Trankebar and the Danish East India Co (DOK)

Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017

Privateers, Gunrunners and NeutralsThe Danes in India, 1620-1869

1st Danske stindisk Kompagni 1616-50

2nd Danske stindisk Kompagni 1670-1729

Danske Asiatisk Kompagni 1732-1777

Dansk stindien 1777-1869


The Asiatic Trade In 1600, Elizabeth granted the charter of the then English East India

Company

In 1602, 12 Dutch voor-compagnien were force-merged into the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie

1611-1615: The Seventh Voyage of the EIC gained 214% on an investment of 15634

1615, Jan de Willem of Amsterdam & Herman Rosenkrantz of Rotterdam, proposed to King Christian IV the foundation of a Danish trading company

March 17th, 1616, Christian IV issued a charter, giving the Danish East India Company a monopoly on trade between Denmark and Asia

Peter Ravn Rasmussen

http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.html


The Merchant King

Christian IV ascended the throne of Denmark-Norway in 1588

The countrys economy was dependent on Germany and the Baltic trade

He wanted in on the Asiatic Trade, a rising source of power for the Houses of Tudor and Orange

He sent expeditions to Greenland (to find the Old Norse settlement), North America (the Northwest Passage) and to Asia

All three failed, but the Asia expedition turned into a lasting settlement at Tarangambadi

Peter Ravn Rasmussen Frederiksborg Museum

http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.galathea3.dk/dk/Menu/Forskning/Nationalmuseets+Tranquebar+Initiativ/Materiale/Chr.+IV


The Charter Modelled on the Dutch company; much of it

translated verbatim from the VOC charter

However, it took till 1618 for the DK to raise sufficient funds to send an expedition to the Coromandel coast of India

Suggested by one of the company's advisors, Roelant Crapp, a Dutchman formerly in the service of the VOC in Asia, who knew the Nayak of Tanjavur

Coat of Arms of Christian IV; Wikimedia CommonsPeter Ravn Rasmussen

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Wappen_1594_BSB_cod_icon_326_109_crop.jpg/489px-Wappen_1594_BSB_cod_icon_326_109_crop.jpghttp://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.html


The First Expedition Finally, the resund sailed for the East Indies on August

18, 1618 as a scout under the command of Crapp

On November 29, the main expeditionary fleet, consisting of 4 Danish ships (trade ships Christian and Copenhagen, flagship Elephant and warship David) and 1 Dutch escort, set sail, under the command of 24-year-old Ove Gjedde

After a number of adventures, the ships reached Ceylon in 1620, sailing for 535 days

Painting by Christian Mlsted, 1914; National Museum of DenmarkTranquebar Association, Denmark

Forts 2.pptxhttp://www.galathea3.dk/dk/Menu/Forskning/Nationalmuseets+Tranquebar+Initiativ/Materiale/Den+f%C3%B8rste+s%C3%B8rejsehttp://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45933984


Ceylon and Serendipity In November 1617 a certain Marselis de Boschouwer arrived at Christian IV's court

He claimed to be the emissary of the Emperor of Ceylon (in reality King Senarat of Kandy), requesting an alliance to drive out the Portuguese

He showed a treaty dated 22 March 1615, granting him power of attorney to negotiate on the emperor's behalf with the Dutch, but de Boschouwer told the Danes that the Dutch were no longer interested in Ceylon.

He tried to interest Christian for Ceylon and did not hesitate to embellish the island's delights and riches; it ended with a trade treaty between the Danish king and emperor of Ceylon, signed on March 30th 1618.

Christian IV was to help and support the emperor for seven years with a ship and 300 soldiers in return for the exclusive right to trade in Ceylon for 12 years.

Peter Ravn Rasmussen, The Family Srensen

http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.html


The Un-imperial Emperor

The resund arrived first, and Roelant Crapp discovered that Senarat, King of Kandy was no emperor, but a king whose power was rapidly oozing away to the Portuguese

Crapp agreed to drive out the Portuguese, a desperate task that led to the sinking of the resund

When Gjeddes main fleet arrived, the King of Kandy refused to recognise the de Bouschower treaty (which called for him pay the Danes 90.000 dollars); de Bouschower had however died on the way

Gjedde was forced to renegotiate, dropping the money claim and receiving Trincomalee as a colony, where he ordered the building of a fort

The Family Srensen

Marco Ramerini, Southernstar

(Portuguese Ceylon) (Tanjore)

Nayak of Gingee

Nayak o

f M

adura

i

http://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.htmlhttp://www.colonialvoyage.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Portuguese-territorial-expansion-in-Ceylon-1600.-Author-and-Copyright-Marco-Ramerini.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Tanjore_Nayak_Kingdom.jpg


In October 1620 Gjedde arrived at the court of Raghunatha Nayaka of

Tanjore, possibly having heard Roelant Crapp was already there

The Portuguese seized Crapp and taken him to Negapatam (where they

had rights); but had to hand him over to Raghunatha Nayak, King of Tanjore

Raghunatha Nayak, like Senarat, saw the Danes (and the Dutch at

Tegnapatnam) as counters to the Portuguese

They secured the rights to build a fortress and factory at Tarangambadi

(Trankebar in Danish, Portuguese Tranquebar), just north of the Palk Strait

Gjedde returned to Ceylon, but seeing no opportunities in Trincomalee (and no money to complete the fort), he abandoned Ceylon altogether and left for Denmark, never to return

The Dannebrog is planted


World of coins

http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.htmlhttp://www.worldofcoins.eu/forum/index.php?topic=29074.0


Singing Waves

Tharangam = from Sanskrit Taranga (song) and Badi = from Tamil padi (coastal village)

Established in the 1305/6 by Kulasekara Pandian Maravarma as Sadangambadi (Sadanganpadi) or Kulasekarapattinam

Home to the Masilamani Nathar Temple, now in ruins

An inscription on the temple wall refers to sailors and a guild of traders of eighteen countries (Hultsch, South Indian Inscriptions, Volume IV, inscription no. 399)

TN Dept. of Archaeology, Trankebar Association, National Museum of Denmark, Peter Ravn Rasmussen

https://archive.org/stream/SouthIndianInscriptionsVol041923/South Indian Inscriptions vol 04-1923#page/n149/mode/2uphttp://www.tnarch.gov.in/sitemus/mus2.htmhttp://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/a-place-of-cultural-exchange/publications-on-cultural-exchange/cultural-exchanges-and-encounters-in-tharangampadi-tranquebar/http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.html


The Waves Sing in Danish now

Roelant Crapp negotiated the transfer of Trankebar from Raghunatha Nayak in a gold leaf dated

Raudra year, Chittirai month, 20th (Gregorian April 25, 1620)

This was followed by a formal treaty (in Portuguese) on November 20, 1620 (next slide)

A tribute of Rs 3111/- (2000 chakrams) was payable annually on Vijaya Dasami

Nevertheless, short of money (having expected it from the Emperor of Ceylon), the Danes had to sell off some of their artillery pieces to build their fort

http://www.tharangampadi.dk/pictures/images/foilfinal.jpg

National Museum of Denmark, Peter Ravn Rasmussen, http://www.tharangampadi.dk/goldfoil.html

http://www.tharangampadi.dk/pictures/images/foilfinal.jpghttp://natmus.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/natmus/forskning/dokumenter/Tranquebar/RDC_XIV_Tranquebar.pdfhttp://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.tharangampadi.dk/goldfoil.html


National Archives of Denmark

http://www.tharangampadi.dk/pictures/images/treaty.jpg


1620-1639 The first Danish East India Company lasted for only 34 years

Plagues by shipwrecks, it transported only 7 cargoes to Denmark, trading with Tenasserim (Malayan pepper) and Macassar (cloves)

In 1625, the Danes ceased trading on their own and switched to carrying Portuguese goods between the East Indies and Tranquebar as neutral third parties between the Dutch, Mughals, Portuguese and English

After 1639, no ships sailed between Trankebar and Denmark

Peter Ravn Rasmussen

http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.html


Governors under the 1st DK

Ove Gjedde (11 October 1620 - 13 February 1621)

Roelant Crappe (14 December 1620 - 9 November 1636)

Barent Pessart (9 November 1636 - 5 September 1643)

Villem Leyel (5 September 1643 - 1648)

Paul Hansen Korsor (1648 7 September 1655)

Eskild Andersen Kongsbakke (7 September 1655 - 1669)

Tranquebar Association

http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45933983


Ships of the 1st DKFirst Expedition (1620-22)

resund (sunk)

Den Hollandske Fljte

David

Elefanten

Christian

Kbenhavn

First Cargo

1. Vandhunden [St. Laurentius] 1623

2. Christianshavn 1622-23

Second Cargo

1. Perlen 1624-?

2. Jupiter 1624

Third Cargo

1. Nattergalen

2. Posthesten

3. Flensborg

4. Fortuna

5. Valby 1630

6. Caritas

Fourth Cargo

1. St. Anna 16 30-34

2. St. Anna 1636-37

3. St. Jacob

Fifth Cargo

1. Patientia 1640

2. Jgeren 1640

3. Solen 1640

Sixth Cargo

1. Christianshavn 1643

2. St. Jacob 1643

3. Prisen 1643

4. Valby 1643

Seventh Cargo

1. St. Michael 1644

2. Fortuna 1644




Roelant Crapp Of poor Dutch origins, he became the first full-time governor of Trankebar

He expanded Danish presence northwards with a factory at Masulipatnam in 1625, and lesser trading offices at Pipli and Balasore.

