MODEL OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN WATER MANAGEMENT

ON TOURISM AREAS, KARANGANYAR REGENCY

ABSTRACT

Since the regional autonomy that allows the region to manage the natural resources, especially water, lead to conflicts in the management of water resources, especially in the tourist areas. The phenomenon of the seizure of water resources in some areas in the country lately experiencing escalating along with the pressures of each local government to improve the Own-Source Revenue. It's very counter-productive to the spirit of the 1945 Constitution, Article 33, paragraph 3 that the natural resources (water) is managed by the state and used for the greatest benefit of the people. The purpose of this study is: (1) identify the root causes of conflict management of water; (2) mapping the type of the conflict; and (3) Develop a model of conflict resolution in water management.

The research method used is descriptive qualitative. This study will be conducted in the area of water resource conflicts in tourism. Furthermore, in the trace and map the conflict then the approach is phenomenological. The technique of collecting data through observation, in-depth interviews (in-depth interview), analysis of documents and Focused Group Discussion (FGD) to obtain in-depth information and holistic. This analysis model is interactive, with three components analysis: data reduction, data display, and conclusions or verification.

The results are the root causes of conflict management of water; mapping of water conflict management and conflict resolution models of water resource management in tourism area.

Keywords: Conflict Resolution, Water Resources, Tourism

I. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

Since the implementation of regional autonomy, which provide flexibility for local governments to manage natural resources, especially water, resulting in a conflict of interest. The phenomenon of the seizure of water resources in some areas in the country lately experiencing escalating along with the pressure on local authorities to improve the the Own-Source Revenue. It's very counterproductive to the spirit of the 1945 Constitution Article 33, paragraph 3 that the natural resources (water) is managed by the state for the greatest benefit of the people.

Even regional autonomy consequences on a regional authority to manage natural resources (water) impact on the exploitation of natural resources, especially water, causing a shift of water resources as a resource for the benefit of becoming an economic commodity.

One of the interests of local governments to raise local revenue is to boost the local tourism destinations. Included in Karanganyar which has dozens of nature-based tourism. Ironically, natural resources, especially water which is vital tourism became the point at issue.

During this time, the development of regional tourism aimed to develop local potential derived from natural, social, cultural or economic in order to contribute to the local government, while improving the welfare of society. In this regard, currently, use of community tourism development or community-based development approach. In this case the local community is expected to build, own and manage direct tourist facilities and services, so that people are expected to receive directly economic benefits and reduce urbanization.

But the reality in the community is not like that, there are still many obstacles that must be considered and resolved to support the tourism development goals. The conflict between the owner of the objects of nature-based tourism, or among managers and between local governments and the private sector in Karanganyar bring various issues that result in reduced visitor interest for the tourist objects. It is important to trace the root of the problem so as to find the right resolution. The purpose of this study was to determine the root of the problems faced by water managers in the tourism areas, as well as how the type and mapping conflicts in the areas.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Theoretical Basis

Availability of water, poor water quality and limited or media depictions of water crisis could result in harm to the image of tourism destinations (Hall, 2010; Hall & Stoffels, 2006 Gssling and Peeters 2011). Gossling and Peeters (2011) in a study to review the use of fresh water in the tourism sector and to identify the challenges of the current management of the tourism sector and the future. In the study, they concluded that even though tourism increases the global water consumption, water use is directly related to tourism is much less than 1% of the global consumption, and would not be significant even if the sector continue to grow in the anticipated rate of about 4 % per year (international tourist arrivals).

Moreover, Gssling and Peeters (2011) concluded that the expected changes in the global precipitation patterns due to climate change, management of the tourism sector are advised to engage in proactive water management due to the increasing global water use due to population and economic growth, changes in lifestyle, technology and international trade, and expansion of water supply systems.

Sultana (2011) argues that resource access, use, control, ownership and conflict are not only mediated through social relations of power, but also through the emotional geography where gender subjectivity and emotion contained is how nature-society relations and experienced every day life . Resource struggles and conflicts are not only material but emotional challenges, which are mediated through the body, space and emotion.

Passarella and Uricchio (2007) revealed the importance of shared decision-making process in the management of the water comes from the realization that the engineering approach in addressing the complex and unstructured problems.

Ohlson (2000) fight against the widespread opinion that water scarcity carries a major risk of international conflict over shared water resources, he argues that the risk of conflict in the country in fact is greater, and that the risk of international conflict derives from the need to avoid what is defined as a second-order conflict in the country, is not caused by a scarcity of water itself, but the institutional changes necessary to adapt to water scarcity.

