Transcultural Mental Health in a Changing World: Building a Global Response World Federation for...

Transcultural Mental Health

in a Changing World: Building a Global Response

World Federation for Mental Health Conference

Minneapolis, MN28-31 Oct 2007

Transcultural Mental Health

in a Changing World: Building a Global Response

The Role of Transcultural Mental Health in the Global

Mental Health Movement

Ronald Wintrob MD

Immigrants and Refugees:A Global Perspective

Ronald Wintrob, MDRobert Kohn, MD

Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior

Brown UniversityProvidence, Rhode Island

USA

Table 1. Number of Migrants in the World by Developed Regions; 1990-2005

(in millions)

Region 1990 2005 2005 Popln

Number % Number % %

World 155 191 3.0

More Developed Regions 82 53.2 115 60.5 9.5

Less Developed Regions 72 46.8 75 39.5 1.4

Source: Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Secretariat; Trends in Total Migrant Stock: The 2005 Revision http://esa.un.org/migration

Table 2. Number of Migrants in the World

by Continents; 1990-2005

(in millions)

Region 1990 2005 2005 Population

Number % Number % %

World 155 191 3.0

Africa 16 10.6 17 9.0 1.9

Asia 50 32.2 53 28.0 1.4

Europe 49 31.9 64 33.6 8.8

Latin America and Caribbean 7 4.5 7 3.5 1.2

North America 28 17.8 45 23.3 13.5

Oceania 5 3.1 5 2.6 15.2


Table 3. Net Outflow of World’s Migrant Population; 2005

Mexico 800,000

China 380,000

India 270,000

Iran 250,000

Pakistan 248,000

Indonesia 200,000

Philippines 180,000

Morocco 110,000

Sudan 106,000

Egypt 105,000

Peru 102,000

Table 4. Net Inflow of World’s Migrant Population; 2005

USA 1,300,000

Spain 570,000

Italy 225,000

Canada 208,000

Germany 200,000

UK 190,000

Russia 183,000

France 144,000

Australia 119,000

Table 5. Countries with Largest Percentage of

World’s Migrant Population; 2005

USA 20.12

Russia 6.34

Germany 5.32

Ukraine 3.58

France 3.39

Saudi Arabia 3.34

Canada 3.20

India 2.99

UK 2.84

Spain 2.51

Australia 2.15

Table 6. Migrants as Percentage of

National Population; 2005

Switzerland 22.88

Australia 20.33

Canada 18.92

New Zealand 15.94

Ireland 14.11

USA 12.86

Sweden 12.36

Germany 12.27

Spain 11.12

France 10.70

UK 9.60

9%

28%

4%

23%

3%

33%

Africa

Asia

Europe

Latin America andCaribbeanNorth America

Oceania

Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, Trends in Total Migrant Stock: The 2005 Revision http://esa.un.org/migration

Figure 1. Percentage of Migrants in the World

by Continents; 2005

Table 7. Number of Refugees in the World by Developed Regions; 1990-2005

(in millions)

Region 1990 2005 2005 Migrant

Population

Number % Number % %

World 18.5 100 13.5 100 7.1

More Developed Regions 2.1 10.9 2.6 19.6 2.3

Less Developed Regions 16.4 89.1 10.9 80.4 14.4


Table 8. Number of Refugees in the World by Continents; 1990-2005 (in millions)

Region 1990 2005 2005 Migrant

Population

Number % Number % %

World 18.5 100 13.5 100 7.1

Africa 5.3 28.9 3.0 22.5 17.7

Asia 9.9 53.7 7.8 57.6 14.6

Europe 1.3 7.1 2.0 15.0 3.1

Latin America and Caribbean

1.2 6.5 0.4 0.3 0.5

North America 0.6 3.2 0.5 4.1 1.2

Oceania 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.6 1.6Source: Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Secretariat; Trends in Total Migrant Stock: The 2005 Revision http://esa.un.org/migration

22%

58%0%

4%

1%

15%Africa

Asia

Europe

Latin America andCaribbeanNorth America

Oceania

Figure 2. Percentage of Refugees in the World

by Continents; 2005


0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

200000

Nu

mb

er

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

World More Developed Less Developed Least Developed

Figure 3. Number of Migrants in the World by Developed Regions; 1960-2005

(in thousands)

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

Num

be

r

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Africa Asia Europe Latin America and Caribbean North America Oceania

Figure 4. Number of Migrants in the World

by Continents; 1960-2005 (in thousands)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Pe

rce

nt

1960

1965

1970

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2000

2005


Figure 5. Migrants in the World as Percentage

of Total Population, by Developed Regions; 1960-2005

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Pe

rce

nt

1960

1965

1970

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1985

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2005


Figure 6. Migrants in the World, as Percentage of

Total Population, by Continents; 1960-2005

0

5

10

15

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25

30

35

40

45

50

Pe

rce

nt

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1965

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2005


Figure 7. Refugees in the World as Percentage of Migrant Population, by Developed Regions;