Nevertheless, he was plagued by shipwrecks; by 1627, only three ships were left

The same year he was unable to pay the agreed-upon tribute to the Nayak (Rs. 3,111/-).

In 1628 and 1629, he proposed the transfer of Trankebar to the Dutch company, but the VOC wasnt interested. Its footprint in Ceylon was growing, and the Portuguese were gradually being edged out (the role the Danes were to play); However, the Dutch agreed to garrison the Fort

In 1636, Crapp was summoned to Denmark and replaced as governor by Barent Pessart

Pondicherry Gazetteer, Historic Alleys, Peter Ravn Rasmussen, Den Store Danske

http://statistics.puducherry.gov.in/gazetter/PDF/II - III- THE MODERN PERIOD.pdfhttp://historicalleys.blogspot.in/2012/01/danish-factory-in-calicut-1752-1796.htmlhttp://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://denstoredanske.dk/Dansk_Biografisk_Leksikon/Samfund,_jura_og_politik/Myndigheder_og_politisk_styre/Koloniembedsmand/RolandCrapp%C3%A9


Ships lost 1618-22? resund destroyed

at Karikal, or beached at Tricomale

1618-22? Christiana beached at Ceylon

1625 Jupiter beached in Bengal

1626 Nattergalen lost in the Bay of Bengal

1629 Flensborg exploded after fight at Cape of Good Hope

1630? Vandhunden scrapped

near Tranquebar

1635? Fortuna scrapped in India

? Posthesten scrapped in India

1640 St. Jacob lost at Pipely in the Bay of Bengal

1640 Solen (Den gyldne sol) beached on the Dunes, South England, on return trip

1641 Charitas lost at Petapoli(Nizampatnam) in May

1643 Den Forgyldte Sol lost on return voyage off South East England

1643 Den Bengalske Prise grounded and totally wrecked at Emeldy, Golconda

1644 Fregatta taken over and lost the same year at Emeldy(north of Madras)

1652 Christianshavn noted as damaged and un-seaworthy in Tranquebar




Pipli (1625)Balasore (1636)

Masulipatnam (1626)

Expansion under Roelant Crapp

Trincomalee (1620; never built)Polosere (Pondicherry) (1616?-49)


Trade routes of the 1st DK

Bantam (factory)Macassar (factory)

Tenasserim (Siam)

Masulipatam

Trankebar

Balasore


Coromandel Siam Trade

Tenasserim, under the Kings of Siam then, was the first trading port of the Danes

The first voyage carried a letter of recommendation from the Nayak of Tanjore, as Siam was already familiar with traders from the Coromandel (called then, as today, klings or kelings*)

Danish ships carried textiles from Coromandel, and brought back rice and elephants (for the Nayaks needs), as well as pepper to be forwarded to Copenhagen

The loss of the Copenhagen Trankebar trade abolished the need for pepper, and the Tenasserim route became unsustainable

Martin Krieger

*from Kalinga, referring to that kingdoms ancient trade

Wikipedia

https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MpEusxizFsoC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=dannemarksnagore&source=bl&ots=d1O8n-zpfE&sig=OeMykGGSlzzzkKFiWscocjwZnmc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI5M7D4ZzSAhXHQ48KHU3YCkUQ6AEIOjAH#v=twopage&q&f=truehttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1686FrenchMapOfSiam.jpg


Coromandel Macassar Trade Macassar remained just out of the Dutch zone of

influence

The Sultans of Gowa insisted on it remaining open

to all, in place of a Dutch monopoly

Macassar became the most important trading point

for the Danes, who benefitted from the intra-Asiatic

trade, and who needed enough goods alongside

Malabar pepper and Coromandel textiles for the long journey to Copenhagen

The trade was so important that the 1628 voyage was captained by Roelant Crapp himself

The trade ceased after the conquest of Macassar by the VOC in 1667

Martin Krieger

https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MpEusxizFsoC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=dannemarksnagore&source=bl&ots=d1O8n-zpfE&sig=OeMykGGSlzzzkKFiWscocjwZnmc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI5M7D4ZzSAhXHQ48KHU3YCkUQ6AEIOjAH#v=twopage&q&f=true


Coromandel Bantam Trade Bantam was another Sultanate out of Dutch influence; its Sultan

not only encouraged foreign trade but had his own fleet

Its port received Sumatran pepper; clove, nutmeg and mace from the Moluccas and sugar from Java

After the collapse of the Trankebar Copenhagen route, the Bantam trade (along with privateering on the Bay of Bengal) became the main sustenance of Danish India

As Dutch pressure increased on Bantam, the Danes switched from conducting their own trade to renting out the ships to the others English & Portuguese

A number of Danes carried out private trade violating the DKmonopoly (including the Danish factor at Bantam), but were careful never to use Danish ships.

Martin Krieger

Under

Fir

st

D

K&

isola

tion

Under

Second D

K



Danish Pondicherry? According to the Gazetteer of Pondicherry, Muthukrishnappa (1595-1625), the Nayak of Gingee allowed

the Danes to set up a trading post at Porto Novo (Parangipettai)

In 1614, the Aravidu emperor Sriranga II had been murdered; Gingee and Tanjore found themselves on opposite sides of the ensuing civil war

Finding the Portuguese siding with Tanjore (who supported the heir of Sriranga II), he evicted them from Pondicherry, where they had been since 1524

The Danes (1616*), the French (1617) and Dutch (1618) were invited to trade there instead; but the Dutch left in 1620 and the French made no progress

A map made by a Pierre Berthelot in 1635 lists 'Polesere' as a Danish trading port

In 1639 an English explorer (from their newfound perch at Madras) Francis Day supposedly stayed in the Danish lodge

After the fall of Gingee to Bijapur in 1648-9, the Danes evacuated Pondicherry

Pondicherry Gazetteer, Short Essay on Danish Settlements

*Th

e d

ate

as p

er

the

Ga

ze

tte

ris

od

d a

s th

e D

an

es r

eco

rde

d p

rese

nce

isn

t o

lde

r th

an

16

20

http://statistics.puducherry.gov.in/gazetter/PDF/II - III- THE MODERN PERIOD.pdfhttp://www.preservearticles.com/2011101915753/short-essay-on-danish-settlements.html


Masulipatam (Machilipatnam) Masalia in Roman Times, it was an important port of the Golconda Sultans, Mughals and later the

Nizams till it was given to the French as inam in 1724

The Danes established a factory in 1625-6 to take advantage of Masulipatams flourishing trade with South East Asia as well as its connectivity with the Deccan

The presence of the Dutch, Portuguese, French & English alongside native merchants

The availability of Persian and Indian capital in lieu of Danish capital that was hard to come by

Primary Danish trade constituted of bartering South Indian Textiles with Macassar for spices (cloves and sandalwood) where by this time a factory had been established

Masulipatam quickly rose in importance till it eclipsed Trankebar; the governor stayed here from 1636 to 1641

But the actions of the governor finally caused the Danes to quit Masulipatam for the safety of Trankebar in 1643

Martin Krieger



Barent Pessart Described as an "intelligent, but most unreliable man"

Made a mess of the colony accounts, and made several high-risk

deals

By 1638, Pessart's had built up so much debt in Masulipatnam

(35800 pagodas), that the Golconda Sultanate took him and his

family hostage

Only when the Danish ship Solen captured a a ship belonging to Mir

Muhammad Sayyid Ardestani, a wealthy merchant of Golconda in

1640, that Pessart and his family were released in exchange for its return

In September 1643, when the next governor Willem Leyel arrived in India, Pessart shut him out of Dansborg. Leyel laid siege to the citadel (with aid from the native community leaders). Pessart fled in a Portuguese ship, taking with him the fort's best guns, money, and books.


Trankebar

Masulipatnam

Pipli

www.zum.de

http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.htmlhttp://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/india/deccansulthist.gif


Reviving Trankebar In Copenhagen, the major stockholders to persuade Christian IV

to dissolve the ailing company in 1638, but in vain

In 1639, the Kristianshavn and Solen sailed for Trankebar, the last ships for the next 29 years.

