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Training of Trainers on

Mainstreaming Disaster Risk

Reduction and Climate Change

Adaptation

September 2015

ii

Title: Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation

Prepared by All India Disaster Mitigation Institute (AIDMI) with the support of

Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA)

Under GoI-UNDP Project on Enhancing Institutional and Community Resilience to Disaster and

Climate Change

Photographs: AIDMI

© OSDMA and AIDMI

September 2015

iii

From Disaster Response to Climate Smart Disaster Risk

Management (DRAFT)

OSDMA, with support from UNDP – India undertook the responsibility to identify gaps and

needs in the climatically sensitive and disaster prone core planning areas. This task was

completed in the form of a training needs assessment, which covered all such areas and

identified training needs specifically focused on the topics. Based on the findings from TNA

exercise, this training module has been developed, which comprehensively addresses the gaps

and needs in different development sectors.

This module is a valuable contribution towards growing concerns of climate change and

disaster risk reduction issues. We are hopeful that this training manual will serve its purpose

by providing a valuable learning resource to all the Government departments, developmental

agencies, scholars, and individuals who wish to understand the sensitive issues and various

parameters on mainstreaming DRR and CCA in local development activities.

The OSDMA tries to set a benchmark for other state authorities with its exemplary response

to cyclone Phailin. Taking the lessons from this disaster event OSDMA took the initiative to

move to next level and decided to support the formulation of this training module.

OSDMA is pleased to partner with AIDMI on development of this ToT programme. The joint

efforts between OSDMA and AIDMI is an effective synergy. OSDMA is committed to

moving further from effective disaster response to climate smart disaster risk management.

The implementation of SFDRR in Odisha is requires long term partnership between disaster

management authorities, line departments, private sectors, civil society organization and local

communities.

We sincerely hope that this manual would help DRR actors better design, implement and

monitor DRR CCA integrated actions at local level. With this view, OSDMA offers this

manual on Mainstreaming DRR and CCA for those officials who are committed to make

Odisha safer from risks.

Dr. Kamal Lochan Mishra

Chief General Manager

Odisha State Disaster Management Authority

September 2015

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Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: A

Closer Association for Sustainable Development

The increasing overlap of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Climate Change Adaptation

(CCA) has thrown open several challenges and opportunities for sustainable development in

India. In order to address these challenges it is imperative that we come up with

transformative innovations. This training of Trainers (ToT) manual is one such innovation.

The importance of addressing the overlap between DRR and CCA is recognized from the

bottom to top, by all groups. The recent World Conference Disaster Risk Reduction

(WCDRR) adopted the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (SFDRR)

based on the progress made by the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) through 2005-2015.

One of the key aspects of SFDRR is on the integration of CCA with DRR efforts. This ToT

manual supports this integration.

Similarly, at COP 19 (Conference of Parties - 2013), the establishment of the Warsaw

International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with Climate Change Impacts, to

address the loss and damage associated with the impacts of climate change, including

extreme events and slow onset events in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable

to the adverse effects of climate change was a welcome recognition. This recognition

demands closer link between DRR and CCA. This ToT manual initiates ways to look at loss

and damage at the local level.

The OSDMA (Odisha State Disaster Management Authority) is rich with experience of

disaster response and is becoming a model for other state authorities for effective response to

natural disasters. The successful work during 2013 cyclone Phailin and 2014 cyclone

Hudhud are well known and even appreciated by the NDMA; UNISDR and World Bank, and

the most importantly by the communities of Odisha. The efforts for close linkages between

DRR and CCA by OSDMA is one of the key initiatives at national level. This ToT manual is

one of the small but concrete steps by OSDMA.

Since 2008, AIDMI has been systematically integrating its DRR actions with CCA in various

ways under „Risk and Resilience Programme‟. Government of India in WCDRR 2015 Sendai

clearly promoted for idea of cooperative federalism as an essential step towards

implementing SFDRR. This manual moves ahead in implementing SFDRR in the cooperative

federalism spirit.

The NDMA had invited Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) at the First Dialogue on

Operationalization of Key Priorities of SFDRR on Strengthen Government-Civil Society

Cooperation in DRR on June 29, 2015 Delhi. Mr. Kamal Kishore, Member, NDMA

concluded to innovate at the lowest level, plan the integration of district level, and enhance

early warning system, reaching the citizens. This manual initiates this process.

AIDMI has enjoyed the learning partnership with OSDMA and with the communities of

Odisha. AIDMI is pleased to join the state and national efforts for mainstreaming DRR and

CCA into sustainable development.

Kamal Lochan Mishra and his team at OSDMA are one of the great champions behind this

much needed integration strategy at the state level.

Mihir R. Bhatt

All India Disaster Mitigation Institute

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Need for mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Climate Change Adaptation

(CCA) is now well recognized, but it is not easy, not many know how to do so. In this

OSDMA has found a way ahead in Odisha.

The module has been developed with active and fruitful contribution by a number of

people and institutions. We would like to express our gratitude towards Shri G.V.V

Sarma, IAS Managing Director and Dr. Kamal Lochan Mishra, Chief General Manager,

Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA) for taking up such important

work and shaping the module. Mr. Prasant Kumar Nayak, Deputy General Manager,

Training and Coordination, OSDMA and Ms. Seema Mohanty, State Project Officer,

UNDP, Odisha rendered their best possible support, guidance and coordination.

We have also highly benefitted by comments, suggestions and guidance provided by the

team members of UNDP, India, particularly Mr. G. Padmanabhan, Ms. Abha Mishra and

Ms. Reshmi Theckethil. Time-to-time their inputs are heartily acknowledged. OSDMA

and UNDP have not only provided financial support or organizers, but join the process

as an active knowledge partner. We value the inputs provided by the team of OSDMA

and UNDP.

The team at AIDMI worked tirelessly to make this module. AIDMI team, especially Mr.

Anand Prokash Kanoo, Mr. Manish Patel, Mr. Mehul Pandya, Ms. Sonali Das, Ms. Vandana

Chauhan, and Mr. Vishal Pathak, made a high quality team to develop the module as per

the UNDP and OSDMA expectation. I take this opportunity to express gratitude to all

members of team AIDMI who have been involved in different phases of the module

development process.

AIDMI is thankful to National Disaster Management Authority and National Institute of

Disaster Management, Ministry of Forest and Environment of Government of India as

valuable resources have been prepared by these authorities which are used as a

reference material during the preparation of this module. One such resource is –

Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction into District

Level Development Plans by NIDM. This is useful input into this module. Similarly

AIDMI also would like to thank UNFCCC, UNISDR, IFRC, and CDKN for the creation of

high quality knowledge management products that created good resource during

preparing this module.

OSDMA, UNDP and AIDMI have produced the final output in the form of this

comprehensive module. Communities of Odisha have from time to time demonstrated

their abilities and capacities to respond to climatic extremes and disasters in a resilient

manner. The Inter Agency Group has often pointed out this as the key strength of

Odisha. The citizens of Odisha are the source of inspiration behind the module. The

entire concept is thought and visualized around making the communities more resilient

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to reduce disasters, risks and adaptation to climate change. Their contribution is also

acknowledged here with.

This is small local effort to implement Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction in

Odisha.

All India Disaster Mitigation Institute

September 2015

vii

CONTENTS

From Disaster Response to Climate Smart Disaster Risk Management (DRAFT) .............................. iii

Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: A Closer Association for Sustainable

Development .......................................................................................................................................... iv

Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................................. v

Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................... xi

Terminologies ..................................................................................................................................... xiii

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Context ....................................................................................................................................... 2

1.2 The Training of Trainers Approach ............................................................................................ 4

1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Training .......................................................................................... 4

1.4 Expected Benefits ....................................................................................................................... 4

1.5 Overview of the Module ............................................................................................................. 4

2. Understanding the Mainstreaming of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change

Adaptation ....................................................................................................................................... 7

2.1 Climate Change Adaptation ....................................................................................................... 8

2.2 Disasters Risk Reduction .......................................................................................................... 10

2.3 Common Concerns ................................................................................................................... 13

2.4 Mainstreaming of DRR and CCA ............................................................................................ 19

Facilitators‟ Guide .......................................................................................................................... 21

3. Risk, Risk Reduction and Adaptation to Climate Change in India and In Odisha ................ 23

3.1 Disaster and Disaster Risk in India .......................................................................................... 24

3.2 Climate Change in India ........................................................................................................... 27

3.3 Legal and Institutional Framework on CCA and DRR in India and Odisha ............................ 30

3.4 National Action Plan on Climate Change................................................................................. 32

3.5 Odisha State Action Plan on Climate Change .......................................................................... 35

3.6 Other Initiatives at National and State level incorporating DRR and CCA ............................. 40


4. DRR, CCA and Key Sectors ........................................................................................................ 45

4.1 Agriculture ................................................................................................................................ 46

4.2 Public Health ............................................................................................................................ 49

4.3 Social Welfare (Woman and Child Development) ................................................................... 51

4.4 Public Works and Infrastructure ............................................................................................... 54

4.5 Rural and Urban Development: ................................................................................................ 56

4.6 Energy ...................................................................................................................................... 57

4.7 Water Resources ....................................................................................................................... 59

4.8 Health ....................................................................................................................................... 59

4.9 Livelihood and Food Security .................................................................................................. 61

4.10 Compendium of Best Practices for DRR and CCA Mainstreaming....................................... 63


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5. Practical Guide to Mainstream Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation ....... 73

5.1 Broad Considerations ............................................................................................................... 74

5.2 Ten Principles for an Integrated Approach to DRR and CCA ................................................. 74

5.3 Mainstreaming DRR and CCA in Disaster Risk Management ................................................ 76

5.4 Gender and Child Centric - DRR and CCA ............................................................................. 80

5.5 Recommendations for Mainstreaming DRR and CCA ............................................................ 81

5.6 Mainstreaming DRR and CCA National and State level Programs ......................................... 82


6. Monitoring and Evaluation ......................................................................................................... 95

6.1 General Concepts Used in M and E ......................................................................................... 96

6.2 Monitoring and Evaluation Approaches in Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk

Reduction ................................................................................................................................. 98

6.3 Three Key Issues Common to M&E ........................................................................................ 98

6.4 Challenges of M&E in the Context of Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management .................... 100

6.5 Learning to Adapt: Principles for M&E of Climate Change Adaptation from a

Climate Smart Disaster Risk Management Perspective ......................................................... 106

Facilitators‟ Guide ........................................................................................................................ 108

7. Training Techniques .................................................................................................................. 111

7.1 Meaning of Training ............................................................................................................... 112

7.2 Systematic Approach to Training (SAT) ................................................................................ 112

7.3 Principles of Adult Learning .................................................................................................. 112

7.4 Factors Influencing the Learning Process .............................................................................. 114

7.5 Preparing a Lecture................................................................................................................. 114

7.6 Visual Aids ............................................................................................................................. 115

7.7 Non-Verbal Communication: ................................................................................................. 116

Annexure I: Resources and References .......................................................................................... 117

Annexure II: Summary of Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction

– 2015-2030 ............................................................................................................... 121

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List of Tables

Table

No

Table Title

1 Summary of Commonalities between Adaptation and DRR 16

2 Summary of Differences between Adaptation and DRR 17

3 Natural Disaster Statics in India from 1950-2015 24

4 Ministries Responsible for Various Categories of Disasters 31

5 Status of NAPCCC Implementation in India 33

6 Sector wise Key Priorities under OSAPCC 36

7 Summary of DRR and CCA Institutional and Legal Framework 40

8 Overall Projections on Possible Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture 47

9 Summary of Climate Risks, Impacts and Responses Associated with Different

Types of Rural and Small Town Water Supply Technologies 50

10 Compendium of Best Practices on DRR and CCA Mainstreaming 63

11 Principles of DRR and CCA Mainstreaming in Disaster Preparedness 76

12 Principles of DRR and CCA Mainstreaming in Disaster Response 78

13 Principles of DRR and CCA Mainstreaming in Disaster Recovery 79

14 Key Questions for DRR and CCA Screening 83

15 Centrally Sponsored Schemes and Mainstreaming DRR and CCA 84

16 State Level Schemes and Mainstreaming of DRR and CCA 86

17 Existing Approaches and Methodologies for the Evaluation of Adaptation

Interventions 102

18 Examples of Indicators in the UNDP Adaptation Framework 102

19 Examples of Output Indicators of a Disaster Resilient Community 104

20 Example of Process-based Evaluation 104

List of Figures

Figure

No

Figure Title

1 Disaster Risk Management Cycle 12

2 Common Concerns DRR and CCA 13

3 A Typology of Hazards 14

4 Institutional Arrangement on Climate Change in India 32

5 Current Methodologies and Tools used for Evaluating Planned Adaptation

Interventions 105

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List of Boxes

Box No Box Title

1 Summary of a Study Titled “Response of Farmers to Climate Change in Odisha:

An empirical Investigation” 48

2 Women Adapting to Climate Change in Puri, Odisha 53

3 Project Case Study: High Speed Two (HS2) 54

4 Case Example: Western Odisha Rural Livelihood Project 56

5 Examples of Climate Change Impact on Energy Sector 57

6 Case Example: Site Risk Assessment and Disaster Planning 58

7 Case Example: Heat waves and Ahmedabad‟s Action Plan 60

8 Case Example: Afat Vimo (Disaster Micro Insurance) - the Success Story from

Odisha 62

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ACRONYMS

AIDMI All India Disaster Mitigation Institute

AOSIS Association of Small Island States

CBA Community Based Adaptation

CBDRM Community Based Disaster Risk Management

CBO Community Based Organization

CCA Climate Change Adaptation

CSS Centrally Sponsored Scheme

DDMA District Disaster Management Authority

DRM Disaster Risk Management

DRR Disaster Risk Reduction

EWS Early Warning Systems

GCM General Circulation Models

IAY Indira Aawas Yojana

ICDS Integrated Child Development Services Scheme

IDM/IPM Integrated Disease/Pest Management

IMD Indian Meteorological Department

INGO International Non-Governmental Organization

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

JNNURM Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

MHA Ministry of Home Affairs

MNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

MoEF Ministry of Environment and forests

NAPCC National Action Plan on Climate Change

NCRMP National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project

NDMA National Disaster Management Authority

NDRF National Disaster Response Force

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NGO Non-Governmental Organization

NHM National Health Mission

NIDM National Institute of Disaster Management

NRLM National Rural Livelihoods Mission

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OSAPCC Odisha State Action Plan on Climate Change

OSDMA Odisha State Disaster Management Authority

PHED Public Health Engineering Department

PMGSY Prime Minister‟s Gram Sadak Yojana

PWD Public Works Department

RAY Rajiv Awas Yojana

RWSS Rural Water and Sanitation Scheme

SDGs Sustainable Development Goals

SFDRR Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030)

SLS State Level Schemes

SSA Sarv Shikhsha Abhiyan

TOT Training of Trainers

ULBs Urban Local Bodies

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

UNISDR United Nation‟s International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

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TERMINOLOGIES

Adaptation

The adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli

or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.

Comment: This definition addresses the concerns of climate change and is sourced from the

secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

The broader concept of adaptation also applies to non-climatic factors such as soil erosion or

surface subsidence. Adaptation can occur in autonomous fashion, for example through

market changes, or as a result of intentional adaptation policies and plans. Many disaster risk

reduction measures can directly contribute to better adaptation. (UNISDR terminology)

Climate

Simple definition: Climate is the “average” weather over a long period of time – decades,

centuries, millennia.

Full definition: The statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant

quantities over a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. These

quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation, and wind.

Climate in a wider sense is the state, including a statistical description, of the climate system.

The classical period of time is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization

(WMO).

Climate change

(a) The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines climate change as: “a

change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by

changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended

period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes

or external forcings, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the

atmosphere or in land use”.

(b) The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) defines

climate change as “a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human

activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to

natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods”.

