Transgenic Papaya for Developing - RISris.org.in/images/RIS_images/pdf/asianbio2006_Dr_Dennis... ·...
Transcript of Transgenic Papaya for Developing - RISris.org.in/images/RIS_images/pdf/asianbio2006_Dr_Dennis... ·...
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Transgenic Papaya for Developing
Countries
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Topics
� Hawaii’s Papaya Story� Technology Transfer to
Developing Countries� Thailand Case� Personal Assessment
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•No resistance
•Transmitted by insects
•Worldwide problem
Papaya Ringspot Virus
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Papaya & PRSVin Hawaii
• Much of Hawaii’s papaya exported to mainland USA & Japan
• Papaya ringspot virus
•Potential problem in Puna
•Puna= 95%
Hilo
Puna
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Pathogen-Derived Resistance
PRSV Coat Protein Gene
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1984-89: clone, sequence, engineer, develop transformation methodology
1991
1989
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Technology meets Papaya Ringspot Virus
April 1992: Field trial shows resistance
May 1992: Virus invades Puna, 95% of papaya
R0 cloned plants, very small area on station, use test plants to develop transgenic cultivars
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The Devastation in Puna
Puna in 1992
Puna in 1994
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Article in tourist magazine
Public well aware of problem
1995
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1995: Hawaii’s Transgenic Papaya•Transformed ‘Sunset’: Red-flesh
•‘Kapoho’: Yellow-flesh, most popular
•‘SunUp’: Homozygous for CP gene
•‘Rainbow’: F1 of ‘SunUp’x ‘Kapoho’
SunUp Rainbow
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Puna Trial: 1995-97
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Race to Commercialize Papaya
Nov 1996: Deregulated by APHISAug 1997: Exempted by EPASept 1997: Consultation with FDA
completedApril 1998: Papaya Administrative
Committee- obtain licensesMay 1998: Start free seed distribution
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Seeds planted starting in May 1998
Transgenics perform well
Abandoned Infected Field
Transgenic Papaya
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By 1999 common sight to see healthy fields
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Hawaii Papaya(fresh): 1992-01Year Total Puna1992 55,800 53,0101993 58,200 55,2901994 56,200 55,5251995 41,900 39,2151996 37,800 34,1951997 35,700 27,8101998 35,600 26,7501999 39,400 25,6102000 50,250 33,9502001 53,000 41,000
virus
seeds
50% drop
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Good Papaya Available Again in Farmer Markets
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2004
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2004
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Some Challenges in Hawaii
� Japan market only accepts nontransgenic papaya
� Coexistence necessary in Puna
� Ideal case is to deregulate transgenic papaya in Japan
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Co-existence of transgenic & nontransgenicpapaya in Hawaii
Nontransgenic Transgenic
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2005: There still are risks with non transgenic papaya
NonTransgenic
Transgenic
$4,000/Acre to prepare, plant
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Everything is relative
Don’t forget the past
1994
2001
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Strategy for Transgenic Technology Transfer to Developing Countries
Countries requested help
Brazil- 1992 (broad applications)
Jamaica- 1992 (Commercial interests)
Venezuela- 1992 (University academic model)
Thailand- 1994 (Rural farmers and villagers of northeast Thailand)
Bangladesh- 2002 (Rural households for source of vitamins, fresh produce)
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Example: Technology Transfer
in Thailand•Start in 1986, people of NE Thailand
•Cross protection
•Tolerant breeding
•Transgenic papaya
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NE Thailand ProjectPapaya important as daily salad
Traditionally grown in backyard
PRSV invades in 1970s
NE villagers poorest in TH
1994: Start transgenic work
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1994: Visit to Cornell for assistance & collaboration between MOAC (by
DOA) and Cornell
1994: Visit to Cornell for assistance & collaboration between MOAC (by
DOA) and Cornell
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1995: Scientist works 18 monthsin my lab, learn and perform all aspects of transformation and
greenhouse testing
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1997: Transgenic-papayabrought to Thailand
A hope is born
1997: Transgenic-papayabrought to Thailand
A hope is born
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Field trials started in 1999.
Transgenics show excellent resistant
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1999-present: Conduct studies to satisfy regulatory requirements
� Gene flow� Feed pollen to larvae of honeybees� Effect on microflora� Nutritional analysis� Rat feeding studies� Effect on predatory mite� Molecular analysis
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1999-present: Conduct studies to satisfy regulatory requirements
‘On Farm’ field trials are also required� 2001: Government places moratorium on
‘on farm’ trials� 2004: Moratorium briefly lifted and then
reinstated� Cannot get transgenic papaya deregulated
until do ‘on farm’ field trials
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August 2004: Greenpeace make massive effort against transgenic papaya in Thailand
Papaya project stalled
Controversy still continues
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2005: Thailand Farmers & TV, Newspaper Journalists visit Hawaii
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Papaya Varieties Served to Thai Visitors
SunUpKapoho Rainbow Sunrise
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Thailand Visitors with Hawaiian Farmer
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Hawaii Thailand
Transform 1989 1995
Greenhouse 1991 1996
Confined Field Tests 1992 1999
Deregulation 1996-97
Commercialization 1998?
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Virus Continue to Damage Crops, Even Though Technology is Available. When Will
It Become Available to People?