Transformation in the West

GOLD DISCOVERED - Pikes Peak

1Mountains of Colorado2 Gold had beendiscovered early in1858 but it slowly tookhold3 Became one of themost important mines inColorado4 Begins a craze for goldsimilar to the California gold rush of 1849

GOLD DISCOVERED - Pikes Peak

1Mountains of Colorado2 Gold had beendiscovered early in1858 but it slowly tookhold3 Became one of themost important mines inColorado4 Begins a craze for goldsimilar to the California gold rush of 1849

1 1st major silver strike

in 1859 in Virginia City

Nevada

2 Begins a craze for

silver through out the

Rockies including San

Francisco and other

communities

3 Silver mining does ease

after the 1880rsquos

Mining Towns

bull Gold and silver attracted prospectors from the Eastern US and from all over the world

bull Investors built hotels saloons banks stables and other necessities for miners

bull ldquoBoomtownsrdquomdashthriving towns that were abandoned once gold amp silver ran out

GHOST TOWNS

1 Many communities in

the west sprang up quickly

2 Mines often were

shallow and their supply of minerals dried up quickly

3 Many towns then died

4 Empty stores churches

and houses left behind

EFFECTS OF MINING

1 Big business took over ownership of many minesmdashwhen

remaining mineral was located deep underground ($$ for mining equipment-drills tracks underground tunnels)

2 Poisons and chemicals used to separate gold andsilver from rocks polluted theEnvironmentmdashwater used by

farmers and livestock3 Abandoned mines are still dangers

4 Early mining towns like became thecenter of violence

5 Shipping gold and silver back East became a target of robbers and gangsters

Vigilantes

bull Many mining towns sprung up with no laws in place

bull Vigilantes stepped forwardmdashself-appointed law enforcers

bull Set up rules of conduct

bull Eventually towns hired marshals amp sheriffs

TEXAS RANGERS

GHOST TOWNS

1 Many communities in

the west sprang up quickly

2 Mines often were

shallow and their supply of minerals dried up quickly

3 Many towns then died

4 Empty stores churches

and houses left behind

EFFECTS OF MINING

1 Big business took over ownership of many minesmdashwhen

remaining mineral was located deep underground ($$ for mining equipment-drills tracks underground tunnels)

2 Poisons and chemicals used to separate gold andsilver from rocks polluted theEnvironmentmdashwater used by

farmers and livestock3 Abandoned mines are still dangers

4 Early mining towns like became thecenter of violence

5 Shipping gold and silver back East became a target of robbers and gangsters

Vigilantes

bull Many mining towns sprung up with no laws in place

bull Vigilantes stepped forwardmdashself-appointed law enforcers

bull Set up rules of conduct

bull Eventually towns hired marshals amp sheriffs

TEXAS RANGERS

EFFECTS OF MINING

1 Big business took over ownership of many minesmdashwhen

remaining mineral was located deep underground ($$ for mining equipment-drills tracks underground tunnels)

2 Poisons and chemicals used to separate gold andsilver from rocks polluted theEnvironmentmdashwater used by

farmers and livestock3 Abandoned mines are still dangers

4 Early mining towns like became thecenter of violence

5 Shipping gold and silver back East became a target of robbers and gangsters

Vigilantes

bull Many mining towns sprung up with no laws in place

bull Vigilantes stepped forwardmdashself-appointed law enforcers

bull Set up rules of conduct

bull Eventually towns hired marshals amp sheriffs

TEXAS RANGERS

Vigilantes

bull Many mining towns sprung up with no laws in place

bull Vigilantes stepped forwardmdashself-appointed law enforcers

bull Set up rules of conduct

bull Eventually towns hired marshals amp sheriffs

TEXAS RANGERS

Railroads in the West

bull Need for a transcontinental railroad to transport goods between the East and the West

bull Congress supported private enterprise construction of the railroad by providing money in the form of loans amp made land grants to builders

