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absolutely a wrong version. >or e'ample:

1#

5 .s$ort and lon sentences

+n some cases we may have a te't which is one single sentence that

have one

subject ,one main verb and one object. Qr a te't that is composed of short

sentences This may propose a grammatical complication because the " and the

T may follow different aspects and rules. Translators are not allowed to change

for e'ample the short sentence into a long one or to cut a long sentence into two

parts, because that change will effect on the meaning especially when they are

translating novels or poems.

Olus that we have among stylistic problems others which are stated by ha-ala:

the problem language without problem but in ?rabic it may be boring , the

problem of active and passive version , the style of redundancy and the use of

some unnecessary words by some writers for e'ample:0 if all of us cooperate

together we will succeed0. 3ooperate and together have the same meaning, and

that can ma$e a big problem for translators because they are obliged to translate

the " as it is whether the style is bad or good. The problem of showing muscles

and the use of e'pressive or strong words by writers for e'ample the classical

?rabic writers and the language that they were use in the past is very difficult for

translators. ?nd finally we have the nominali-ation and the verbali-ation problem.


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?n e'ample of nominali-ation: discover 2 discovery, react/ reaction.

$onoloical prole+s

Ohonological problems are one of the fairly complicated problems that

face translators .These problems pertain mostly to sounds and their relation to

each other .Ohonological problems crop up predominantly in the advertising

te'ts and literary ones specially poems and even prose.. These problems may

not harm the translation in its entirety i.e. the effect of these problems is limited

and has no devastating effects on the meaning but it

20

may harm the shape and the sound of the piece and may ma$e a beautiful poem

in the " boring in the T just because of the lac$ of the rhythm or the absence of

the sound. These phonological problems are seem to be hard to get over

specially for students and this may even in very dire cases compel them to stop

translating altogether.

*!lt!ral prole+s

Translation problems are often ascribable to cultural differences between

the two linguistic systems involved in translation. The main source of cultural

problems is related to differences between " and T cultures. >or e'ample,

certain linguistic e'pressions and le'ical items available in a given language may

not be available in another one. This fact may cause serious difficulties for


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translators because translation is not always about translating from one language

to another, but also from one culture to another. >or e'ample, we may face some

sentences or e'pressions that occur in the source culture without any problems

but we are not able to come up with their e!uivalent in the T just because it may

be a forbidden sentence or e'pression. Thus, translators besides translating from

one language to another, they should ta$e the cultural differences into account

because it is also a part of the translation process.

Translation Brief Sofiane& Billel

Documents

Transcript of Translation Brief Sofiane& Billel