1960-2005

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

Nu

mb

er

1960

1965

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1980

1985

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1995

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2005


Figure 8. Number of Refugees in the World


1%

1%

1%

2%

13%

19%

63%

Denmark

Finland

Norway

Sweden

Canada

Australia

United States

Source: 2004 Global Refugee Trends, United Nations High Commission for Refugees, June 2005

Figure 9. Top 7 Countries of Refugee Resettlement; 2004

1370

1083

103

-455

-804

-1297

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Num

ber

N America

Europe

Oceania

Africa

Latin Amer

Asia

Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision, http://esa.un.org/unpp

Figure 10. Annual Net Number of Migrants


Figure 11. Migration Flows by Reason, into Selected OECD Countries;

1999

Source: OECD, SOPEMI 2001: Trends in International Migration

Table 9. Money Sent Home by Migrants; 2005

in US$ (billions)

India 26.9

Mexico 24.5

China 22.5

Philippines 14.9

France 12.7

Spain 7.9

United Kingdom 6.7

Germany 6.5

Morocco 5.5

Bangladesh 5.5

Pakistan 5.4

Egypt 5.2

Table 10. Foreign-Born Component

of US Population; 2000-2005

Year N (million)

% US popln

2005 35.7 12.4

2004 34.2 11.7

2003 33.5 11.5

2002 32.5 11.3

2001 31.8 11.2

2000 30.0 10.6

Table 11. Inflow of Refugees and Asylum Seekers

to the USA; 1997-2006 (per 1,000)

Year N % Total N % Total Total

2006 343 73 124 27 4682005 379 69 170 31 5492004 421 62 261 38 6822003 453 56 352 44 8042002 485 55 395 45 8802001 516 57 396 43 9122000 508 57 386 43 8941999 521 57 401 44 9221998 534 56 427 44 9611997 564 55 461 45 1024

Total 4724 58 3372 42 8097

Asylum SeekersRefugees

Homeland Insecurity: the Changing Face of Immigration

Brown University Public Affairs Conference 25-28 April 2004

Immigration and Security: A Post-9/11 Report CardDomestic security, civil liberties, and national unity after 9/11

Doris Meissner: Senior fellow, Migration Policy Institute and former commissioner U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service

War on Terror or War on Immigrants?Can US balance national security concerns with humane immigration policies?

Mark Krikorian: Executive director of the Center for Immigration StudiesFrank Sharry: Executive director of the National Immigration Forum

Yearning to Breathe FreeHow are changes in U.S. immigration policy affecting the fate of refugees?

Lavinia Limón: Executive director of Immigration and Refugee Services of America and the U.S. Committee for Refugees


Current Attitudes

Since the collapse of proposed changes in national immigration legislation in June 2007, anti-immigrant legislation has been passed in many states and municipalities

Recent court decisions have declared such legislation unconstitutional intrusions on federal responsibilities

Both Republican and Democratic parties emphasize strengthening border security and the arrest and extradition of illegal immigrants and their families


Current Attitudes

There is increasingly strong sentiment in states bordering Mexico for massive investment in border fencing, border patrols, strict law enforcement and vigorous punishment of illegal immigrants

Volunteer vigilante groups are actively patrolling some areas along the Mexican border and their actions are tolerated or encouraged by the local population


Current Attitudes

“I don’t think there has been such a surge of xenophobia in our lifetime. We haven’t seen this kind of widespread and deep-seated anger [toward immigrants] for almost 100 years, since the last big wave of immigration in the early 20th century”.

Doris Meissner; former commissioner, US Immigration and Naturalization Service


Current Attitudes

The intense rhetoric generated by the debate to tighten immigration restrictions and punish illegal immigrants has fueled discrimination against Hispanic immigrants; toward those living in the US legally, as well as illegal residents from Mexico and other Latin American countries


Current Attitudes

Our country needs to have a working immigration policy, one that corresponds to economic realities and is based on good sense and fairness. But it doesn’t. It has federal inertia and a rising immigrant tide, and a national mood of frustration and anxiety that is slipping, as it has so many times before, into hatred and fear.

Hostility for illegal immigrants falls disproportionately on an entire population of people, documented or not, who speak Spanish and are working-class or poor.

Editorial; New York Times, 22 Oct 2007

Immigrants and Refugees:A Global Perspective

Ronald Wintrob, MDRobert Kohn, MD

Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior

Brown University

Thank [email protected]

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