Transforming Growth Factor-ß and Lung Tumorigenesis · Transforming Growth Factor-ß (TGF-ß) •...
Transcript of Transforming Growth Factor-ß and Lung Tumorigenesis · Transforming Growth Factor-ß (TGF-ß) •...
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Transforming Growth Factor-ß
and Lung Tumorigenesis
Sonia B. Jakowlew, PhD
Cancer Training Branch
Center for Cancer Training
National Cancer Institute
Bethesda, MD
TRACO October 5, 2015
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Lung Cancer in 2014, USA
• Most common cause of cancer deaths
in both men and women
• 224,210 diagnosed new cases
116,000 men; 108,210 women
• 159,260 deaths due to lung cancer
86,930 men; 72,330 women
• Most cases now occur in ex-smokers
• < 15% five year survival rate
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Transforming Growth Factor-ß (TGF-ß)
• Multifunctional regulator of cellular growth
• Potent inhibitor of normal epithelial cell
proliferation
• Widespread tissue expression
• Pivotal role in epithelial homeostasis
• Association with various types of cancers
• Context-dependent inhibition or stimulation
of cell proliferation and neoplastic
transformation
TGF-ß is an attractive candidate for new
therapeutic intervention approaches
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Transforming Growth Factors: The Beginning
Two classes of TGFs isolated from MSV-transformed cells:
1. Competes with EGF for receptor binding (TGF-α)
2. Does not compete for EGF binding, but colony forming activity
is enhanced by EGF (TGF-β)
Sarcoma growth factor = TGF-α + TGF-β
Roberts, Anzano,…Sporn: Nature 295:417, 1982
1983- Publication of the purification of TGF-ß from:
Human platelets (Rick Assoian)
Human placenta (Chuck Frolik)
Bovine kidney (Anita Roberts)
Sarcoma Growth Factor – Polypeptide secreted by Moloney
murine sarcoma virus-transformed mouse fibroblasts that
stimulated normal rat fibroblasts to form colonies in soft agar
(transformation assay).
De Larco & Todaro: PNAS 75:4001, 1978
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Scale of TGF-ß1 Purification from Bovine Kidney
Per 2 Kg batch of tissue: • Extract with 8 liters of acid/ethanol
• Centrifuge
• Precipitate with 32 liters ether +
16 liters ethanol
O/N
cold room
• Redissolve in 2 liters 1M acetic acid
• Apply to 80 liter BioGel P-60 column
• Collect 1 liter fractions
• Lophilize and redissolve for further chromatography
Final Yield = 6 µg TGF-ß1
purification fold = 230,000; recovery = 10%
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The Columns for TGF-ß1 Purification
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• Plate agar base
• Add mix of media,
serum, NRK cells,
EGF, sample
• 1 wk/37o/5%CO2
• Stain
• Count colonies
>3100 µm2 with
Omnicon Image
Analysis System
If TGF-ß is present If no TGF-ß is present
The Assay: Growth of NRK Cells in Soft Agar
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TGF-β
The Final HPLC Purification
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EUREKA!! TGF-ß: Born at NCI
Michael Sporn & Anita Roberts
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391 amino acids Pre-pro TGF-ß
Mature TGF-b 112 amino acids
Signal
peptide
(latency associated peptide, LAP)
Sequence of
mature TGF-ß1
monomer
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Daopin, S et al Science 257:369, 1992
Monomer chain
Monomer chain
Interchain disulfide bond
Hydophobic pocket
TGF-β: A Homodimer
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TG
F-b
2
TG
F-b
3
TG
F-b
1
TG
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Ch
ick
en
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Xe
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GD
F-9
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P-1
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odal
fuga
cin
(X
en
op
us)
BM
P-3
su
mito
mo-B
IP/G
DF
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MP
(X
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BM
P-9
Dors
alin
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Ch
icken
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BM
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BM
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DF
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rad
ar
(Ze
bra
fish)
GD
F-5
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DF
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D/O
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so
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lleria
