Transformation in Europe 1400-1800. Objectives How did exploration and the convergence of the old...

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Transformation in Europe 1400-1800

Transcript of Transformation in Europe 1400-1800. Objectives How did exploration and the convergence of the old...

Page 1: Transformation in Europe 1400-1800. Objectives How did exploration and the convergence of the old and new world’s contribute to the rise of European power?

Transformation in Europe

1400-1800

Page 2: Transformation in Europe 1400-1800. Objectives How did exploration and the convergence of the old and new world’s contribute to the rise of European power?

ObjectivesHow did exploration and the convergence of the old

and new world’s contribute to the rise of European power?

How did the migration of peoples affect different areas of the world politically, socially, and economically?

How did new ways of thinking challenge traditional authority and usher in the “Age of Revolutions?”

How did the governments of Europe change and affect conflict between the social classes?

How did mercantilism and capitalism drive the slave trade and create a new global interdependence and political tensions?

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Why Explore?With a partner address the following:

Define discoveryWhat are the benefits and costs of exploration?What are the top three reasons for exploration?Would you have decided to go explore?

Crash Course Video- 15th Century Maritime Explorers

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Exploration: Reasons to Explore

Benefits Gold, Glory, and God

Direct route to Asia for spices=direct access to goods=lmore profitable

Humanism and curiosity

European monarchs competed to find new routes, territory

Desire to spread Christianity

Rewards for explorers

Possible boom in economy=trade and jobs

Costs Getting lost, possible death

New technology not perfect

Weather

Unknown inhabitants

Disease and death

Communication nonexistent

Lack of food and resources

Political support and financing=risk and possible failure

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Comparing Ming China and Europe Ming China (1368-1644)

Disrupted by Mongols and plague

Eliminate signs of foreign rule Promotion of Confucian

learning Reestablish civil service exam Created highly centralized

gov’t Maritime venture

Important sailors and traders in region-Zheng He

Launched fleet in 1405 28 years of expeditions No intention of conquering

or establishing settlements Abruptly stopped in 1433

Waste of resources Lost gov’t support

Western Europe Cultural renewal and state building Independent and competitive states Renaissance traditions

Humanism Challenge to traditional ideas Curiosity Patrons finance endeavors

Maritime voyaging Portuguese begin c. 1415 1492-Columbus reaches Americas 1497-1498-Da Gama sails around Africa to

India Small compared to Chinese Unlike Chinese, Euro. seeking wealth,

converts, territory Violence to carve out empires Europe’s voyages escalate

No political authority to stop Competition Elite support and interested Europe needs resources, greater riches,

food production

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How does Spain and Portugal differ in their motives for exploring?

PortugalFirst to venture into I.O.

GOAL: trade monopoly of I.O. trade (Africa and Asia)=SPICES

Set up naval bases and trading forts along coast of Africa and IndiaHenry the Navigator-map

making, promoted explorationDias-1497 Cape of Good Hope

Colonized BrazilEast of Line of DemarcationSugar, tobacco, coffee,

cotton=slave trade

Spain Threes G’s

GOAL: Colonize and set up Spanish settlements, resources, exploitation Conquistadors: Cortes

conquers Aztecs (central Mexico) and Pizarro conquers Inca (Peru)

European guns, germs, and steel

Decimation of population Treaty of Tordesillas Animal hides, sugar, tobacco SILVER mining

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OutlineMigration of peoples:

Columbian Exchange Slave trade

Social changes: Protestant and

Catholic reformations Scientific Revolution Enlightenment

Political changes: State Development Absolutism vs.

Constitutionalism

Economic changes: Mercantilism and

capitalism Global trade Rise of the

bourgeoisie, joint stock, and stock exchanges

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Population Growth and Urbanization

Rapidly growing population due to Columbian Exchange Improved nutrition

Role of the potato (considered an aphrodisiac in 16th and 17th centuries)

Replaces bread as staple of dietBetter nutrition reduces susceptibility to plagueEpidemic disease becomes insignificant for overall

population decline by mid-17th century

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Population Growth in Europe

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Urbanization

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Cause and Effect

Question: What social and economic changes occurred due to Europe’s expansion around the globe?

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Mercantilism Extraction and shipment of gold and silver = money from New

World Old World

Precious metals from Andes and Mesoamerica=rising share of world’s supply of silver

England and others want to share in wealth of Spain and Port.

Failed to find much mining wealth BUT abundance of resources and fertile lands to cultivate tobacco, sugar cane, rice, indigo

New economic philosophy World’s wealth is fixed One country’s wealth could be increased at another’s expense Overseas possessions exist for the benefit of European “motherlands” Colonies closed to competitors Hobbes “Wealth is power and power is wealth”

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Early CapitalismPrivate parties offer goods and services on a

free market

Own means of production

Private initiative, not government control

Supply and demand determines prices

Banks, stock exchanges develop in early modern period

Joint-Stock Companies (English East India Company) Relationship with empire-building

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The BourgeoisieUrban bourgeoisie thrived on manufacturing,

finance, and trade

Netherland’s growth of Amsterdam was built on trade and finance and exemplifies power of 17th century bourgeoisie

Forged mutually beneficial relationships with the monarchs, built ethnic and family networks=facilitation of trade around the world

Partnerships between merchants and gov’t=joint stock companies

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Impact of Capitalism on Social Order

Rural life Improved access to manufactured goods Increasing opportunities in urban centers begins

depletion of the rural population

Inefficient institution of serfdom abandoned in western Europe, retained in Russia until 19th century

Nuclear families replace extended families

Gender changes as women enter income-earning work force

Exploitation of workers ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

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Capitalism and MoralityAdam Smith (1723-1790) argued that capitalism

would ultimately improve society as a whole

What do you think about this statement??