Holt and DeVore (2005) mentions at least there are four styles of managing conflict, namely: interesting, compromising, problem solving, and forcing. Their results showed that: (1) choose the force as an individualistic culture style of conflict over collective culture, (2) collective cultures prefer attractive style, compromise, and problem solution is more than individualistic cultures.

Bennett et al (2001) explores the nature of conflict and how the institutional failure could be a major cause of conflict over natural resources. Their research concluded that local level conflict management could be successful, but without the level of proactive support from the government, this will only be a cause of conflict. The possibility to manage or resolve conflict will depend on the government's ability to: (a) distinguish between positive or negative conflicts; (b) determine the root cause of conflicts and resolve problems, and (c) strengthen the capacity of government institutions to manage conflict.

Causal and Kwantes (2006) said that individualism and collectivism influence the style of a person in conflict resolution. There is also a relationship between culture, power, personality, and style of conflict resolution. If it is assumed that people are basically evil and aggressive, conflict management mechanism based controls tend to be viewed more precise. However, if the perceived conflict arises from social conditions, then research on conflict resolution should pay more attention to the wider social relations. Appropriate conflict resolution processes need to be designed to cope with human behavior. The sources of conflict can be examined in terms of issues of social justice and economic gap as well as cultural and psychological problems. Creative approaches to conflict transformation is extremely important.

Barron et al (2009) examined the patterns of local conflict in Indonesia by mapping conflicts around the village / neighborhood in Indonesia. Violent conflict can be observed across the country. Qualitative analysis showed that local conflicts vary in shape and impact across districts, and that local factors are a key factor. Analysis of the research conducted by Barron et al (2009) emphasized the importance of economic factors, the positive correlation between violent conflict and poverty, inequality, economic development, and ethnic groups.

Becken and Hughey (2013) said that there is a relationship between tourism and disaster risk reduction and management of tourism. It should also be a guide for the tourism sector to complement the existing civil defense plan, thus adding value to the efforts to reduce the risk of natural disasters, including natural disasters in the water sector of tourism.

Generally, the functional the view human conflict and see the whole of society is one that is not simply the sum of which is a part of social groupings. In the view of Coser, conflict has a positive function to reinforce group identity and protect it from being dissolved into the social world around them. However, at other angles could be bad, if the opposing party does not understand that it's part of the emotion that accumulate aggressiveness. If this is the case, then it could be a sharp conflict and lead to violence. To avoid this condition, then the value of safety is required. Safety value as a safety valve that serves as a way out that alleviates hostility. Safety value does not mean looking for scapegoats as discussed many social observers. This value can be shaped safety reasons or arguments maintenance of harmony, solidarity, fraternity and longevity. To defuse the conflict in the friendship, for example, then one party can be do denouement using the excuse of friendship and a long history of friendship that have built together. Is not blaming a third party as a scapegoat which actually does not exist.

In discussing the various situations of conflict, Cose distinguishes realistic and unrealistic conflict. Realistic conflict comes from disillusionment with the special demands that occur in relationships and estimate the possible benefits of participants and aimed at the object that was considered disappointing. For example, the conflict between workers and employers. While the conflict is unrealistic conflict does not come from the goals that antagonistic rivals but from the need to relieve tension at least from one side. For example, an attempt to defuse the conflict by using mystical powers.

Although so many people rely on the stream functionalism in reading and seeing the conflict, it turns out a lot of criticism directed against the stream. Liliweri (2005: 247) for example, said that a positive function of social conflict that has been called by functionalism is actually a part of the social myth. Because, it turns out in the social life, especially in the current theoretical thought, always happens opposition or view berdialektikal. (Marx, in Kusumandaru, 2003). That means, that conflict was not always functional or positive value. If social conflict was functional, then the question is for whom the conflict works?

The flow-structural functionalism seems to want to suspect that conflict and consensus are two faces of the same in human life. With the conflict means there will be a consensus, that's about to be expected. Indeed, on the one hand, this thesis has a degree of relevance to the development of theoretical formulations of functionalism in Sociology. However, according to Dahrendorf between consensus and conflict theory are two issues that must be distinguished. Though in it there is a reciprocal relationship between consensus and conflict, Dahrendorf thus assume that development of social theory is not singular and monolithic. As he said that "it is impossible to unite a single theory to explain the second problem (conflict and consensus) that has puzzled philosophers since the beginning of the development of western philosophy" (Ritzer and Goodman, 2004: 154). That's why, for the complemented missing structural functionalism, the necessary structural view of stream conflict.

