Transition Lecture: Skeletal System Review/Muscular System Special features of bone tissue Few cells...
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Transcript of Transition Lecture: Skeletal System Review/Muscular System Special features of bone tissue Few cells...
Transition Lecture: Skeletal System Review/Muscular System
Special features of bone tissue
Few cells with large amounts of intercellular material =Matrix
Special features of muscle tissue.
• Contract
• Extend
• Excitable
• Elastic
Tissue comparisonsSpecial features of
bone tissue
• Matrix = minerals and salt
• Osteonic system
• Lamella, lacunae
• Osteocytes
• periosteum
Special features of muscle tissue.
• Elastic fibers: myofibrils
• Many nuclei in each cells
• Very long cells
• perimysium
Tissue comparisons
• Bone is a combination of matrix and cells, filled with marrow, blood vessels, nerves and surrounded by connective tissue.
• Muscles are
organs made up of muscle tissue plus connective tissue and nervous tissue.
Tissue comparisons
Special features of bone tissue
• Spongy
• Compact (dense)
Special features of muscle tissue.
• Smooth or
• Straiated
• Voluntary or
• involuntary
FunctionsSkeletal
• Framework
• Movement
• Protect organs
• Produce blood cells
• Mineral storage
Muscular
• Movment
• Support
• Heat production
AttachmentsSkeletal
• head
• Neck
• Spine
• Condyle
• Trochanter
• process
Muscular
• tendon (mysium)- muscle to bone.
• Attach to processes, spines, etc.
Skeletal
crest - fossa -
foramen
meatus - sinus
Muscular
On your “muscle man” – locate the following.
Axial skeletal muscles:
• Occipitalis
• Frontalis
• Orbicularis oculi (think Greek)
• Orbicularis oris (think Greek)
• Temporalis
• Sternoomastoid (aka: sternocleidomastoid)
Appendicular skeleton
• Brachioradialis
• Tibialis anterior
Muscular System
“all that moves me”
Reading assignments:
Wingerd pp. 197-208, 231
I. Muscle tissue
A. Specialization
1. Properties
a. C - the ability of a cell to shorten in length.
b. E lity - the ability to receive and respond to stimuli.
c. E bility - the ability of a cell to increase in length.d. E - the ability to return to resting form after contracted or stretched.
2. The muscular system skeletal muscle tissue and related structures only – not smooth or cardiac muscle
a. About 500 different muscles
b. Generally ____% to ____% of our body weight
c. Functions of skeletal muscles.
1) M____________ - highly coordinated with bones, nerves, joints.
2) S___________ - strengthens skeletal frame
3) H___ p________ - as byproduct of m__________, body heat maintained.
B. Muscle Anatomy - muscles are _______ made up of muscle _________ plus c__________ tissue and n________ tissue.
1. C_____________ tissues of muscle. Provides route for nerves and blood vessels and supports each muscle or part of the muscle.
a. D – “Epimysium” = sheet or broad band of connective tissue surrounding muscles.
b. P mysium = divides the muscle into bundles called f______.
c. E mysium = a very thin covering around individual muscle ______.
d. T = a combination of the 3 "mysiums" to connect muscle to the p____________.
2. Microanatomy of muscle. a. Single cell - muscle
f_________ – some characteristics:
1) multi__________2) very long and thin
(up to .5 meters long and .1 mm diameter)
b. Special plasma membrane (cell membrane) called
s lemma.c. Special cytoplasm called s plasm. Contains many m_________________.
d. Special network called
s plasmic r . –
d. stores ______________.1) T-tubules - connect sections of sarcoplasmic reticulum as well as the sarcolemma.
e. Myo - cylindrical cords of protein each having a sarcoplasmic reticulum.
1) Myo______________
a) thick filaments - made of the protein myosin with small projections.
b) thin filaments - made of the protein actin, troponin, and tropomyosin
2) Myofilaments form the striations that characterizes skeletal muscles.
3. Nerve supply.a. motor n =
the nerve cell that carries the action potential (impulse) to a muscle fiber. It originates in the spinal cord and terminates at the muscle fibers.
b. motor u = the motor neuron and many muscle fibers (25 to 3000) it connects to.
c. N muscular j__________
1) terminal end of motor neuron
2) the depression in sarcolemma called the
s cleft.
a) the motor end plate is the section of sarcolemma lining the cleft.
d. A - a chemical which transmits signals. Located in vesicles of the terminal end of the motor neuron.
C. Muscle Physiology1. Muscle
contraction. - The f______________ slide.
a. How it all begins - Action potential (Stimulus, requirement 1)
1) A_____ potential arrives at __________ end of the motor _______.
2) A__________ is released to motor end plate of ____________.