Comment: For disaster risk reduction purposes, either of these definitions may be suitable,

depending on the particular context. The UNFCCC definition is the more restricted one as it

excludes climate changes attributable to natural causes. The IPCC definition can be

paraphrased for popular communications as “A change in the climate that persists for decades

or longer, arising from either natural causes or human activity.” (UNISDR terminology)

Climate variability

Simple definition: Short-term change in climate caused by changes in the ocean and

atmosphere. El Niño is an example of climate variability. Climate variability is not the same

as climate change. Climate change also changes climate variability.

Full definition: Climate variability refers to variations in the mean state and other statistics

(such as standard deviations, statistics of extremes, etc.) of the climate on all temporal and

spatial scales beyond that of individual weather events. Variability may be due to natural

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internal processes within the climate system (internal variability), or to variations in natural or

anthropogenic external forcing (external variability).

Community-based adaptation (CBA)

A community-led process based on communities‟ priorities, needs, knowledge, and

capacities, which should empower people to plan for and cope with the impacts of climate

change. (Hannah Reid, Mozaharul Alam, Rachel Berger, Terry Cannon, Saleemul Huq, and

Angela Milligan, Community-based adaptation to climate change: an overview, 2010)

Conservation in a changing climate

Traditional conservation strategies assume a stationary climate and have as a goal to restore

damaged ecosystems to a previous state or to preserve undamaged ecosystems. However,

under conditions of a changing climate, it is no longer possible to look to the past as a guide

to what the world should look like. New ecosystems will be formed as the climate changes

and species migrate. Success for conservation in the future will be to promote flexibility and

facilitate change in ecosystems that minimize loss of biodiversity.1

Coping

Coping refers to actions taken in response to an extreme event, like a storm or drought, to

ensure survival and often results in a long-term decrease in wellbeing. For example, a farmer

may need to sell his cow during a drought to provide income for his family. After the drought

his family is poorer than they were before the drought. Coping is what happens in the absence

of pro-active adaptation that reduces vulnerability of people and ecosystems to climate and

extreme events.

Development in a changing climate

The goal of development is to enhance human wellbeing for the world‟s poor. Adaptation

may help maintain current levels of human wellbeing, but this is not enough. In a changing

climate, development activities must seek ways to improve human wellbeing and build

resilience to extreme events and other disturbances.

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)

The concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyse and

manage the causal factors of disasters, including through reduced exposure to hazards,

lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the environment,

and improved preparedness for adverse events.

Comment: A comprehensive approach to reduce disaster risks is set out in the United

Nations-endorsed Hyogo Framework for Action, adopted in 2005, whose expected outcome

is “The substantial reduction of disaster losses, in lives and the social, economic and

environmental assets of communities and countries.” The International Strategy for Disaster

Reduction (ISDR) system provides a vehicle for cooperation among Governments,

organisations and civil society actors to assist in the implementation of the Framework. Note

that while the term “disaster reduction” is sometimes used, the term “disaster risk reduction”

provides a better recognition of the ongoing nature of disaster risks and the ongoing potential

to reduce these risks. (UNISDR terminology)

Ecosystem-based adaptation (EBA)

1 Briefing Note, Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction, 2008

http://www.unisdr.org/files/4146_ClimateChangeDRR.pdf


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The use of biodiversity and ecosystem services as part of an overall adaptive strategy for

people to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change. (IUCN) Note the main goal of

ecosystem-based adaptation is to help PEOPLE adapt to climate change. Biodiversity and

ecosystem services are means by which to help people. This term is often misunderstood and

misused in the conservation community.

Impacts

Simple definition: The manifestation of vulnerability. The damage caused by climate and

weather-related hazards.

Full definition: The effects of climate change on natural and human systems. Depending on

the consideration of adaptation, one can distinguish between potential impacts and residual

impacts:

Potential impacts: all impacts that may occur given a projected change in climate, without

considering adaptation.

Residual impacts: the impacts of climate change that would occur after adaptation.

Linking

The incorporation of initiatives, measures, strategies to reduce vulnerability to climate change

into other existing policies, programs, resource management structures, and other livelihood

enhancement activities, so that adaptation to climate change becomes part of, or consistent

with, other sectoral programs. (ADB)

Maladaptation

An adaptation action that leads to increased vulnerability to climate. Maladaptation often

results from short-sighted planning, where short-term benefits are gained, either knowingly or

unknowingly, cause the situation to become worse in the future or cause additional problems.

Maladaptation can also result from non-inclusive planning, where one group benefits from

the adaptation action at the expense of another, for example, ensuring that people near the

source of a river have water in times of drought could mean that people further downstream

have less water.

Mitigation

The lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters.

Comment: The adverse impacts of hazards often cannot be prevented fully, but their scale or

severity can be substantially lessened by various strategies and actions. Mitigation measures

encompass engineering techniques and hazard-resistant construction as well as improved

environmental policies and public awareness. It should be noted that in climate change

policy, “mitigation” is defined differently, being the term used for the reduction of

greenhouse gas emissions that are the source of climate change. (UNISDR terminology)

REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation)

Actions designed to use market and financial incentives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

from deforestation and forest degradation. Because the goal of REDD is to reduce carbon in

the atmosphere, it is considered a mitigation strategy.

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Resilience building

Building resilience helps ensure that ecosystems and communities can return to a normal

state of wellbeing following an extreme event or other climate-related disturbance. Resilience

building is often referred to as “buying time.” Many traditional conservation activities help

build resilience to a changing climate. However, in many places where an increased

frequency and severity of extreme events is anticipated, more pro-active adaptation measures

that go beyond traditional conservation will be needed to ensure the wellbeing of ecosystems

and communities.

Vulnerability

The characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it

susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.

Comment: There are many aspects of vulnerability, arising from various physical, social,

economic, and environmental factors. Examples may include poor design and construction of

buildings, inadequate protection of assets, lack of public information and awareness, limited

official recognition of risks and preparedness measures, and disregard for wise environmental

management. Vulnerability varies significantly within a community and over time. This

definition identifies vulnerability as a characteristic of the element of interest (community,

system or asset) which is independent of its exposure. However, in common use the word is

often used more broadly to include the element‟s exposure. (UNISDR terminology)

Weather

Simple definition: Weather is something that happens on a daily basis in the atmosphere – air

temperature, rain, snow, wind, etc.

Full definition: Weather is the state of the atmosphere, to the degree that it is hot or cold, wet

or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy. Most weather phenomena occur in the troposphere

just below the stratosphere. Weather refers, generally, to day-to-day temperature and

precipitation activity.

Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation 1

Chapter Summary:

This chapter starts with a contextual analysis of the overall situation of climate change, its

impacts, challenges and limitations, etc. it presents to the trainee a picture depicting how

climate change has become a topic of global significance with local implications. It

presents facts and arguments justifying the adversities and challenges associated with

climate change in India. It highlights the same for Odisha as well and draws the attention

of the trainee on the relevance of this training to the present context of disaster and

climate change risk in Odisha. This chapter also presents aims and objectives of this ToT.

Further the module explains the ToT approach giving insight upon how it is different from

a general training, the strategic importance and relevance of the ToT approach? The

chapter at the end presents an overview of the entire module by explaining in brief the

chapters and topics covered ranging from understanding climate change context and

scenario to mainstreaming disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation.

1 INTRODUCTION

Learning Objective:

1. To identify and position the context of the module with the need for such a training

2. To build background understanding on the approach of the pilot, i.e., Training of

Trainers

3. To understand the aim and objectives of this training

4. To give an overview of the entire module and the coverage of content, process,

method, etc.

Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation 2

1.1 Context

Climate Change has moved beyond the boundaries of scientific investigation and dialogues to

show its impact on the actual lives of a common man. The agenda is not limited now to

international negotiations and has taken the status of localized action need in the recent past.

However, it is really astonishing that though adaptation to climate change in its raw form

exist among local communities, the awareness and understanding of the issue has been very

limited among the local administrators, planners, actors and the public at large.

Every year India faces extreme weather events in the form of extreme rainfall, floods,

drought, cyclone, heat waves, which take lives, destroy homes, crops and property. It is when

such events show a departure from the normal trend that the question of whether climate

change is influencing the change arises. At the same time while climate change is generally

expected to exacerbate the intensity of occurrence of such events. The key environmental

challenges in India have been sharper in the past two decades. Climate change is impacting

the natural ecosystems and is expected to have substantial adverse effects in India. Most of

the population still depends for a livelihood, water stored in the Himalayan glaciers which are

the source of major rivers and groundwater recharge, sea-level rise, and threats to a long

coastline and habitations. Climate change will also cause increased frequency of extreme

events such as floods, and droughts. These in turn will impact India‘s food security problems

and water security.2

Climate change has the potential to undermine human development across many countries,

including India, and may even lead to a reversal of current developmental progress. Actions

2 Chandra Bhushan, Arjuna Srinidhi, Vineet kumarand Geetika shingh, 2014, Rising to the Call: good practices

of climate change adaptation in India, centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi.


taken, or indeed not taken, in the years ahead will have a huge impact on the future course of

human development. India is confronted with the challenge of sustaining rapid economic

growth amidst the increasing global threat of climate change. Evidence has shown that

climate change will affect the distribution and quality of India's natural resources, which will

ultimately threaten the livelihoods of the poorest and marginalized sector of the population

who are closely tied to India's natural resource base. More than 56% of workers are engaged

in agriculture and allied sectors, while many others earn their living in coastal areas through

tourism or fishing; indeed most, of the poorest people live in rural areas and are almost

completely reliant on natural resources for their food and shelter.3

Over the past decades, some of the changes observed so far in climate are mountain glaciers

and snow cover have declined on average in both hemispheres. Widespread decreases in

glaciers and ice caps have contributed to sea level rise, since 1961 observation show that the

average temperature of the global ocean has increased to depths of at least 3000 m and that

the ocean has been absorbing more than 80% of the heat added to the climate system. Such

warming causes seawater to expand, contributing to sea level rise and apart from this

Widespread changes in extreme temperatures have been observed over the last 50 years. Cold

days, cold nights and frost have become less frequent, while hot days, hot nights, and heat

waves have become more frequent.4

Some recent studies on extreme rainfall events over India show a concentration of extreme

rainfall events in central India. Such disastrous events now occurring almost regularly not

only bring miseries to people more frequently, but also result in an outbreak of serious

epidemics, especially malaria and cholera, besides causing ecological and economic

challenges. The story of Odisha is no different rather more complex with more exposure and

vulnerability to climate extremes both sudden and slow onset events. Recent past of Odisha is

endowed with examples on how climate induced and inspired disasters have created blockade

in the pathway of development and have ―Pushed Back‖ the state in this context. The

projections for the future are also alarming and pose threats to each segment and sector which

contributes to the overall development of the state. While the community at large tries to

adapt itself to these regular occurrences, the economic and social costs continue to mount

year after year. There is a need to have an integrated approach with inclusion of policy

makers, planners, scientific fraternity and communities to work together to develop

appropriate strategies to mainstream Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk

Reduction (DRR) into the development planning process.5

This can only be achieved if the concerned stakeholders realize the needs for the same and

initiate pro-active, locally applicable and globally accepted practices for such integration with

adequate adherence to the complexity and challenges arising out of the situation. This may,

no doubt, require vision to break shackles which have so far prevented understanding and

3 Seath Freya, The human impacts of CC in India, Centre for legislative research and activities, available at

http://www.clraindia.org/include/Climate.pdf. 4 Climate change 2007 updates available at http://www.greenfacts.org/en/climate-change-ar4/l-3/2-current-past-

observed-climate.htm. 5 http://www.unisdr.org/2005/wcdr/intergover/official-doc/L-docs/Hyogo-framework-for-action-english.pdf.

http://www.clraindia.org/include/Climate.pdf

http://www.greenfacts.org/en/climate-change-ar4/l-3/2-current-past-observed-climate.htm


http://www.unisdr.org/2005/wcdr/intergover/official-doc/L-docs/Hyogo-framework-for-action-english.pdf


action; and there can be no better way than an organized and well designed capacity building

program which addresses the associated understanding, planning and motivation needs of

such stakeholders.

1.2 The Training of Trainers Approach

This Training of Trainers‘ (ToT) will enable testing of such an approach which seeks to

integrate and mainstream DRR and CCA concerns into development planning. It is a training

tool along with training materials for promoting an integrated approach for understanding the

linkages between DRR, CCA and Development. This is designed to enable the participants to

develop a holistic view of addressing challenges posed by climate change and extreme events

through the development process and to enable them to further disseminate the knowledge

amongst various target groups. This approach will enable the creation and enhancement of

local level capacity to disseminate the knowledge, skills and understanding on linking and

mainstreaming DRR and CCA at different levels within the State.

1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Training

The entire module is a very ambitious guide. The aim of this module is to enhance

understanding of trainees on linkages between DRR, CCA and development and building

their capacity to design interventions for DRR-CCA integrated development planning. The

training is designed to enable the trainers/officials to make the course participants understand

CCA and DRR concerns at the local level and to equip them with knowledge and skills for

assessing, delineating strategies and delivering their roles in relation to the risk

mitigation/prevention and implementation of effective response to extreme events.

This has been designed with two specific objectives as follows:

1. To build awareness, sensitization among targeted audience and build integration of

climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction in development activities.

2. The second is to test the training material and getting feedback from participants. This

will form the basis of an inclusive and concrete future course of action for the

responsible institutions and authorities.

1.4 Expected Benefits

1. The Capacity of the Government and non-governmental officials and other

stakeholders developed in understanding local issues of CCA and DRR linked to

planning.

2. The overall capacity of administrative, academic institutions and non-governmental

organizations improved in planning, coordination and strategy making.

3. Overall sensitization of departments to understand their role in CCA and DRR issues

and knowledge in addressing these issues with more abilities.

4. Improved ability to collaborate with the each other both horizontally and vertically for

achieving sustainable development at the district level.

1.5 Overview of the Module

The Module is divided into seven key chapters which are designed to present an overview to

the participant on different interrelated and relevant knowledge and information domain that


are essential for linking and mainstreaming DRR and CCA. The module gradually proceeds

from drawing a factual inference on the need for linking DRR, CCA and development,

objective and benefits of the training in the first chapter.

The second chapter gives a basic orientation on climate change and disaster risk scenario,

adaptation and risk reduction, common concerns and differences; and issues for integration

and mainstreaming DRR and CCA. This chapter is expected to give a basic theoretical

background on CCA and DRR.

The third chapter gives a detailed outline on climate change impact in Odisha and India,

existing legal and policy measures at national and state level. It also highlights relevant

initiatives for mainstreaming DRR and CCA at different levels.

The fourth chapter takes the reader through different relevant sector relevant to DRR and

CCA. These sectors are organized as per the departmental divisions in the administration at

the district level and include highlights of the key sectoral impacts of climate change and

disasters, nature and magnitude and possibilities for integration of DRR and CCA. Some

useful case studies and practices have also been included in this chapter for effective practical

understanding.

The fifth chapter is presents available guidelines, principles, steps and approaches for

mainstreaming disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. This provides the reader

with a wide range of options on methodological aspects of DRR and CCA integration and

mainstreaming. Through conceptual explanation and practical instructions the chapter can be

seen as the essence of the entire module which shows the pathway for entry points.

The sixth chapter is about monitoring and evaluation approaches in DRR and CCA. The

chapter also shares the challenges and principles for M & E.

The seventh chapter is designed for the specific purpose of the ToT. This provides a technical

orientation on skills and requirements to become a trainer. This will provide the participants

with the opportunity to learn and integrate good training skills for further dissemination of

knowledge learned through this ToT.


Chapter Summary:

The Chapter presents a basic picture on key concepts, terms and definitions associated

with climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. The beginning of the chapter

explains various concepts associated with climate change such as climate, weather,

adaptation, mitigation and gradually cover concepts of disaster and disaster risk

management cycle. The chapter then shares the degree of commonalities that DRR and

CCA share and the differences as well. At last, the chapter provides background

information on mainstreaming DRR and CCA. This is written as introductory information

where focus is given to explain the basic concept, need and overall strategic argument for

mainstreaming DRR and CCA. The chapter aspires to be a concept building reference

source where the basic understanding can be built upon the thematic regime of

mainstreaming DRR and CCA.