Pessart's theft of the books hampered Leyel's efforts to re-establish the credit-rating of the Danes with Golconda and the Mughals; failure to pay tribute also led to tensions with the new Nayak of Tanjore, Vijaya Raghava

Leyel resorted to blockading Masulipatnam (Golconda's chief port) and privateering Golcondian ships

An earlier encounter with the Mughals at Pipli had shown them the weakness of Indian navies and the willingness of the Indians to settle disputes with money


www.Salling.dk

http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.htmlhttps://salling.dk/bog-papir/boger/b%C3%B8ger-p%C3%A5-engelsk/history-military/the-trials-and-travels-of-willem-leyel-an-account-of-the-danish-east-india-company-in-tranquebar-1639-48-38147.html


From Traders to Vikings (Sort Of)

Around 1640, some Danish ships had stranded on the coast near Pipli, but the local authorities refused to help the Danes, and instead confiscated the ships' cargoes. In revenge, the Danes seized Mughal ships and commandeered their goods.

Privateering became the Danes' chief source of revenue for the next thirty years, though this led to difficulties for all other Europeans, as the Mughals didn't differentiate the 'Christians'

The success of privateering, in which several members of the Trankebar establishment had lined their pockets led to resentment when Leyel signed treaties with the Mughals and Golcondas establishing peace on Danish terms

In 1648, Leyel's officers mutinied against him, led by the former head of the factory in Macassar, PoulHansen Korsr

After a brief imprisonment and capture of the treasury, Leyel was released and allowed to go to Denmark




Not waving but drowning Poul Hansen Korsr resumed privateering, with no

discrimination between Mughal, Golconda or European shipping.

But with the treasury in disarray, Trankebars fate was unsustainable

Ultimately, Korsr tried in vain to surrender Tranquebar to the Dutch, with a guarantee that the fort would be restored to the Danes when they had the wherewithal.

Korsr died in 1655. Now chief gunner Eskild Andersen Kongsbakke (who had arrived with Leyel) was the last surviving Dane east of Africa.


http://www.historieboka.no

http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.htmlhttp://www.historieboka.no/GetFile.aspx/images/epii_id/3352/epit_id/1


The end of the Danske stindisk Kompagni

Meanwhile Christian IV had died, and his successor King Frederik III showed no great interest in the Asiatic Trade.

As the Danish East India Company was nearly bankrupt, in 1650, the king, at the behest of the major shareholders, dissolved the company

Denmark sold Tranquebar to the Elector of Brandenburg, but with no payment forthcoming, the deal was called off


Det Nationalhistoriske Museum p Frederiksborg Slot

http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.htmlhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frederik_3_by_window.jpg


A pirate republic 1655-1670

Trankebar would have no direct contact with Denmark till 1670

The low-born and illiterate Kongsbakke proved to be a competent leader, tested by fire

Vijaya Raghava Nayak sent an army to besiege Trankebar for non-payment of tribute; but Kongsbakke (who had a Tamil wife) organised an effective defence, winning the confidence of the local population

Den Store Danske,

Peter Ravn Rasmussen,

The Family Srensen

http://denstoredanske.dk/Dansk_Biografisk_Leksikon/Samfund,_jura_og_politik/Myndigheder_og_politisk_styre/Guvern%C3%B8r/Eskild_Andersen_Kongsbakkehttp://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.html


Practically autonomous 1655-1670

The siege was lifted, and Trankebar would go on to withstand further sieges as Kongsbakke strengthened its defences and added an outer fortification wall

Trankebar was by now effectively a pirate state; the revenues from privateering the Bengal trade were nevertheless well-invested by Kongsbakke in replenishing the treasury (he left behind 19,000 pagodas)

Nevertheless, it was clear in 1668 (after withstanding a nine-month siege by the Nayaks army), that Trankebar could hold out no longer

Den Store Danske, Peter Ravn Rasmussen, The Family Srensen

http://denstoredanske.dk/Dansk_Biografisk_Leksikon/Samfund,_jura_og_politik/Myndigheder_og_politisk_styre/Guvern%C3%B8r/Eskild_Andersen_Kongsbakkehttp://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.html


Fort Dansborg

Kongsbakkes outer wall

European Quarter

Trankebar 1695?


Since the establishment of the Danish in Tranquebar in 1620, the governors had had their official residence in

Fort Dansborg (on the left side in the above picture). When the Danish presence from the 1660s assumed a

more permanent character, the governors like other government officials increasingly preferred to stay

outside Dansborg in rented or owned townhouses.

Trankebar Association

http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45933999?i=41593260


The house where Governore Korsor is said to have stayed in. Now restored and used by the Lutheran church.




The end of an era In 1668, Kongsbakke sent an emissary to Copenhagen - Geert van Hagen, a Dutch sergeant from the

Dutch colony at Negapatnam.

The Danish governement sent the frigate Fr to India, commanded by Capt. Sivardt Adelaer and carrying a group of soldiers under Henrik Eggers.

The ship arrived at Trankebar in May 1669 carrying the King's notice of Kongsbakke's formal appointment as colony leader, with Eggers as his deputy.

Eggert disdained the poorly educated commoner Kongsbakke, and soon sidelined him.

Kongsbakke complained "It is the pride we had for 5 years of service in Europe and 30 years in India."

He died in 1674 and is buried in an unknown grave in Trankebar.




The winds change

Trade & Maritime Museum

http://denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_historie/Danmark_1536-1849/den_florissante_handelsperiode


The political situation by 1674 1673: The Tanjore Nayaks are overthrown by Madurai, but Tanjore

falls the next year to the Marathas under Venkoji/Ekoji I; Shivaji I is crowned in Raigad.

1674: The French flag is planted at Pondicherry

1662: The Dutch seize Negapatam from the Portuguese, by 1658 they had driven the Portuguese from Ceylon. The Portuguese cease to matter in the Bay of Bengal.

1649: The Nayaka of Gingee is overthrown by the Bijapur Sultanate and his territories annexed

1639: The British had gained a factory and port in Madras, which would soon eclipse all others in the Coromandel trade


Marco Ramerini, Ravichandar84

(Dutch Ceylon) (Tanjore)

Bijapur Sultanate

Nayak o

f M

adura

i

Trankebar

http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.htmlhttp://www.colonialvoyage.com/portuguese-ceylon-portuguese-sri-lanka-before-war-dutch/dutch-territorial-expansion-in-ceylon-1766-author-and-copyright-marco-ramerini/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Ravichandar84


War in Europe(spilling into its colonies)

Name Combatants 1 Combatants 2

Franco-Spanish War (1635-59)French, British

Republicans

Spanish, British

Royalists

Portuguese Restoration War

(1640-68)

Portuguese,

EnglishSpanish

English Civil Wars (1642-51)British Republicans,

DutchBritish Royalists

First Anglo-Dutch War (1652-54) English Dutch

Anglo-Spanish War (1654-60)French, British

Republicans

Spain, British

Royalists

First Sweden-Bremen War Swedes Bremen

Second Northern War (1655-60)

Incl Dano-Swedish War (1657-58;

1658-60)

Swedes and alliesDanes, Russians,

Dutch

Wikipedia

"Combat between two vessels, English and French," by Baron Louis-Armand La Hontan, 1703

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_15001799


Even more War in Europe

Wikipedia

Name Combatants 1 Combatants 2

Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665-67) Dutch, Danes, French English

Second Sweden-Bremen War Swedes Bremen, Danes, Dutch

War of Devolution (1667-68) French Spanish, Dutch, Swedes,

English

Franco-Dutch War (1672-78) French, English,

Swedes

Dutch, Spaniards

Scanian War (1675-79) Swedes, French Danes, Dutch

War of the Reunions (1683-84) French Spanish

Nine Years War (1688-97) Dutch, British, Spanish,

Swedes

French

Great Northern War (1700-21) Russians, Danes,

Prussians, British, Poles

Swedes, Poles, Cossacks,

British, Dutch

War of the Spanish Succession (1701-14) Prussians, British, Dutch France



War in the Coromandel 1652-1674: the Anglo-Dutch wars for control of the major

Asiatic Trade routes; end in stalemate

1672-1678: the Dutch are embroiled in war with the French under Louis XIV (Protestant Republicans vs Catholic Monarchists)

The Dutch seize Pondicherry in 1693, returning it after the Treaty of Rijswijk in 1699

The Dutch seizure of the British Monarchy reverses British alliance (William III of Orange being married to Mary II) from France to the United Provinces

These wars left the Danes in a neutral position, which was to go their advantage for the next century

Between the fighting Dutch (orange), English (red) and French (blue), Danish ships provided a neutral flag for the carriage of goods to Copenhagen, from where they were resold to European markets




Trankebar: Back in Business

1670: Christian V, newly crowned, is receptive to the formation of a new Danish East India Company

The charter granting sole rights for 40 years is signed on 20 November, 50 years to the date of the treaty with Tanjore

1670: Kongsbakkes treaty with Vijaya Raghava Nayak of Tanjore is ratified by a special envoy from Denmark, and Trankebar gains three villages

1673: A delegation is sent to the Mughals in Bengal, and a peace treaty is signed in 1674, ending privateering

1699: The charter of the second Danish East India Company is renewed for another 40 years


FW Pritchett Collection

http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.htmlhttp://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.htmlhttp://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1700_1799/trade/danish/danish.html


Oddeway Torre (1696-1722)(Edava, near Trivandrum)

Expansion under the 2nd DK

Gondalpara (Dannemarksnagore) (1698-1714)

Parangipettai (Porto Novo) (1690-?)