UNION PACIFIC

1 Omaha Nebraska

2 Laid tracks across the

Great Plains ndash westward

3 Used Irish workers called

PADDIES

4 Received large land

grants from US government

CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD

1 San Francisco California

2 Laid tracks across several

mountain ranges

3 Used Chinese workers

4 Also received land grants

5 Had the hardest

challenges crossing the

Rockies

PROMONTORY POINT UTAH

1 Rail lines meet in Utah

2 May 10th 1869

3 Leaders use GOLD SPIKES to

connect the lines

4 1st transcontinental railroad

5 Begins a boom in western

railway construction

6 Speculators bought up

thousands of acres of land to

plan for future railroads

Effects of the Railroads

1 Tied the Nation together

2 Spurred industrial development

3 Transported people and products more quickly and efficiently

4 Stimulated growth of new towns and cities

5 Intensified demand for Nativesrsquo landmdashwaves of pioneers moved West

CATTLE AND COWBOYS

UNION PACIFIC

1 Omaha Nebraska

2 Laid tracks across the

Great Plains ndash westward

3 Used Irish workers called

PADDIES

4 Received large land

grants from US government

CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD

1 San Francisco California

2 Laid tracks across several

mountain ranges

3 Used Chinese workers

4 Also received land grants

5 Had the hardest

challenges crossing the

Rockies

PROMONTORY POINT UTAH

1 Rail lines meet in Utah

2 May 10th 1869

3 Leaders use GOLD SPIKES to

connect the lines

4 1st transcontinental railroad

5 Begins a boom in western

railway construction

6 Speculators bought up

thousands of acres of land to

plan for future railroads

Effects of the Railroads

1 Tied the Nation together

2 Spurred industrial development

3 Transported people and products more quickly and efficiently

4 Stimulated growth of new towns and cities

5 Intensified demand for Nativesrsquo landmdashwaves of pioneers moved West

CATTLE AND COWBOYS

CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD

1 San Francisco California

2 Laid tracks across several

mountain ranges

3 Used Chinese workers

4 Also received land grants

5 Had the hardest

challenges crossing the

Rockies

PROMONTORY POINT UTAH

1 Rail lines meet in Utah

2 May 10th 1869

3 Leaders use GOLD SPIKES to

connect the lines

4 1st transcontinental railroad

5 Begins a boom in western

railway construction

6 Speculators bought up

thousands of acres of land to

plan for future railroads

Effects of the Railroads

1 Tied the Nation together

2 Spurred industrial development

3 Transported people and products more quickly and efficiently

4 Stimulated growth of new towns and cities

5 Intensified demand for Nativesrsquo landmdashwaves of pioneers moved West

CATTLE AND COWBOYS

PROMONTORY POINT UTAH

1 Rail lines meet in Utah

2 May 10th 1869

3 Leaders use GOLD SPIKES to

connect the lines

4 1st transcontinental railroad

5 Begins a boom in western

railway construction

6 Speculators bought up

thousands of acres of land to

plan for future railroads

Effects of the Railroads

1 Tied the Nation together

2 Spurred industrial development

3 Transported people and products more quickly and efficiently

4 Stimulated growth of new towns and cities

5 Intensified demand for Nativesrsquo landmdashwaves of pioneers moved West

CATTLE AND COWBOYS

Effects of the Railroads

1 Tied the Nation together

2 Spurred industrial development

3 Transported people and products more quickly and efficiently

4 Stimulated growth of new towns and cities

5 Intensified demand for Nativesrsquo landmdashwaves of pioneers moved West

CATTLE AND COWBOYS

CATTLE AND COWBOYS

Cattle Ranching

bull Another western boom

bull Railroads provided a means to move meat to Eastern markets

bull Vast acres of grass

bull Open-range system until mid 1880smdashcattle grazed freelymdashbranded for identification

bull In the spring cowboys hired to round up cattle in the open range that had roamed all winter

LONG HORNS1Unique type of

Cattlemdashoriginated in Mexico

2Roamed the western

Frontier

3 Workers to herd the

cattle were needed

4 The cattle needed to

be fatten for market

Vaqueros amp Cowboys

bull Cowboys originated from Mexican ldquoVaquerosrdquo who had learned to train horses to work with cattle

bull Hard and dangerous work

bull Cattle drive-trek to railroad for transportation to eastern marketsmdashclosest railroad junction could be weeks or months away