2 UNDERSTANDING THE

MAINSTREAMING OF DISASTER RISK

REDUCTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE

ADAPTATION

Learning Objectives:

1. Develop and/or clarify basic conceptual understanding on Disaster Risk Reduction

and Climate Change Adaptation

2. Enhance understanding on common concerns, similarities and differences between

DRR and CCA

3. Build background understanding on mainstreaming of DRR and CCA.


2.1 Climate Change Adaptation

Climate Change

Climate change as it is happening in the present day earth has its relevance in the context of

survival of life. The following observed and predicted changes are detailed in the latest IPCC

report (IPCC 2013):6

Climate

Warming of the earth‘s surface by approximately 0.85° C from 1880 to 2012. Relative

to the period 1986-2005, temperatures will likely increase by an additional 0.3° C to

0.7° C by 2016-2035 and by 0.3° C to 4.8° C by 2081-2100, depending on the

emissions scenario. This will equal a total increase of between 1° C and 5° C above

pre-industrial levels.

The Observed increase in temperature and frequency of hot days and nights, and

reduction in frequency of cold days and nights – a trend virtually certain to continue,

particularly over the wet tropics. The areas affected by monsoon systems will likely

increase, with weaker winds, but the heavier precipitation and some changes in

timing.

Some observed increase in tropical cyclone activities, which will more likely than not

continue in the future; the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) will likely intensify.

Atmosphere

Increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide [CO2],

methane [CH4] and nitrous oxide [N2O]), which now exceed the highest

concentrations known in 800,000 years – the major cause of global temperature

increases.

Oceans

Warming of the oceans, with the upper 75 meters warming by 0.11° C per decade

during 1971-2010. Ocean warming accounted for more than 90 per cent of the energy

accumulated in the global climate system during this period. Ocean warming will

continue throughout the twenty-first century, penetrating deep oceans and affecting

circulation and sea level. The strongest warming is expected in tropical and northern

sub-tropical areas.

Increased ocean acidification, with a decline in ocean surface water pH of 0.1 since

1750. Continued absorption of carbon by the oceans will continue to increase the

acidity levels until the end of the current century.

Changes in salinity, with highly saline areas becoming more saline and vice versa,

due to changes in evaporation and precipitation

Sea levels

Global average sea level has increased by 0.19 meters during 1901-2010 and the rate

of increase has accelerated from 1.7 millimeters per year in the early twentieth

6 Guidelines for Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Fisheries and Aquaculture Projects 2014 by the

International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) http://www.ifad.org/climate/asap/fisheries.pdf.

http://www.ifad.org/climate/asap/fisheries.pdf


century to the current rate of 3.2 millimeters per year. Thus, the total sea level rise by

2081-2100 relative to 1981-2005 will be in the range of 0.26-0.98 meters, with glacier

are melting and thermal expansion accounting for about 75 per cent of this increase.

Sea level will continue to rise during the twenty-first century and beyond under all

emission scenarios.

Increases in the incidence and magnitude of extreme high sea levels have begun and

are very likely to continue.

What is Climate Change Adaptation (CCA)?

Most international efforts on climate change have centered on limiting greenhouse gas

emissions associated with human activity, particularly the burning of fossil fuels such as coal,

oil and gas. This focus reflects an attempt to tackle the cause of the problem and is driven by

the ultimate objective of the larger international agreement on addressing climate change, the

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).7 In climate change

terminology, tackling climate change by limiting greenhouse gas emissions is known as

mitigation.

However, there is growing momentum on efforts to better understand the vulnerability of

human societies to the impacts of both current climate and future climate change.

7 UNFCCC Article 2 refers to the convention‘s ultimate objective as ‗stabilisation of greenhouse gas

concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the

climate system‘.


Vulnerability is a combination of exposure to external shocks (e.g. A flood) and stresses (e.g.

A gradual temperature increase), and the ability to cope with the resulting impacts. It is

dependent on a wide variety of institutional, economic and environmental factors, not all of

which are linked directly to the climate.

Current climate shocks and stresses are already testing, and sometimes exceed, this ability to

cope. Without action to reduce exposure and improve the capacity to cope, the gradual and

sudden changes associated with climate change will increase vulnerability in many areas. The

likely impacts of climate change are shown in this material. At the same time, these changes

may also increase vulnerability to other non-climate shocks and stresses.

Crucial to reducing vulnerability to climate change understands how individuals, groups and

natural systems can prepare for and respond to changes in climate – known in climate change

terminology as adaptation. Effective adaptation will manage and reduce the risks associated

with changes in climate in a similar way to disaster risk reduction measures for present day

climate extremes. The potential to adjust in order to minimize negative impacts and maximize

any benefits from changes in climate is known as adaptive capacity.

Adaptation is a broad concept covering actions of individuals, communities, private

companies and public bodies such as governments. Successful adaptation can reduce

vulnerability by building on and strengthening existing coping mechanisms and assets,

targeting climate change vulnerability with specific measures, and integrating vulnerability

reduction into wider policies.

Mitigation (tackling the causes of climate change) and adaptation (tackling the effects) are of

course closely related. The amount of adaptation necessary will depend partly on the success

of mitigation efforts. At the same time, some actions can help foster both adaptation and

mitigation, such as sustainable agricultural systems, soil and water conservation measures

involving planting trees which then absorb greenhouse gases, or renewable energy initiatives

that reduce dependence on fuel-wood collection. This module will highlight many of the

existing best practices across sectors and will present to the reader a comprehensive visual

understanding of approaches to strengthen adaptation. This module will also highlight how

climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction together can be mainstream and what

are available options with regard to Odisha.

2.2 Disasters Risk Reduction

Disaster Risk

Risk is an indicator function of the probability of occurrence of a hazardous event and the

extent of its damageability in terms of lives lost, persons injured, damage to property,

environment, infrastructure and disruption of economic activity. Disaster risk is an expression

of the likelihood that a particular hazard or hazard event can become a disaster (by causing

damage and losses) and may be expressed mathematically as a function of hazard,

vulnerability, amount and capacity. The amount refers to the quantification of the elements at

risk (in another term – is expressing the degree of exposure). For example, a flood hazard can


exist in an uninhabited region, but a flood disaster risk can occur only in an area where

people or their possessions (property, ecosystems, infrastructure or resources) exist.

Disaster Risk conglomerates around the dimensions of hazard (frequency and intensity) and

components of vulnerability (viz. Location, exposure and sensitivity).

1. Hazards (any physical effects generated in the naturally occurring process or event or

by an agent – material or living being);

2. Vulnerability (conditions that allow a human being, assets, resources and ecosystems

to be harmfully affected by a hazard), its subsets are like:

a. Location (physical and geographical positioning of the element (person or

community, properties, ecosystems and other resources) known to be at risk,

b. Exposure (time factor and duration determining the probability of

meeting/interacting with the hazard and the extent of its prevalence);

3. Sensitivity (characteristics that determine weaknesses, lack of resistance or capacity

to withstand or flexibility for resilience after the stress) of physical and natural

infrastructure, community components or person(s) (like based on gender, age,

economic status, caste/ community/religion/ethnicity), resources, and economic

systems, etc.

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)

DRR denotes both a policy goal or objective, and the strategic and instrumental measures

employed for anticipating future disaster risk; reducing existing exposure, hazard, or

vulnerability; and improving resilience. DRR concepts and practices relate to the paradigm

shift in approach from ‗response and relief centric‘ to ‗prevention and preparedness

(mitigation) centric‘ approach. However, now the focus is taking a new shift away from


concentrating on ‗disaster event‘ and ‗minimizing effect of disasters‘ towards more on

‗addressing hazards, reducing vulnerability and ensuring sustainability along environment

centric approach‘ This change is offering better opportunities for CCA and DRR

convergence, and is now referred to as a 2nd paradigm shift in disaster management.

Disaster Risk Management Cycle

The Disaster Management Cycle is illustrated in the below diagram (figure 1). It consists of a

number of phases, each requiring a different range of response activities. The different

phases, however, are often grouped together under three main categories: the pre-emergency

phase, the emergency phase and the post-emergency phase.

Pre-disaster Phase: The emphasis in the pre-emergency phase is on reducing the

vulnerability of communities to suffer from the impact of natural phenomena. Measures to

achieve this objective include risk-mapping, application of building codes, land zoning as

well as structural measures such as the construction of dams against flooding. They are

grouped under the heading risk reduction, comprising prevention, mitigation and

preparedness. There is sufficient scope for integrating climate change adaptation and

mitigation in all the phases.

Figure 1: Disaster Risk Management Cycle

Disaster Phase: In the emergency phase of a natural disaster, response mechanisms are

automated. This phase is normally short-lived and may be over within days or weeks.

Post-disaster Phase: The transition from relief to rehabilitation is rarely clear-cut. On the

one hand, the foundations of recovery and reconstruction are usually laid in the immediate


aftermath of a major disaster, while emergency response activities are still ongoing. On the

other hand, there is often, in the aftermath of a natural disaster, a phase when basic needs

must still be met as the long-term benefits of rehabilitation and reconstruction projects have

not yet been fully realized. As a result, the phasing-out of relief assistance must be managed

carefully.

The rationale behind the use of the expression ‗disaster management cycle‘ is that disaster

and its management are a continuum of interlinked activities. Yet, the expression is slightly

deceiving in that it suggests that the periodic occurrence of natural disasters is something

inevitable, always requiring the same response. On the contrary, if effective prevention and

preparedness measures are implemented, natural disasters may be avoided by limiting the

adverse impact of inevitable natural phenomena.8

2.3 Common Concerns

There is a significant convergence (figure 2) between the problems that disaster risk

reduction and climate change adaptation seek to address. As shown in Figure 3, populations

already exposed to climate-related hazards and effects will be at greater risk due to a

projected increase in the frequency and/or intensity of those hazards and effects as a result of

global climate change.9

Figure 2: Common Concerns DRR and CCA

8 Messer M. Norman, Conceptual Background and Working Definitions, The Role of Local Institutions and

their Interaction in Disaster Risk Mitigation: a Literature Review, FAO, September 2003 available at

http://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/006/ad710e/ad710e00.pdf 9 Marilise Turnbull, Charlotte L. Sterrett, Amy Hilleboe; Towards Resilience (2013): A Guide to DRR and

CCA.

http://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/006/ad710e/ad710e00.pdf


A typology of Hazards (UNEP-GRID Arendal)

Figure 3: A Typology of Hazards (Adapted from Pascal Peduzzi, UNEP/GRID-Europe, 2004)

Furthermore, populations exposed to hazards may experience stress due to longer-term

changes in the climate—such as changes in seasonality, unpredictable rainfall, and sea-level

rise—that affect their livelihoods and health, making them more vulnerable to all types of

shocks, events and further changes (While disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation

share common concerns—increased frequency and/or intensity of climate related hazards—disaster

risk reduction also deals with non-climate related hazards such as geological and technological

hazards).


Climate Change and its Interrelation with Disaster Risk and Development

Change in climate and weather patterns have predicted increased exposure and vulnerability

due to extreme events such as high intensity floods, frequent droughts and increase air

temperature, etc. As per IPCC 2013 report, increased exposure and vulnerability are generally

the outcome of skewed development processes such as those associated with environmental

degradation, rapid and unplanned urbanization in hazardous areas, failures of governance,

and the scarcity of livelihood options for the poor. Increasing global interconnectivity and the

mutual interdependence of economic and ecological systems can have sometimes contrasting

effects, reducing or amplifying vulnerability and disaster risk. Countries more effectively

manage disaster risk if they include considerations of disaster risk in national development

and sector plans and if they adopt climate change adaptation strategies, translating these plans

and strategies into actions targeting vulnerable areas and groups. Hence, closer integration of

CCA and DRR measures, along with the incorporation of both into local, sub-national,

national, and international development policies and practices, could provide benefits at all

scales.

A. Similarities

Adaptation to climate change (including climate variability and extremes) is a broad concept

that addresses a wide range of risks, economic and livelihood activities, and environmental

services.

It requires action at all levels of government, from local to national and international, as well

as the involvement of civil society and the private sector. Prominent among the many risks

are floods, tropical cyclones and other fast onset hazards, as well as hazards that occur more

slowly such as drought, the progressive drying out of semi-arid regions, sea level rise,

salinization of groundwater, melting of glaciers and the loss or migration of species. The risks

threaten socio-economic and livelihood activities and human health, as well as environmental

and infrastructure resources in agriculture, forestry, fisheries and water resources among


others. The need for greater adaptation therefore involves a wide range of stakeholders,

policymakers and managers.

B. Differences

Despite the converging agendas and the commonalities highlighted in table 1, there are

disparities between adaptation and DRR. These may be real or perceived. A distinctive

difference between adaptation and DRR is that DRR encompasses hazards that are not

climate-related (e.g. Seismic risk), and adaptation tackles issues that are not necessarily

directly associated with disasters (e.g. Adjustments in the tourism sector, sea level rise,

gradual changes in health impacts, etc.).

The perceived differences relate to the period under consideration: DRR actors are often

perceived to deal predominantly with current short-term risk, whereas adaptation actors are

perceived to deal rather with longer-term change and risk. The AR4 confirmed that climate

change impacts are not very distant, but are already a reality, as is apparent by the recorded

melting of glaciers and other adverse effects. This suggests a key area of knowledge and

awareness that should be addressed in the adaptation and the DRR integration agenda.10

The transition to a proactive risk reduction process has been evident in the disaster

management community over recent decades. Embracing this DRR agenda requires

promotion of resilience (by reducing vulnerability), support for sustainable development and

incorporation of local knowledge and coping capacity. Similarly, in adaptation, the observed

impacts of climate change call for action now as well as in the future, and this response has to

be effective at the local level where impacts are felt.11

Table 1: Summary of Commonalities between Adaptation and DRR

Common areas Explanation

Aim Both aim to build resilience contributing to sustainable

development in the face of hazards

Influence of poverty, and

vulnerability and its

causes

The severity of the conditions caused by climate change and

disasters is influenced by poverty and by vulnerability and its

causes

Vulnerability reduction

focused on enhancing

capacity, including

adaptive capacity, and

devising responses in all

sectors

Assessing risk and vulnerability is fundamental to both subjects.

