MultikonferenzWirtschaftsinformatik2018,March06-09,2018,Lüneburg,Germany

Transforming urban public mobility: A systematic literature review and directions for future research

Rikka Wittstock1, Frank Teuteberg1

1 University of Osnabrück, Department of Accounting and Information Systems, Osnabrück, Germany

{rikka.wittstock, frank.teuteberg}@uni-osnabrueck.de

Abstract. Based on a systematic literature review, this paper develops a conceptual framework summarising the current research on the role of Green IS in improving the sustainability impact of public transport. IS have the potential to induce a shift towards more sustainable transportation by enhancing the attractiveness of public transport, reducing complexity for consumers and building social cohesion. Further, IS play a fundamental role in improving the efficiency of the current public transport system. Both aspects have beneficial impacts on the sustainability of public transport in the form of reduced congestion, better utilization of resources and improved public health. Directions for future research are highlighted.

Keywords: Public Transport, Green IS, Literature Review, Belief-Action-

Outcome Model

1 Introduction

More than 70% of European Union (EU) citizens live in urban areas, which produce around 80% of the EU’s gross domestic product. As a key component of economic development, transport activity is increasing in these areas, causing a multitude of problems for inhabitants and policymakers [1]. Due to a continued reliance on private vehicles, urban mobility in the EU is increasingly inefficient with delays and congestion costing an estimated 100 billion Euros annually [2], as well as being a major cause of road accidents, pollutants and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions [3].

The active endorsement of public transport has been identified as a key strategy for reducing GHG emissions from urban transport [3], and the European Commission now strongly encourages the use of public transport as part of its sustainable urban transport strategies [4]. In 2012 alone, 57 billion passenger journeys were completed by local public transport in the EU, pointing to the significant economic share of this sector [5]. At the same time, public transport companies across Europe are under increased economic pressure from rising fuel costs, funding cuts and the development of new mobility trends, such as the growing impact of Information Systems (IS) [6]. Challenging existing business models, changing relationships with customers and producing an exponential growth of data, IS “have the potential to deliver a

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revolutionary impact” on public transport [7]. In particular, however, IS may provide a partial solution to many of the transport-related environmental issues introduced earlier in this paper, by raising awareness of environmental issues [8], enabling sustainable mobility services [9], and increasing efficiency of operations [10].

The research field of IS for environmental sustainability (Green IS) has received considerable scientific attention in recent years, including a number of publications focusing on the use of Green IS for sustainable mobility (e.g. [9-11]). However, although the endorsement of public transport has been identified as an expedient strategy towards more sustainable urban transport, this topic appears severely understudied by the IS community. To the best of our knowledge, a holistic systematic review linking the concepts of Green IS and public transport does not exist. This study therefore seeks to examine the following research question:

RQ: How can IS contribute to improving the sustainability impact of urban public transport?

To address this question, we summarise the current state of research by developing a framework explaining how IS influence individuals’ shift to more sustainable modes of transport, enhance the efficiency of the public transport system and improve the sustainability outcomes of its operation. In doing so, we build on the Belief-Action-Outcome framework developed by [12]. In addition, this study identifies a number of research gaps in existing literature, which point to directions for future research.

This paper is structured as follows: Section 2 describes the research approach followed for the systematic literature review, as well as introducing the Belief-Action-Outcome framework that structures our review. Section 3 provides the results of the literature analysis. These are discussed with regards to our research question in Section 4, which also provides directions for future research. In Section 5, the paper concludes that Green IS have the potential to induce a shift towards more sustainable forms of transportation as well as improving the efficiency of the current public transport system.

2 Research Method

2.1 Literature Identification

In order to identify how IS contribute to improving the sustainability impact of urban public transport, we conducted a systematic literature review following the procedure proposed by [13]. An initial, explorative keyword search using different combinations of the terms “public transport” and “Information System” as well as synonyms thereof was employed to further define the context of our research question and determine appropriate search terms. The final search string reads as follows: public AND (transport OR transit OR mobility) AND (smart OR digital OR “information system” OR “information and communication technology”).