COWBOYS

Characteristics

1 Good horsemen

2 Mixed race

3 Young men 19-30

4 Talented ropes men

5 Not necessarily

violent or good shots

Joseph McCoyrsquos Cow Towns

1McCoy saw the need for

small centers to sell cattle

and then transport them to

major cities

2 Cowboys had fatten the

herds for months and were

ready for sell

3 He created ldquocow townsrdquo

4 The cow towns were

centers for cowboys who

had spent months on the

open range

End of Open-Range Ranching

ndashInvention of barbed wire

ndashSupply of beef exceeded demandmdashDrop in price of beef

ndashExtreme weather-herds of cattle starved

ndashRanchers began to raise hay to feed cattle

WESTERN

FARMERS

HOMESTEAD ACT of 1862

1 160 acres to farmers

2 Live on the land for

five years

3 Build a house

4 dig a well and build a

road

5 Make the land useful

and profitable

6 Land became theirs

after they have met these

terms and paid a small

fee

SODDIES

1 Western farmers were

required to build houses

2 Limited supply of trees

and money

3 Used hard sod soil and

stacked it like bricks to

make walls

4 Bones and tree branches

used to build roof supports

5 Many leaked when it

rained

DUGOUTS

1 Some farmers used the sloping countryside to help build homes

2 Part their home was actually dug into the side of a hill

3 Several rooms were in the sides of hills and mountains

EXODUSTERS

1 Many freed slaves at the end of the war needed land

2 The Homestead Act offered them free land in the west

3 Went to Kansas amp Oklahoma

4 The land and climate was not what they were use to in the SOUTH

PROBLEMS on the HOMESTEAD

1 Land was not suited for crops many had been used to planting

2 Droughts blizzards and extreme weather

3 WIND drove many crazy4 Loneliness ndash only families

in miles5 INSECTS 6 Claim jumpers ndash

individuals trying to steal claims to landsmdashillegally occupies property

7 Poor housing led to disease -death

8 Education religion medicine were done by family members

9 Banks railroads and companies blocked water sources and forced homesteaders off their land

INVENTIONS TRY TO HELPbull Steel plow to break up the

hard soilbull Reapers to harvest crops

- speed up the process

bull Barbed Wire allowed

farmers to protect their land

from animals and other

farmers

bull Wind mills were used to help pump water for irrigation and drinking

LONG HORNS1Unique type of

Cattlemdashoriginated in Mexico

2Roamed the western

Frontier

3 Workers to herd the

cattle were needed

4 The cattle needed to

be fatten for market

Vaqueros amp Cowboys

bull Cowboys originated from Mexican ldquoVaquerosrdquo who had learned to train horses to work with cattle

bull Hard and dangerous work

bull Cattle drive-trek to railroad for transportation to eastern marketsmdashclosest railroad junction could be weeks or months away