Reducing vulnerability requires multi-stakeholder participation

Integration in

development

Both must be integrated into development plans and policies

10

Paul Venton (lead author) and Sarah La Trobe Linking climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction,

2008, Tearfund http://www.preventionweb.net/files/3007_CCAandDRRweb.pdf 11

Details derived from resources of UNFCCC available at- http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2008/tp/04.pdf

http://www.preventionweb.net/files/3007_CCAandDRRweb.pdf

http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2008/tp/04.pdf


Common areas Explanation

Local level importance Measures to relieve risk and adapt to climate change must be

effective at the local level

Emphasis on present day

conditions

Increasingly it is recognized that the starting point is in current

conditions of risk and climate variability (i.e. ‗No regrets‘)

Awareness of the need to

reduce future impacts

Despite a tradition based on historical evidence and present day

circumstances, the aim of disaster risk reduction to build

resilience means that it cannot ignore current and future climate

change risks

Appropriateness of non-

structural measures

The benefits of non-structural measures for both current and less

well understood future risk reduction needs

Full range of established

and developing tools

For example: early warning systems; seasonal climate forecasts

and outlooks; insurance and related financial risk management;

building design codes and standards; land-use planning and

management; water management, including regional flood

management, drainage facilities, flood prevention and flood-

resistant agricultural practices; and environmental management,

such as beach nourishment, mangrove and wetland protection,

and forest management

Converging policy

agendas

At the international level, the two policy agendas are

increasingly being discussed together, including through the Bali

Action Plan (decision 1/CP.13) and the Hyogo Framework for

Action

Table 2: Summary of Differences between Adaptation and DRR

Differences Signs of Convergence

Disaster Risk Reduction Climate Change Adaptation

Relevant to all hazard types Relevant to climate-related

hazards

n/a

Origin and culture in

humanitarian assistance

following a disaster event

Origin and culture in

scientific theory

Climate change adaptation

specialists now being

recruited from engineering,

water and sanitation,

agriculture, health and DRR

sectors

Mostly concerned with the

present, i.e., addressing

existing risks

Mostly concerned with the

future, i.e., addressing

uncertainty/ new risks

DRR increasingly forward-

looking Existing climate

variability is an entry point

for climate change adaptation


Differences Signs of Convergence

Disaster Risk Reduction Climate Change Adaptation

Historical perspective Future perspective As above

Traditional/indigenous

knowledge at the

community level is a basis

for resilience

Traditional/indigenous

knowledge at the community

level may be insufficient for

resilience against types and

scales of risk yet to be

experienced

Examples where integration

of scientific knowledge and

traditional knowledge for

DRR provides learning

opportunities12

Structural measures

designed for safety levels

modelled on current and

historical evidence

Structural measures designed

for safety levels modelled on

current and historical

evidence and predicted

changes

DR increasingly forward-

looking

Traditional focus on

vulnerability reduction

Traditional focus on physical

exposure

n/a

Community-based process

stemming from experience

Community-based process

stemming from policy agenda

n/a

Practical application at

local level

Theoretical application at

local level

CCA gaining experience

through practical local

application

Full range of established

and developed tools13

Limited range of tools under

development

None, except increasing

recognition that more

adaptation tools are needed

Incremental development New and emerging agenda n/a

Political and widespread

recognition often quite

weak

Political and widespread

recognition increasingly

strong

None, except that climate-

related disaster events are

now more likely to be

analyzed and debated with

reference to climate change14

Funding streams ad hoc

and insufficient

Funding streams sizeable and

increasing

DRR community engaging in

climate change adaptation

funding mechanisms

12

For example Cronin Sj et.al. (2004) ‗Participatory Methods of incorporating Scientific with Traditional for

Volcanic Hazard Management on Ambae Island, Vanuatu‘ Bulletin of Volcanology, 66 652-668. 13

For example early warning systems; seasonal climate forecasts and outlooks, insurance and related financial

risk management; building design codes and standards, land use planning and management; water

management including regional flood management, drainage facilities, flood prevention and flood-resistant

agricultural practices; and environmental management, such as beach nourishment, mangrove and wetland

protection, and forest management. (See Climate and disaster risk reduction UN/ISDR 2003). 14

For example Hurricane Katrina in the USA in 2005 or flooding/heat wave in Europe in 2002 and 2003

respectively.


2.4 Mainstreaming of DRR and CCA

‗Mainstreaming‘ something into development means ‗doing development better‘ by

integrating additional qualitative considerations into the way we define, implement and

evaluate development projects and programs.15

In a way it emphasizes upon shaping the

development pathway in a holistic manner that considers the sustainability concerns. The

mainstreaming should ensure that the development is protected and is not bringing negative

consequences for the vulnerable and poor. Different elements of mainstreaming take into

consideration the various left out or unaddressed issues that have both scope and potential to

be addressed under the developmental domain.

Development is very closely related to disasters and climate change. Climate change and

disaster risk are fundamental threats to sustainable development and the eradication of

poverty. The negative impacts threaten to roll back decades of development gains. Building

resilient and sustainable societies means addressing both climate and disaster risks, and

integrating these risks, as well as potential opportunities, into development planning and

budgeting.16

15

Jegillos Sanny R. Mainstreaming DRR/CCA into Development, a presentation during the Regional

Conference on Strategies and Tools for Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction into Development Planning and

Financing, held in Bangkok, Thailand from 16 to 18 February 2015. Available at

http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Mainstreaming%20DRR%20and%20CCA%20into%20developmen

t%20by%20Sanny%20Jegillos.pdf 16

TST Issues Brief on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Prepared by UNDP, UNEP, UN-ESCAP,

UNFCCC, UNISDR and WMO with contributions from FAO, IFAD, ITU, OCHA, PBSO, UNCCD, UN-

DESA, UN-ESCWA, UNFF, UNFPA, UN-Habitat, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UN-Women, WFP, WHO, and the

World Bank, available at

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/2301TST%20Issue%20Brief_CC&DRR_Final_4_

Nov_final%20final.pdf

http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Mainstreaming%20DRR%20and%20CCA%20into%20development%20by%20Sanny%20Jegillos.pdf


https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/2301TST%20Issue%20Brief_CC&DRR_Final_4_Nov_final%20final.pdf



DRR and CCA are those components which have both scope and potential to be integrated

and mainstreamed in development. Mainstreaming DRR and CCA is a process of integrating

DRR and CCA at all levels of decision-making including national, State and local

government & community levels, empowering for evidence based decision-making for

hazard assessment and vulnerability assessment at all levels, creating appropriate incentives,

including regulatory and incentive based instruments for disaster management, for risk

reduction, creating appropriate public-private partnerships at different levels and creating

direct linkages with international and regional commitments like SFDRR (see Annexure II

for the summary of Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction – 2015-2030).

The mainstreaming of DRR and CCA can be taken as a dynamic process which is primarily

designed for twin purpose. First it strives to ensure that development is protected and

sustainable with DRR and CCA elements and second development is not increasing people‘s

vulnerability to disasters and climatic extremes. Thus mainstreaming strives to address the

concerns of present impact as well as commits for reducing future impacts. For

mainstreaming to be successful, a number of issues are to be addressed. It requires

assessment of the implications of disasters & climate change on any planned development

action covering all thematic practice areas and sectors at all levels and as an integral

dimension of the design, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of policies and

programs.

Key learning points

Development, disasters and climate change are very closely related

DRR and CCA share extensive similarities and common actions

Sustainable development will depend upon integration of DRR, CCA and

development

Mainstreaming should be planned and implemented at all levels and across all

sectors of development

Mainstreaming is a dynamic process with twin objectives of protecting

development as well as ensuring development is not contributing to increase

further vulnerability to disasters and climate change.


Facilitators‟ Guide

It is obvious that most of the experienced and qualified trainers will have internal

preparations and a basic understanding, in knowledge, skills and aptitude for conduct of

training. The following are a few suggestive points that may add value to the preparations of

the trainer and may act as a checklist while preparing:

1. Develop strong understanding on aim, objectives and expected results of this training,

2. Review the Suggested Methods and Activities listed below,

3. Assess the anticipated knowledge needs, interests, and constraints of trainees,

4. Identify additional potentially effective activities suitable for their particular trainees,

5. Review related background literature on Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change

Adaptation. This can include, but is not limited to the reference material listed at the

end of this module.

6. One should prepare one‘s own notes so that relevant information may be conveyed in

a way that is comfortable for oneself.

7. Do not feel constrained by the information on this module-this is merely a guide.

8. Prepare materials for the training, including:

a. PowerPoint or other presentation materials, including revisions if desired. The

chapter should be divided into different presentations keeping in mind the

maximum concentration window of 45 minutes.

b. Printouts or any other necessary handouts

c. Tools and props needed for activities

d. Rewards or treats to encourage involvement and participation

Facilitator Requirements during Training

1. Total Time: Different presentations not exceeding 45 minutes/presentation with a

maximum of two sessions covering the whole chapter

2. Items and Materials Needed:

1. Projector and Screen with power backup

2. PowerPoint presentation,

3. Whiteboard and marker OR blackboard and chalk,

4. Module materials,

5. Self notes based on those materials,

6. Handouts as may be relevant

7. Printed materials/white chart for group activity

Method of conducting the session:

Session I – DRR and CCA Concepts and Terms

After a warm welcome and ice breaking introduction where the participants are made more

relaxed and comfortable for the journey of the training, this chapter should be imparted in ―In

Flow‖ basis. There is a need to have a basic and common platform of agreement on terms and

concepts.


Exercise I- ―Find the Match‖ Duration-30 minutes

The introduction and brining agreement on a common definition framework can be made

very interesting through the conduct of ―Find the match‖ exercise. In this exercise each term

is printed on one piece of paper while its explanation/definition is printed on another. These

papers are the jumbled and one piece of paper is given to each of the participants. Each of the

participants based on the term/explanation s/he receives on the paper, starts a searching for

his best possible match. This way the participants can also explore each other better.

After the search is over, the definitions are paired with the terms and the facilitators through

the use of the PowerPoint presentation clarifies each of the terms, the first three correct pairs

may also be rewarded for encouraging the participants for effective involvement throughout

the training period. The same task may also be done through random questioning and answer

approach. However, being the tone setter, this session must be well organized with scope for

movement and humors along with learning.

Session II-

After a background discussion an integrated presentation combining similarities, differences

and mainstreaming of DRR, CCA and Development should be made by the facilitator. The

presentation should be brief and objective that should serve the purpose of both clarifying

conceptual understanding as well as building background for further discussion on

mainstreaming. This presentation should also reflect the summary of key learning from this

chapter.

Notes


Chapter Summary:

This is a very crucial chapter of this module. This chapter explains with comprehension

and elaboration about national and local context of climate change and disasters in Odisha

and India. The chapter begins with a scenario explanation of disasters and disaster risk in

India and Odisha and proceeds to cover the climate change situation with its impact and

projections, etc. These facts and figures are organized at two levels, i.e., at the national

and at the state level (Odisha). Moving from the impact, projections related to disasters

and climate change, the chapter further addresses the institutional and legal framework on

DRR and CCA both at national level and Odisha specific. One of the key highlights of the

chapter is the summary of National and state level actions plans on climate change that are

guiding the implementation of mitigation and adaptation related activities at national and

state levels. This chapter intends to give an overall picture of the Disaster and the climate

change situation, the available guidelines and actions so as to enable the trainees to

develop a broader perspective and techno-legal background on the need for integrating

and mainstreaming DRR and CCA with development.

3 RISK, RISK REDUCTION AND

ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE

IN INDIA AND IN ODISHA


1. Understand the key trends, facts and figures related to climate change and disaster

impact in India and Odisha in particular.

2. To build understanding on the legal and institutional framework on DRR and CCA in

Odisha and India

3. To summarize plans and policies as well as other national and local initiatives related

to DRR and CCA in India and Odisha


3.1 Disaster and Disaster Risk in India

India has been traditionally vulnerable to multiple disaster risks and had witnessed some of

the furious disasters of the universe which had been noted with dark colors in human history.

Today, no one would dispute that the frequency and frenzy of disasters are both on the

increase and the statistics of death and deluge they cause are neck breaking. The recent flood

catastrophe in Kashmir, close on the heels of the devastating flood disasters in Himachal,

Bihar, West Bengal and Uttarakhand, conveys much more than that meets the eye. The

statistics on the occurrences of natural disasters in India as tabulated below (Table 317

) makes

the picture clear which says that 625 events of disasters had resulted death in 1,71,9167

human lives with an economic cost of around 53782 Crores INR from 1950-2015.

Table 3: Natural Disaster Statics in India from 1950-2015

Disaster type Disaster

subtype

Events

count

Total

deaths

Total

affected

Total damage

('000 US$)

Drought Drought 12 1500320 1061841000 2441122

Earthquake

Ground

movement 26 35509 27899733 4199900

Earthquake Tsunami 1 16389 654512 1022800

Epidemic

Parasitic

disease 5 3411 57135 0

Epidemic

Bacterial

disease 20 3948 70856 0

Epidemic Viral disease 32 13222 197485 0

Extreme

temperature Heat wave 25 11926 225 400000

Extreme

temperature

Severe winter

conditions 2 320 0 0

Extreme

temperature Cold wave 29 5268 25 144000

Flood Flash flood 23 7436 23443526 416200

Flood

Riverine

flood 142 29810 333442962 41404929

Flood Coastal flood 4 569 11500000 275000

Landslide Landslide 37 3633 3837860 4500

Landslide Avalanche 8 847 10456 50000

Storm

Tropical

cyclone 92 50505 100820120 16871996

Storm

Convective

storm 36 2573 711839 2387000

Storm -- 129 33475 462671212 11898059

Wildfire Forest fire 2 6 0 2000

Total 625 1719167 2027158946 81517506

17

Data source Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED 2009) available at

http://emdat.be/country_profile/index.html accessed on 19th August 2015

http://emdat.be/country_profile/index.html


The above table is indicative of another fact that a combination of disasters resulting from

multiple hazards had given sufficient push back to the development of the country as the

fruits of the economic development are being eaten away by the disasters. Moreover, these

statistics reflect only natural disasters, technological disasters had also contributed immense

fatalities beyond the above.

Wind and Cyclone Zone Map of India18

18

Map taken from the Vulnerability Profile of India by NDMA available at http://ndma.gov.in/en/vulnerability-

profile.html

http://ndma.gov.in/en/vulnerability-profile.html



All the states in the Union of India share a multi-hazard vulnerability scenario leaving the

country vulnerable to varied sources disasters. As per the NDMA of India, more than 58.6 per

cent of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of moderate to very high intensity; over 40

million hectares (12%) of its land are prone to floods and river erosion; close to 5,700 kms,

out of the 7,516 kms long coastline is prone to cyclones and tsunamis; 68% of its cultivable

area are vulnerable to droughts; and, its hilly areas are at risk from landslides and avalanches.

Moreover, India is also vulnerable to Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear

(CBRN) emergencies and other man-made disasters.

Disaster risks in India are further compounded by increasing vulnerabilities related to

changing demographics and socio-economic conditions, unplanned urbanization,

development within high-risk zones, environmental degradation, climate change, geological

hazards, epidemics and pandemics. Clearly, all these contribute to a situation where disasters

seriously threaten India‘s economy, its population and sustainable development.19

Disasters and Disaster Risks in Odisha

Odisha is that coastal state of India, which has been in the limelight for facing the worst ever

cyclone and also effectively managing the following one. The vulnerability of the state is

multi-dimensional and the history of its exposure to some of the severe most disasters is also

devastating. Due to its sub-tropical littoral location, the state is prone to tropical cyclones,

storm surges and tsunamis. Its densely populated coastal plains are the alluvial deposits of its

river systems. The rivers in these areas with the heavy load of silt have very little carrying

capacity, resulting in frequent floods, only to be compounded by breached embankments.

Though a large part of the state comes under Earthquake Risk Zone-II (Low Damage Risk

Zone), the Brahmani Mahanadi graben and their deltaic areas come under Earthquake Risk

Zone-III (Moderate Damage Risk Zone) covering 43 out of the 103 urban local bodies of the

state. Besides these natural hazards, human-induced disasters such as accidents, stampede,

fire, etc., vector borne disasters such as epidemics, animal diseases and pest attacks and

industrial / chemical disasters add to human suffering. Odisha has a history of recurring

natural disasters. While the coastal districts of Odisha are exposed to floods and cyclones,

western Odisha is prone to acute droughts; a large section of the State is also prone to

earthquakes. In addition, the State is also affected by disasters like heat waves, epidemics,

forest fire, road accidents, etc. The history of disasters substantiates the fact that about 80%

of the State are prone to one or more forms of natural disasters.

Some of the devastating cyclones affecting Odisha in the last century were seen in the years

1942, 1971 and 1999. The Super Cyclone of 1999 killed about 10,000 and traumatized

millions who survived its wrath. 97 nos. of blocks and 28 ULBs and about 12569000

populations were affected. The total agricultural land affected was 1733000 hectares with

9885 nos. of human casualties.20

The floods of 1980, 1982, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008 and

2009 in the State were particularly severe; property worth crores of rupees was destroyed in

19

Facts and arguments derived from the Vulnerability Profile of India by National Disaster Management

Authority available at http://ndma.gov.in/en/vulnerability-profile.html 20

State Profile of Odisha by National Institute of Disaster Management, National Disaster Risk Reduction

Portal (pp- 10-14) available at http://nidm.gov.in/pdf/dp/Odisha.pdf


http://nidm.gov.in/pdf/dp/Odisha.pdf


Unavoidable projected impacts

According to the IPCC scenarios there are several projected impacts that, even with

adaptation, appear unavoidable. These include:

Coral bleaching

Species range shifts and possible extinctions

Water scarcity and drought risk in some regions of the dry tropics and sub-tropics

Increase risk of wildfire

Coastal damage from floods combined with sea-level rise.