Trade routes of the 2nd DK

Bantam (factory)

Aceh

Manila (with the French)

Copenhagen

Trankebar

Dannemarksnagore


The Triangular Trade From Copenhagen to Trankebar

Luxury goods from Europe for expats

ammunition and armaments for Indian rulers

For the most part this was profitable

From Trankebar to Bantam

Cloth from Tamil weavers

From Trankebar to Bantam

Pepper from Sumatra

Sappan redwood & bamboo

The fall of Bantam in 1680-82 to the Dutch put an end to this trade too, but the Danes managed a trade pact with the Sultan of Johore in 1684

Martin Krieger



Slave Trade in Asia Trankebar has its share of the Danish Slave TradeShut out of Bantam, the Danes joined trade with Aceh, fiercely independent of the Dutch

The Danes ferried slaves from South India to Aceh, and sugar from Aceh to Europe

The first voyages are recorded for 1694, 95 & 96, but the DK does not seem to have been able to sustain it

Martin Krieger, The WestIndian Heritage

https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MpEusxizFsoC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=dannemarksnagore&source=bl&ots=d1O8n-zpfE&sig=OeMykGGSlzzzkKFiWscocjwZnmc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI5M7D4ZzSAhXHQ48KHU3YCkUQ6AEIOjAH#v=twopage&q&f=truehttp://den-vestindiske-arv.dk/en/wealth/the-slave-trade/


The Coromandel Trade Indian goods transported to Copenhagen

Pepper from Malabar

Saltpetre or sugar from Bengal

Lading of the ships

Sappan as undercargo; bamboo on the sides

Saltpetre/sugar as ballast

Textiles in the hold

Pepper as filler cargo; but this damaged the pepper on the way

Historic Alleys

http://www.denmarkjapan150.jp/en/history

http://historicalleys.blogspot.in/2012/01/danish-factory-in-calicut-1752-1796.htmlhttp://www.denmarkjapan150.jp/en/history


The Coromandel Trade

The Danes minted their own coins, that came to be called the Tranquebar Kash or Danish Kash

Kash from the Tamil kasu (coin), ultimately from Sanskrit karshapana

This one is dated "1694 with the DOC cypher

Dr. Frances W. Pritchett Collection,

Columbia University

http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1700_1799/coromandel/tranquebar/tranquebar.htmlhttp://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1700_1799/coromandel/tranquebar/tranquebar.html


The Bengal Trade: Dannemarksnagore

1698: The DOK secured formal permission from the Subahdarof Bengal, Azim-su-Shan, to build a lodge just south of the French lodge in Chandernagore, for a rent of Rs 30,000 for 10 years

1700: After the construction of a defensive wall around the area with 22 cannons, the lodge was named Dannemarksnagore

Though nothing remains, the area is still called Dinemardanga

1708 and 1710: the Danes also acquired the villages of Tellingapore (Telinipara) and Gondalpara (Gondol Para)

Wikiwand, Stephan Diller

Chinsurah (Hooghly) : Dutch

Chandernagore : French

Dannemarksnagore : Danish

Calcutta : English

http://www.wikiwand.com/da/Seramporehttps://books.google.co.in/books?id=2zvvSpaWcTIC&pg=PA221&lpg=PA221&dq=dannemarksnagore&source=bl&ots=436LHY6ZEZ&sig=HH19LCu09hT_V00TPbiLR7P9Az4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI5M7D4ZzSAhXHQ48KHU3YCkUQ6AEIKTAD#v=onepage&q=dannemarksnagore&f=false


The Bengal Trade: Dannemarksnagore

The factories employed a crew of 40 and stocked Bengal saltpetre and sugar

The factory and its river ships were often the target of river pirates and barely received support from Tranquebar (or the Mughals*)

1714: The Danes flee after leaving a formal Danish declaration of war against Bengal

1718: the Danes concluded negotiations with Chandusi, a Bengali sub-dealer, to return the factories, but this renewed Danish presence came to nothing

Wikiwand, Stephan Diller

Dinemardanga

Telinipara

Gondol

Para

Chandannagar

*still suspicious of the privateering history of the Danes

http://www.wikiwand.com/da/Seramporehttps://books.google.co.in/books?id=2zvvSpaWcTIC&pg=PA221&lpg=PA221&dq=dannemarksnagore&source=bl&ots=436LHY6ZEZ&sig=HH19LCu09hT_V00TPbiLR7P9Az4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI5M7D4ZzSAhXHQ48KHU3YCkUQ6AEIKTAD#v=onepage&q=dannemarksnagore&f=false


Factors at Dannemarksnagore

1698-1699 Andreas Andr, who negotiated the lease of Dannemarksnagore

1699-1702 Thomas Schmertz, who added the fortification wall and cannons

1702-1706 Johan Joachim Michelsen

1706-1709 Jacob Panck, who oversaw the acquisition of Telinipara

1709-1711 Wolff Ravn, who oversaw the acquisition of Gondalpara

1711-1714 Rasmus Hansen Attrup, who was forced to flee

1718 Gallus Bgvad, who attempted a resettlement

Stephan Diller*still suspicious of the privateering history of the Danes

https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2zvvSpaWcTIC&pg=PA221&lpg=PA221&dq=dannemarksnagore&source=bl&ots=436LHY6ZEZ&sig=HH19LCu09hT_V00TPbiLR7P9Az4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI5M7D4ZzSAhXHQ48KHU3YCkUQ6AEIKTAD#v=onepage&q=dannemarksnagore&f=false


The Malabar Trade: Oddeway Torre Pepper, from the Malabar swaroopams (Cannanore, Cochin, Calicut and Venad) was transported

across the Palghat Gap across to Trankebar at great expense

The Danes traded luxury goods and firearms in return

A presence on the Malabar Coast was keenly sought, but

opposed by the Dutch & English who had sewn up the trade

Yet in 1695, the queens of Attingal (Venad) granted permission

for a factory, which was established either at Anjengo

(Anchuthengu) or at nearby Oddeway (Edava)

It never did well; "It is a thatched House", said the British agent (who also had a factory), "of a mean Aspect and their Trade answers every way.

The Danish resident abruptly quit in 1702; in 1755 a major portion was washed away

Historic Alleys, Short Essay on Danish Settlements

Oddeway Torre (Edava)

Anjengo

Attingal

http://historicalleys.blogspot.in/2012/01/danish-factory-in-calicut-1752-1796.htmlhttp://www.preservearticles.com/2011101915753/short-essay-on-danish-settlements.html


Fort

Dansborg

Kongsbakkes

outer wall

Kongsgarde

Governors

House

Trankebar 1733


The Danish East

India Company

House, in

Copenhagen;

from a book of

drawings

published by a

Dutch architect

named Thurah, in

1746

Dr. Frances W.

Pritchett

Collection,

Columbia

University

http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1700_1799/trade/danish/danish.html


A most un-Christian King

1699: King Christian V dies; Frederick IV is involved in the Great Northern War, depleting Denmarks treasury

1720: Peace is made, but the Companys shipping is badly disrupted, and its finances are in dire straits

1726: Frederick IV rejects an appeal to revive the company

1729: the 2nd DK is dissolved

Den Store Danske, National Museum of Denmark

Wikifarudericus

http://denstoredanske.dk/Geografi_og_historie/%C3%98konomisk_historie/Asiatisk_Kompagnihttp://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/danish-era-1620-1845/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frederick_ivdenmark.jpg


