TRANSITIVITY PRESENTATION BASED ON GEROT & WIGNELL; BLOOR & BLOOR.
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Transcript of TRANSITIVITY PRESENTATION BASED ON GEROT & WIGNELL; BLOOR & BLOOR.
TRANSITIVITYTRANSITIVITYPRESENTATION BASED ON GEROT & WIGNELL; BLOOR & BLOOR
TRANSITIVITYTRANSITIVITYThe system or resource for construing
experiential meaning, i. e. meaning
about the world outside and inside the
speaker.
It is the resource for construing (=
interpreting and expressing) events,
happenings, goings-on, mental states,
sayings, behaviours and relations of
different kinds.
Behaviour-al
human and animal physiological
behaviour; human verbal and mental
behaviour
He snored/coughed. He slept soundly.
He breathed heavily.They shouted/cried/growled.
He pondered/reflected over the problem.
Process type
Meanings Examples
Material
actions and happenings
(outside world; observable)
He ran. The window broke. He climbed the tree. She made a cake.
She broke the window. She gave him a present.
Mental
perception, cognition and
affective processes (inner world; not
directly observable)
I saw a bird, I heard a sound. I saw him cross the street.
I knew the answers. I believe/think he is wrong.
I fear the outcome. I like the smell. The woman scares me. The
decision pleased me.
Meteorolo-gical
weather or time processes
It’s 8 o’clock. It’s noon. It’s windy. It’s raining/snowing.
Process type
Meanings Examples
Verbal
saying (mental process that
becomes observable)
He told a lie. He told a story.He said “Hello”. “I’m tired!” he exclaimed. He answered that he was unaware of the decision.
Existential
existenceThere is a bird on the tree. Ghosts exist.
Relational
being and havingHe is a (famous) scientist. He is the head of the department. He has blue eyes/a car.
Process type
Participants
Subtypes
ExamplesDistinctive features/
Reactances
RELA-TION-AL
(being and having)
CARRIER&
ATTRIBUTE
ATTRI-BUTIVE
IDENTIFY-
ING
TOKEN &
VALUE
She is famous.She is a scientist.She has blue eyes.
She is the leader.The Aconca-gua is the highest beak in America.
-Presence of “be” or verbs comparable in meaning.
--No substitution by any verb
-S Present as unmarked tense in Present.
Process type
Participants
Subtypes
Examples
Distinctive features/
ReactancesRELA-
TIONAL
(being and having)Identify-ing an entity by referenceto some other entity.Mean-ings of symbolization.
TOKEN
&
VALUE
INTEN-SIVE
POSSES-SIVE
CIRCUMS-TANTIAL
America is the beacon of democracy. The Aconcagua is the highest peak in America
This is Neil’s.This belongs to Neil.
The time of the meeting is Friday. The cause for his illness is stress.
-Presence of definite NGp.
-- substitu-tion by ‘represent’
--Reversi- bility
PARTICIPANTS IN MENTAL PROCESSES
Value: A more abstract entity that can be perceived only if represented by a more concrete entity (Susan is the kindest salesperson in the shop; He is the leader).
Token: The concrete entity that embodies/ represents/ symbolizes a value (Susan is the kindest salesperson in the shop; He is the leader).
AMERICA IS THE BEACON OF DEMOCRACY
TOKEN RELATIONAL: VALUE IDENTIFYING: INTENSIVE
SUBJECT SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
THE ACONCAGUA IS THE HIGHEST MOUNTAIN IN AMERICA
TOKEN RELATIONAL: VALUE IDENTIFYING: INTENSIVE
THE BEACON OF DEMOCRACY IS AMERICA
VALUE RELATIONAL: TOKEN IDENTIFYING: INTENSIVE
SUBJECT SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
THE HIGHEST MOUNTAIN IN AMERICA IS THE ACONCAGUA
VALUE RELATIONAL: TOKEN IDENTIFYING: INTENSIVE
THI S BOOK IS M ARY’S
TOKEN RELATIONAL: VALUE IDENTIFYING: POSSESSIVE
THE TIME OF THE MEETING IS FRIDAY
VALUE RELATIONAL: TOKEN IDENTIFYING: CIRCUMSTANTIAL THE CAUSE FOR HIS ILLNESS IS STRESS
VALUE RELATIONAL: TOKEN IDENTIFYING: CIRCUMSTANTIAL
THI S BOOK BELONGS TO M ARY.