Source: https://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/climate_projections.php

the floods.21

In the year 1998 the State of Orissa faced an unprecedented heat wave situation,

as a result of which 2042 persons lost their lives.22

The history of Odisha speaks about its vulnerability to disasters, though the communities

have fought back better and the recent case of responding to Very Severe Cyclone Phailin

highlighted the state at global level for its increased capacity and resilience to face and deal

with cyclones. Though the human casualty was less, economic loss and damage still remain

an agenda for prevention and risk reduction.

3.2 Climate Change in India

India has reasons to be concerned about the impacts of climate change. Its large population

depends on climate-sensitive sectors like agriculture and forestry for livelihoods. Any adverse

impact on water availability due to recession of glaciers, decrease in rainfall and increased

flooding in certain pockets would threaten food security, cause degradation of natural

ecosystems, including species that sustain the livelihoods of rural households, and adversely

impact the coastal system due to sea level rise and increased frequency of extreme events.

Apart from these, achievement of vital national development goals related to other systems

such as habitats, health, energy demand, and infrastructure investments would be adversely

affected.

Climate Projection: Climate change may further complicate the unsustainable consumption

of groundwater for irrigation and other uses in some locations, such as the Indian states of

Rajasthan, Punjab, and Haryana. By the 2070s, the top cities with the most people at risk

(including all environmental and socioeconomic factors) to coastal flooding are expected to

be Kolkata, Mumbai, etc. Scientists estimate that over 70,000 people will be displaced from

the Sundarbans due to sea level rise by the year 2030.23

The impact of climatic variations can be subsequently observed on major sectors. Future

projection based on the observed climatic variations is also calculated to provide base

21

ibid. 22

ibid. 23

Gupta Joydeep, How climate change will impact South Asia – latest IPCC report published at the

thirdpole.net understanding Asia water crisis on 2014 available at http://www.thethirdpole.net/how-climate-

change-will-impact-south-asia-latest-ipcc-report/

https://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/climate_projections.php

http://www.thethirdpole.net/how-climate-change-will-impact-south-asia-latest-ipcc-report/



information for planning prospects. A few critical sectors and projected impacts upon them

are as follows:

1. Water Resources: River systems of the Brahmaputra, the Ganga, and the Indus,

which benefit from melting snow in the lean season, are likely to be particularly

affected by the decrease in snow cover. A decline in total run-off for all river basins,

except Narmada and Tapti, is projected in India's NATCOM I. A decline in run-off by

more than two-thirds is also anticipated for the Sabarmati and Luni basins. Due to sea

level rise, the fresh water sources near the coastal regions will suffer a salt intrusion.

2. Vulnerability to extreme events: About 40 million hectares of land are flood-prone,

including most of the river basins in the north and the north-eastern belt, affecting

about 30 million people on an average each year. Such vulnerable regions may be

particularly impacted by climate change.

3. Human Health: Changes in climate may alter the distribution of important vector

species (example, malarial mosquitoes) and may increase the spread of such diseases

to new areas. If there is an increase of 3.8 °C in temperature and a 7% increase in

relative humidity the transmission windows, i.e., months during which mosquitoes are

active, will be open for all 12 months in 9 states in India. The transmission windows

in Jammu and Kashmir and in Rajasthan may increase by 3-5 months. However, in

Odisha and some southern states, a further increase in temperature is likely to shorten

the transmission window by 2-3 months. In India, losses of life due to excessive heat

occur every year. With projected rise in temperatures, mortality is expected to rise due

to heat waves. The National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi is working on

assessment of heat stress on human health in view of climate change. There is a

possibility of the high occurrence of maximum temperature for three consecutive days

in the range of 45–50°C in April to June months in the years of 2030, 2050, and 2080

in some districts of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh,

and West Bengal.24

4. Agriculture: The net impacts of climate change on agriculture in India will be

negative. According to a report by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change,

Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), Indian Agriculture already deal with high

level of climate variability, which will worsen with climate change. Indian

Agriculture is heavily dependent on monsoon system. Over 60% of the cultivated area

in India are rain fed and rainfall is projected to become highly variable in the future.

According to India Latest National communication to the United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) by the end of the 21st century, rainfall in

India will increase by 10-12 percent and mean annual temperature will increase 3-

5degree Celsius. The food and nutritional security of India currently depends to a

great extent on the production of wheat and rice. Which constitute about 75-80% of

the total food grain production. The National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture set

up as part of the National Action Plan on climate change (NAPCC) estimate that a 2

degree rise in temperature will result in a 15-17% decrease in rice and wheat yields in

24

Singh Poonam & Dhiman Ramesh C., Climate change and human health: Indian context, on June 2012

available at http://www.mrcindia.org/journal/issues/492055.pdf

http://www.mrcindia.org/journal/issues/492055.pdf


India. Wheat, a winter crop will face a higher winter temperature and worse will be

affected than rice.25

5. Forest and Natural Ecosystem: Climate Change is one of the most important global

environmental challenges affecting all natural tropical and subtropical forest

ecosystems. Available climate projections reflect that 77% and 68% of the forest

areas in the country are likely to experience shifts in forest types, respectively under

the two scenarios, by the end of the century, with consequent changes in forests

produce, and, in turn, livelihoods based on those products. Correspondingly, the

associated biodiversity is likely to be adversely impacted.

Climate Change in Odisha

Existing Available data and projected scenario for rainfall variability show that the annual

rainfall in the state as a whole has the increasing trend. However, trend analysis does not

agree with the projected scenario of uniformly increase over the entire state. Trend analysis

suggests that six coastal districts, namely Balasore, Bhadrak, Cuttack, Khurda, Puri and

Nayagarh, interior districts of Mayurbhanj and Kandhamal and possibly one western district

of Kalahandi are expected to receive more rainfall, while all other districts would get less

rainfall. Some other 'more likely' effects of climate change are:

Late monsoon onset and more pre-monsoon rainfall, reduced post monsoon and winter

rainfall, less rainfall in February, June and October, more number of cloudy days, increased

day and night temperatures in all the months except July, maximum increase in temperature

in post monsoon followed by summer, extended summer up to June, increased number of hot,

humid summer days in coastal areas, warm and short winter with fewer cold nights in western

Odisha, more frequent extreme weather events, such as hot extremes (maximum temperature

above 45°C) and prolonged heat waves, more number of very heavy rainy days (>125 mm

per day), prolonged dry spell due to most rainfall over few days, more number of low-

intensity low pressures at the Bay of Bengal, more intense tropical cyclones with larger peak

wind speeds and heavier rainfall, increased risk of drought and flood during monsoon, intense

storms resulting in loss of the rain water as direct runoff resulting in reduced groundwater

recharging potential.

The present projections for Odisha estimate that the impact will vary across sectors with

agriculture being the worst affected other sectors of livelihood, health, water resources and

the like will also bear the hardest burnt of it. The sector wise climate change projections for

Odisha are explained in the next chapter which will enable a more elaborative and

comprehensive understanding of climate change phenomenon in Odisha.

25

Chandra Bhushan, Arjuna Srinidhi, Vineet kumarand Geetika shingh, 2014, Rising to the Call: Good practices

of climate change adaptation in India, centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi.


3.3 Legal and Institutional Framework on CCA and DRR in India and

Odisha

Institutional Mechanism on DRR

The Disaster Management Act of 2005 lays down institutional, legal, financial and

coordination mechanisms at the National, State, District and Local levels. These institutions

are not parallel structures and will work in close harmony.

On 23 December, 2005, the Government of India (GoI) took a defining step by enacting the

Disaster Management Act, 2005, (hereinafter referred to as the Act) which envisaged the

creation of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), headed by the Prime

Minister, State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) headed by the Chief Ministers,

and District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) headed by the Collector or District

Magistrate or Deputy Commissioner as the case may be, to spearhead and adopt a holistic and

integrated approach to DM. This act brought a paradigm shift, from the erstwhile relief-

centric response to a proactive prevention, mitigation and preparedness-driven approach for

conserving developmental gains and also to minimize losses of life, livelihoods and property.

The Act lays down institutional, legal, financial and coordination mechanisms at the national,

state, district and local levels. These institutions are not parallel structures and will work in

close harmony.

NDMA has the power to authorize the Departments or authorities concerned, to make

emergency procurement of provisions or materials for rescue and relief in a threatening

disaster situation or disaster. For the purpose of specialized response to a threatening disaster

situation or disasters/emergencies both natural and man-made, the Act has mandated the

constitution of a National Disaster Response Force (NDRF). The general superintendence,

direction and control of the NDRF are vested in and exercised by the NDMA. The National

Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) networks with other knowledge-based institutions,

and functions within the framework of broad policies and guidelines laid down by the

NDMA.

As the executive committee of the NDMA, the National Executive Committee (NEC) is

mandated to assist the NDMA in the discharge of its functions and also ensure compliance of

the directions issued by the Central Government. The NEC comprises the Union Home

Secretary as Chairperson, and the Secretaries to the GoI in the Ministries/Departments of

Agriculture, Atomic Energy, Defence, Drinking Water Supply, Environment and Forests,

Finance (Expenditure), Health, Power, Rural Development, Science and Technology, Space,

Telecommunications, Urban Development, Water Resources and the Chief of the Integrated

Defence, Chiefs of Staff Committee as members. Secretaries in the Ministry of External

Affairs, Earth Sciences, Human Resource Development, Mines, Shipping, Road Transport

and Highways, and the Secretary of NDMA will be special invitees to the meetings of the

NEC.26

In the state of Odisha, the state level authority is called the State Disaster Management

26

Details Derived from National policy of Disaster Management available at- http://ndmindia.nic.in/NPDM-

101209.pdf

http://ndmindia.nic.in/NPDM-101209.pdf



Authority (SDMA), Odisha. Besides, Odisha was the first state in India to have a state level

autonomous body in the name of Odisha State Disaster Management Authority. The activities

related to disaster management are spearheaded by the OSDMA in Odisha.

Table 4: Ministries Responsible for Various Categories of Disasters

DISASTERS MINISTRIES/DEPARTMENTS

Earthquakes and Tsunami MHA/Ministry of Earth Sciences/IMD

Floods MHA/Ministry of Water Resources/CWC

Cyclones MHA/Ministry of Earth Sciences/IMD

Drought Ministry of Agriculture

Biological Disasters Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

Chemical Disasters Ministry of Environment and Forests

Nuclear Disasters Ministry of Atomic Energy

Air Accidents Ministry of Civil Aviation

Railway Accidents Ministry of Railways

Source: NDMA http://ndma.gov.in/ndma/nodalministries.htm

The Policy, Plans and Statements on DRR

In 2004, the National Disaster Management Framework had been developed (MHA, 2004).

In 2005, the Government of India (GoI) took a defining step by enacting the Disaster

Management Act. It envisaged the creation of the NDMA, NEC, SDMA, State Executive

Committee (SEC), DDMA, NIDM, and NDRF. The Act outlined the mandates of all relevant

government agencies, research institutes, as well as the role of Media. In 2007, the National

Disaster Management Guideline was issued by NDMA, which provided the guiding

principles for the preparation of State Plans. In 2009, the National Policy on Disaster

Management was approved by the Union Cabinet. The Policy detailed the institutional, legal

and financial arrangements, identified roles of all relevant stakeholders at various levels.

Based on a typical disaster management continuum, and adopted a holistic and integrated

approach, the policy binds all elements together, provides an enabling environment for

disaster management in the country, covering disaster prevention, mitigation and

preparedness; response; relief and rehabilitation; reconstruction and recovery. In the Policy, it

has been deployed a set of strategic approaches to capacity development, synthesis of the

technical knowledge and ecological practices, as well as the research and development effort.

Odisha as a member state has also evolved its State Disaster Management policy and has

State Disaster Management Plan in place for guiding actions related to disaster risk reduction

in the state. Besides this, each district has also prepared district specific disaster management

plans to localize the approach to disaster risk reduction in the respective districts.

The Institutional Mechanism on Climate Change

Constituted on 6th June 2008, a committee chaired by the Prime Minister, known as the

Prime Minister‘s Council on Climate Change (PMCCC), coordinates national action for

assessment, adaptation and mitigation of climate change. The committee is serviced by the

Prime Minister's Office (PMO), which may obtain assistance as required from any Ministry/

http://ndma.gov.in/ndma/nodalministries.htm


Figure 4: Institutional Arrangement on Climate Change in India

(Source: National Action Plan on Climate Change, 2008)

Department/Agency of Government. Specifically, the Ministry of Environment and Forests

(MoEF) assists PMO in facilitating the work of this Committee. 25 committee members

include, External Affairs Minister, Finance Minister, Minister of Environment and Forests,

Minister of Agriculture, Minister of Water Resources, Minister of Science and Technology,

Minister of New and Renewable Energy, Deputy Chairman of Planning Commission,

National Security Advisor, Chairman of Economic Advisory Council, Chairman of

Investment Commission, Chairman of National Manufacturing Competitive Council,

Principal Scientific Advisor and Principal Secretary to Prime Minister, Chairperson of The

Energy Research Institute, Chairman of Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Foreign Secretary, etc.

Besides, the Chairman may invite any other ministers/ officers/experts to any meeting of the

Committee depending upon the context of the meeting. Below figure 4 is institutional

arranagement on climate change in India.

3.4 National Action Plan on Climate Change

The 11th Five Year Plan for 2007-2012 recognized that a substantial adverse change in

climate appears unavoidable, and stated that achieving rapid economic growth as targeted in

the Plan is a key element in adaptation. In June 2008, India‘s National Action Plan on

Climate Change (NAPCC) was leased, outlining existing and future policies and programs

addressing climate mitigation and adaptation (GoI, 2008). The Plan identifies eight core

―national missions‖ running through to 2017 and directs ministries to submit detailed

implementation plans to the Prime Minister‘s Council on Climate Change by December

2008:

National Solar Mission: The NAPCC aims to promote the development and use of solar

energy for power generation and other uses with the ultimate objective of making solar

competitive with fossil-based energy options.

National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency: To achieve growth with ecological

sustainability by devising cost effective and energy efficient strategies for end-use demand

side management.


National Mission on Sustainable Habitat: To promote energy efficiency as a core

component of urban planning

National Water Mission: With water scarcity projected to worsen as a result of climate

change, the plan sets a goal of a 20% improvement in water use efficiency through pricing

and other measures.

National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem: The plan aims to conserve

biodiversity, forest cover, and other ecological values in the Himalayan region, where

glaciers that are a major source of India‘s water supply are projected to recede as a result of

global warming.

National Mission for a “Green India”: Goals include the afforestation of 6 million hectares

of degraded forest lands and expanding forest cover from 23% to 33% of India‘s territory.

National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture: The plan aims to support climate adaptation

in agriculture through the development of climate-resilient crops, expansion of weather

insurance mechanisms, and agricultural practices.

National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change: To gain a better

understanding of climate science, impacts and challenges, the plan envisions a new Climate

Science Research Fund, improved climate modeling, and increased international

collaboration.

Since the National action plan is a vision oriented plan with specific missions, each mission

occupies a huge arena of goal, objectives and activities and considerable amount of resource

allocation, strategic implementation, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms are addressed

through a coordinated approach involving different ministries and departments.

Government of India has shown strong commitment in realizing the vision of the NAPCC

and slowly but gradually resources have been identified, channelized, allocated and utilized

marking the implementation of the plan as per its eight missions. The following table (table

5) is taken from the briefing paper submitted by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate

Change Government of India to the UNFCC (COP 20) in December, 2014 (MoEFCC 2014)

indicating India‘s progress in combating climate change. This is a very important indicator to

understand the progress that Government of India has made through planned process to

address issues of climate change.