Due to the interdisciplinary nature of our research question, we did not restrict our search to the IS domain but also considered related fields, such as transportation, urban planning and environmental science. The search string was thus applied to title,

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abstract and keywords of the following scholarly databases: Ebsco Host (Business Source Complete, GreenFile, Environment Complete), Emerald Insight, Science Direct, Web of Science und AIS electronic library. Due to the emerging nature of our research topic, the search covered academic journal articles as well as conference proceedings. Aiming to represent the current status of research, this study focuses on articles published between January 2013 and June 2017. The literature search was conducted in July 2017 and yielded 1162 records, with duplicates counted multiply.

2.2 Literature Selection

In order to be considered relevant for our research approach, papers had to meet the following conditions:

(1) Papers must have an IS-related focus. We followed the classification of mobility-related IS types proposed by [9] and included papers focusing on aspects of a system (e.g. an algorithm), applications (e.g. a mobile application) or a type of IT (e.g. GPS).

(2) Papers must include sustainability aspects in line with the IS functions outlined in Section 2.3.

In addition, papers were excluded if they focused primarily on personal transport or covered unrelated methods for data analysis (unless this was explicitly linked to sustainability aspects, e.g. analysing smart card data for efficient routing). Scanning titles and abstracts for compliance with these two conditions and removing irrelevant and duplicate entries, we identified 71 potentially relevant papers for further analysis. In cases where publications appeared relevant but were not accessible, we attempted to gain access via scientific communities such as Researchgate or contacting the authors directly, which yielded another 3 articles. Finally, a forward and backward search produced a further 5 articles. The sample for the literature analysis hence consisted of 79 records, which was finally reduced to 56 relevant articles upon analysis of the full text.

2.3 Literature Analysis

Research has established three major approaches for a transformation to a sustainable mobility system: improving the efficiency of current modes of transport (e.g. through green technologies), a modal shift to more efficient forms of mobility (e.g. public transport), and a reduction in the volume of transport (e.g. by reducing urban sprawl) [15, 16]. While a reduction of transport volumes requires major shifts in both societal and individual practices and is thus beyond the scope of this paper, we seek to discover how IS contribute to improving the sustainability impact of public transport by increasing its modal share and enhancing the efficiency of operations.

In order to structure the current state of research accordingly, we hence require a framework that allows the integration of intentions to shift to public transport, of concrete actions by which the public transport system may improve in efficiency, and of the outcomes induced by such changes in intention and behaviour. The Belief-Action-Outcome (BAO) framework developed by [12] provides these conditions and

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forms the structural basis of our literature analysis. For the purpose of our research approach, we adapt the BAO model to structure the results of our literature analysis by the following broad concepts:

(1) IS functions increasing individuals’ intention to shift to more sustainable modes of transport (“Belief Formation”)

(2) IS functions aimed at improving the efficiency of current public transport modes (“Action Formation”)

(3) Sustainability outcomes achieved by adoption of Green IS in public transport (“Outcome Assessment”)

3 Results

The literature analysis revealed ten major concepts outlining how IS contribute to improving the sustainability impact of urban public transport by forming beliefs, actions and outcomes. These are presented in Table 1 (marked by “x” if discussed by the respective article) and elaborated further in Section 4.

Table 1. Results of the literature analysis

Literature Belief Formation Action Formation Outcome Assessment

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Bradshaw & Donnellan (2013) x x x Ceder (2013) x x x x x x Cichosz (2013) x x x x Coetzee (2013) x x x Guili et al (2013) x x x Moussa et al (2013) x x x Nelson & Mulley (2013) x x x x x x x x Runhua et al (2013) x x x Sun et al (2013) x x Agrawal et al (2014) x Beland (2014) x x x x Boccardo et al (2014) x x x x x Flüchter & Wortmann (2014) x Arena et al (2015) x x x x Bruglieri et al (2015) x x x x x x x x Eom et al (2015) x x Ferreira et al (2015) x x x x x x Garcia et al (2015) x x x Kapoor et al (2015) x x x x x Stewart (2015) x x x x Williams et al (2015) x x Ambrosino et al (2016) x x x x Baumgartner et al (2016) x x x continued on the following page

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Literature Belief Formation Action Formation Outcome Assessment