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TGF-b BMP/GDF Activin
The TGF-b Superfamily
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Transforming Growth Factor-b
25,000 MW disulfide-bonded homodimer 3 highly homologous isoforms (TGF-b 1, 2 and 3) Principal sources - platelets, bone, spleen Most cells express TGF-b and its receptors Usually secreted in latent, inactive form Superfamily of TGF-bs, activins/inhibins, BMPs, GDFs
SS
SS n=4
SS
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The TGF-b Superfamily: Central Control Modules
for Many Biological Processes
TGF-b
Superfamily
Immune System
Function
Development
Proliferative
Homeostasis
Metabolic
Regulation
Tissue Repair and
Response to Injury Angiogenesis
Reproduction
Aging
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Major Biological Responses
Regulated by TGF-ß
Inhibits proliferation
Regulates apoptosis
Regulates differentiation
Regulates immune cell function
Stimulates accumulation of extracellular matrix
Promotes chemotaxis
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Model for TGF-ß Pathway
-P
S4
S1/5/8 P-
R-S -P
TGF-b BMPs
S2/3
-P
S4
R-S
S7 S6
activin
II I II
P
P
P
II I
P
Receptors
Smads
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Clinical Observations
• Germline mutations in TGF-ß pathway components cause familial
predisposition to cancer
(Smad4 in juvenile polyposis syndrome)
• TGF-ß pathway components are somatically mutated or deleted in
some human cancers
(Tß-RII in HNPCC, Smad4 in pancreatic cancer)
• Reduced expression of TGF-ß1 signaling pathway components or
overexpression of endogenous pathway inhibitors are associated
with disease progression
(Tß-RII, Tß-RI, Smad7, Ski)
TGF-ß is a tumor suppressor:
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Clinical Observations
• TGF-ß1 is elevated in many advanced
human tumors and correlates with
metastasis and/or poor prognosis
(breast, colon, stomach, liver,
pancreas, prostate, lung, kidney,
bladder, nasopharynx, melanoma,
chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma)
TGF-ß is a tumor promoter:
Prostatic adenocarcinoma stained for TGF-ß1: (Truong et al. Hum Pathol 1993)
TGF-ß sits at the interface between tumor
parenchyma and microenvironment
Adeno- carcinoma
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TGF-ß in Carcinogenesis - Hero or villain?
• TGF-ß, a proximal effector of the malignant phenotype
• TGF-ß, potent growth inhibitor and tumor suppressor
• TGF-ß, a pro-metastatic factor
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Unifying Hypothesis:
TGF-ß Switches from Tumor Suppressor to
Pro-oncogenic Factor During Cancer Progression
Pro-oncogenic
activities
dominate
Suppressor
activities
dominate
TGF-b
Changes in genetic and
epigenetic context
INVASIVE
METASTATIC CANCER
NORMAL
EPITHELIUM
TGF-ß
responsiveness
TGF-ß
expression/activation
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TGF-ß Smad-independent Pathways
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TGF-ß Smad-independent Pathways
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K-ras Protooncogene
• K-ras shows an activational mutation in ~25-50%
of human lung adenocarcinomas
• Mutation of even one allele of K-ras increases
appearance of lung lesions
• There is cross-talk between Smad-dependent
pathway and the Ras/MEK signaling
• Activation of the Ras pathway can modulate
TGF-β1 signaling through the Smads
• In-vitro studies show that TGF-β1 dominates
over mitogenic effects of ras, but activated ras
overrides antiproliferative effect of TGF-β1
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TGF-ß in Tumor Suppression/Promotion
• Activated Ras/MAPK = Tumor Promotion
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• Determine the role of Transforming
Growth Factor-ß in the development
and malignant transformation of lung
epithelial cells
Broad Goal
Epithelial Carcinogenesis Section
Cell and Cancer Biology Branch
Center for Cancer Research
NCI
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Objectives
• Examine the effect of TGF-β1
deletion and K-ras mutation alone
and in combination on lung tumor
incidence and pathology
• Determine early events in the
development of lung lesions and
their progression
• Identify potential signal
transduction pathway changes
with tumorigenesis
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Mouse Models
A/J
C57BL6 TGF-ß1 HT
AJBL6 TGF-ß1 HT
TGF-ß1 HT/K-ras LA
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Question
• Does lung tumorigenesis
affect the TGF-ß signaling
pathway?