COWBOYS

Characteristics

1 Good horsemen

2 Mixed race

3 Young men 19-30

4 Talented ropes men

5 Not necessarily

violent or good shots

Joseph McCoyrsquos Cow Towns

1McCoy saw the need for

small centers to sell cattle

and then transport them to

major cities

2 Cowboys had fatten the

herds for months and were

ready for sell

3 He created ldquocow townsrdquo

4 The cow towns were

centers for cowboys who

had spent months on the

open range

End of Open-Range Ranching

ndashInvention of barbed wire

ndashSupply of beef exceeded demandmdashDrop in price of beef

ndashExtreme weather-herds of cattle starved

ndashRanchers began to raise hay to feed cattle

WESTERN

FARMERS

HOMESTEAD ACT of 1862

1 160 acres to farmers

2 Live on the land for

five years

3 Build a house

4 dig a well and build a

road

5 Make the land useful

and profitable

6 Land became theirs

after they have met these

terms and paid a small

fee

SODDIES

1 Western farmers were

required to build houses

2 Limited supply of trees

and money

3 Used hard sod soil and

stacked it like bricks to

make walls

4 Bones and tree branches

used to build roof supports

5 Many leaked when it

rained

DUGOUTS

1 Some farmers used the sloping countryside to help build homes

2 Part their home was actually dug into the side of a hill

3 Several rooms were in the sides of hills and mountains

EXODUSTERS

1 Many freed slaves at the end of the war needed land

2 The Homestead Act offered them free land in the west

3 Went to Kansas amp Oklahoma

4 The land and climate was not what they were use to in the SOUTH

PROBLEMS on the HOMESTEAD

1 Land was not suited for crops many had been used to planting

2 Droughts blizzards and extreme weather

3 WIND drove many crazy4 Loneliness ndash only families

in miles5 INSECTS 6 Claim jumpers ndash

individuals trying to steal claims to landsmdashillegally occupies property

7 Poor housing led to disease -death

8 Education religion medicine were done by family members

9 Banks railroads and companies blocked water sources and forced homesteaders off their land

INVENTIONS TRY TO HELPbull Steel plow to break up the

hard soilbull Reapers to harvest crops

- speed up the process

bull Barbed Wire allowed

farmers to protect their land

from animals and other

farmers

bull Wind mills were used to help pump water for irrigation and drinking

Vaqueros amp Cowboys

bull Cowboys originated from Mexican ldquoVaquerosrdquo who had learned to train horses to work with cattle

bull Hard and dangerous work

bull Cattle drive-trek to railroad for transportation to eastern marketsmdashclosest railroad junction could be weeks or months away

