Transit Timing Variations
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Transcript of Transit Timing Variations
Transit Timing Variations
Szilárd Csizmadia Jena UniversityInstitut for Planetary Research,German Aerospace CenterBerlin, [email protected] 2011 Jan 11
Transits & Eclipses
Some real examples of light curves (1)
STARE from ground
HST from space
Some real examples of light curves (2)
From ground
From space
What is O-C?
O: observed midtime of a transit,
of an eclipse, of a light maxima of
a pulsating star, of any kind of a
signal...
C: calculated time of this signal
(linear, quadratic, periodic, etc.
ephemeris)
Pronounce: “O minus C”
An example
C0 = T0
C1 = T1 + P
C2 = T2 + P + P = T2 + 2P
CN = T0 + NP
T0: epoch, P: period, N: cycle number
An other example (P=2 days)
What is the big advantage of O-C? It is accumulating that is why we can study very small effects (smaller than that of the precision of the individual measurements). Example 1:
O = T0' + NP'
- C = T0 + NP
O – C = (T0' – T
0) + N(P' – P) Wrong period: linear O-C
Wrong epoch: zero-point shift
For instance: P' – P = 1 second (10-5 days), and our
precision is about 20 seconds, then you have to wait
for 20 minima to find the period is wrong (but 60 better)
Example2 : the period increases with a small part in every cycle:
P' = P0 (1 + N)
Then:O
0 = T
0
O1 = T
0 + P
0 +
O2 = T
0 + P
0 + + P
0 + 2
arithmetical series for O
N = T
0 + NP
0 + P
0N(N-1)
ON T
0 + NP
0 + P
0N2
For large N: The
period variation is
half of the
quadratic term!
Real example for O-C variations
SZ Lyn (pulsatingstar in a non-eclipsing binary)
Derekas et al.A&A 402, 733 (2003)
The companion star was discovered from the O-C diagram!
Can we discover other objects around a star, like a planet,
using the O-C diagram?
The answer is definitely YES!
The uncertain case of CM Dra
A&A 460, 583 (2008)
How it looks like...
(G. Perez, SMM/IAC)
Another very "certain" case: V391 Peg
Nature 449, 189 (2007)
At this moment we have only theoretical calculations:
star + transiting planet + another planet
For perturbation calculations, see:
general case: Borkovits et al. (A&A 398, 1091, 2003)
coplanar case in circular orbits: Agol et al. (MNRAS 359, 567, 2005)
A general configuration
Perturbation is stronger in case of conjuctions
(because the mutual distance is smaller, forces are stronger!)
The effect is not symmetric: before conjuction the planet is accelerated,
after that it is decelerated.
The O-C diagram amplitude (and its shape!)
can be calculated
applying the equations
of celestial mechanics –
generally it means numerical integrations of the equations of motion.
Third order analytic theory and code for analysis:
Borkovits et al. (A&A 398, 1091, 2003) Simplified equations:
Agol et al. (MNRAS 359, 567, 2005)
Kozai - mechanism
It is an important mechanism, if the mutual inclination is greater than 40° between the two planets: eccentricity will grow up to the vicinity of 1 (!) periodically. (Inclination also changes.)
Perhaps this is the explanation of some of the observed very high eccentricities (up to 0.92) in some exoplanetary system?
Resonances are veryimportant becausethe amplitude of theperturbation can becamevery high.
(See your textbooks...)
The higher the libration the higher the O-C amplitude.
If the mean motion are inp:q resonance (p, q are smallintegers) there is a resonanceand the consequence is the libration.
The p:q smaller the libration'samplitude higher.
Trojans (p:q = 1:1): the librational amplitude can be as high as 350°!
A very important table
Kirste, S. Bachelor thesis, 2008
Kepler-19b
Kepler-20 system
Kepler-20 system
http://arxiv.org/abs/1112.2165
Kepler-11 system
Nature 470, 52, 2011
CoRoT-1b (A&A 510, A94, 2010)
A&A 528, A53 (2011)
Pal et al. MNRAS413, l42, 2011
HAT-P-13b
HAT-P-13b
Nascimbeni et al. A&A 532, A24, 2011