• Does the TGF-ß signaling
pathway affect lung
tumorigenesis?
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A/J Mouse Model
Susceptible to chemically-induced lung tumors
Tumors develop in a time-dependent manner
Hyperplasia, adenoma and carcinoma
Carcinomas are histologically similar to human
lung adenocarcinomas
Same molecular mutations in both human and
mouse lung tumors (ie., over-expression of ras,
loss of p53)
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Ethyl Carbamate Metabolism
Ethyl Carbamate Vinyl Carbamate
Ethanol + CO + NH 2 3
Vinyl Carbamate Epoxide
Binding to Macromolecules
+ CO + NH 2 3
Esterase
+
H O
CYP2E1
CYP2E1
Detox Path Bioactivation Path
(1)
(2)
2
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Production of Tumors
in A/J Mice
2 Month Old
Mice
Inject
Ethyl Carbamate
Months Sacrifice
1 2 3 4 6 8 10 12
20 Mice per Sacrifice
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TGF-ß1 TGF-ß RI TGF-ß RII
2 Month
4 Month
A/J Mouse Model
TGF-ß1, RI and RII Proteins in Lung Tumors
8 Month
Decreased TGF-ß RII protein in tumors
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TGF-ß in A/J Mouse Model
EC-induced Lung Tumors Lung Tumor Derived Cell Lines
TGF-ßRI TGF-ßRII
TGF-ßRI
TGF-ßRII
E10
PC
C4
LM
1
E9
A5
28S
28S
18S
18S
5.5 Kb
5.5 Kb
R
R
Decreased TGF-ß RII protein and mRNA
IHC IHC
*
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Expression of TGF-ß1, RI and RII Proteins and
mRNAs in BP-Induced A/J Mouse Lung Tumors
TGF-ß1 TGF-ß RI TGF-ß RII
IHC
ISH
IHC
Tumor
Tumor
Normal
Decreased TGF-ß RII mRNA and protein in tumors
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TGF-ß in Tumor
Suppression/Promotion
• Reduced TGF-ß RII = Lung Tumor Promotion
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Question
• Does deletion of TGF-ß1
affect lung tumorigenesis?
C57BL/6 TGF-ß1 Mouse
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The C57BL/6 TGF-ß1 Knockout Mouse
Increased tumor incidence in TGF-ß1 HT mice
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AJBL6 TGF-ß1 HT Mouse
Derivation
A/J X C57BL/6
TGF-ß1 WT TGF-ß1 HT
AJBL6
TGF-ß1 HT + TGF-ß1 WT
(F1)
Carcinogen
Lung Tumors
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Ab Ab Ab + Ag
Antisense
WT HT HT
IHC Staining & In Situ Hybridization
TGF-ß1 WT TGF-ß1 HT
2.5 Kb
28S rRNA
Copies of Competitor Added
ET
CT
ET
CT
WT
Northern Blotting & Competitive RT-PCR
AJBL6 TGF-ß1 HT and WT Mouse
5x105 2.5x105 1.25x105 6.25x104 3x104
Reduced expression of TGF-ß1 in HT compared to WT
Antisense Sense
HT
*
*
IHC
In Situ
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Production of Tumors
2 Month Old
Mice
Inject
Ethyl Carbamate
Months Sacrifice
1 2 3 4 6 8 10 12
Groups
TGF-ß1 HT
TGF-ß1 WT
20 Mice per Sacrifice
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Carcinogen-Induced Lung Tumorigenesis
in AJBL6 TGF-ß1 HT & WT Mice
Ave
ra
ge
N
um
be
r o
f L
un
g
Le
sio
ns p
er M
ou
se
Increased tumor incidence and multiplicity and
decreased tumor latency in TGF-ß1 HT mouse
1 2 4 6 8 10 12 1 2 4 6 8 10 12
1 2 4 6 8 10 12
A. Hyperplasia B. Adenoma
C. Carcinoma
Time (Months) Time (Months)
Time (Months)
4
8
12
10
20
30
3
6
9
12
TGF-ß1 WT
TGF-ß1 HT
*
* * *
* *
*
*
* *
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Hyperplasia
Adenoma
Carcinoma
WT WT HT HT
TGF-ß RII Protein in Lung Lesions from
AJBL6 TGF-ß1 WT and HT Mice
Decreased TGF-ß RII in tumors of TGF-ß1 HT mice
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Relative TGF-ß RII mRNA Levels
Lesions from AJBL6 TGF-ß1 HT
Mouse Lungs Treated with Ethyl Carbamate
Decreasing TGF-ß RII mRNA with increasing
lung tumorigenesis
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Question
• Does deletion of TGF-ß1
and mutation of K-ras affect
lung tumorigenesis?