Ships of the 2nd DK1. Fr (Frigate) 1669

2. Havhesten 1669

3. Magels 1670

4. Christianshavn 1670

5. Hvide Fortuna 1671

6. Prince Christian 1671

7. Oldenborg 1671

8. Magels 1672

9. Oldenborg 1672

10. Hbet 1673

11. Magels 1674

12. Fortuna 1674

13. Oldenburg -

14. Phnix ?

15. Hbet -

16. Dansborg -

17. Phnix ?

18. Flyvende Ulv 1682

19. Hvide Falk 1686 ?

20. Flyvende Ulv 1687 ?

21. Anthoinetta 1687

22. Gyldenlve

23. Haabet

24. Dansborg 1690

25. Elefanten 1690

26. Flyvende Ulv 1690

27. Flyvende Hjort 1690

28. Norske Lve 1690

29. Anthonetta 1690

30. Christianus Quintus 1693?

31. Crown Prince Frederik 1694?

32. Christianus Quintus 1695?

33. Prince Christian?

34. KronPrince Frederik 1696?

35. Prince Carl?

36. Christianus Quintus 1697 ?

37. KronPrince Frederik 1698 ?

38. Christianus Quintus 1699 ?

39. Princeesse Louise -

40. Sophie Hedevig 1700

41. KronPrince Frederik 1701

42. Prince Vilhelm ?


44. Fredericus Quartus 1704

45. Prince Jrgen ?


47. Norske Lve 1706

48. Princeesse Sophia Hedewig 1706

49. Fredericus IV 1707

50. Princess Sophia Hedewig1708

51. Norske Lve -

52. KronPrince Danmark 1708

53. Prince George 1708

54. Gyldenlve 1709

55. Fredericus IV (FridericusQuartus) 1709

56. Prince Wilhelm 1709

57. Cronprinzen 1710

58. Prince Jrgen -

59. Dansborg 1710-11

60. Prince Christian 1711

61. Gyldenlve 1713

62. Fredericus IV (FridericusQuartus) 1714

63. Dansborg -

64. Salvator Mundi 1716

65. Jomfru Susanna. 1718-20

66. Queen Anna Sophia 1721-23

67. Nymphen 1723

68. Grev Laurvig 1723

69. Den Gyldne Lve 1725

70. Grev Laurvig 1728

71. Den Gyldne Lve -

72. Queen Anna Sophia 1730




Ships lost 1679 Charlotta Amalia lost

near Gothenburg

1679 Haabet lost at Ls

1676 Oldenburg lost at Anholt

1680 Dansborg beached and destroyed in the Faroe Isles

1685 Havmanden lost

1691 Den Flyvende Ulv lost at Plymouth, England on return voyage

1697 Charlotte disappeared in

India

1698 Princess Louise lost along the south coast of India on way to Tranquebar

1701 Gyldenlve lost at Ls

1702 Christian Quintus lost in Bengal

1704 Prince Christien lost at Atchin, Indonesia

1705 Prince Carl beached at Bombay

1708 Norske Lve beached and destroyed in the Faroe Isles

1714 Dansborg lost at RbjergStrand, Northern Jutland

1714 Cronprintzen crashed and wrecked

1726 Anna Sophie beached at Ls

1730 Den Gyldne Lve lost on outward voyage from the north coast of Ireland




Governors under the 2nd DK

Henrik Eggers (1669 - 1673)

Sivert Adeler (1673 - October 1682)

Axel Juel (October 1682 9 July 1687)

Wollf Heinrich von Calnein (9 July 1687 - October 1687)

Christian Porck (October 1687 - 1689)

Moritz Hartmann (1689 - 1690)

Christian Porck (1690 - 1694)

Claus Vogdt (1694 - 9 May 1701)

Andreas Andre (19 May 1701 - 1701)

Mikkel Knudsen Crone (1701 - 1702)

Jrgen Hermandsen Bjrn (July 1702 - 1704)

Johan Sigismund Hassius (1 July 1704 - 20 October 1716)

Christen Brun-Lundegaard (20 October 1716 21 January 1720)

Christian Ulrich von Nissen (23 January 1720 -12. October 1726)

Rasmus Hansen Attrup (12 October 1726 8 August 1730)

Diderich Mhlenport (8 August 1730 1 August 1733)




Yet Another Chance

Trade & Maritime Museum

http://denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_historie/Danmark_1536-1849/den_florissante_handelsperiode


The Danish Asiatic Company

1730: King Frederick IV dies; King Christian VI takes over

1732: the Danske Asiatisk Kompagni (Danish Asiatic Company) is founded with monopoly rights for 40 years

1772: The monopoly ends, but private traders still had to pay a fee till 1792

It would prove to be the most profitable Danish venture ever; the sales value alone of cargoes from Asia 1772-1807 responded to the Kingdom of Denmark's government revenue over the same period

Copenhagen became an important trading centre for East Indian and Chinese goods - especially during periods when Denmark was neutral during major European wars


CRWFlags

Wikifarudericus

http://denstoredanske.dk/Geografi_og_historie/%C3%98konomisk_historie/Asiatisk_Kompagnihttp://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/danish-era-1620-1845/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/images/d/dk~dac17.gifhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Christian-VI_1699-1746_Danmark-Norge-Rex.jpg


Major wars among European PowersName Combatants 1 Combatants 2

War of the Austrian Succession (1740-8)French, Prussians,

Spanish, SwedesBritish, Dutch, Austrians

Second Carnatic War (1749-54) British French

Seven Years War (1756-63)British, Prussians,

PortugueseFrench, Austrians, Swedes

Third Carnatic War (1757-63) British French, Dutch

Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1780-84) British Dutch, French

First French Revolutionary War (1792-97) French, Spanish Austrians, British, Dutch

Second French Revolutionary War (1798-

1802)

French, Spanish, Danes,

Batavians

Austrians, Germans, British,

Russians

Wikipedia



Major wars among European PowersName Combatants 1 Combatants 2

First Napoleonic War (1803-6)French, Batavians,

Spanish

Austrians, Russians, British,

Swedes

Second Napoleonic War (1806-7) French, Dutch, Spanish Prussians, Swedes

Gunboat War (1807-14) British Danes

Dano-Swedish War Danes, French Swedes, British

Third Napoleonic War French, Dutch Austrians, British

Fourth Napoleonic War

Russians, Swedes,

Prussians, British,

Spanish

French, Danes

Waterloo Everybody French

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_1800%E2%80%9399


The Danish Asiatic Company

In exchange for silver, the DAK procured Indian cotton goods, and Cantonese tea and porcelain

During this period, private European traders were allowed to use the Danish flag as a neutral cover (a factor that annoyed the EICand VOC, whose respective national monopolies were broken)

The goods were transported to Copenhagen to be sold at auction, and were (re)purchased by foreign, mainly Dutch merchants

In 1844, the Royal Charter was abolished and trade in China made free for all Danes


National Museum of Denmark

http://denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_historie/Danmark_1536-1849/den_florissante_handelsperiodehttp://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/danish-era-1620-1845/http://en.natmus.dk/typo3temp/GB/f47ef0be76.jpg



Image: http://www.christianshavnernet.dk

Asiatic Company headquarters at Strand Street in

Christianshavn. The office building from 1738, designed by

Philip de Lange and warehouses from 1748-50, designed by

Nicolai Eigtved and 1781 are preserved. The complex now

houses part of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

http://en.natmus.dk/typo3temp/GB/f47ef0be76.jpghttp://www.christianshavnernet.dk/Christianshavn/Kvadrant/Nord/Strandgade.htmlhttp://www.christianshavnernet.dk/Christianshavn/Kvadrant/Nord/Strandgade.html


Colachel (1755-1824)

Balasore (1763-1846)

Expansion under the Asiatisk

Serampore (Frederiksnagore) (1755)

Calicut (1752-1791)

Frederik Islands (Nicobar Islands) (1 Jan 1756)


The Nicobar Islands - Frederikserne

In 1756 Denmark established a small colony at the Great Nicobar Island

This colony was never a success; the first and second colony teams died

of malaria

A new attempt in 1768 ended the same way, but for years Denmark

maintained its sovereignty claims through a handful of missionaries

In the 1830s and 1840s the corvette Galathea attempted colonization

in vain

In 1848, Denmark gave up its claim on the Nicobar Islands

After a period of increasing piracy in the Malacca Straits, the British finally took possession of them in 1869

Den Store Danske, Trankebar Association

The corvette Galathea at the

Nicobar Islands. Drawing JC

Thornam, 1846


http://denstoredanske.dk/Geografi_og_historie/Sydasien/Indien/Nicobarernehttp://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45934011http://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/forskning/forskningsprojekter/serampore-initiativet/historisk-baggrund/


12-12-1755: First Arrival

1-1-1756: Colony established as New Denmark

12-1756: Renamed Fredericks Islands (Frederikserne)

14-4-1759: First Abandoned:

19-8-1768 1787: 2ndsettlement

5-1807 1814: 3rdsettlement

1831 1834: 4thsettlement

1848: Final abandonment

Travel Themes

Tra

nque

bar A

ssocia

tion

http://travelthemes.in/early-history-of-andaman-nicobar/http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/297016990