Structural conflict. This stream is rooted in the thinking of Karl Marx. According to Marx, there are some basic assumptions that constructed in the thought of structural conflicts, ie:

1. Change is an inherent phenomenon in society;

2. Conflict is a phenomenon inherent in the society;

3. Each of elements in the community could contribute to the disintegration and social change;

4. Every society was integrated over the control or domination of some people against others.

On the basis of this assumption then appeared strategy proposition (conflict approaches) in understanding the society at large. (Sanderson 2003; Zainudin Maliki, 2003) There are several conceptions of Marx's theory has implications for the reality of the conflict. In this case it can be seen the existence of production relations, the power relationship between the owners of capital on the one hand and the workers on the other woods that are conservative and want to continue to be maintained for the benefit of the owners of capital. The opposite occurs in the power production that continues to be improved, rationalized, increased efficiency and effectiveness. Due to the nature of the differences between conservatives and production relations productive forces, the progressive society in the ongoing contradiction that reflects conflict of interest of the capitalist class and the working class (proletariat).

In Marx's conception mind known as stale structure and superstructure. Basic structure of an economic aspect that consists of the strength / production tools (technology, knowledge, skills, etc.) and the source of production (land, water, money, factories, etc.). While the dimensions of the superstructure is related to ideas such as culture, law, politics, religion, education and various other forms of social consciousness. According to Marx, the basic structure that is moving the superstructure dimensions. That is, human consciousness is determined by the social environment which based on the economic dimension. The strength of the basic structure that eventually gave birth to private ownership.

It could be studied in the logic of historical materialism. Through historical materialism, Marx states if the social ownership of the domain of the economy vary, depending on the history and condition of the society. In primitive societies, the ownership of the production base is communal. In a feudal society, the ownership of the production base controlled by the nobles and landowners. In a capitalistic society, the ownership of individual production base started, which lies in the hands of the capitalists, the capitalists in the era of capitalist society, began to occur division of labor and class along with the emergence of the concept of property rights. Capitalist society which spawned two major classes of the capitalist class (the owners) and the proletariat (workers) which always in conflict situations. According to Marx, the prolonged conflict between the capitalist class and the proletariat will eventually lead to a crisis which allowed the revolution to the era of the new society, the communist society. Communist society is a society which no longer knows the class, except the communes with the same position, with all production tools which owned by society represented by the state. Communal ownership, and the role of the state had already begun to disappear, left entirely to the citizens or the public. Being in a Socialist society, is social ownership of which regulation and distribution is handled by the state.

According to Marx, individual ownership, as happened in the capitalistic society, this is actually the source of injustice. Many massive exploitation and extortion occurred in social life. This condition causes social conflict becomes inevitable. Class conflict between the proletariat and capital owners are very easy to sticking to the surface. Because capital owners also control the tools taming the physical and mental (in collaboration with the state, religious leaders and the media), then the lower classes became knocked out in a fight. (Marx in Ramly, 2004) in the 18th century the Crimean War, between Russia and Turkey (which assisted the British and French troops) is an example (Kusumandaru, 2003). It shows that conflict which in fact a positive works in the social dimension as it is said-structural functionalism perspective seems to need to be reviewed. Therefore, the conflict only benefit one particular party which has the means of production, but instead cornering counterparties that do not have the means of production. Social conflict can not be ended in conflict as long as there are still gaps in the material and economic society. Marx asserts that the potential conflict is especially true in the field of economy, and it also shows that the struggle or conflict also occurs in the distribution of prestige/ status and political power.

However, the views of Karl Marx revised by Ralf Dahrendorf. According to Dahrendorf (1957), a conflict occurs is not because of a conflict between those who own the means of production or who do not have it, but due to the degree of authority and dominance in the associations. Social conflicts have the structural sources of power relations prevailing in the social structure of social organization. In other words, inter-group conflict can be seen from the angle of the validity of the existing power relationships or from a local social structures.

This view is based on the conception of the decomposition of capital and the labor decomposition. If Marx said that in a capitalistic society, capital is only owned by the ruler of the means of production, it is now the capital has melted (floid) and can be owned by anyone, including the lower classes (workers). Publicly share ownership in the company or social institutions is an example. In the 20th century, the labor was not only the labor category above and the lower class, but there is also a middle class that typically has a specialization, professionalism and skill in the field of work. Adimintrasi labor, foremen, heads of divisions, supervisors, accountants, surveyors, etc., are the labor-based specialties. This is then called by Dahrendorf as decomposition of workforce.