Table 5: Status of NAPCCC Implementation in India

No Budgetary Requirements and

Allocations

Key achievements to date

Mission I- Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission

1. The budgetary allocation for the

12th five year plan

(2012-2017) is INR 8,795 crore

(approx. USD 1.4 billion).

Installed 2,970 MW of grid-connected

solar generation capacity

Installed 364 MW of off-grid solar

generation capacity


Installed 8.42 million sq. meters of solar

thermal collectors

Mission II- National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency

2. The total funding requirement

assessed for the 12th five year plan

period (2012-2017) is INR 190 crore

(approx. USD 31 million).

PAT cycle-1 launched and expected to be

completed successfully by March 2015.

Covers 478 plants in 8 energy intensive

industrial sectors that account for one third

of total energy consumption.

Distributed 2.58 million LED bulbs (7

watts); cost of an LED bulb reduced from

INR 500 to INR 204 (approx. USD 8 to

USD 3)

Super-efficient ceiling fans to be

introduced in the market by 2015

Mission III- National Mission on Sustainable Habitat

3. The total funding requirement

assessed for the 12th five year plan

period (2012-2017) is INR 950 crore

(approx. USD 153 million), which is

to be met from existing budget of

the Jawaharlal Nehru National

Urban Renewable Mission

(JNNURM).

Energy Conservation Building Code 2007

made mandatory for new as well as old

buildings; incorporated in the Central

Public Works Department (CPWD)

General Specification for Electrical Works

in 2013

More than 50 capacity building programs

in various stages of implementation

Long term transport plan for cities

prepared

Sanctioned 760 water supply projects at an

estimated cost of INR 35,650 crore

(approx. USD 5.75 billion) under ongoing

programs such as JNNURM

Mission IV- National Water Mission

4. The mission requires budgetary

support of INR 89,101 crore

(approx. USD 14.4 billion) during

the 11th (2007-2012) and 12th

(2012-2017) five year plan periods.

Proposals for INR 196 crore

(approx. USD 31.6 million) have

been approved.

Revised National Water Policy (2012)

adopted by National Water Resources

Council

Created 1,082 new Ground Water

Monitoring Wells

Several capacity building and training

programs are underway

Mission V- National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture

5. The mission requires budgetary

support of INR 1,08,000 crore

(approx. USD 17.4 billion) up to the

end of 12th five year plan period

(2011-2017). Proposals for INR

13,034 crore (approx. USD 2.1

billion) have been approved.

Developed 11,000 hectares of degraded

land

1 million hectares brought under micro

irrigation to promote water efficiency

Created 5.4 million metric tonnes

agricultural storage capacity


Mission VI- National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem

6 The total funding requirement for

2010 to 2017 is INR 1,695 crore

(approx. USD 273 million).

Proposals for INR 500 crore

(approx. USD 81 million) have been

approved.

Established 6 new centres relevant to

climate change in existing institutions in

Himalayan states

Created an observational network to

monitor the health of the Himalayan

ecosystem

Several capacity building and training

programs underway

Mission VII- National Mission for a Green India

7. The total mission cost is estimated to

be INR 46,000 crore (approx. USD

7.4 billion). Funding of INR13,000

crore (approx. USD 2.1 billion) has

been approved for implementation

of various activities under the

mission.

Preparatory activities underway in 27

Indian states

11 Indian states have submitted

perspective plans that cover 33 landscapes

and working area of 85,000 hectares

Finalized implementation guidelines after

extensive consultations with state

governments and civil society

Mission VIII- National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change

8. The total funding requirement for

the 12th five year plan period (2012-

2017) is INR 2,500 crore (approx.

USD 403 million). The allocations

to undertake these mission activities

will be met out of the budget

allocation of the existing scheme of

the Department of Science and

Technology, Government of India.

Established 12 thematic knowledge

networks

Developed 3 regional climate models

Trained 75 high quality, climate change

professionals

3.5 Odisha State Action Plan on Climate Change

Odisha was the first state in India to have developed a state specific action plan on climate

change. The Odisha Climate Change Action Plan was an early mover, developed before a

Common Framework Document was put in place by the central government. The drafting of

the plan was done through a scoping study. Most of the Government of Orissa Departments

that contribute carbon dioxide emissions or are affected by climate change and need to adopt

the climate change mitigation and/or adaptation measures were consulted during the scoping

study, which has done between November 2009 and February 2010. Subsequently,

Government of Orissa has established 11 different sectors which are relevant to climate

change. Each sector has different actions pertaining to climate change mitigation and

adaptation. The following table 6 presents an overview of different sectors with listed key

priorities that are explained in the SAPCC of Odisha. These information provides the reader a

digest of the actions that the Government of Odisha had planned and is implementing to deal

with climate change:27

27

Odisha Climate Change Action Plan available at

http://odisha.gov.in/forest_environment/ActionPlan/CCAP%20ORISSA%20FINAL-1.pdf



Table 6: Sector wise Key Priorities under OSAPCC

No Sector Key Priorities

1 Agriculture 1. Rapid screening and strategy assessment of State Agriculture Policy

2. Establishing an effective institutional delivery mechanism to

promote best practices on climate change

3. Undertaking capacity building

4. Continuing the livelihood-focused, people-centric integrated

watershed development in rain fed areas

5. Increasing the area under perennial fruit plantation

6. Developing water use-efficient micro irrigation methods and

individual / community farm ponds

7. Improving monitoring and surveillance techniques

8. Developing a sustainable soil, water and crop management practices

9. Breeding studies on major crops for tolerance /resistance

10. Conducting climate-linked research studies

2 Coast and

Disasters

1. Flood mapping, flood forecasting and downscaled climate change

projections modelling

2. Assessment of erosion prone areas with the help of Digital

Elevation model

3. Studying coastal erosion

4. Conducting micro-level vulnerability assessment

5. Constructing flood shelters in unconventional vulnerable locations

6. Needs assessment and constructing multipurpose cyclone shelters

7. Developing a hydrological framework

8. Dredging and river mouth widening to improve flood management

9. Strengthening coastal protection methods

10. Developing a techno-legal regime for construction of disaster

resilient housing and public infrastructure

11. Integrating climate change risk in the state‘s disaster management

policy

12. Setting up an integrated training and capacity building protocol

13. Assessment of risks due to lightning and thunderstorm

14. Improving flash flood management

15. Prediction through appropriate modelling the impact of sea level

rise on coastal ecosystems

16. Study of impact of global warming on the biodiversity of coastal

ecosystem with special emphasis on flagship species

3 Energy 1. Generating cleaner energy through clean coal approaches

2. Institutional development of the Energy Department

3. Reducing transmission and distribution (T & D) losses

4. Promoting demand side management (DSM) and energy efficiency

5. Encouraging effective fly ash utilization and emission reduction

6. Promoting of small and medium hydel plants

7. Harnessing the biomass potential

8. Promotion of grid based wind power generation

9. Maximizing solar power generation

10. Developing biofuels


4 Fisheries

and Animal

Resources

1. Vaccination against contagious diseases

2. De-worming and early disease warning system, emphasis on Green

fodder, pasture development and grazing

3. Training on fodder production, fodder conservation, rotational

grazing, Rain Water harvest technology, Methane gas harvesting

technology, biogas tanks management

4. Conservation of local hardy animals.

5. Gobar Gas tanks/packing to the cylinders

6. Easy and handy Methane Harvest at farmers‘ point

7. Enhancing Disease Early Warning Systems with climate change

considerations

8. Application of biotechnology and skilled animal breeding for the

development of better adapted species

9. Capacity building of livestock keepers

10. Research on disease early warning system relevant to livestock

11. Impact of climate change on inland and coastal aquaculture

12. Development of infrastructure for early warning systems in coastal

areas for fishermen

5 Forestry 1. Increasing reforestation / afforestation activities in degraded forest areas

2. Protecting existing forest stocks to act as carbon sink with stronger

conservation

3. Increasing planting of non-forest land and also exploring where new

and increased tree planting could create barriers to storm and

cyclone impacts in coastal zones

4. Covering bald-hills with a suitable species mix

5. Increasing and protecting existing mangrove cover along the coast

6. Assessing fire management strategies

7. Improving tree planting and forest management to integrate with

watersheds and water resources management

8. Working to establish new systems to support for community users.

9. Undertaking studies on indigenous tree species to assess their

vulnerability to climate change

10. Assessing additional threats to biodiversity and wildlife

11. Obtaining access to updated knowledge on climate change science

and policy developments

12. Capacity building of Panchayati Raj institutions/communities/JFM

institutions to adapt to climate change

13. Monitoring carbon stock and biodiversity at regular intervals

6 Health 1. Capacity Building of the health sector on climate change

2. Integrating climate change considerations in the State Health policy

3. Strengthening approaches to manage vector borne diseases that

have worsened due to climate change impacts

4. Strengthening approaches to deal with heat wave conditions

exacerbated due to climate change

5. Strengthening approaches to deal with the physical and psychological

impacts due to extreme weather conditions caused by climate change

6. Addressing drought, nutrition & food security due to increased risk

of drought, consequent decline in agriculture and increased

malnutrition & food security


7. Undertaking measures to manage water borne disease that have

worsened due to climate change impacts

8. Research & studies on climate change and health impacts

9. Addressing food safety that is undermined as a result of increased

ambient temperatures and extreme events

10. Studying the inter-linkages between air quality and climate change,

and implications on health

7 Industry 1. Integrating climate concerns into policies and plans

2. Assessing GHG profiles of major industrial clusters

3. Conducting heat-island study for Talcher and Jharsuguda area

4. Training various stakeholders on climate change issues

5. Implementing a system of compensatory water harvesting

6. Streamlining institutional arrangement and strengthen OSDMA to

tackle extreme climate events in the coastal areas

7. Carrying out energy efficiency studies

8. Promoting recovery, recycle and reuse of waste material

9. Setting emission standards for thermal power plants

8 Mining 1. Incorporating climate concerns in State Mineral Policy

2. Analyzing appropriate policies to promote energy-efficiency

3. Realizing the potential of low-grade mineral beneficiation

4. Strengthening environmental monitoring

5. Protecting water bodies

6. Expanding and maintaining green zones

7. Building capacity and generating awareness

8. Realizing energy-savings potential in mining

9 Transport 1. Revising state transport policies

2. Integrating urban and transport planning

3. Enhancing the use of rail

4. Moving towards low carbon fuel

5. Piloting low carbon, green highways

6. Encouraging fuel use efficiency and tightening enforcement

7. Promoting non-motorized transport

8. Sequestering carbon through avenue plantations

9. Estimating carbon emissions from the sector

10. Developing inland waterways

10 Urban

Planning

1. Building capacity on climate change

2. Incorporate climate considerations in water supply and sewerage

design

3. Working towards greater water-efficiency

4. Preparing a climate-friendly MSW management plan

5. Orienting towards energy-efficient street lighting through the CDM

6. Developing a climate-responsible master plans

7. Strengthening infrastructure for promoting non-motorized transport

8. Improvements to water harvesting in urban areas with restoration of

water tanks and artificial recharge

9. Developing models of urban storm water flows and capacities of

existing drainage systems with climate change


11 Water

Resources

1. Expansion of hygrometry network

2. Development of flood forecasting models

3. Downscaling of Global Circulation Model

4. Increasing the water use efficiency in irrigation

5. Constructing and protecting water harvesting structures

6. Improving drainage systems

7. River health monitoring and eco-systems, environmental flow

demand studies

8. Raising awareness raising with Pani Panchayat through Farmers‘

Training Program and creating agro-climatic stations

9. Integrated Water Resources Management

Implementation Status of OSAPCC:

A study was conducted by IFMR with the purpose to develop financing strategies that would

assist the Central and State Governments in implementing the State Action Plans on Climate

Change (SAPCC) in an effective and efficient manner. The study used financial allocations

and utilization for adaptation and mitigation related actions of different departments. The

study highlighted that:

The total public expenditure made by all adaptation relevant Departments

(Agriculture, Water Resources, Forest and Environment, Health and Family Welfare,

Fisheries and Animal Resources Development, Revenue and Disaster Management,

Housing and Urban Development, Rural Development, and Panchayati Raj) in the

State of Odisha for FY 2011 – 12 was Rs. 13956.08 Crores. Out of this, 57.04% went

towards funding activities that are General Development (GD) in nature, 39.34%

towards activities that are Capacity Development (CD) in nature, 1.71% towards

Climate-Oriented (CO) activities, and 1.91% towards funding activities that are

Ambiguous Development (AD) in nature

Public expenditure analysis

for FY 2011-12 suggests that

the Departments of Industry,

Commerce and Transport,

and Steels and Mining did

not have any schemes with a

low carbon emissions

component. Energy was the

only sector that had

budgetary expenditure on low

carbon activities and this was

routed through the

Department of Energy and

Department of Science and

Technology. The highest

spending of Rs. 881.83 Crores was on transmission and distribution infrastructure.

Budgetary expenditure on energy efficiency and renewable energy are estimated to be

at Rs. 9.89 Crores and Rs. 3.18 Crores respectively28

.

28

Mandal Koyel, Shivaranjani.V, Rathi Sunanda, Venkataramani Vivek and Gundimeda Haripriya -Climate

Finance at the Sub-National Level– The Case of Odisha by IFMR Centre for Development Finance,

November 2013 available at http://cdf.ifmr.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Odisha-DFID-Phase-II-

Report_CDF_IFMR1.pdf

http://cdf.ifmr.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Odisha-DFID-Phase-II-Report_CDF_IFMR1.pdf



Table 7: Summary of DRR and CCA Institutional and Legal Framework

DRR CCA

Legal framework Disaster Management Act 2005 Party to the UNFCCC (1994)

Signatory to Kyoto Protocol

(2002)

Institutions NDMA and MHA MoEF

Policy and Plans National Disaster Management

Policy

NAPCC

Resources Budget allocated under the 5

year Plans and ODA.

Budget earmarked under the 5

year plans, GEF and other

financing windows.

Integration into

development Plans

10th Five year plan (2001-

2006) explicitly highlighted the

needs and plans for risk

reduction and mitigation.

11th Five Year plan (2007-

2012) incorporated the

Climate and disaster risk

reduction as one common area

highlighting the need for

adaptation.

DRR-CCA integration The agencies working with NDMA and MoEF are most of the

times common, however, there is no legal framework for CCA

(even CC), which could enforce the integration.

A similar picture is applicable to the state of Odisha as well. The State has endorsed and

enacted the central act of Disaster Management and has OSDMA as an institution for DRR

while for CCA the state has prepared its State Action Plan on Climate Change which is being

coordinated by the Department of Environment and Forest, though there is no legal

framework for CCA which can guide integration and mainstreaming and there is no separate

Institution (like OSDMA) as well for the purpose.

3.6 Other Initiatives at National and State level incorporating DRR and

CCA

Five Year Plans

11th five-year plan (FYP) of India (2007-2012) recognized the urgent need to balance the

trade-off between economic growth and environmental stability. With regard to adaptation to

climate change, the strategy stated that, since a substantial adverse change in climate appears

unavoidable even with the optimal mitigation response, the process of adaptation to climate

change must have priority. The plan also recognized the need to incorporate adaptation

responses in the relevant programs, including those relating to watershed management,

coastal zone planning and regulation, forestry management, agricultural technologies and

practices, and health. However, in this plan there was no systematic or scientific effort to

incorporate climate change in planning developmental projects, probably due to lack of

scientific knowledge on climate change impacts and economic vulnerabilities.29

This also

states that programs and projects that will lead to sustainable development, with assurance of

29

Ravindranth D, Chaturvedi R.K and Dr. Kattumuri R- Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in

Indian, Policy Planning available at

http://www.lse.ac.uk/asiaResearchCentre/_files/ChaturvediKattumuriRavindranath.pdf



disaster risk reduction built in. It speaks about mainstreaming disaster management in

development planning. It states that every development plan of a ministry/department should

incorporate elements of impact assessment, risk reduction and the ‗do no harm‘ approach.30

The 12th plan also echoed for more sustainable and inclusive growth and focused on both

climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. Somehow the integrated vision for

DRR and CCA is missing even in the 12th five year plan as well.