Ships of the Asiatisk1. Crown Prince of Denmark

1733-34

2. Grev Laurvig 1733-34

3. Fredericus IV (Quartus) 1734-35

4. Crown Prince of Denmark 1735-36

5. Wendela (Vendela) 1735-36

6. Fredericus IV (Quartus) ?

7. Crown Prince of Denmark 1737

8. Wendela ?

9. Princess Louise 1739

10. Princess Charlotte Amalie 1740

11. Princess Louise 1741-42

12. Princess Charlotte Amalie 1742-43

13. Doquen (Dokken) 1743-44

14. Princess Louise -

15. Princess Charlotte Amalie 1744-45

16. Trankebar 1745-46

17. Doquen (Dokken) 1745-46

18. Crown Princess of Denmark 1746-47

19. Elefanten 1747

20. Doquen (Dokken) 1748

21. Kibenhavn 1748-49

22. Crown Princess of Denmark 1749

23. Elefanten 1749-50

24. Doquen (Dokken) 1751

25. Crown Princess of Denmark 1751

26. Bornholm 1752

27. Nellebladet 1752

28. Princess Wilhelmina Carolina 1752

29. Sydermandland 1753

30. Kibenhavn ?

31. Kronborg 1753

32. Kings of Denmark 1753


34. De Tre Prinsesser 1755

35. Ebenezer 1755

36. Tranquebar 1755

37. Kibenhavn 1755

38. Grev Moltke 1758

39. Kronprinsen 1760

40. Kings of Denmark 1759-60

41. Tranquebar 1760

42. Grev Moltke 1760

43. Princess Louise 1761

44. Haabet ?

45. Tranquebar 1763-?

46. Grevinde Moltke 1765

47. Queen Sophia Magdalena 1767

48. Crown Prince of Denmark 1767-68

49. Rigernes nske 1768

50. Komtesse Moltke 1768


52. Ganges 1775

53. Grev Bernstorff

54. Minerva 1775

55. Christianssted 1778

56. Queen Juliane Maria 1779

57. Rigernes nske


59. Nicobar 1781

60. Princess Sophie 1782-83

61. Johanne Marie 1783

62. Tranquebar 1784

63. Dannebrog 1787 ?


65. Dannemark 1787-88

66. Dannebrog 1789

67. Princess Louisa Auguste 1789

68. Dannemark 1791

69. Prince of Augustenborg 1793

70. Princess Frederica 1794


72. Prince of Augustenborg 1795


74. Princess Frederica 1796

75. Hvide rn 1798

76. Dannebrog 1798

77. Christianus Septimus 1801

78. Holsten 1802

79. Kibenhavn 1802

80. Flicit 1802

81. Elisabeth 1815

82. Alexander 1826

83. Alexander 1829

84. Den Danske Eeg 1835

85. Corvette Galathea 1844 1845




Ships lost 1736 Fredericus Quartus lost on

outward voyage off Skagen, North Jutland

1737 Vendela lost on outward voyage at Fetlar, Shetland Isles

1740 a ship noted as lost

1744 Princess Louisa lost on voyage to India off the Maldives

1746 Tranquebar disappeared off the Coromandel Coast on its homeward voyage

1749 three ships noted as lost

1749 Kbenhavn lost at Store Dimon, the Faroe Isles, on homeward voyage

1750 Elephanten lost on way from Tranquebar at the Cape

1751 Dokken disappeared on voyage from Tranquebar to Kbenhavn

1751? Christiansborg Slot lost on outbound voyage off Gothenburg

1752 Cron Princessen lost on way to Tranquebar at the Cape

1753 Kongen af Danmark lost on maiden voyage

1763 Grev Moltke burnt at Negapatnam

1763 Haabet lost 12. February

1769 Prince Friderich beached along the Swedish coast in the Kattegat

1780 Prs Sophie Friederikkeburnt in Kanton

1783 Nicobar lost at the Cape




Governors under the Asiatisk

Poul Krisk Panck (1 August 1733 - 13 July 1741)

Ivar Bonsack (13 July 1741 - 17 September 1744)

Hans Ernst Bonsack (17 September 1744 - 5 September 1754)

Hans Georg Krog (5 September 1754 10 August 1759)

Christian Frederik Hyer (9 May 1759 - 4 July 1760)

Herman Jacob Forck (4 July 1760 - 27 April 1761)

Peter Hermann Abbestee (29 April 1761 14 February 1775)

David Brown (14 February 1775 - 17 January 1779)




A view of Dansborg fromHistoire Gnrale des Voyages(Paris, 1746-1759; 15 volumes)

by the Abb Antoine Franois Prvost with maps and views

by Jacques-Nicolas Bellin

Dr. Frances W. Pritchett Collection, Columbia University

http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1700_1799/coromandel/tranquebar/tranquebar.html


Governor Poul Krisk Panck had lived in Tranquebar since he was very young, and refused to dwell on

Dansborg. He chose to stay in the Commandant's Farm, which he bought for 1200 RD and refurbished.


Commandants Farm


Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017 Trankebar Association, National Museum of Denmark

In 1773 a house built by Daniel Stevenson was purchased by Governor Brown for 3,200 Pagodas. It was bought

by the Danish government from him in 1784 as the governors official residence, and redesigned by Peter Anker

with a much grander faade in 1794. Between 1860-84, the British converted the building into a courthouse.

During the 1910-85, it was used to house the Salt Commisioners office and warehouse.

Governors Mansion

http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45933999?i=41593260http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/governors-residence/history-of-governors-residence/


Trade with Aceh

1730: After a long hiatus, the DAK resumed the Aceh Slave Trade, with roughly one trip every year by the ship Christian VI

1740: After intense lobbying by Lutheran missionaries, Denmark abolished the slave trade

1745: Indian traders refuse to load their goods as the Christian VI is in bad repair

1749: Sugar from the East Indies was replaced in the Copenhagen markets by Caribbean sugar, grown captively in the Danish West Indies (Now US Virgin Islands)

1755-85: the Danes restarted contact with Aceh, supplying arms to the sultans fighting the Dutch) in lieu of supporting their Nicobar ambitions

Martin Krieger



Trade with Manila

The Spanish colony of the Philippines had remained closed to European trade after the Peace of Westphalia; the Philippines trade was restricted to Spains American colonies

Nevertheless, loathe to let go of the lucrative Asian trade, Spain opened trade to Denmark in 1745, then being the sole neutral power

Lacking resources, the Danes permitted a French ship to trade with Manila, under the Danish flag and suitable renamed Dansborg; in return the French at Chandernagore were to help them gain a foothold in Bengal

The first cargo ferried textiles from Pondicherry and Trankebar, bringing back the much desired Philippine silver; much of the trade with Manila would continue in this vein

In 1755, French recommendations to Nawab Ali Vardi Khan enabled the Dutch to establish a factory at Serampore (Frederiksnagore)

Martin Krieger



The Bengal Trade In the second half of the 1700s, Bengal was India's

richest province and became the main commercial centre in India, trading silk and cotton textiles, indigo dye and saltpetre (for the manufacture of black gunpowder)

The Hooghly Rivers size made it possible for European merchant ships to gain safe harbours away from the storms of the Bay of Bengal

The English, French, Dutch and the Portuguese had secured lodges and trading concessions along the attractive river

With Trankebars South East Asian trade faltering, Denmark-Norway wanted in on the Bengal deal, despite its prior experience at Dannemarksnagore not having gone well

Wikiwand, National Museum of Denmark, Danish History

http://www.wikiwand.com/da/Seramporehttp://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/forskning/forskningsprojekter/serampore-initiativet/historisk-baggrund/http://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/forskning/forskningsprojekter/serampore-initiativet/historisk-baggrund/


The License

In return for the Manila trade opening, the French governor of Chandernagore promised the Danes help to secure permits from the Nawab of Bengal

I.C. Soetmann was sent to Chandernagore from the colonial headquarters in Trankebar; he secured a formal trade license from Nawab Ali Vardi Khan of Bengal

A lodge not far from the original site of Dannemarksnagorewas granted

the Danish Asiatic Company was permitted to trade throughout Bengal and the adjoining regions of Orissa and Bihar against a fixed customs duty of 2.5% (payable to the Nawab, alongside unmentioned monies and gifts)

The Metropolitan Museum of ArtWikiwand, National Museum of Denmark, Danish History

http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/450592?rpp=60&pg=17&ao=on&ft=india&pos=992http://www.wikiwand.com/da/Seramporehttp://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/forskning/forskningsprojekter/serampore-initiativet/historisk-baggrund/http://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/forskning/forskningsprojekter/serampore-initiativet/historisk-baggrund/


Establishment of Frederiksnagore An area facing Hoogly river in

the village of Sripur was acquired

Later the colony shifted to a larger area rented around the village areas of Serampur, Acne and Pearapur

It was named after King Frederick V of Denmark

At its peak, the colony covered about 100 km with a population of about 11,000




Bucking the British


Soon after, the British East India Company took control over Bengal (1757)

Britains hostilities with the Dutch and French in the later half of the 18th c. led to French & Dutch merchants preferring to ship out of Seramporeunder the neutral Danish flag

Englishmen, Frenchmen and Dutchmen took refuge in Serampore, either because of their nationality or because they owed money away

Serampore also became a centre for English colonial officials (nabobs) to ferret away the fortunes they had earned illegally; it was a reason for the EICs tolerance



Serampore at its Peak

By 1777, Serampores trade surpassed that of the Danish headquarters Trankebar, which was languishing after the decline of trade with Macassar and later Bantam

It was populated by European settlers from the nearby towns and on the main street and along the river, elegant villas came up.

Indians were also attracted by the opportunities for trade and production Serampore offered, and the richest of them built great palaces alongside the European houses.




The administrative center of the city was the Danish trade lodge, also known as Guvernmentshus, which was surrounded by a high (but not fortified) wall.

The Guvernementshus was restored in 2014 together by the Danish and West Bengal governments.