TOKEN RELATIONAL: VALUE IDENTIFYING: POSSESSIVE
CRITERIA FOR IDENTIFYING VALUE AND TOKEN
TOKENTOKEN VALUEVALUEMore concrete entity“America” in “America is the beacon of democracy”
Abstract notion, value“the beacon of democracy” in same clause
Subject in a clause with the verb “represent”“America represents the beacon of democracy”
Complement in clause with “represent”See “the beacon of democracy” in other box
Process type
Participants
Subtypes
ExamplesDistinctive features/
Reactances
MEN-TAL
(percep-tions, cogni-tions, affection - inner world – non-observ-able)
SenserPhenomenonMacro-phenomenon (act-Perception)Metapheno- menon (fact- emotion)
Affection
He saw a bird. I saw him cross/cross-ing the street.
He knows all the answers. He believes that you are to blame.
I like/fear him. He pleases/scares me.
-No substitution by any verb
-S Present as unmarked tense in Present
-Bidirectionality
-Capacity to project
Perception
Cognition
Meta-phenomenon(idea -cognition)
PARTICIPANTS IN MENTAL PROCESSES
• Macro-phenomenon: an event or happening or doing in the material world that can be perceived; only used with processes of perception. It is an embedded clause that is a participant in the mental clause (he saw [[him help the old lady/him helping the old lady]]; he heard [[him shout his name/him shouting his name]]).
• Senser: an entity endowed with higher or lower consciousness, like a human being and, for some processes, an animal. It can be Subject (I like fruit) or Complement (Fruit appeals to/pleases me);
• Phenomenon: a thing (person, object, place, etc.) that can be perceived, known or that can be the object of an emotion of some kind. It is a participant in the mental clause and it is always a Ngp (He saw the animal; he knew the animal; He loves animals);
• Meta-phenomenon: idea: abstract but not pre-existing the process; rather brought into existence by it. Not really a participant in the clause but a separate clause:I understood // that it was futile. I knew // that it was of no use.
PARTICIPANTS IN MENTAL PROCESSES
• Meta-phenomenon: fact: an abstract, non-material, semiotic entity that pre-exists the emotions it triggers; only used with processes of emotion and an embedded participant element in the clause.I regretted (the fact) [[that I had not had the courage to speak to her]].
I liked (the fact) [[that she was black]].[[That she was so young]] surprised me.
HE SAW A BIRD
SENSER MENTAL: PHENOMENON PERCEPTION
HE HEARD TIM THREATENING BOB
SENSER MENTAL: MACRO-PHENOMENON: PERCEPTION act (embedded cl.) HE KNOWS ALL THE
ANSWERS
SENSER MENTAL: PHENOMENON COGNITION
HE BELIEVES THAT YOU’RE TO BLAME
SENSER MENTAL: METAPHENOMENON: idea COGNITION (hypotactic cl.)
HE REGRETS (THE FACT ) [[THAT HE WAS UNABLE TO HELP]].
SENSER MENTAL: META-PHENOMENON :FACT (embedded clause) AFFECTION
(THE FACT ) [[THAT HE WAS UNABLE TO HELP]] SURPRISES ME.
META-PHENOMENON :FACT (embedded clause) MENTAL: SENSER AFFECTION SHE PLEASES ME
PHENOMENON MENTAL: SENSER AFFECTION
HE LOVES YOU
SENSER MENTAL: PHENOMENON AFFECTION
I FEAR THE OUTCOME
SENSER MENTAL: PHENOMENON AFFECTIONTHE OUTCOME SCARES ME
PHENOMENON MENTAL: SENSER AFFECTION
I DON’T UNDERSTAND THIS STUFF
SENSER MENTAL: COGNITION PHENOMENON THIS STUFF BAFFLES ME
PHENOMENON MENTAL: COGNITION SENSER
MENTAL PROCESSES: BIDIRECTIONALITYMENTAL PROCESSES: BIDIRECTIONALITY
Process type
Participants
Subtypes
ExamplesDistinctive features/
Reactances
VERBAL(SAYING)
Sayer
Verbiage
Receiver
Locution:Quoting
Locution:
Reporting
He told (us) a lie/a story.
“I’m tired” he said
He said (to me) he was tired.
-Presence of receiver
-No substitution by do
-S. Present as unmarked tense in Pr.
-projectionLocution
PARTICIPANTS IN VERBAL PROCESSES
Processes of saying or verbal processes can project another clause that expresses the content of what was said (locution). It can project it verbatim (quotation) or parapharse it in line with the here and now of the speaker (report). The “locution” IS NOT a Participant in the verbal clause but a separate clause projected by it
• Sayer: The person or thing (dictionary, sign, article, newspaper, etc.) that says sth.