COWBOYS

Characteristics

1 Good horsemen

2 Mixed race

3 Young men 19-30

4 Talented ropes men

5 Not necessarily

violent or good shots

Joseph McCoyrsquos Cow Towns

1McCoy saw the need for

small centers to sell cattle

and then transport them to

major cities

2 Cowboys had fatten the

herds for months and were

ready for sell

3 He created ldquocow townsrdquo

4 The cow towns were

centers for cowboys who

had spent months on the

open range

End of Open-Range Ranching

ndashInvention of barbed wire

ndashSupply of beef exceeded demandmdashDrop in price of beef

ndashExtreme weather-herds of cattle starved

ndashRanchers began to raise hay to feed cattle

WESTERN

FARMERS

HOMESTEAD ACT of 1862

1 160 acres to farmers

2 Live on the land for

five years

3 Build a house

4 dig a well and build a

road

5 Make the land useful

and profitable

6 Land became theirs

after they have met these

terms and paid a small

fee

SODDIES

1 Western farmers were

required to build houses

2 Limited supply of trees

and money

3 Used hard sod soil and

stacked it like bricks to

make walls

4 Bones and tree branches

used to build roof supports

5 Many leaked when it

rained

DUGOUTS

1 Some farmers used the sloping countryside to help build homes

2 Part their home was actually dug into the side of a hill

3 Several rooms were in the sides of hills and mountains

EXODUSTERS

1 Many freed slaves at the end of the war needed land

2 The Homestead Act offered them free land in the west

3 Went to Kansas amp Oklahoma

4 The land and climate was not what they were use to in the SOUTH

PROBLEMS on the HOMESTEAD

1 Land was not suited for crops many had been used to planting

2 Droughts blizzards and extreme weather

3 WIND drove many crazy4 Loneliness ndash only families

in miles5 INSECTS 6 Claim jumpers ndash

individuals trying to steal claims to landsmdashillegally occupies property

7 Poor housing led to disease -death

8 Education religion medicine were done by family members

9 Banks railroads and companies blocked water sources and forced homesteaders off their land

INVENTIONS TRY TO HELPbull Steel plow to break up the

hard soilbull Reapers to harvest crops

- speed up the process

bull Barbed Wire allowed

farmers to protect their land

from animals and other

farmers

bull Wind mills were used to help pump water for irrigation and drinking

COWBOYS

Characteristics

1 Good horsemen

2 Mixed race

3 Young men 19-30

4 Talented ropes men

5 Not necessarily

violent or good shots

Joseph McCoyrsquos Cow Towns

1McCoy saw the need for

small centers to sell cattle

and then transport them to

major cities

2 Cowboys had fatten the

herds for months and were

ready for sell

3 He created ldquocow townsrdquo

4 The cow towns were

centers for cowboys who

had spent months on the

open range

End of Open-Range Ranching

ndashInvention of barbed wire

ndashSupply of beef exceeded demandmdashDrop in price of beef

ndashExtreme weather-herds of cattle starved

ndashRanchers began to raise hay to feed cattle

WESTERN

FARMERS

HOMESTEAD ACT of 1862

1 160 acres to farmers

2 Live on the land for

five years

3 Build a house

4 dig a well and build a

road

5 Make the land useful

and profitable

6 Land became theirs

after they have met these

terms and paid a small

fee

SODDIES

1 Western farmers were

required to build houses

2 Limited supply of trees

and money

3 Used hard sod soil and

stacked it like bricks to

make walls

4 Bones and tree branches

used to build roof supports

5 Many leaked when it

rained

DUGOUTS

1 Some farmers used the sloping countryside to help build homes

2 Part their home was actually dug into the side of a hill

3 Several rooms were in the sides of hills and mountains

EXODUSTERS

1 Many freed slaves at the end of the war needed land

2 The Homestead Act offered them free land in the west

3 Went to Kansas amp Oklahoma

4 The land and climate was not what they were use to in the SOUTH

PROBLEMS on the HOMESTEAD

1 Land was not suited for crops many had been used to planting

2 Droughts blizzards and extreme weather

3 WIND drove many crazy4 Loneliness ndash only families

in miles5 INSECTS 6 Claim jumpers ndash

individuals trying to steal claims to landsmdashillegally occupies property

7 Poor housing led to disease -death

8 Education religion medicine were done by family members

9 Banks railroads and companies blocked water sources and forced homesteaders off their land

INVENTIONS TRY TO HELPbull Steel plow to break up the

hard soilbull Reapers to harvest crops

- speed up the process

bull Barbed Wire allowed

farmers to protect their land

from animals and other

farmers

bull Wind mills were used to help pump water for irrigation and drinking

Joseph McCoyrsquos Cow Towns

1McCoy saw the need for

small centers to sell cattle

and then transport them to

major cities

2 Cowboys had fatten the

herds for months and were

ready for sell

3 He created ldquocow townsrdquo

4 The cow towns were

centers for cowboys who

had spent months on the

open range

End of Open-Range Ranching

ndashInvention of barbed wire

ndashSupply of beef exceeded demandmdashDrop in price of beef