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Bok & Kwon (2016) x x x x Brauer et al (2016) x Bresciani et al (2016) x x Cohen-Blankshtain & Rotem-Mindali (2016) x x x

Davidsson et al (2016) x x x x x x x x Di Pasquale et al (2016) x x x x x x x Fahnenschreiber et al (2016) x x x x Garcia et al (2016) x x x x x Handte et al (2016) x x Karlsson et al (2016) x x x x Lorenzo et al (2016) x x Sandau et al (2016) x x Tretsiak et al (2016) x x Villani et al (2016) x x x Vitale et al (2016) x x x Weng et al (2016) x x Willing et al (2016) x x x Zavaglia (2016) x x x x x x x x Zhang et al (2016) x x Aleta et al (2017) x x x x x x Cianciulli et al (2017) x x x x Dia & Javanshour (2017) x x x x x Guo et al (2017) x Hensher (2017) x x x Liu et al (2017) x x x x x x x Liu et al (2017) x x x Makarova et al (2017) x x x Margarita et al (2017) x x Pinna et al (2017) x x x x x x Surugiu et al (2017) x x x x x Szigeti et al (2017) x x Xiao et al (2017) x x Yadav et al (2017) x x x x

4 Discussion

In order to address our research question, we propose the conceptual framework presented in Figure 1, which summarises the current state of research on sustainability impacts of Green IS adoption in public transport.

4.1 Belief Formation

A major function for inducing a shift to sustainable transport modes lies in the capability of IS to enhance the attractiveness of public transport compared to private

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means of transportation. IS play a fundamental role in increasing convenience for consumers by enhancing the travel experience in a number of ways, including, for example, the provision of various booking and payment options, onboard information and entertainment [19, 20, 31] as well as monitoring of air quality, speed and passenger load [51, 53, 69]. Recently, IS have facilitated solutions to the first mile/last mile problem by enabling, for example, the introduction of efficient car, bike or ride sharing systems [25, 44] that are integrated with the public transport system and providing mobility access to handicapped persons [32] or formerly unprofitable areas [17].

Figure 1. Proposed conceptual framework

Further, IS reduce complexity for consumers by providing personalised and real-time travel information [19, 20, 31], disruption and emergency management [37, 42] as well as the provision of integrated booking and payment options. On a macro level, social cohesion as well as awareness of sustainability impacts of travel choices is achieved by the encouragement of co-travelling [42], apps that reward sustainable travel choices [40] and the influencing of travel behaviour [27, 39].

4.2 Action Formation

A main focus of the reviewed literature lies on the utility of IS for improving the operational efficiency of the public transport system, in particular through efficient route management. This includes the capability of IS to streamline operations by demand-based routing and scheduling [26, 48, 68], utilising real-time traffic information [19, 20, 31], prioritising public transport at intersections [23] and reacting promptly to disruptions and emergencies [37]. In addition, IS facilitate the integration of alternative power sources, such as battery-powered vehicles, into the urban transport system [24]. Through the use of sensors, IS enable the improved

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maintenance of infrastructure and vehicles [40], while recent developments such as autonomous vehicles provide scope for eco-efficient driving by removing the impacts of human errors [59, 69]. A major trend can be observed in the increasing interoperability between different modes of transport as well as different transport businesses. IS-enabled concepts such as Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) have the potential to transform the public transport sector as a whole by offering tailor-made mobility solutions [47, 61, 65]. On a macro level, planning and policy-making are facilitated, as simulation and modelling options as well as the data acquired through, for example, automatic fare collection systems allow the optimal development of new urban infrastructure [38, 62].

4.3 Outcome Assessment

Inducing a shift to more sustainable modes of transport and increasing the efficiency of the public transport system, the adoption of IS produces a number of sustainable outcomes. Predominant in the reviewed literature is the idea that a shift to public transport reduces the number of private vehicles and thereby reduces congestion [10, 17, 25, 34, 61]. This not only leads to reduced emissions, but also lowers the time spent travelling, which improves the quality of life experienced by urban citizens [17, 29, 42]. The optimisation of the public transport system’s operation produces fewer carbon and air pollutant emissions [26, 29, 51], as well as improving the utilisation of resources such as fuel and energy [10, 26, 31, 50, 67]. Overall, public health and well-being are improved by the reduction of road accidents [17, 29, 55, 66] and harmful emissions as well as the social inclusion of disadvantaged and handicapped citizens [32, 35].