But major social change increases poverty in some sectorsRise in crimeWitch-hunting a possible consequence of capitalist

tensions and gender roles

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Old vs. New World Crops…

Read the article The Columbian Exchange

Purpose for reading:What is the Columbian exchange?What were the major consequences, both + and

--?How is this event a turning point in history?

Columbian Exchange Video

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Migration: Columbian Exchange

New era of interaction

Catastrophe and opportunity Disease Intercontinental exchange of plants and animals

Devastation of Amerindian Population Western hemisphere: 33-50 million 4.5 million (smallpox,

measles, whooping cough influenza, plague) Up to 90% of population dies

Benefits of Columbian exchange Exchange of food sources=facilitated pop. Growth Cassava, maize, white and sweet potato Africa, China, and

Europe Domesticated animals to the New World, Long run=increase world pop. More than 10x: 500 mill6 bill.

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Migration: The Slave Trade

Enforced migration, captives against their will

Africa contributed more immigrants to New World than did Europe

Trading in African slaves not new (Romans, Arabs and Saharan caravans, Eastern Africa Indian Ocean trade)

Europeans reoriented the trade routes of Africa to the Atlantic coast

Trade increased on the Western African coastal cities

Under 1000 1451-75 7500 per year in first ½ of 17th cent. 50,000 through the 18th and ½ of 19th cent. 10 million or more

Atlantic Slave Trade Video

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Triangular Trade1. European manufactured goods (especially firearms) sent to Africa

2. African slaves purchased and sent to Americas

3. Cash crops purchased in Americas and returned to Europe

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The Middle PassageAfrican slaves captured by raiding parties, force-

marched to holding pens at coast

Middle passage under horrific conditions4-6 weeksMortality initially high, often over 50%, eventually

declined to 5%

Total slave traffic, 15th-18th c.: 12 million

Approximately 4 million killed before arrival

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The Middle Passage

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African Exports Per Year

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Slave Destinations

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Regional DifferencesCaribbean, South America: African population

unable to maintain numbers through natural meansMalaria, yellow feverBrutal working conditions, sanitation, nutritionGender imbalance

Constant importation of slaves

North America: less disease, more normal sex ratioSlave families encouraged as prices rise in 18th

century

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Slaves and Economic Importance

Direct proportion to the expansion of the sugar plantation economy in Caribbean after 1650

France held richest, single sugar colony in Caribbean Haiti

Cheaper to work them to death and buy replacements

Fared “better” in North America

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Slaves and AfricaSlave trade influence rise and fall of individual states

in AfricaSlaves represent main forms of wealthSource of labor, a means for their owners to increase

wealthTrade in slaves means of further increase in wealth, for

the state or private owners

Africans active participants in slave trade

African business control trade up to water’s edge

Europeans lacked military strength, immunity, and knowledge of interior

New community of African-Portuguese traders born and had children

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Debate over full effect of slave trade on Africa:Dire economic consequences or small relative

to the total size of Africa’s population and internal economy

Lost opportunities for African development due to export of so many millions of strongest and most resilient men and women

Africa receives new crops maize staple foods and may actually have sustained population more than the export of slaves depleted it

Establishment of new African-American population in the western hemisphere

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Social ChangesReligious Reformation

Scientific Revolution

Enlightenment

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Religious Reformation1500 Catholic Church benefited from European prosperity

Selling INDULGENCES to build St. Peter’s basilica

German Monk, Martin Luther, challenges corruption of church salvation could only be achieved by FAITH alone

Writes and posts 95 THESES against sale of indulgences reproduced quickly with new printing technology

excommunicated by church in 1521

Actions paved way for other reformers and began the Protestant Reformation John Calvin Calvinism

Weakened churches authority and loss of followers to other branches of Christianity

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Martin Luther

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95 Theses

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Catholic Reformation

Roman Catholic church reactsRefining doctrine, missionary activities to Protestants,

attempt to renew spiritual activity

Council of Trent (1545-1563) periodic meetings to discuss reform

Society of Jesus (Jesuits) founded by St. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)Rigorous religious and secular educationEffective missionaries

Series of religious wars ending in 1648

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Witch HuntsMost prominent in regions of tension between

Catholics and Protestants

Late 15th century development in belief in Devil and human assistants

16th-17th centuries approximately 110,000 people put on trial, some 60,000 put to deathVast majority females, usually single, widowedHeld accountable for crop failures, miscarriages, etc.