National Museum of DenmarkGovernment House. Painting by Mary Hohlenberg, c. 1830

http://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/forskning/forskningsprojekter/serampore-initiativet/historisk-baggrund/


Other monuments

The Denmark Tavern

Serampore College

The South Gate

St Olav Church

The Denmark Tavern, by Peter Anker

1790




The Misadventure of 1756

By 1755 a portion of the Danish territory was washed away by the sea

The king of Tanjore was asked to grant an extension of territory, which he denied

Instead, the king imposed a heavy fine on them for certain indiscretions

The Danes counter-complained of outrages by the king's officers, and on this pretext seized a temple in 1756

In attempting to capture another one, they were attacked and repulsed by the natives

The toll on the Danish side was 50 killed and 100 wounded

This would lead to lingering suspicion of the Danes, both in Tanjore and in Madras

Short Essay on Danish Settlements

Sepoy European

Infantryman

European

Officer

Follow The Drum

http://www.preservearticles.com/2011101915753/short-essay-on-danish-settlements.htmlhttp://follow-the-drum.blogspot.in/2011/01/denmark-danish-east-india-company.html


Conflict with Haider Ali

In the Carnatic Wars, Tranquebar had been used as a landing place by both the French and the British

In 1776 the Danes received an order for military stores from the Nawab of Arcot (who had occupied Tanjore)

But by the time they arrived, the Maratha Raja had been restored by the EIC, and the stores remained unused

In 1780 Admiral Hughes took them to Madras. When Haider Ali heard of this, he threatened to turn the Danes out of Tranquebar for supplying his enemies with arms

However, he was mollified with a fine of 14,000


Sridhar Babu Peram

http://www.preservearticles.com/2011101915753/short-essay-on-danish-settlements.htmlhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:"Hyder_Ali,"_a_steel_engraving_from_the_1790's_(with_modern_hand_coloring).jpghttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:"Hyder_Ali,"_a_steel_engraving_from_the_1790's_(with_modern_hand_coloring).jpg


Nationalisation

After its monopoly ended in 1772, the DAK was dependent on British officials in India for finances

The capital was what British officials in India had earned illegally; the Company's ships effectively offered 'flags of convenience' for goods actually owned by Britons

With losses mounting, the DAK surrendered administrative control of Trankebar to the Crown in 1777

The 2nd Mysore War (1780-84) though not involving the Danes, devastated the countryside, cutting off the pepper trade and ruining many native merchants

In 1796, the DAK closed down its warehouse

Denmarks History

http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/asiatisk-kompagni/?no_cache=1&cHash=afb148bf605c648a2a0de79408690319


Governors after the Danish Govt took over Danish India

Peter Hermann Abbestee (17 January 1779 - 17 May 1788)

Peter Anker (17 May 1788 - 7 February 1806)

Johan Peter Hermannson (7 February 1806 - 13 February 1808)

EIC Occupation: 13 February 1808 - 20 September 1815

Gerhard Sievers Bille (20 September 1815 19 November 1816)

Johan Peter Hermannson (19 November 1816 - 15 February 1822)

Jens Kofoed (16 February 1822 - 7 May 1823)

Ulrich Anton Schnheyde (7 May 1823 - 7 March 1825)

Hans de Brinck-Seidelin (7 March 1825 - 26 March 1829)

Lauritz Christensen (26 March 1829 - 14 May 1832)

Conrad Emil Mourier (17 May 1832 - 1 May 1838)

Johannes von Rehling (1 May 1838 - 18 June 1841)

Christian Tiemroth (18 June 1841 - 15 September 1841)

Peder Hansen (16 October 1841 - 7 November 1845)




Jacques-Nicolas Bellin's "Carte du district de Tranquebar from

Histoire gnrale des Voyages

(Paris, 1746-1759)by the Abb Antoine Franois

Prvost, with modern hand coloring


Columbia University

http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/mughal/bellintranquebar/tranquebarmax.jpg


Map of the Danish territory around

Tranquebar, by Matthias Seutter, 1744

Prominent Danes and other Europeans had country estates in the

villages controlled by Trankebar.

Most notable was the governors estate.

Much of the rural region was controlled by the Right-Hand castes

engaged in agriculture.

National Museum of Denmark,

Niels Brimnes

http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/collections-in-the-national-museum-of-denmark/maps-and-sketches-from-tranquebar-c-1670-1845/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=HdSABP70H9sC&pg=PA263&lpg=PA263&dq=Suppremannia+Setty&source=bl&ots=G5K5nMYcED&sig=VJQQu9xQeocLw5aEHFWErPTmBlQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5_8ihhJnSAhUKOI8KHVrsAl0Q6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&q=Suppremannia%20Setty&f=false


Population 3721 Inhabitants (1790) in Trankebar of

which Danes : 250

Other Europeans: 20

Indo-Potuguese: 62

Another 20,000 inhabited the villages controlled by the Danes

Tillaly 3000

Poreiar 5000

Chief Castes: Vellalas, Paraiyans, Kavarais, Saluppan Chetties, Pallis, Senaittalavans, Panchalars

Niels Brimnes

Figurines depicting a married couple from the Paraiyar caste,

collected by the Galathea expedition in 1845.


https://books.google.co.in/books?id=HdSABP70H9sC&pg=PA263&lpg=PA263&dq=Suppremannia+Setty&source=bl&ots=G5K5nMYcED&sig=VJQQu9xQeocLw5aEHFWErPTmBlQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5_8ihhJnSAhUKOI8KHVrsAl0Q6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&q=Suppremannia%20Setty&f=falsehttp://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/collections-in-the-national-museum-of-denmark/items-from-tranquebar-1800-1850/

Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017 www.columbia.edu

Important Fortifications

In Fort Dansborg

B. King's Bastion

C. Queen's Bastion

D. Bastion of Prince Christian

E. Bastion of Prince Frederick

On Outer Wall

K. Bastion of Prince George

L. Bastion of Guldenlow

M. Bastion of Denmark

N. Bastion of Norway

O. Bastion of Holstein

P. Bastion of Lolland

Q. Bastion of Seeland

R. Bastion of Prince Charles

S. Delmenhorst Redoubt

T. Oldenburg Redoubt

U. Ravelin

Bellin's plan of Trankebar

Fort and Port

European Quarter

N>

Native Quarter (Landward part)

Native Quarter (Seaward part)

FW.P

Collection

http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/mughal/bellintranquebar/bellintranquebar.htmlhttp://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/mughal/bellintranquebar/tranquebarmax.jpg

Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017 www.columbia.edu

Important Streets

(From a report in 1732)

Prince George Street: People from the even layers

Nygade: Soldiers and good people (Whites)

Kongensgade: Those who have money

Prince Christian Alley: Malabar merchants.

Sellinggade: Street where those who sail out to sea

Merchant Street: All tradesmen

To the north, was a port for the fishing village. Fishermen would also stay within the walls.

Bellin's plan of Trankebar

Fort and Port

European Quarter

N>




http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/mughal/bellintranquebar/bellintranquebar.htmlhttp://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/402582383


A. Fort Dansborg

B. King's Bastion

C. Queen's Bastion

D. Bastion of Prince Christian

E. Bastion of Prince Frederick

F. Citadel Gate

G. Back Gate

H. Magazine

I. Arsenal

R. Bastion of Prince Charles

W. Fire Gate

Z. Various Guardhouses

p. Shops

q. Forge

r. Lodgings for the Workers of the Docks?

s. Dyke

v. Ropeway

w. Pond


Columbia University

The Fort and the Port



Right: Hollow ostrich egg with carvings depicting the Cape of Good

Hope, Fort Dansborg and a town plan of Tranquebar.


Above: Fort Dansborg and two ships, both waving the Danish flag,

drawn by an Indian artist on a dried palm leaf.

http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/collections-in-the-national-museum-of-denmark/south-indian-artefacts-in-the-royal-danish-kunstkammer-c-1650-1825/


The European Quarter

K. Bastion of Prince George

L. Bastion of Guldenlow


V. Field Gate


b. Missionary Church New Jerusalem

d. Roman Catholic Church & House of the Vicar

g. Lodgings of Danish Preachers

h. House and School of Missionaries

i. Danish School and Orphanage

k. Hospital

l. Cemetery

m. City House

p. Shops

q. Forge

y. Kingsway

z. QueenswayDr. Frances W. Pritchett Collection,

Columbia University



The Coromandel Trade: Finances

The Danes numbered at most 300; the colonys population was around 3000.

They were mostly officials and soldiers; most merchants were Dutch, French or British.

The Danes lived segregated from the Indians, but they formed an integral part of the larger Pan-European colonial community in south India.

The European Quarter

The great hall in the Governors residence, as imagined by Danish architect Jens Damborg, 1984.

National Museum

of Denmark

http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/governors-residence/history-of-governors-residence/http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/danish-era-1620-1845/

Raamesh Gowri Raghavan, 2017 Trankebar Association

Governor Rehlings farm, 1824. The was

originally built by a Michael Sundt in 1762.