• Verbiage: the content of what is said, always expressed by a Ngp
• Receiver: the addressee; the person to whom sth is said
HE SAID HE WAS TIRED
SAYER VERBAL LOCUTION REPORTING (Hypotactic cl.) “I AM TIRED” HE SAID
LOCUTION SAYER VERBAL (Hypotactic cl.) QUOTING
HE TOLD US A LIE
SAYER VERBAL RECEIVER VERBIAGE (NG) SHE ASKED TOO MANY
QUESTIONS
SAYER VERBAL VERBIAGE (NG)
Process type
Participant
Subtypes
ExamplesDistinctive features/
Reactances
EXISTENTIAL(EXIST-ENCE)
Existent
Existential
There are different species of whales. On the sofa was a cat
Existential
(+ some other
meaning)
Through the window, there came the sounds of Sydney.
-No substitution by do
-S. Present as unmarked tense in Pr.
-presence of the unstressed There in S position.
PARTICIPANTS IN VERBAL PROCESSES
For some, the non-stressed “there” has no experiential role in the clause. It is just a dummy Subject, a place-holder for Subject. For others, it encodes the process together with “be”. When the clause starts with a Circumsatance it can be omitted. It can be marked together with the verb “be”
Existent: it is the participant that the process introduces as existing, as having existence.
THERE ARE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF WHALES
EXISTENTIAL EXISTENT TRHOUGH THE WINDOW, THERE CAME THE SOUNDS OF SYDNEY
CIR: SPATIAL LOCATION EXISTENTIAL EXISTENT
THERE IS A UNICORN IN THE GARDEN.
EXISTENTIAL EXISTENT CIR: SPATIAL LOCATION ON THE MATINEE JACKET WAS A BLOOD –STAIN.
CIR: SPATIAL LOCATION EXISTENTIAL EXISTENT GHOSTS EXIST.
EXISTENT EXISTENTIAL
Process type
Participants
Subtypes
ExamplesDistinctive features/
Reactances
BEHA-VIOUR-AL(physiological, mental and para-verbal beha-viour)
BEHAVER
(behaviour)
Range,
Matter,
Target
Physiolo-gical
(para)Verbal
MentalBehaviour
he slept soundly. He snored. He breathed.
He pondered /meditated over the matter. He watched TV. He listened to the news
He babbled/ granted/ sang a song. He cried/laughed/giggled. They talked .
-No substitution by do
-S. Present as unmarked tense in Pr.
-no projection
PARTICIPANTS IN BEHAVIOURAL PROCESSES
• Range: in very few cases in which the process takes a second participant that is not a behaviour and that is different in nature from the process itself: he watched a movie; they observed the stranger; they discussed/debated the problem.
• Behaver: person or animal having the behaviour, usually endowed with consciousness. Most behavioural processes ONLY have a single participant, and that’s the Behaver.
• Behaviour: found in very few cases in which the behaviour usually repeats the behavioural process with some added attribute (he breathed a deep breath; he dreamt a strange dream)
PARTICIPANTS IN BEHAVIOURAL PROCESSES
•Target: used with verbal behavioural processes expressing insult, offence, criticism (They criticized his manners. He insulted him.) Both “his manners” and “him” in these sentences are the Target of the insult or the criticism.
•Matter: used with verbal behavioural and mental behavioural processes (They talked about the problem; They reflected/pondered over the problem).
THE Y TALKED ABOUT THE PROBLEM
BEHAVER BEHAVIOURAL: MATTER VERBAL
WE WATCHED A MOVIE
BEHAVER BEHAVIOURAL: RANGE MENTAL
HE REFLECTED OVER THE PROBLEM
BEHAVER BEHAVIOURAL MATTER MENTAL:
SHE CRITICIZED HIS MANNERS
BEHAVER BEHAVIOURAL: TARGET VERBAL
HE SLEPT SOUNDLY
BEHAVER BEHAVIOURAL: A:cir PHYSIOLOGICAL
HE SNEEZED
BEHAVER BEHAVIOURAL: PHYSIOLOGICAL
BEHAVIOURAL PROCESSES: A TRANSITION CATEGORY
Behavioural processes are said to be located between material processes, on the one hand, and mental or verbal processes, on the other. This is particularly true of the verbal behavioural and the mental behavioural processes. They are not properly verbal or mental because THEY CANNOT PROJECT and, in the case of mental ones, because THEY INVOLVE VOLITION. So they are more “saying” and “thinking” or “perceiving” as BEHAVIOUR.
Their transitional character can be perceived in the following examples:
He said that he was illHe thought that he was ill
are properly verbal and mental because they can project (a locution and an idea respectively).
He talked about his illnessHe reflected on/over his illness
are not properly verbal or mental because there is no saying in the first one and no idea being brought into existence in the second one. They are saying and thinking as behaviour.
BEHAVIOURAL PROCESSES: A TRANSITION CATEGORY