Convergence of Green India Mission and MGNREGS

On 3rd

March 2015, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India sent letters to

Chief Secretaries of all states issuing guidelines for convergence of Green India Mission

(One of the eighth missions under the NAPCC) and the MGNREGS. The guideline provides

a comprehensive framework with background, shared visions, supported interventions,

planning and implementation framework, targets, funding mechanism, monitoring and

evaluation with list of works that can be carried out under different sub-missions in

convergence with MGREGS. This is a welcome step where climate change and development

are viewed with one perspective and links both mitigation and adaptation activities.31

30

Eleventh Five Year plan of India (2007-12), Inclusive Growth, Volume I, Planning Commission, Government

of India available at http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th/11_v1/11th_vol1.pdf 31

MoEF‘s letter to Chief Secretaries of all states on convergence of MGNREGS and GIM available at

http://envfor.nic.in/sites/default/files/MGNREGS-GIM_0.pdf

http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th/11_v1/11th_vol1.pdf




This chapter provides a brief factual and institutional overview to the trainees on climate

change and disaster situation and existing structures and measures dealing with the issue. The

review and summary of facts and figures, institutional set up, plans and programs are not

narrated in full rather a summarized version is presented to fit the context of the module. The

facilitator needs to have a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the thematic

aspects of being able to facilitate the sessions effectively. Few of the guidance notes which

can work as a checklist for the facilitator are as follows:

1. Develop strong understanding on aim, objectives and expected results of this training,

and review the Suggested Methods and Activities listed below,

2. Identify additional potentially effective activities suitable for the particular group of

trainees,

3. Review related background literature on climatic projections, adaptation programs at

national and state levels. This can include, but is not limited to the reference material

listed at the end of this module.





a. PowerPoint or other presentation materials, including revisions if desired. The

chapter should be divided into different presentations keeping in mind the

maximum concentration window of 45 minutes.

b. Printouts or any other necessary handouts (Disaster statistics, projected

impacts shown in tables, Progress of NAPCC and Priority areas for SAPCC

Odisha)




1. Total Time: Different presentations not exceeding 45 minutes/presentation with a

maximum of three sessions covering the whole chapter as follows:

1. Climate change situation Projections (India and Odisha)- 45 minutes

2. Institutional setup for DRR and CCA (India and Odisha)- 20 minutes

3. National and State level plans and programs- 25 minutes


1. Projector and Screen with power backup








Method of conducting the sessions:

Session I – Climate Change situation and projections (Odisha and India)

Duration-45 Minutes

Methodology of facilitation- Through Group Activity and presentation

Materials required: 40 number of square cards (in the shape of playing cards).

This is a fact and figure based sessions which can be initiated through a small group exercise.

The group exercise may be done by dividing groups randomly.

Division of group- The ―Same number‖ game may be used where trainees will be divided

based on identical numbers that they receive. For this, the facilitator should have cards with

numerical from 1-8. E.g. there should be five cards with number 1 and so on from 1-8. These

cards will be mixed and distributed among participants. Participants having the same number

will be one in the same group.

Group size: Each group to have maximum eight members with maximum of five groups in

total.

Group Task: Five groups will be given the same task. The task will be to list five main

changes in climate in the 30 year span (before, now and after) in Odisha/particular district

with parameters and reasons based on the groups self assessment and perspective

Climate characteristics of Odisha/district based on common perspective

Climatic features in 1985 Climatic features in 2015 Climatic features in 2045

1………………………..

2. ………………………

3………………………..

1………………………..

2. ………………………

3………………………..

1………………………..

2. ………………………

3………………………..

Followed by the exercise, sharing of findings should be facilitated tactically to only highlight

group wise unique findings (findings which are not repeated among different groups):

After the sharing the facilitator should make a presentation explaining current climate change

facts and future projections.

Session II: Institutional arrangement for DRR and CCA (20 Minutes)

The facilitation of this session should be simplified to bring or conclude a picture of the legal

and institutional framework for DRR and CCA in India while relating it to Odisha. It is

assumed that few institutions at local level will be familiar to the participants. An overview of

this is expected to relate different levels of set up. Ideally, this should be done through a

presentation. To make it more interactive, the facilitator may choose the path question-answer

session, however, this requires a careful assessment of participation interest, willingness and

abilities of the participants. The presentation should also include occasional humors, jokes

and emotional appeals to keep the house involved.


Session III: National and State level plans and programs on DRR and CCA

This chapter should be targeted to orient the participants with the NAPCC and SAPCC. Since

the TNA report claims low level of awareness among the district level officials on SAPCC of

Odisha, this session should be taken as an opportunity to improve the awareness and

understanding of the trainees on these two important frameworks. The presentation should

state the NAPCC and its eight missions and gradually progress to the SAPCC. The trainees

are to be provided with handouts on implementation status. An interactive discussion on the

plans may be held to clarify the doubts and questions that may be arising after the

presentation.

.


Chapter Summary:

This chapter presents a summary of sectors as relevant to DRR and CCA. The focus of

this chapter is on explaining the key impacts that these sectors are exposed to and

existing/predicted coping strategies. The chapter explores CCA and DRR relevance of

sectors like agriculture, health, education, infrastructure (Public Works), social welfare,

rural and urban development, public health, livelihood and food security, water and land

resource management and energy. This chapter is so designed to meet the departmental

arrangements at district level administration so that the relevance and contextual actions

can be identified and associated with the development scenario (both planning and

implementation). The chapter makes use of recent facts and figures derived from different

well researched documents and papers, reports, etc. to explain the sectoral impacts of

climate change and gradually draws attention of the read to coping issues and

recommendations.

4 DRR, CCA AND KEY SECTORS

Learning Objectives: To develop understanding on key sectors affected by climate change, its impact and

issues

To present a particular picture of impacts on sectors in Odisha,

To understand the relevance and the interrelation of DRR and CCA with these sectors

and identify action agenda.


Sectors

4.1 Agriculture

Agriculture, which is considered as the state's backbone has been worst hit due to changes in

the microclimate and natural calamities. It is the mainstay of the Odisha‘s economy and

substance of life of the people as it is providing employment, directly or indirectly to more

than 60% of the state‘s total workforce. But, simultaneously, the growth rate of this sector is

the most fluctuating one among all three sectors. About 34% of the cultivated area of the state

is irrigated and rest 66% is rainfed, exposed to the vagaries of the monsoon. Therefore, the

production of agricultural crops in the state much depends on the occurrence of a favourable

monsoon (Odisha Agriculture Statistics 2008-09). In the last 50 years, the food production

has decreased by 40 per cent (Odisha Economic Survey 2009-10). The decreased food

production due to climatic factors backed by the poor socio-economic condition of the

farmers in Odisha is pushing them towards a more vulnerable condition.32

Frequent changes in climate had become rude to the marginalized people of the state by

taking their habitation into its fury and destroying agriculture which is the basic livelihood

source. The intensity of cyclones, in terms of wind speed and severity, has also increased; the

1999, 1982 and 1971 cyclones battered villages along the coast. People say that after each

cyclone the sea level rose significantly and the submergence was quicker consequently the

agricultural land and standing crops gets affected. 33

Prof. Surendranath Pasupalak, (Pasupalak 2009) a renowned agriculture expert from Odisha

in his recent study highlighted some important projections related to agriculture in Odisha:

These include:

1. Reduced yields of crops due to warm day and nights.

2. Decreased grain yield of rice (9%) by 2020 due to accelerated senescence and higher

chaffyness.

3. Less elongation of rice grain and lower quality of rice due to warm nights during post

flowering period (October).

4. Direct sown rice a more risk due to extended summer and less rainfall in June.

5. Substantial yield losses in winter crops. For example, 0.5°C rise in winter

temperature would reduce wheat yield by 0.45 t/ha.

6. More crop loss, water logging and difficulty in cultivation due to more heavy rainfall

events.

7. More crop loss and land degradation due to increased drought occurrence.

8. Increased risk of soil damage and erosion due to soil wetness, water logging and

flooding.

9. Increased salinization of the coastal areas, particularly Mahanadi delta.

10. Long-term loss of soil carbon stocks.

32

Mishra Diptimayee, Sahu Naresh Chandra, Response of farmers to climate change in Odisha: An empirical

investigation, published at International Journal of Environmental Sciences (Volume IV) 2014, available at

http://www.ipublishing.co.in/ijesarticles/fourteen/articles/volfour/EIJES41074.pdf 33

ORISSA - The Worst Victim Of Global Warming And Climate Change available at

http://creative.sulekha.com/orissa-the-worst-victim-of-global-warming-and-climate-change_317177_blog

http://www.ipublishing.co.in/ijesarticles/fourteen/articles/volfour/EIJES41074.pdf



11. Increased crop water requirement due to accelerated evapotranspiration.

12. Decreased use efficiency of nitrogenous fertilizers.

13. Higher pest incidence such as an increasing infestation of rice crop by swarming

caterpillar, hispa, stem borer and bacterial leaf blight.

14. Loss of cultivated land by inundation and coastal erosion in low-lying coastal areas.34

Another expert from Odisha had further classified key projections based on climatic elements

taking the projection period upto 2050. The table 8 highlights the key projections highlighted

in the study:

Table 8: Overall Projections on Possible Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture

Climatic

Element

Expected changes by

2050's

Confidence

in

prediction

Effects on agriculture

CO2

Increase from 360 ppm to

450 - 600 ppm (2005 levels

now at 379 ppm)

Very high Good for crops: increased

photosynthesis; reduced water

Use

Sea level

rise

Rise by 10 -15 cm

Increased in south and

offset in

north by natural

subsistence/rebound

Very high Loss of land, coastal erosion,

flooding, salinization of

Groundwater

Temperature

Rise by 1-2 Degree C.

Winters warming more

than summers.

Increased frequency of

heat waves

High

Faster, shorter, earlier growing

seasons, range moving north and

to higher altitudes, heat stress

risk, increased evapotranspiration

Precipitation

Seasonal changes by ±

10%

Low Impacts on drought risk' soil

workability, water logging

irrigation supply, transpiration

Storminess

Increased wind speeds,

especially in north. More

intense rainfall events.

Very low Lodging, soil erosion, reduced

infiltration of rainfall

Increases across most

climatic variables.

Predictions

Uncertain

Very low

Changing risk of damaging events

(heat waves, frost,

droughts floods) which effect

crops and timing of farm

operations35

34

Prof. Surendranath Pasupalak, Climate Change and Agriculture in Orissa, published at Orissa Review, April-

May – 2009 available at http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissareview/2009/April-May/engpdf/49-52.pdf

p. no. 50-51. 35

Mahato Anupama, Climate Change and its Impact on Agriculture, published at International Journal of

Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 4, Issue 4, April 2014 available at

http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0414/ijsrp-p.pdf (PN- 28-33).

http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissareview/2009/April-May/engpdf/49-52.pdf

http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0414/ijsrp-p.pdf


DRR and CCA strategies and actions relevant to agriculture sector at local level

Local Research and assessment-Constant and improved research is to be done to understand

the dynamics of past and probable impacts of climate change and possible disasters on the

sector to evolve risk reduction and adaptation practices. Micro level studies are also essential

which are conducted at the district level to assess the local impacts, trends, existing available

coping strategies and improving the best practices. The aim of the research should be to

improve planning through effective guide books for different level of actors from district to

block and village levels. Research must also focus on identification and diversification of

crop varieties; identify emerging pest and diseases and development of effective controlling

measures. Local level assessment is required for effective planning. Climate variability,

disaster history and climate projections must be considered in agricultural planning at all

levels. Assessment and promotion of climate resilient indigenous farming practices should

also be focused. Accessibility and availability of weather related predictions with improved

accuracy should also be targeted.

Evolving sustainable practices: Based on research and implications, enhanced and more

user friendly methods for integrated water shed management in rain-fed areas and similar

practices should be designed and implemented. This will require community level pilots and

farmers orientation program in simplest way possible. The infrastructure for the same must be

created focusing on resilience to disasters and extreme events.

36

Mishra Diptimayee and Sahu Naresh Chandra (2014), Response of farmers to climate change in Odisha: An

empirical investigation, published at International Journal of Environmental Sciences, Volume 4, No 5, 2014

available at http://www.ipublishing.co.in/ijesarticles/fourteen/articles/volfour/EIJES41074.pdf

Box 1: Summary of a Study Titled “Response of farmers to climate change in Odisha:

An empirical Investigation” by Diptimayee Mishra and Naresh Chandra Sahu from School

of Humanities, Social Sciences and Management, Indian Institute of Technology reflected

certain critical facts (Mishra and Sahu 2014).

The study finds that farmer‘s perceptions of climatic variability in terms of change in

temperature are in line with the statistically recorded data on those variables of climate. The

major adaptation strategies of farmers in the study area are double seeding (for some crops),

changing planting dates, multiple cropping, changing crop varieties, increasing irrigation,

shifting the land use pattern and migration.

The factors that have a major influence on their decision to adapt are access to irrigation,

landholding size, ownership of land, and other occupations of the farmer. Level of education

of the farmer, family size and wealth index of the family size also influences positively to

some of the adaptation choices. From the survey it is also found that the impacts act more

severely on the land less farmers particularly those who have annual income less than

20,000 and these are the people who have poor access to irrigation as well as credit facility.

This vicious circle affects their standard of living badly. Also, lack of extension service

facility is another major barrier in the adoption of updated modern technology as well as the

appropriate adaptation strategies.36



Farmers Awareness: Localised farmer‘s orientation programs on effective planning growing

season, planting date, etc. are to be implemented with increased focus. This requires careful

analysis of scientific weather data, disasters history and risks as well as community

preferences. Promoting awareness on Mixed farming, well developed and user friendly

training on sustainable soil, water and crop management practices, awareness and Promotion

of Risk transfer through insurance

4.2 Public Health

Public health is another critical sector for disaster risk reduction and climate change

adaptation. The magnitude of issues associated with drinking water and sanitation in Odisha

has multi-dimensional angles and vulnerabilities. With changing patterns of disease, water

and food insecurity, dense human settlements, extreme climatic events, population growth

and increasing migration, challenges faced by the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

Sector have multiplied. Besides, climate change related impacts like melting glaciers,

extreme floods and droughts can affect water availability and water quality.

India is considered particularly vulnerable to climate change due to its geographical position

and a large rural population having limited or no access to safe drinking water and sanitation.

In Odisha the situation is even serious as 78% households did not have toilets as per the 2011

Census. The rural Odisha figures are appalling. Households without a latrine in the rural areas

are at a whopping 85.9 per cent. In the urban areas, the figure is 35.2 per cent. Obviously,

health and hygiene of the rural population is more at risk than that of the urban areas.37

Water quality will be affected by climate change. In regions of Odisha suffering from

droughts, a greater incidence of diarrheal and other water-related diseases may arise from

deteriorating water quality, populations forced to use unsafe sources, and through a reduction

in water use for hygiene. An increase in precipitation amounts and intensity may also lead to

a decline in water quality by increasing erosion in the catchment, producing high turbidity in

the source water and mobilizing other contaminants, and by increasing the mobility of

contaminants, such as pathogens, in groundwater where there is increased groundwater

recharge. Water supply and sanitation facilities will also be affected by the amount of water

available, and changes in the timing and intensity of rainfall. The main impacts to sanitation

facilities from climatic events are from floods, whereas drinking-water supply facilities are

affected by both floods and droughts.38

Required Coping strategies and actions

Understanding resilience level of existing infrastructure as per the climate change and

disaster risk for both rural and urban water supply and sanitation systems

Increase coverage with speed and quality

37

Data derived from http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/press/News_1st_April_2012-

HLO_Data_OrissaToday.pdf 38

Katrina Charles, Kathy Pond, Steve Pedley, Rifat Hossain, Frédéric Jacot, Technology projection study,

published at University of Syrrey, available at

http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/vision_2030_technology_projection_report.pdf

http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/press/News_1st_April_2012-HLO_Data_OrissaToday.pdf




Understand local issues and develop a vision based strategies for promoting

adaptation and risk reduction in both infrastructure and services

Build capacity of manpower to improve planning and design of installing key

infrastructures

Prepare and execute contingency plans for effective handling of crisis events and

disasters

Do systematic research studies for cost and benefit analysis of adaptation options with

the focus of public health management and WASH.