N. Bastion of Norway

O. Bastion of Holstein

S. Delmenhorst Redoubt

U. Ravelin

V. Field Gate


d. Roman Catholic Church

e. Mohammedan Mosque

f. Malabar Pagoda (Danish name for Tamil Hindu Temples. There were 7 in Trankebar.)

o. First Fort built by the Danes, later called the Admiral's Garden, where the Magazine was.





P. Bastion of Lolland

Q. Bastion of Zealand

T. Oldenburg Redoubt

X. Little Gate for Fishermen

Y. Little Gate for the Pagoda


c. Missionary Church Old Jerusalem

f. Malabar Pagoda

g. Lodgings of Danish Preachers

n. House of the Governor in the City

p. Shops

t. Bazaar

u. Fish Market

z. Queensway




The Native Quarter

Religious procession with Danish flags & colonial officers, late 18th / early 19th c. Maritime Museum, Denmark

http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/danish-era-1620-1845/


Professions in 1790:

Slaves: 100

Dubash: 64

Tailors: 35

Merchants: 29

Coolies: 25

Peons: 20

Jewellers: 18

Shopkeepers: 17

Sellinger: 15

Carpenters: 14

Goldsmiths: 12

Weavers: 10

Rewiders: 10

Accountants: 10

Barbers: 8

Brahmins: 8

Doctors: 7

Bricklayers: 6

Woodcutters: 5

Priests: 5

Oil Pressers: 5

Loose Ladies: 4


The Company Style of painting arose from demand by Europeans wanting souvenirs to take home;

Tanjore was an important centre for their production. Blending Indian miniature painting traditions with the

European realist approach, they depicted motifs of different castes or trades.


http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/402582381http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/collections-in-the-national-museum-of-denmark/south-indian-company-paintings-c-1770-1850/


Dubashes A dubash in colonial times was an interpreter between the

native Tamil-speaking population and the Danes, Portuguese, English and Dutch.

Dubashes were drawn from both the right-hand (agricultural) and left-hand (artisanal) castes, but most prominent were the Setties(Chettiars) and the Pulleys (Pillaimars).

Several became traders in their own right, acquiring wealth and building large houses in the native quarter of the town.

The chief dubash was the highest post a native could rise to; though the personal dubash to the governor acquired a lot of influence.

Intrigues between the dubashes occupied much of the political skills of the governing council

Tharangampadi blog National Museum of Denmark

http://www.tharangampadi.dk/blackcourt.htmlhttp://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/danish-era-1620-1845/publications-on-the-danish-era/danish-civil-servants-and-indian-elites/


The Black Court Most right-hand castes lived in the rural regions, especially in

Poraiyar and Tillaly. On the other hand, left-hand castes tended to congregate in the town.

A number of conflicts arose due to competition between the castes for influence with the Danish masters, especially over trade revenues, privileges and customary law.

As several of theseconflicts were not tractable under Danish law, Trankebar created the Black Court.

This consisted of a Proveditor (a local police commissioner), a dubash, a secretary and six assessors consisting of two Malabars(Hindus), two Moors (Muslims) and two Christians.

Tharangampadi blog

http://www.tharangampadi.dk/blackcourt.html


The Black Court A European observer was stationed at the Court in order to ensure

a correct proceeding without having the power to judge.

Judgments had to be pronounced taking into account the customs and traditions of the Indians, but cases pertaining to intra-caste customs (such as ceremonial rights and inheritance) were left untouched.

The judgment was to be written in Tamil, and read aloud in the court before getting translated into Danish.

Tharangampadi blog

http://www.tharangampadi.dk/blackcourt.html


The Coromandel Trade: Finances A Danish 4 kash coin, issued by the

Tranquebar mint in the name of Christian VI (1730-1746), Danish India

Note the monogram of the DAC

In later times the Danish colony would come to bank heavily on EICbankers in Madras

Dr. Frances W. Pritchett Collection,Columbia University

http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1700_1799/coromandel/tranquebar/tranquebar.html


The Coromandel Trade: Textiles

Tranquebar was a magnet for merchants, administrators, soldiers, and missionaries from Denmark, Norway, and other European countries without colonies of their own.

It also supported a large population of Indian dyers and weavers, who produced silk and painted cotton cloth for export.

These hand-painted and dyed textiles could constitute up to 80% of a ships cargo, besides the coveted black pepper from Malabar.

After the year 1800, with Denmarks defeat in the Napoleonic Wars and the rapid expansion of British power, Danish trade declined.

By the 1820s, most merchants and weavers had moved out of Trankebar leaving the town desolate. Silk weaving couple, company style

miniature painting, late 18th century


http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/historical-knowledge-the-world/asia/india/tranquebar/danish-era-1620-1845/


The Malabar Trade: Calicut In 1752, DAK established a pepper procurement lodge

at Calicut at the invitation of the Zamorin, who looked at the Danes as possible allies against the Dutch who were allied with his rival, the Maharaja of Cochin

A 3-point deal was struck, according to which the Danes Would pay customs duties

supply of armaments when needed

and provide armed support if the Zamorins dominion

came under attack

A plot of land was given, where the Danish lodge was constructed at a cost of 25,000 rixdollars

The lodge is currently part of the Kozhikode Beach Hospital


http://historicalleys.blogspot.in/2012/01/danish-factory-in-calicut-1752-1796.htmlhttp://www.preservearticles.com/2011101915753/short-essay-on-danish-settlements.html


The Danish Lodge at Calicut

60 yards behind the old jail and 260 from the sea

Two buildings with a considerable yard between them

The missionary Paulinus of St. Bartholomew wrote that the Danish lodge was well known for its beauty.

Four rooms on the ground floor Later used partly as dispensary and partly as

wards for lunatics

During Tipus invasion the lower portion was used as a stable for Tipus horses

Three on the upper storey with boarded floors

The principal chamber being 30X20 ft

One each on either side, measuring 26X15 ft.

Historic Alleys, Short Essay on Danish SettlementsImage: http://mapio.net/pic/p-10096443/

http://historicalleys.blogspot.in/2012/01/danish-factory-in-calicut-1752-1796.htmlhttp://www.preservearticles.com/2011101915753/short-essay-on-danish-settlements.htmlhttp://mapio.net/pic/p-10096443/


The Malabar Trade: Colachel

At the invitation of the newly emergent Travancore State, the Danes established a factory at Colachel

Despite its longevity (1755-1824), it never did much trade, as a contemporary (the Abbe Reynal) describes it in 1760:

The factory of the Danes at Kolhachy is nothing more than a small store house where they might nevertheless be supplied with two lakhs weight of pepper. But such is their indolence or their poverty that they made but one purchase and that of a very small quantity these ten years.

Another reason for failure was the establishment of an EICfactory at Edava, and their hold over Travancore


http://dutchinkerala.com

http://historicalleys.blogspot.in/2012/01/danish-factory-in-calicut-1752-1796.htmlhttp://www.preservearticles.com/2011101915753/short-essay-on-danish-settlements.htmlhttp://dutchinkerala.com/english/article10/travacore2.jpg


Danish Intrigues in the Malabar

After twice failing to show interest in Trankebar in the 17th c., the Dutch interested themselves in it in the 18th.

However, in spite of negotiations, the Danes remained unwilling to leave Trankebar.

In the Treaty of Mavelikara with Travancore (1763), the Dutch tried to demand the exclusion of the Danes from trade with Travancore, in lieu of foregoing their alliances with Travancores rivals. Furious with this, the Danes supplied weapons to the Zamorin of Calicut.

In 1729 Marthanda Varma succeeded to the throne of Venad. In his long campaign of unifying southern Kerala, he sought the Danes help in procuring arms, in return for favours in the pepper trade

Travancore-Danish dalliances would continue under Rama Varma (1759-98)

This was seriously noted by the EIC factor of Anjengo, and was one of the factors in the takeover of Danish properties in India by the EIC in 1801


http://www.preservearticles.com/2011101915753/short-essay-on-danish-settlements.html


Ouster of the Danes from Malabar

The Danes surreptitiously supplied arms to Travancore and Mysore, but Danish goods were outdated and often unusable

However, the Danes neutrality had become irrelevant after the Travancore-Dutch War of 1741 destroyed VOC dominance of Kerala and led to the rise of EIC ascendancy

It suffered a blow after the conquest of Calicut by Hyder Ali in 1767; Tipus subsequent alliance with the French (and Travancores earlier alliance with the EIC) left Danish arms without a market

Tipu ordered the Danes out in 1788 from Calicut, but would himself be evicted from Calicut in 1791 by the EIC

The Danes continued to claim their lodge from a temporary bases in Alleppey, but operations ended in 1796 after the EIC ruled that they had ceded the lodge to Tipu by default

While the Colachel lodge continued till 1824, the EIC had long c

Trankebar and the Danish East India Co (DOK)

Education

Transcript of Trankebar and the Danish East India Co (DOK)