Презентація

Transgenic and chimeric organisms (GMO).

Transgenic organisms

Called transgenic plants and animals in their cells containing the gene of another's body, involved in chromosome. 

Transgenic organisms can be important to improve the efficiency of agriculture and research in molecular biology.

History Genetically modified organisms obtained by techniques

of molecular biology, appeared in 80-ies. The first transgenic organism (mouse) was obtained J.

Gordon in 1980. In 1994 in the USA for the first time received a

distribution network genetically modified tomato fruit with short maturation period.

Using GMO are used in biological

and medical research, production, medicine and agriculture.

With GMO studied patterns of certain diseases, aging and regeneration.

Most grow genetically modified soybeans, corn and cotton.

Using

Genetic engineering is used to create new varieties of plants resistant to adverse environmental conditions and pest or herbicide plants having improved growth and flavor.

Transgenic animals

Today in the creation of transgenic animals used five methods:

1) introduction of DNA into the egg cell; 2) introduction of DNA into stem cells; 3) introduction of DNA using vectors

based on viruses; 4) transfection; 5) introduction of DNA by means of

liposomes.

Transgenic microorganisms

The bacteria were the first organisms are genetically modified in the laboratory. Today they are used to produce large quantities of human proteins that can be used in medicine.

For example, genetically modified bacteria used to produce insulin. Also bacteria used to produce clotting factors to treat hemophilia.

Transgenic plants The main objective of the creation of GM plants is the

formation of new varieties with specific characteristics that are not appropriate for this type of plant. Examples of such features may be resistance to various herbicides, pests, resistance to adverse environmental conditions or the acquisition of a dietary value. 

Transgenic plants

Most of genetically modified foods - vegetable origin. As of 2009, commercialized and there has been a growing 33 species of transgenic plants: corn, soybeans, papaya, squash, sugar beet, rape ...

Genetically modified food

Genetically modified food - a food derived from genetically modified organisms.

Genetically modified organisms acquire certain qualities due to the transfer of individual genes in the genome theory from any organism (if transgenesis) or genome related species (tsyshenez).

Genetically modified food

Experts can not conclude harmfulness of GMO on the human body. But the fact exclude dangers of genetically modified organisms is also no reason. In this regard, the recently adopted law on mandatory labeling of food products for the presence or lack of GMO.

Chimeric organisms

Chimeras called organisms or parts thereof consisting of genetically heterogeneous fabrics.

For the first time used the term German botanist G. Winkler (1907) for the plant forms derived from fusion of tomato and nightshade.

а - tomato leaves - meryklinalna chimera; б - whimsical fruit between tomato and nightshade.

Chimeric organisms

There are several kinds of chimeric organisms:   the mosaic chimera (chimera hyper) - genetically

different tissues form a thin mosaic;   sectorial chimeras - they are large heterogeneous

tissue sections;   Chimera peryklinalni - fabrics with different genotypes

underlying layers one above the other;   meryklinalni chimeras - they consist of a mixture of

fabrics and sectorial areas peryklinalnyh.

Chimeric organisms

Chimera may arise as a result of vaccinations plants under the influence of mutations in somatic cells.

Components of chimeras may differ from each core genes, chromosome number or plastid or mitochondrial genes.

Chimeric organisms are often used in research.

Chimeric organisms

With chimeric mouse were resolved the question of the way in the development of the emergence of multi-striated muscle cells.

Study chimeric animals allowed to solve many problems in the future through the use of this method will be able to solve complex issues of genetics and embryology.