New England: 234 witches tried, 36 hung

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The Copernican UniverseReconception of the Universe

Reliance on 2nd-century Greek scholar Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria

Motionless earth inside nine concentric spheresChristians understand heaven as last sphere

Difficulty reconciling model with observed planetary movement

1543 Nicholas Copernicus of Poland breaks theoryNotion of moving Earth challenges Christian doctrineSuppressed by church

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Scientific RevolutionNew ideas spread by books among European

intellectuals

Johannes Kepler (Germany, 1571-1630) and Galileo (Italy, 1564-1642) reinforce Copernican model

Isaac Newton (1642-1727) revolutionizes study of physics

Did not believe their ideas were in conflict with religious belief

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Galileo Newton

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The Enlightenment "Common sense is the best distributed commodity in the

world, for every man is convinced that he is well supplied with it." –Descartes

“Reason is natural revelation." –John Locke

“In all ages of the world, priests have been enemies of liberty." –David Hume

“Man is born free, and everywhere he is in shackles.”- Rousseau

“Common sense is not so common.” –Voltaire

“It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong.”-Voltaire

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The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters

Francisco de Goya, 1797

“Creates a terrifying scene challenging a key tenet of the Enlightenment: that

human reason will produce progress.

Suggests when the mind’s defenses are down, as in

sleep, we are prey to internal monsters.”

(Spodek, Howard)

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Age of Reason, 18th century

Advances in science inspired European governments and individuals to question the reasonableness of accepted practices: laws, religions, social hierarchies

Social behavior governed by scientific laws and reason

Model for changing European society

Opposition from ABSOLUTE rulers and clergymen

Printing press was key to survival of movement and spread of new ideas

Influence the revolutions in the New World and then spread into Europe and South America

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THINKERS:John Locke (England, 1632-1704), Baron de

Montesquieu (France, 1689-1755) attempt to discover natural laws of politics

Center of Enlightenment: France, philosophers

Voltaire (1694-1778), caustic attacks on Roman Catholic church: écrasez l’infame, “erase the infamy”

Thomas Hobbes, Rousseau

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ActivityRead the handout and take notes on each of the

philosophers of the enlightenment.

Write a short reaction:

Compare 2

Do you agree or disagree with their ideas? Why or why not?

How do these ideas threaten the monarch’s absolute power? How could they contribute to rebellion?

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Political InnovationPolitical changes:

State DevelopmentAbsolutism vs. ConstitutionalismGlorious Revolution 1688

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16th Century Europe

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The Consolidation of Sovereign States

Emperor Charles V (r. 1519-1556) attempts to revive Holy Roman Empire as strong center of EuropeThrough marriage, political alliancesUltimately fails

Protestant Reformation provides cover for local princes to assert greater independence

Foreign opposition from France, Ottoman EmpireUnlike China, India, & Ottoman Empire, Europe

does not develop as single empire, rather individual states

Charles V abdicates to monastery in Spain

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New MonarchsItaly well-developed as economic power through

trade, manufacturing, finance

Yet England, France, and Spain surge ahead in 16th century, innovative new tax revenuesEngland: Henry VIII

Fines and fees for royal services; confiscated monastic holdings

France: Louis XI, Francis INew taxes on sales, salt trade

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Constitutional StatesEngland and Netherlands develop

institutions of popular representationEngland: constitutional monarchyNetherlands: republic

English Civil War, 1642-1649Begins with opposition to royal taxesReligious elements: Anglican church favors

complex ritual, complex church hierarchy, opposed by Calvinist Puritans

King Charles I and parliamentary armies clashKing loses, is beheaded in 1649

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Glorious Revolution:England

Puritans take over, becomes a dictatorship

Monarchy restored in 1660, fighting resumes

Resolution with bloodless coup called Glorious Revolution

King James II deposed, daughter Mary and husband William of Orange take throne, 1688Shared governance between crown and parliamentBill of Rights, 1689

Limited power of crownWilliam and Mary forced to sign

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Absolute MonarchiesTheory of Divine Right of Kings-monarchs have

derived their authority to rule directly from God

French absolutism designed by Cardinal Richelieu (under King Louis XIII, 1624-1642)Destroyed castles of nobles, crushed aristocratic

conspiraciesBuilt bureaucracy to bolster royal power base

Bourbon kings avoid Estates-General and develop absolutist style of gov’t

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Louis XIV (The “Sun King,” 1643-1715)

L’état, c’est moi: “The State – that’s me.”

Magnificent palace at Versailles, 1670s, becomes his courtLargest building in Europe1,400 fountains25,000 fully grown trees transplanted

Power centered in court, important nobles pressured to maintain presence

Symbol of opulence

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Louis XIV

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Versailles

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Versailles Gardens

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Hall of Mirrors

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Warfare and DiplomacyConstant warfare led to military revolution

Cannons, muskets, foot soldiers became commonArmies grew in size

Standing armies maintainsEngland standing navy

Developments in naval technologyWarships with four wheel cannons=easier reloadingEngland’s dominance over Spain in 1588

Continental EuropeFrance rises as new power

Russia’s emergence of as a powerFour powers of Europe France, Britain, Russia, and

Austria maintain balance of power for two centuries

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Europe in 1648