ndashExtreme weather-herds of cattle starved

ndashRanchers began to raise hay to feed cattle

WESTERN

FARMERS

HOMESTEAD ACT of 1862

1 160 acres to farmers

2 Live on the land for

five years

3 Build a house

4 dig a well and build a

road

5 Make the land useful

and profitable

6 Land became theirs

after they have met these

terms and paid a small

fee

SODDIES

1 Western farmers were

required to build houses

2 Limited supply of trees

and money

3 Used hard sod soil and

stacked it like bricks to

make walls

4 Bones and tree branches

used to build roof supports

5 Many leaked when it

rained

DUGOUTS

1 Some farmers used the sloping countryside to help build homes

2 Part their home was actually dug into the side of a hill

3 Several rooms were in the sides of hills and mountains

EXODUSTERS

1 Many freed slaves at the end of the war needed land

2 The Homestead Act offered them free land in the west

3 Went to Kansas amp Oklahoma

4 The land and climate was not what they were use to in the SOUTH

PROBLEMS on the HOMESTEAD

1 Land was not suited for crops many had been used to planting

2 Droughts blizzards and extreme weather

3 WIND drove many crazy4 Loneliness ndash only families

in miles5 INSECTS 6 Claim jumpers ndash

individuals trying to steal claims to landsmdashillegally occupies property

7 Poor housing led to disease -death

8 Education religion medicine were done by family members

9 Banks railroads and companies blocked water sources and forced homesteaders off their land

INVENTIONS TRY TO HELPbull Steel plow to break up the

hard soilbull Reapers to harvest crops

- speed up the process

bull Barbed Wire allowed

farmers to protect their land

from animals and other

farmers

bull Wind mills were used to help pump water for irrigation and drinking

End of Open-Range Ranching

ndashInvention of barbed wire

ndashSupply of beef exceeded demandmdashDrop in price of beef

ndashExtreme weather-herds of cattle starved

ndashRanchers began to raise hay to feed cattle

WESTERN

FARMERS

HOMESTEAD ACT of 1862

1 160 acres to farmers

2 Live on the land for

five years

3 Build a house

4 dig a well and build a

road

5 Make the land useful

and profitable

6 Land became theirs

after they have met these

terms and paid a small

fee

SODDIES

1 Western farmers were

required to build houses

2 Limited supply of trees

and money

3 Used hard sod soil and

stacked it like bricks to

make walls

4 Bones and tree branches

used to build roof supports

5 Many leaked when it

rained

DUGOUTS

1 Some farmers used the sloping countryside to help build homes

2 Part their home was actually dug into the side of a hill

3 Several rooms were in the sides of hills and mountains

EXODUSTERS

1 Many freed slaves at the end of the war needed land

2 The Homestead Act offered them free land in the west

3 Went to Kansas amp Oklahoma

4 The land and climate was not what they were use to in the SOUTH

PROBLEMS on the HOMESTEAD

1 Land was not suited for crops many had been used to planting

2 Droughts blizzards and extreme weather

3 WIND drove many crazy4 Loneliness ndash only families

in miles5 INSECTS 6 Claim jumpers ndash

individuals trying to steal claims to landsmdashillegally occupies property

7 Poor housing led to disease -death

8 Education religion medicine were done by family members

9 Banks railroads and companies blocked water sources and forced homesteaders off their land

INVENTIONS TRY TO HELPbull Steel plow to break up the

hard soilbull Reapers to harvest crops

- speed up the process

bull Barbed Wire allowed

farmers to protect their land

from animals and other

farmers

bull Wind mills were used to help pump water for irrigation and drinking

WESTERN

FARMERS

HOMESTEAD ACT of 1862

1 160 acres to farmers

2 Live on the land for

five years

3 Build a house

4 dig a well and build a

road

5 Make the land useful

and profitable

6 Land became theirs

after they have met these

terms and paid a small

fee

SODDIES

1 Western farmers were

required to build houses

2 Limited supply of trees

and money

3 Used hard sod soil and

stacked it like bricks to

make walls

4 Bones and tree branches

used to build roof supports

5 Many leaked when it

rained

DUGOUTS

1 Some farmers used the sloping countryside to help build homes

2 Part their home was actually dug into the side of a hill

3 Several rooms were in the sides of hills and mountains

EXODUSTERS

1 Many freed slaves at the end of the war needed land

2 The Homestead Act offered them free land in the west

3 Went to Kansas amp Oklahoma

4 The land and climate was not what they were use to in the SOUTH

PROBLEMS on the HOMESTEAD

1 Land was not suited for crops many had been used to planting

2 Droughts blizzards and extreme weather

3 WIND drove many crazy4 Loneliness ndash only families

in miles5 INSECTS 6 Claim jumpers ndash

individuals trying to steal claims to landsmdashillegally occupies property

7 Poor housing led to disease -death

8 Education religion medicine were done by family members

9 Banks railroads and companies blocked water sources and forced homesteaders off their land

