Transcription & Translation

RNA & Proteins

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I) Why is RNA important to all living

things?

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I) RNAA) Stands for Ribonucleic acid

B) Acts as a messenger for DNA, carrying the DNA code outside of the nucleus & into the cytoplasm where it can be worked on by ribosomes

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II) What are the parts to a RNA molecule?

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II) CharacteristicsA)1 main side (half

of a ladder)

B)The side is made of alternating sugars (ribose) & phosphate groups

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II) CharacteristicsC) The rungs of the ladder are

nitrogenous bases1) There are 4 bases: adenine (A),

guanine (G), cytosine (C), & uracil (U)2) A U / T A3) G C

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III) Where do RNA & proteins come from?

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A) The Central Dogma

1) AKA: The Foundation of Modern Biology

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You need to know this, this is the central dogma

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IV) RNA TypesA) Messenger RNA

1) mRNA is made by the enzyme RNA polymerase

2) mRNA is edited some before it leaves the nucleus,

3) mRNA carries the DNA message from the nucleus to the ribosome (in the cytoplasm)

4) Codon is a three letter sequences on the mRNA

RNApolymerase

DNARNA

Adenine (DNA and RNA)Cystosine (DNA and RNA)Guanine(DNA and RNA)Thymine (DNA only)Uracil (RNA only)

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IV) RNA TypesB) Transfer RNA

1)tRNA carries the attached amino acids to the mRNA / ribosome unit in the cytoplasm

2)Anticodon is a three letter sequence on the tRNA that binds with codon on the mRNA

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IV) RNA TypesC) Ribosomal RNA

1)rRNA is the construction site for the protein & is what makes the ribosome

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V) TranscriptionA) RNA is copied from DNA

using the enzyme RNA Polymerase

B) Only the sense strand (one side of the DNA) is transcribed into RNA

C) The antisense strand (other side of the DNA) is not transcribed

D) Transcription occurs from the 5’ to 3’ end of new mRNA strand (sense strand is read 3’ to 5’ direction)

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RNA Polymerase

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VI) TranslationA)This is the process of making a protein

from an RNA template

B)This process uses mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, ribosomes, & amino acids

C)Each tRNA anticodon carries with it a particular amino acid, and this pairs with the mRNA codon at the ribosome to add amino acids, one amino acid at a time

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Methionine

Phenylalanine

Ribosome

mRNA Start Codon

LysinetRNA

mRNA

Nucleus

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VII) ProteinA)Nutrients used to build & repair

the body; they are made of amino acids

B)Your body can make some amino acids; others must be obtained from your diet

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General structure of amino acids

Alanine Serine

Amino GroupCarboxyl Group

Variable Side Chain

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Amino Acids

Protein

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VIII) Genetic CodeA)The original DNA message, in a

mRNA delivery system formB)tRNA’s decoders used to

decipher the message into proteins

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