In the contemporary era, society is imperatively coordinated associations. State, hospitals, schools, political parties, trade unions, are some examples of imperatively coordinated associations. What is said is known as the theory of Dahrendorf ICAS (Coordinated Imperatively Association). With this association, there are two social groups, ie groups of sham and interest groups. This group is diversified class of Marx's theory. (Rahman & Yuswadi, 2001) If according to Marx, class is characterized over the size of the access and control in the economic dimension, the social groups according to Dahrendorf actually based on the quantity of access to power, social status, and authority.

Interest group is a group that have been organized and ideology consciousness. Meanwhile, the apparent group is a group that consists of individual fragments, both of which are in the association or on the outside, but has not been organized and conscious ideology of resistance. (Poloma, 2003) This group will be apparent if the interest group has three requirements, namely the existence of a manifest interest in the form of ideology and the values of resistance; various political conditions of an organization; and social conditions that make the establishment of communication (Nasikun, 1984: 24-25).

If the pseudo group has met the three conditions, then they will be of interest groups and then will establish an opposition (conflict) with other interest groups within an association. This clearly shows that the social system is a process of constant pressure from one particular party to the other party, so this pressure resulted in conflicts and changes in the existing system. (Affandi, 2004) Thus, the conflict is not rooted in the psychological dimension (such as emotional in view of Simmel and Coser), but from an imperative that coordinated the social associations. Thus, the party that won the conflict, it will make the other party is subject to the authority by force and power of the winner.

The critical-emancipatory stream. View of functionalism based on positivistic knowledge starting point. He considers that along with the intricacies of human life can be learned through the principles of natural science (objective, controlled, coercive-external, engineering and neutral). This is what makes positivistic science was criticized by Karl Marx, as it turns out better explain the issue without going to provide a solution. From this then unload the teachings of Marx and flow positivistic functionalism conservative and pro-status quo. Marx said that science is not value-free. Science is always in favor of the group of capital owners. Therefore, Marx later stated that human life issues will be resolved when there is no longer a wide range of class-based forms of economic exploitation (Siahaan, 1986; Hardiman, 2004; Ramly, 2004; see also Ritzer & Goodman, 2004).

2.2. The Prior Research and The First Research

The first study entitled "Local Wisdom on Farmers on the Slopes of Mount Lawu in Anticipate Flood and Landslide" that the people on the slopes of Mount Lawu have local knowledge in environmental preservation (Wibowo, 2007). The study is merely to photograph the local knowledge and social capital in preserving the environment. The study explored more deeply about the role of social capital and local knowledge for conflict resolution conflict in particular water management in line with regional autonomy and decentralization.

The second study, conducted by Padmaningrum, Agung Wibowo, Sutarto (2007), conducted a study on conflict resolution between companies and communities around the plantation, it was found that the existence of the estate according to the views of residents around the plantation less make corporate social responsibility (corporate social responsibility) as well to the community. Even if there is a program undertaken by the company, usually charity / philanthropic. The concept of charity could not break the chains of poverty in communities around the estate and surrounding communities plantation remained in marginalized conditions. Based on these results, in this study will explore further how the root causes of conflict in the management of water and how water management conflict resolution models.

The third study, which have been done previously by researchers is the policy of the Partnership for Public, Private and Community in the Development of Tourism (Study of Partnership in Tourism Development policy in Malang) conducted in 2009 the first year results of this study found that there are patterns kmitraan occurring diverse and not controlled in a partnership policy. At least 4 partnership could be found, namely (1) the government and the private sector found in Batu (2) the government and local communities, which are found in Malang (3) government and enterprises, which are found in Malang Regency (4) government, private and public, which are found in Batu. The final conclusion of this study that the development of policy-based partnership to networking and collaboration between government, private, and community impact tourism development would provide a better.

The fourth study is a research on models of tourism development Karanganyar, conducted in 2012 study found that tourism development model Karanganyar diverse, and could not be uniform due to contextual and different loci. The final conclusion of this study is that there are three models that looked at a tourist attraction, namely: (1) social planning model based on ecological or local community-based development (community development), (2) local community-based development model of ecology, and (3) models social action based on the development of the local community.