INVENTIONS TRY TO HELPbull Steel plow to break up the

hard soilbull Reapers to harvest crops

- speed up the process

bull Barbed Wire allowed

farmers to protect their land

from animals and other

farmers

bull Wind mills were used to help pump water for irrigation and drinking

HOMESTEAD ACT of 1862

1 160 acres to farmers

2 Live on the land for

five years

3 Build a house

4 dig a well and build a

road

5 Make the land useful

and profitable

6 Land became theirs

after they have met these

terms and paid a small

fee

SODDIES

1 Western farmers were

required to build houses

2 Limited supply of trees

and money

3 Used hard sod soil and

stacked it like bricks to

make walls

4 Bones and tree branches

used to build roof supports

5 Many leaked when it

rained

DUGOUTS

1 Some farmers used the sloping countryside to help build homes

2 Part their home was actually dug into the side of a hill

3 Several rooms were in the sides of hills and mountains

EXODUSTERS

1 Many freed slaves at the end of the war needed land

2 The Homestead Act offered them free land in the west

3 Went to Kansas amp Oklahoma

4 The land and climate was not what they were use to in the SOUTH

PROBLEMS on the HOMESTEAD

1 Land was not suited for crops many had been used to planting

2 Droughts blizzards and extreme weather

3 WIND drove many crazy4 Loneliness ndash only families

in miles5 INSECTS 6 Claim jumpers ndash

individuals trying to steal claims to landsmdashillegally occupies property

7 Poor housing led to disease -death

8 Education religion medicine were done by family members

9 Banks railroads and companies blocked water sources and forced homesteaders off their land

INVENTIONS TRY TO HELPbull Steel plow to break up the

hard soilbull Reapers to harvest crops

- speed up the process

bull Barbed Wire allowed

farmers to protect their land

from animals and other

farmers

bull Wind mills were used to help pump water for irrigation and drinking

SODDIES

1 Western farmers were

required to build houses

2 Limited supply of trees

and money

3 Used hard sod soil and

stacked it like bricks to

make walls

4 Bones and tree branches

used to build roof supports

5 Many leaked when it

rained

DUGOUTS

1 Some farmers used the sloping countryside to help build homes

2 Part their home was actually dug into the side of a hill

3 Several rooms were in the sides of hills and mountains

EXODUSTERS

1 Many freed slaves at the end of the war needed land

2 The Homestead Act offered them free land in the west

3 Went to Kansas amp Oklahoma

4 The land and climate was not what they were use to in the SOUTH

PROBLEMS on the HOMESTEAD

1 Land was not suited for crops many had been used to planting

2 Droughts blizzards and extreme weather

3 WIND drove many crazy4 Loneliness ndash only families

in miles5 INSECTS 6 Claim jumpers ndash

individuals trying to steal claims to landsmdashillegally occupies property

7 Poor housing led to disease -death

8 Education religion medicine were done by family members

9 Banks railroads and companies blocked water sources and forced homesteaders off their land

INVENTIONS TRY TO HELPbull Steel plow to break up the

hard soilbull Reapers to harvest crops

- speed up the process

bull Barbed Wire allowed

farmers to protect their land

from animals and other

farmers

bull Wind mills were used to help pump water for irrigation and drinking

DUGOUTS

1 Some farmers used the sloping countryside to help build homes

2 Part their home was actually dug into the side of a hill

3 Several rooms were in the sides of hills and mountains

EXODUSTERS

1 Many freed slaves at the end of the war needed land

2 The Homestead Act offered them free land in the west

3 Went to Kansas amp Oklahoma

4 The land and climate was not what they were use to in the SOUTH

PROBLEMS on the HOMESTEAD

1 Land was not suited for crops many had been used to planting

2 Droughts blizzards and extreme weather

3 WIND drove many crazy4 Loneliness ndash only families

in miles5 INSECTS 6 Claim jumpers ndash

individuals trying to steal claims to landsmdashillegally occupies property

7 Poor housing led to disease -death

8 Education religion medicine were done by family members

9 Banks railroads and companies blocked water sources and forced homesteaders off their land

INVENTIONS TRY TO HELPbull Steel plow to break up the

hard soilbull Reapers to harvest crops

- speed up the process

bull Barbed Wire allowed

farmers to protect their land

from animals and other

farmers

bull Wind mills were used to help pump water for irrigation and drinking

EXODUSTERS

1 Many freed slaves at the end of the war needed land

2 The Homestead Act offered them free land in the west

3 Went to Kansas amp Oklahoma

4 The land and climate was not what they were use to in the SOUTH

PROBLEMS on the HOMESTEAD

1 Land was not suited for crops many had been used to planting

2 Droughts blizzards and extreme weather

3 WIND drove many crazy4 Loneliness ndash only families

in miles5 INSECTS 6 Claim jumpers ndash

individuals trying to steal claims to landsmdashillegally occupies property

7 Poor housing led to disease -death

8 Education religion medicine were done by family members