4.4 Future Research Directions

Our results also highlight directions for future research, which we have summarised in Table 2 by grouping them into six focus areas based on the PESTEL-framework [71]. These focus areas are: political (P), economic (E), social (S), technological (T), environmental (E) and legal (L). This approach highlights the interdisciplinary nature of sustainable public mobility, calling for research approaches that integrate the perspectives and methods of various domains, while at the same time proposing concise starting points for future research.

In particular, our literature review points to a research gap concerning the interrelations (represented by dashed arrows in Figure 1) between the main concepts (i.e. belief formation, action formation, outcome assessment) of the proposed framework. It remains unclear precisely how individuals’ beliefs transform into actions taken with regards to sustainable mobility choices or how feedback loops shape the formation of actions and beliefs. In addition, the outcomes of both shifts towards more sustainable transport options and enhanced efficiency of public transport reported in the literature are rarely quantified. This has implications for urban planners, public transport companies and policy-makers, as the endorsement of certain technologies should depend on their actual sustainability impacts. Finally, a

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significant part of the reviewed literature focuses on the development of innovative applications and prototypes aimed at enabling new mobility concepts such as intermodal travel platforms or MaaS. Future research should extend this by focusing on structural, regulatory and ethical aspects to guide the real-life implementation of such services.

Table 2. Directions for future research Directions for future research Focus area P E S T E L

§ Technology endorsement: What technologies should be supported politically in order to harness positive sustainability impacts?

§ Regulation of new mobility services: How will regulatory guidelines need to adapt to changed provider-consumer relationships developing through new mobility solutions?

x x

x

x x

§ Economic feasibility of new mobility services: How will business models adapt to changed provider-consumer relationships for the provision of innovative mobility solutions? How can IS contribute to economic feasibility of new mobility services?

x x

§ Interrelations between beliefs, actions and outcomes: How do individuals’ beliefs transform into actions taken with regards to sustainable mobility choices? How do feedback loops shape the formation of actions and beliefs?

§ Ethical aspects of new mobility services: What ethical aspects need to be considered when introducing new mobility solutions, such as autonomous vehicles or MaaS?

x x

§ Usability and technology acceptance: How are innovative IS solutions in the public transport domain perceived by users? How can prototypical solutions be designed to enable large-scale implementation?

x

§ Quantification of sustainability outcomes: How can the sustainability impacts of new mobility services be quantified?

§ Rebound effects: What methods are available for modelling potential rebound effects of individuals’ travel behaviour?

x x x

§ Regulation of new mobility services: How will legal frameworks adapt to changed provider-consumer relationships developing through innovative mobility solutions?

§ Data security: What legal issues need to be considered because of the opportunities for data collection and surveillance established by IS?

x x

x

5 Conclusion

Based on a systematic literature review, this paper developed a conceptual framework summarising the current state of research on the role of Green IS in improving the sustainability impact of public transportation. The literature analysis revealed that IS have the potential to induce a shift towards more sustainable forms of transportation by enhancing the attractiveness of public transport, reducing complexity for consumers and building social cohesion and awareness. In addition, IS play a fundamental role in improving the efficiency of the current public transport system by optimizing its operational performance, enhancing planning and policy-making and improving interoperability between different transport modes as well as companies. Both ways of influence have potentially beneficial impacts on the sustainability of public transport in the form of reduced congestion, reduced emissions, better utilization of resources and improved public health and well-being. Future research is

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required concerning the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal implications of the introduction of new mobility solutions.

6 Acknowledgements

This work is part of the project “Sustainable Consumption of Information and Communication Technology in the Digital Society − Dialogue and Transformation through Open Innovation”. The project is funded by the Ministry for Science and Culture of Lower Saxony and the Volkswagen Foundation (VolkswagenStiftung) through the “Niedersächsisches Vorab” grant programme (grant number VWZN3037).

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