TGF-ß1 HT/K-ras LA Mouse
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To Study the Interplay of TGF-β1 and K-ras:
Generation of TGF-β1/ K-ras LA Mice
TGF-ß1 K-ras
HT LA
(C57Bl/6) (SV 129)
TGF-ß1 HT/K-ras LA - HT/LA Double Mutant
TGF-ß1 WT/K-ras LA - WT/LA Single Mutant
TGF-ß1 HT/K-ras WT - HT/WT Single Mutant
TGF-ß1 WT/K-ras WT - WT/WT Wild Type
X
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TGF-ß1 HT, K-ras LA TGF-ß1 WT, K-ras LA
TGF-ß1 HT, K-ras WT TGF-ß1 WT, K-ras WT
A B
C D
TGF-β1 and K-ras Mouse Lungs
HT/LA WT/LA
HT/WT WT/WT
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Age
Effect of TGF-β1 Gene Deletion and K-ras
Mutation on Mouse Survival
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Age
Effect of TGF-β1 Gene Deletion and K-ras
Mutation on Mouse Survival
Decreased lifespans in HT/LA and WT/LA mice
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Pathology of Lung Lesions
WT/LA
HT/LA
HYPERPLASIA
0
2
4
6
8
10
1 2 3 4
NU
MB
ER
SADENOMAS
0
5
10
15
20
1 2 3 4
NU
MB
ER
S
ADENOCARCINOMA
0
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4
NU
MB
ER
S
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Increased hyperplasia & adenoma in WT/LA
Increased carcinoma in HT/LA
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TGF-β1 and TGF-β RII in Lung Lesions
TGF-β1
TGF-β RII
WT/LA
WT/LA
HT/LA
HT/LA
Adenoma Carcinoma
TGF-β1
TGF-β RII
Reduced TGF-ß1 & RII in HT/LA adenocarcinomas
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WT/LA
TGFβ RII and Smad3 in Lung Tumorigenesis
1 2 3 4 Months
HT/WT WT/WT
Smad3
Smad4
Smad7
Actin
TGF β RII
Smad3
Smad4
Smad7
Actin
TGF β RII
HT/LA
1 2 3 4
HT/LA: Expedited TGF-ß RII reduction & Smad3 production
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TGFβ Pathway in HT/LA Lung Tumorigenesis
Expedited TGF-ß RII reduction
Smad3
Smad4
Smad7
TGF β RII
Expedited Smad3 production
Reduced Smad4 production
Reduced Smad7 production
Western Blot:
Real Time RT-PCR:
Expedited K-ras production K-ras
Raf-1 Expedited Raf-1 production
Reduced Smads 2, 3, 4 & 7 in adenomas
Reduced TGF-ß RII & Smads in carcinomas
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50
Ap
op
to
tic
In
dex
(1
00
0 c
ells)
Apoptotic Index in WT/LA &
HT/LA Mouse Lung Adenomas
N = 7
WT/LA HT/LA
40
30
20
20
0
Reduced apoptosis in HT/LA adenomas
*
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TGF-ß in Tumor Suppression/Promotion
• Decreased TGF-ß RII = Lung Tumor Promotion
• Activated Ras/MAPK = Lung Tumor Promotion
• Decreased Smad4 = Lung Tumor Promotion
• Compromised Apoptosis = Lung Tumor Promotion
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Acknowledgements
Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group
Sonia B. Jakowlew
Jerry Angdisen
Yang Kang
Alena Naumova
Jyotsna Pandey
Sarah Umphress
MIT
Tyler Jacks
Kim Mercer