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RNA ANDPROTEIN SYNTHESIS
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How your cell makes very
important proteins The production (synthesis) of proteins.
3 phases:
1. Transcription
2. RNA processing
3. Translation
DNA RNA Protein
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DNA RNA Protein
Nuclear
membrane
Transcription
RNA Processing
Translation
DNA
Pre-mRNA
mRNA
Ribosome
Protein
Eukaryotic
Cell
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Before making proteins, Your
cell must first make RNA Question:
How does RNA(ribonucleic acid) differ
from DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)?
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RNAdiffers from DNA
1. RNAhas a sugar ribose
DNAhas a sugar deoxyribose
2. RNAcontains uracil (U)
DNAhas thymine (T)
3. RNAmolecule is single-stranded
DNAis double-stranded
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1. Transcription OR
RNA production
RNA molecules are produced by copying
part of DNA into a complementary
sequence of RNA
This process is started and controlled by
an enzyme called RNA polymerase.
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1. Transcription Then moves along one of the DNA strands
and links RNAnucleotides together.Nuclear
membrane
Transcription
RNA Processing
Translation
DNA
Pre-mRNA
mRNA
Ribosome
Protein
Eukaryotic
Cell
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1. Transcription
DNA
pre-mRNA
RNA Polymerase
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Question:
What would be the complementary
RNAstrand for the following DNA
sequence?
DNA 5-GCGTATG-3
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Types of RNA
Three types ofRNA:
A. messenger RNA (mRNA)
B. transfer RNA (tRNA)
C. ribosome RNA (rRNA)
Remember: all produced in thenucleus!
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mRNA
Carries instructions from DNA to the
rest of the ribosome.
Tells the ribosome what kind ofprotein to make
Acts like an email from the principal
to the cafeteria lady.
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A. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
methionine glycine serine isoleucine glycine alanine stop
codonprotein
A U G G G C U C C A U C G G C G C A U A AmRNA
start
codon
Primary structure of a protein
aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6
peptide bonds
codon 2 codon 3 codon 4 codon 5 codon 6 codon 7codon 1
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If the cell is a school
The Nucleus is the school office
The Nucleolus is the principalsoffice
The DNA is the principal
Ribosomes are the cafeteria ladies mRNA is the email from the
principal to the cafeteria lady
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B. Transfer RNA (tRNA)amino acid
attachment site
U A C
Anticodon attaches to mRNA
methionine amino acid
tRNA linksamino
acids with
codons
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2. RNA Processing
Nuclear
membrane
Transcription
RNA Processing
Translation
DNA
Pre-mRNA
mRNA
Ribosome
Protein
Eukaryotic
Cell
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2. RNA Processing
Intronsare pulled out and exonscome together.
End product is a mature RNAmoleculethat leaves the nucleusto the cytoplasm.
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2. RNA Processing
pre-RNA molecule
intron intronexon exon exon
exo
n
exon exon
Mature RNA molecule
exon exon exon
intron intron
splicesomesplicesome
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RibosomesEach ribosome contains 3 binding sites A +
P + E
PSite
ASite
Large
Subunit
49 proteins
+3 RNA
molecules
Small subunit 33 proteins +1 RNA molecule
mRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
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3. Translation
Three parts:
1. initiation: start codon (AUG)
2. elongation:3. termination: stop codon (UAG)
Lets make a PROTEIN!!!!.
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3. Translation
PSite
ASite
Large
subunit
Small subunit
mRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
tRNA is held tightly at A+P
sites only if anticodon
forms base pairs with theattached mRNA.
The A&P sites are
close enough so
the 2 tRNA areforced to form base
pairs with the
adjacent codons on
the mRNA
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Initiation
mRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
2-tRNA
G
aa2
A U
A
1-tRNA
U A C
aa1
anticodon
hydrogen
bonds codon
The A&P sites are
close enough for the
2 tRNA are forced toform base pairs with
the adjacent codons
on the mRNA
Each amino acid is added is
selected by complementary base
pairing between the anticodon on
its attached tRNA and the next
codon on the mRNA
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mRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
1-tRNA 2-tRNA
U A C G
aa1 aa2
A U
A
anticodon
hydrogen
bonds codon
peptide bond
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
Elongation
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mRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
1-tRNA
2-tRNA
U A C
G
aa1
aa2
A U
A
peptide bond
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
Ribosomes move over one codon
(leaves)
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mRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
2-tRNA
G
aa1
aa2
A U
A
peptide bonds
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
4-tRNA
G C U
aa4
A C U
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mRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
2-tRNA
G
aa1aa2
A U
A
peptide bonds
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
4-tRNA
G C U
aa4
A C U
(leaves)
Ribosomes move over one codon
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tid b d
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mRNA
G C U A C U U C G
aa1
aa2
A
peptide bonds
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
4-tRNA
G C U
aa4
A C U
U G A
5-tRNA
aa5
Ribosomes move over one codon
5
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mRNA
A C A U G U
aa1
aa2
U
primarystructure
of a protein
aa3
200-tRNA
aa4
U A G
aa5
C U
aa200
aa199
terminator
or stop
codon
Termination
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End Product The end products of protein synthesis is
a primary structure of a protein.
A sequence of amino acid bondedtogether by peptide bonds.
aa1
aa2 aa3 aa4
aa5
aa200
aa199
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Question:
The anticodon UACbelongs to a tRNAthat
recognizes and binds to a particular amino
acid.
What would be the DNA base code for this
amino acid?
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Answer:
tRNA - UAC (anticodon)
mRNA - AUG (codon) DNA - TAC