3) Acetylcholine binds to receptor sites on motor _____ ______.
4) P____________ of __+ and __+ increases and a_______ p __________ transfers to the muscles.
b. What is happening at the muscle?
1) R_______ stage - Ca2+ stored in s__________ r___________.
ATP is bound to _________ (thick filaments)
2) Upon stimulus, action potential travels down Sarcolemma, down the T-________ and into the s__________ reticulum
a) The action potential increases permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum to ___2+ ,
b) ___2+ released to m____________
3) Ca2+ binds to __________ in thin filaments
4) A______and t_______ change in shape.
5) “______" over binding sites opens.
6) -projection on thick filament called "cross bridges" bind to binding sites. - ________ ions activate decomposition of ____
7) Breakdown of _____ provides energy for moving cross bridges and heat _________.
8) New ____ molecule binds to the _______ breaking the cross bridge connection.
2. Muscle relaxation.a.
A_____________ is inactivated by acetylcholin_______.
b. ___________ ions are returnd to the sarcoplasmic reticulum by active transport.
c. B________ s____ are once again covered.
3. Energy for contraction. (source: Vander, Sherman, Luciano page 233-236)
a. Uses of energy.
1) C______ bridge movement
2) C______ bridge breaking
3) Return of ________to SR for relaxation.
AP TEST only b. Source of energy. - Breaking of
high-energy phosphate bonds from ATP.
1) Synthesis of ATP - 3 sources (very little is stored in muscle - aerobic cellular
respiration - amounts for minimal storage )
b) creatine phosphate CP + ADP C + ATP
c) oxidative phosphylation (in mitochondria) - O2 + Fatty
acids ATP (needs Oxygen, nutrients and enzymes)
d) glycolysis - glucose and glycogen ATP + lactic acid (produces ATP rapidly and without Oxygen)
Source:http://vincentimbe.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/krebs-cycle.jpg
Part 2 - Muscles
I. Anatomical terminologyA. Attachment
1. _________ - more stationary bone attachement (generally proximal)
2. _________ - more movable bone attachment (generally distal)
3. Tendon - ___________________________________________________________
4. A____________ - broad sheet of ______
____________________ connecting muscles to each other or to bone.
B. Action
1. ______________ = agonists - Cause desired action
2. Antagonists - ____________________
_____________________
3. S___________ - muscles which steady movement
4. F__________ - muscles which stabilize the origin of prime mover
5. Flexion (muscle in front of joint, body part forward)/ Extension
6. Abduction / Adduction
7. Circumduction - circular motion of appendage.
8. Pronation / Supination
9. Inversion / Eversion
C. Naming muscles
1. By a_________:
a. flexors b. extensors c. abductors d. adductors
2. Direction of fibers:
a. R________ - parallel to midline (straight)
b. T_________ - perpendicular to midline (across)
c. O_________ - diagonal to midline (inclined)
3. L_____________:
a. intercostal - between the ribs
b. tibialis anterior - in front of the tibia
c. temporalis - near the temporal bone
d. etc.
4. S_________ or s_______:
a. trapezius - trapezoid shape
b. deltoid - triangular shape
c. minimus - small, maximus - large, longus - long
5. Number of ______________:
a. biceps - two origins b. triceps - three origins c. quadriceps - four origins
6. Points of __________:a. sternocleidomastoid - attached to sternum, clavicle, and the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
III. Muscle Injuries and Disorders
1. C_________- bruise of muscle. Blood vessels in muscle are broken.
a. deepb. superficial
2. Ectopic ____________– “biomineralization in soft tissues” due to a variety of injuries and diseases.
(can be in heart valves, blood vessels, muscle, etc.)
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP)
Calcification over theRight scapula
3. Hernia
Inguinal Hernia
4. T_________ - fairly common but painful condition that typically is due to repetitive stress.
5. M gravis -
symptoms: skeletal muscle weakness and fatique. Mostly facial muscles.
.
cause: a neuromuscular disease due to decreased ACh receptor sites resulting from problem with autoimmune system
6. B food poisoning- toxin produced by anaerobic bacteria
symptoms: death
cause: blocks release of ACh
7. Muscular dystrophysymptoms: progressive atrophy of muscle (decrease in size)
cause: genetic but unclear and therefore no cure
8. Tetanus - lockjaw –
symptoms: muscle spasms etc. (nervous system related)
cause: bacterial toxin attacking the central nervous system.
9. Cramps - (skeletal or visceral muscle)
symptoms: involuntary contraction causing pain and weakness
cause: extended extreme cold or severe physical exertion.
Possible reasons for cramps: Exact physiology remains unknown.
1. Dehydration.2. Electrolyte depletion.3. Poor physical
conditioning.
a