9 Banks railroads and companies blocked water sources and forced homesteaders off their land

INVENTIONS TRY TO HELPbull Steel plow to break up the

hard soilbull Reapers to harvest crops

- speed up the process

bull Barbed Wire allowed

farmers to protect their land

from animals and other

farmers

bull Wind mills were used to help pump water for irrigation and drinking

PROBLEMS on the HOMESTEAD

1 Land was not suited for crops many had been used to planting

2 Droughts blizzards and extreme weather

3 WIND drove many crazy4 Loneliness ndash only families

in miles5 INSECTS 6 Claim jumpers ndash

individuals trying to steal claims to landsmdashillegally occupies property

7 Poor housing led to disease -death

8 Education religion medicine were done by family members

9 Banks railroads and companies blocked water sources and forced homesteaders off their land

INVENTIONS TRY TO HELPbull Steel plow to break up the

hard soilbull Reapers to harvest crops

- speed up the process

bull Barbed Wire allowed

farmers to protect their land

from animals and other

farmers

bull Wind mills were used to help pump water for irrigation and drinking

INVENTIONS TRY TO HELPbull Steel plow to break up the

hard soilbull Reapers to harvest crops

- speed up the process

bull Barbed Wire allowed

farmers to protect their land

from animals and other

farmers

bull Wind mills were used to help pump water for irrigation and drinking

MORRILL ACT of 18622 They set aside funds for

states to create research

colleges ndash land grant

3 These colleges would

focus on agriculture and

other research

4 Different from liberal arts

ndash private schools

5 GOAL -One in every

state

Diversity amp Discrimination in the West

bull Fewer than 20 of nationrsquos population yet home to more than 80 of US Asian Mexican amp Mexican-American and Native American residents

bull Many Chinese and European immigrants

bull Differences in language food religion amp culture

bull Fear amp distrust among groups

bull Discrimination

El Paso Salt War--1877

bull Different views on ownership of resources

bull For a long time Mexicans mined salt beds of El Paso Valley-viewed as public property

bull Americans claimed salt beds in the 1870s and wanted to sell salt for profit

bull Conflict over access to the saltbull OUTCOMEmdashsalt beds no

longer communal propertymdashusers would have to buy

Salt Bed Mining

Last Rush

bull April 1889mdashlast major rush on the Oklahoma Territorymdashfederal government opened land to homesteaders

bull By 1890 the era of free Western land came to an end

bull National Census concluded there was No longer a square mile without at least a few white residents

OKLAHOMA LAND RUSH

1 Families gathered at the

border waiting for their

chance

2 Some Individuals snuck

across illegally SOONERS

3 Claimed the best land in

Oklahoma ndash much of it had

been native land from the

Indian Removal Act

El Paso Salt War--1877

bull Different views on ownership of resources

bull For a long time Mexicans mined salt beds of El Paso Valley-viewed as public property

bull Americans claimed salt beds in the 1870s and wanted to sell salt for profit

bull Conflict over access to the saltbull OUTCOMEmdashsalt beds no

longer communal propertymdashusers would have to buy

Salt Bed Mining

Last Rush

bull April 1889mdashlast major rush on the Oklahoma Territorymdashfederal government opened land to homesteaders

bull By 1890 the era of free Western land came to an end

bull National Census concluded there was No longer a square mile without at least a few white residents

OKLAHOMA LAND RUSH

1 Families gathered at the

border waiting for their

chance

2 Some Individuals snuck

across illegally SOONERS

3 Claimed the best land in

Oklahoma ndash much of it had

been native land from the

Indian Removal Act

Salt Bed Mining

Last Rush

bull April 1889mdashlast major rush on the Oklahoma Territorymdashfederal government opened land to homesteaders

bull By 1890 the era of free Western land came to an end

bull National Census concluded there was No longer a square mile without at least a few white residents

OKLAHOMA LAND RUSH

1 Families gathered at the

border waiting for their

chance

2 Some Individuals snuck

across illegally SOONERS

3 Claimed the best land in

Oklahoma ndash much of it had

been native land from the

Indian Removal Act

Last Rush

bull April 1889mdashlast major rush on the Oklahoma Territorymdashfederal government opened land to homesteaders

bull By 1890 the era of free Western land came to an end

bull National Census concluded there was No longer a square mile without at least a few white residents

OKLAHOMA LAND RUSH

1 Families gathered at the

border waiting for their

chance

2 Some Individuals snuck

across illegally SOONERS

3 Claimed the best land in

Oklahoma ndash much of it had

been native land from the

Indian Removal Act

OKLAHOMA LAND RUSH

1 Families gathered at the

border waiting for their

chance

2 Some Individuals snuck

across illegally SOONERS

3 Claimed the best land in

Oklahoma ndash much of it had

been native land from the

Indian Removal Act