Furthermore, research conducted Trials Partnership Policy Model Tourism Development and Promotion of Tourism Education in 2010 which was also done by researchers such as Dr. Rohmad Zaini, M. Pd. In this study, the outcome of this trial activity seen that cooperation in the field of tourism in the form of a partnership in the area of Malang from the beginning it has been pioneered by the tourism actors in all three areas namely Malang, Malang and Batu City. This is evident from the high enthusiasm of tourism stakeholders in all three regions when the tests partnership activities. It's just that in practice could not sustainable and invited various parties involved in tourism. Not to mention the three local government areas have not been able to beat their egos.

Generally the experiments performed is pretty good and attract and grow the tourism interests in all three areas. This is evident from the enthusiasm of tourism actors to follow the activities of experiments performed. Tourism stakeholders welcome the partnership pilot activities is very good and they always support similar activities if done again because of their concern for all parties to Malang tourism is a big support for the development of tourism they would do. Websites that have been created by using data obtained from various parties is one of the media promotion is really unreliable today.

2 3 Research Roadmaps

Under the road map we've ever done research on tourism development (see Figure 1), it appears that the study Conflict Resolution Model in Regional Tourism Organizations Karanganyar is the advanced research.

III. METHODS

3.1. Research Location

This study will be conducted in Karanganyar as a district that has a natural beauty with huge potential to further develop its natural attractions. Potential in Karanganyar mostly in the form of historical tourist and natural attractions. Historical tourist attraction located on the historical value of the heritage site. However, if it is not packed with the good selling points (tourist) the object is also not optimal and finally the historical value does not mean anything. Similarly, the natural attractions, great packaging elegance without relief and existing vehicle becomes useless. It required the intervention of the government and citizens to overcome this.

The role of government is at the same planner executor in tapping tourism potential Karanganyar. Including packing the object so worthy and interesting to visit. While community participation is the promotion, one of which is to introduce Karanganyar through any medium. Simple promotion that could be done by the people is through word of mouth. Only by claiming to be citizens of Karanganyar if someone is out of town, so it has become an incredible promotion.

3.2. Research Approach

The study was conducted by using a qualitative descriptive approach. Descriptive research intends to provide a description of a social phenomenon examined. Community-based tourism is a tourism business that emphasizes the active role of the community. In general, tourism development should be able to improve the quality of human relations, improve the quality of life of local communities and maintain environmental quality. So to explain various phenomena that exist done descriptive qualitative depth, because it is the data and information that is used as a source materipenjelasan, behaviors and ideas in the form of information, locations and events as well as the contents of the documents (Bogdan and Taylor, 1982).

3.3. Sampling

This study is qualitative so that the sampling technique used was purposive sampling. This is done in order to obtain data on target (Slamet, 2006: 60). According to Goetz and LeCompte (in Sutopo, 2002). This technique is selective by using judgment based on theoretical concepts used, personal curiosity of researchers, empirical characteristics and others.

3.4. Data Source

Data source to be extracted include informants, places and events as well as a source of documentation. Samples taken will suit the needs of the field. Sources tourist spot itself, the interaction between the travelers with local people, traders, or with fellow travelers in the event that the activity is used as a data source. While the documentation is written using objects or documents, which are used to complete the data required in the study. The use of this documentation in an effort to support the data that has been obtained through observation and interviews.

3.5. Data Collection Techniques

3.5.1. Participatory Observation

Participatory observation carried out in a variety of activities related to research problems, such as following the regular agenda or certain rituals that took place in the area of tourism potential in Karanganyar environment, tourist arrivals are also invited to come visit these tourist areas. This is done in order to obtain an understanding of the processes and actions of an object observed (Spradley, 1980: 53-58). This type selected on the grounds that by observation involved is much better, even enables the data are incomplete when compared to the interview (Gateword, 1985: 215). However, the procedure offered two experts are not the only framework that guides the researcher, because the role of the researcher as the tool itself (research instrument) is more important, especially in a anticipate the situation that enables the data or information which is more accurate (Bogdan & Biklen,, 1982 : 33).

3.5.2. In-Depth Interviews

Interview technique is a technique used to obtain information through a conversation with a purpose. The conversation was conducted by the two parties, namely the interviewer who asks questions and the interviewee that provides an answer to that question. In-depth interviews led to the depth of information, in order to explore views about the subject under study is very helpful research focus to be the basis for further excavation and information in depth. The mechanism in-depth interviews (in-depth-interviews) conducted informally, with questions that are not structured, but still leads to a focus problem (Spradley, 1979). The process of data collection through interview techniques assisted with recording equipment so that information gathered as far as possible complete. Meanwhile, to deepen the information the author also uses the technique of data collection by deepening the information, through the life-history techniques (James, 1988, Koentjaraningrat, 1983).