Translation

• After transcription the mRNA strand is ready to start the process of protein synthesis.

• What part of the cell makes proteins?

Ribosomes Ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains.

Translation- The decoding of an mRNA message into a protein

(Ribosomes translate the code)

Translation Translation is carried out by ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Step 1: A ribosome attaches to mRNA

Translation

• Step 2: As each codon passes through ribosome, tRNAs bring the proper amino acid to the ribosome.

Translation

• Step 3: • The ribosomes attach the amino acids to

the growing chain.

Translation

• Step 4:• The ribosomes helps form a peptide bond

between the first and second amino acid.

Translation

• Step 5:• The ribosome then moves to the next codon

Translation

• Step 6:• Polypeptide chain continues to grow until

ribosome reaches the stop codon

tRNA• Each tRNA molecule carries just one kind of

amino acid.• Each tRNA has 3 unpaired bases called an

anticodon.• Each tRNA anticodon is complementary to one

mRNA codon

How are proteins related to traits?

Many proteins are enzymes, which catalyze and regulate chemical reactions.

Proteins regulate patterns of growth, patterns of development in humans, and they build or operate different components of a living cell.

The Central Dogma

• Information is transferred from DNA to RNA to protein