Increase community understanding, capacity and involvement in local level planning

and community based adaptation for public health.

John Butterworth and Sabine Guendel two sectoral experts developed a comprehensive action

framework for adaptation response required against different water supply technologies in

practice particularly in rural and small town areas which are highly relevant in the context of

Odisha. The technologies reflect both in-practice or possible future options with required

response for climate change adaptation. These are summarized below:

Table 9: Summary of Climate Risks, Impacts and Responses Associated with Different

Types of Rural and Small Town Water Supply Technologies

Technology Description Climate risks Possible impacts Responses

Rainwater

Harvesting

Rainwater

collection and

storage in tanks

– household or

community level

There may be

fewer rainy

days and

longer drought

periods.

Rainfall events

may be more

intense

More storage may

be required to

bridge low

rainfall periods.

Danger of

damage and

contamination

from flooding

Build in

redundancy for

potential reduced

rainfall and longer

dry seasons.

Ensure protection

against flooding

Reticulated

schemes

from

small rivers

and

dams

Pumped schemes

to villages and

small towns

based on small

dams or river

abstraction

Changed

seasonality of

Runoff, peak

flows and

sediment load

Lower and less

certain flows.

Possible

increased

sedimentation

Dams may be

filled with

sediment –

possibility of

failure

Design to a higher

capacity

Build in

mechanisms

for dealing with

increased

sedimentation

Conjunctive use of

surface and

groundwater to

increase

adaptability to

change.

Shallow

family

wells

Wells less than

10 m deep – dug

by hand and

More intense

rainfall, longer

dry season

Increased

contamination of

sources

Should generally

not be promoted in

isolation as


often unlined

More likely that

sources will fail

improved water

supplies, but as

part of a package

and a step on the

Self Supply ladder

Improved

hand

dug wells

Hand dug wells

often > 10 m

deep lined with

concrete and

capped at the

surface

More intense

rainfall, longer

dry

season

Increased risk of

contamination

More likely that

sources will fail

Hand dug wells

should be tested at

the peak of a

normal dry season.

They should be

sited in productive

parts of the aquifer

and deep enough

to intersect

groundwater

below 10 m

There should be an

emphasis on

casing out shallow

layers and runoff

Protected

spring

supplies

Perennial springs

where the source

is protected and

piped to a

standpipe

Longer dry

season

– more intense

Rainfall

Longer dry

season

– more intense

Rainfall

More thorough

investigation of

seasonal spring

flow and

contamination

pressures in

catchment. Build

in greater

redundancy39

4.3 Social Welfare (Woman and Child Development)

Social Welfare is a key strategic focus in all developing countries including India. This sector

deals with the At-Risk population which include persons with disability, elderly, women and

children, In Odisha the Women and Child Development Department is the nodal agency for

this sector. The At-risk populations have always been the most vulnerable to any impact of

disasters and climate change. Women population in Odisha was 20762082 which is 49.47%

of the total population. The total population of children between 0-6 years is 5273194 which

is 12.57% of the total population.40

The share of disabled and the elderly in the total

population makes a bold statement of the fact that by virtue of their physical, social and

cultural limitations; these at risk groups suffer more threat due to climatic changes and

disasters and need specific adaptation measures.

39

WASH & climate change adaptation training module: factsheets Prepared by John Butterworth and Sabine

Guendel. The training module is based upon many existing resources and especially the work of Charles

Batchelor and co-authors (2011), IRC and UNICEF available at

http://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/wash_and_climate_change_adaptation_factsheets.pdf 40

Data Derived from

http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND021_Orissa.pdf

http://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/wash_and_climate_change_adaptation_factsheets.pdf

http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND021_Orissa.pdf


Climate change has significant impacts on fresh water sources, affecting the availability of

water used for domestic and productive tasks. The consequences of the increased frequency

in floods and droughts are far reaching, particularly for vulnerable groups, Climate change

has significant impacts on fresh water sources, affecting the availability of water used for

domestic and productive tasks. The consequences of the increased frequency in floods and

droughts are far reaching, particularly for vulnerable groups,

All over the developing world, women and girls bear the burden of fetching water for their

families and spend significant amounts of time daily hauling water from distant sources. The

water from distant sources is rarely enough to meet the needs of the household and is often

contaminated, such that women and girls also pay the heaviest price for poor sanitation.41

To

give an example, in cases where the arsenic contamination of groundwater is prominent,

increased flood levels intensify the rate of exposure among rural people and other socio-

economically disadvantaged groups.42

The resulting health problems include: lesions, the

hardening of skin, dark spots on hands and feet, swollen limbs and the loss of feeling, hands

and feet, swollen limbs and the loss of feeling.43

Arsenic exposure also manifests itself in the

form of skin lesions that usually have negative social repercussions for arsenic-poisoning

(arsenicosis) victims—the situation is particularly worse for women who can be shunned,

excluded, and stigmatised, based on physical appearance—this also impacts the ability of

single women to get married, and in many cases unmarried women are more vulnerable to

poverty and social exclusion.44

Thus mitigation and adaptation efforts should systematically and effectively address gender-

specific impacts of climate change in the areas of, inter alia, food security, agriculture and

fisheries; biodiversity; water; health; human rights; and peace and security. The consultation

and participation of women in climate change initiatives must be ensured, and the role of

women‘s groups and networks strengthened. Women can make substantive contributions

through their knowledge and experience on issues related to the management of natural

resources. For example, women in leadership positions— at national, local and community

levels—have made a visible difference in natural disaster responses, both in emergency

rescue and evacuation efforts and in post-disaster reconstruction as well as in the

management of essential natural resources, such as fresh water.

The schemes and programs of the Government of India and Government of Odisha should

also ensure participation of women in decision making process related to adaptation.

Children between 0-6 years who also occupy a handsome chunk of the population in Odisha

are extremely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and disasters. The rising frequency

41

UNICEF. Arsenic Mitigation in Bangladesh. Report. UNICEF. Available at

http://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/Arsenic.pdf 42

Khan, MMH, and Et al. ―Magnitude of Arsenic Toxicity in Tube-Well Drinking Water in Bangladesh and its

Adverse Effects on Human Health Including Cancer.‖ Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 4 (2003).

Available at http://www.apocp.org/cancer_download/Vol4_No1/MMH%20Khan.pdf 43

UNICEF. Arsenic Mitigation in Bangladesh. Report. UNICEF. Available at

http://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/Arsenic.pdf 44

ibid.

http://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/Arsenic.pdf

http://www.apocp.org/cancer_download/Vol4_No1/MMH%20Khan.pdf



of extremes like cyclone, floods, heat waves had had devastating impacts upon children‘s

health and education. Similarly the elderly and the persons with disabilities who form the

other parts of core functions for social welfare are exposed to the projected impacts like

extreme events, increase in vector borne diseases like malaria and others. The Sector Social

welfare must adapt to strong action strategy for incorporating DRR and CCA concerns at all

levels.

Box 2: Women Adapting to Climate Change in Puri, Odisha

Each year rainfall in Puri

district of Odisha is

becoming more erratic.

Residents of the coastal state

have to deal with

waterlogged fields and

homes for months, only for

it to be replaced by scarcity

as the water recedes.

Women have been hit

hardest by the extreme

weather conditions. Many

have to walk for long

stretches in search of safe drinking water. Children are often ill with diarrhoea and skin

infections resulting from water logging since 2011, a UNDP partnership with the

Government of Odisha, supported by the Australian Agency for International Development is

enabling communities in Puri district to adapt to extreme weather events..For women, it has

been particularly beneficial, providing supplementary income opportunities, safe piped

drinking water and empowering them to conserve precious water resources. The partnership

has empowered local communities to play a key role in preserving water bodies. Village

committees have been set up to oversee protection and conservation activities. Women have

used the traditional water bodies for livelihood generation by cleaning water hyacinth and

evolving floating gardens. Twice a month, 70 women volunteers clean out the water hyacinth

that grows in water bodies in Jeypore village. During the bi-monthly cleaning of the pond,

women form a chain to pull floating sections of water hyacinth prior to uprooting them. As a

result of the efforts of women like 60 year old Laxmi Parida, seen here pulling out floating

sections of hyacinth from the pond, the water quality has improved. Today, the villagers use

the pond for duck farming, and fishing. In 2012, the partnership supported Dhokandpur

village in establishing a pond by harvesting rain water to be used exclusively for drinking

water. It is now connected to a small filtration plant, and piped water is supplied to the

village. Previously, the village pond was used for bathing, washing utensils and drinking

water, raising the risk of infection and illness. Hundreds of women like Sarojini Jena are now

ensured of safe drinking water through water, purified and supplied through pipes in

Dokhandpur.45

45

Story and photo taken from https://undp-india.exposure.so/women-adapting-to-climate-change

https://undp-india.exposure.so/women-adapting-to-climate-change


Coping Strategies and Recommendations:

1. Local level research and planning to understand the current and projected impacts of

specific climate change resulted extremes upon the at-risk population and schemes for

their welfare

2. Schemes to have specific assessment and should have integrated concerns of DRR

and CCA.

3. Programs and schemes on women and child health and nutrition must take into

consideration global and local projections and should be targeted to improve coverage

in vulnerable locations.

4. Increased coordination and role sharing between relevant departments to better evolve

with strategies for optimum utilization of locally available resources for promoting

risk reduction and adaptation.

4.4 Public Works and Infrastructure

Public works and infrastructure is a key sector for climate change adaptation and disaster risk

reduction. This sector is lead by Public Works Department (Roads and Buildings) in the state

of Odisha. The impacts of climate change especially manifested through loss and damage

incurred due to increased extreme events has a very high toll for the public works and

infrastructure sector. Odisha had suffered extensive loss and damage to public property such

as public buildings and roads due to recurrent floods and two major cyclones (Super Cyclone

and Cyclone Phailin).

For example, an assessment of damage due to cyclone Phailin states that 12,811 public

buildings were damaged, of which 12,296 correspond to non-residential and 515 to

residential buildings respectively, with primary schools being the most affected. This lead to

a total reconstruction needs of about INR 6,444.15 million (US$103.94 million). Damage to

roads was estimated to be at 1,936.36 KMs for roads under PWD Roads and Buildings

department and 8,099 KMs for PWD Rural Works Department. The total estimated

reconstruction need was INR 7,007.87 million (US$113.03 million).46

46

India, Cyclone Phailin in Odisha October 2013, Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment Report, December

2013 by Government of Odisha, available at http://ncrmp.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Odisha-Phailin-

report-Final.pdf

Box 3: Project Case Study: High Speed Two (HS2)

H2S is the UK Government's proposal for a new, high speed north-south railway that will

connect London to Leeds and beyond. As part of the environmental impact assessment for

the project, the project sponsor conducted a high level climate change risk and resilience

assessment to identify the potential risks of climate change on the proposed project. The

assessment considered climate-related hazards such as extreme hot and cold weather, heavy

rain, high winds, and storms posed to the infrastructure and assets associated with the

proposed project. The assessment identified two high risk areas: (1) flood of track work,

cuttings and tunnels, and (2) overheating in tunnels. To mitigate these risks, the project

design incorporated resilience design measures. To address the potential risk of flooding, all

operational infrastructure and assets are protected by a one meter freeboard above the 1 in

1,000 year (0.1 percent) annual probability of flooding. The one meter freeboard provides

http://ncrmp.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Odisha-Phailin-report-Final.pdf



With projections for increased frequency of cyclones and other extremes, this sector is

expected to have very high vulnerability and thus need to take strong actions for risk

reduction and adaptation to climate change to increase resilience of the existing infrastructure

and improved planning for future constructions. The Rapid damage and needs assessment

report by Government of Odisha post cyclone Phailin also cited ―As Odisha is susceptible to

frequent cyclones, the restoration works need to incorporate disaster resilient design features

such as raising embankments, wherever necessary, and incorporation of adequate protection

and river training work. This is particularly important as roads and bridges also serve as a

lifeline to the villages and communities during cyclones and disasters.48

‖

The above picture highlights the effective work of PWD (Roads and Bridges) Department of

Dhemaji district in the state of Assam which usded vetiver grass to protect erosion of raods

from river flooding.

Coping strategies and recommendations:

1. Adaptation needs and response (especially those with greater certainty) can be

identified and developed as part of planning application process, with respect to

(local) standards and specifications.

2. Use of decision pathway approach to ensure long-term effective resilience through

maintenance, repair, retrofit or replacement

3. Identify and assess long-term climate change risks, including interdependent and

systemic risks. This will enable appropriate use of an evidence base to support a

business case for adaptation.

4. Reducing the risk to the viability of existing infrastructure, e.g. avoiding the need for

costly retrofitting or even re-building/re-location;

47

International Practices on Climate Adaptation in Transportation available at

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/climate_change/adaptation/publications_and_tools/international_practi

ces/page05.cfm 48

Ibid.

increased protection to allow for flood risk modelling uncertainty. In addition, the railway

drainage will be designed to accommodate storms up to the 1 in 100 year (1 percent) annual

probability of flooding , including an increase of 30 percent for climate change allowance

(Department for Transport, 2013)47

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/climate_change/adaptation/publications_and_tools/international_practices/page05.cfm



4.5 Rural and Urban Development:

Odisha is one of the least urbanized states in India. As per the 2011 census 6.99 million

people, or 17% of the total state population, live in urban areas. The last decade has however

seen a growth of almost 25% in terms of the urban population, higher than the national

average. There are 103 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) including 3 Municipal Corporations of

Bhubaneswar, Cuttack and Berhampur, 37 Municipalities, 63 Notified Area Councils and 2

census towns. Almost 55% of the urban population lives in the capital Bhubaneswar and the

two cities of Cuttack and Berhampur. Many of the cities and towns in Odisha are popular

tourist destinations because of the large number of temples. They are also hubs of educational

institutions. In the state 35 million people are living in rural areas which forms the lifeline of

the state in all spheres. Rural and Urban development which are subject to the PRIs and

ULBs have a wide arena to consider.

The developments in both rural and urban areas are at risk to severe climatic events

particularly floods, cyclones, extreme heat waves, etc. The components of rural and urban

development such as water supply, sanitation, communication, infrastructure, education,

welfare of at risk groups, etc. have suffered from devastating impacts due to climatic

disasters. In the recent cyclone Phailin, 32.50 KMs of urban water supply pipes, 44 water

supply sources, 250 Nos of street lights, 245 KMs of urban roads (in 7 ULBs in the three

districts) and 66.6 KMs of roadside drains were affected.49

This cyclone followed by heavy

rains causing floods have severely affected the existing rural infrastructure crippling access to

basic services, particularly water and sanitation in 18,374 habitations located in 18 districts.

A total of 3,040 piped water supply systems and 162,170 tube/bore wells were damaged.

Besides, 8,099 KMs of rural roads were also damaged by cyclone and following floods.

Many other critical infrastructure such as hospitals, schools buildings, ICDS Centres all that

define the development scenario of the rural and urban development were badly affected.

This data merely gives example of one particular cyclone and with uncertainties associated

with rainfall, temperature, etc. the development paradigm is under constant threat in both

rural and urban areas. Thus, rural and urban development as sectors must integrate and

mainstream DRR and CCA concern at different levels of planning and operation.

Box 4: Case Example: Western Odisha Rural Livelihoods Project

The Western Odisha Rural Livelihoods Project (WORLP) Orissa implements around 10

different watershed programmes and projects in the State through the Orissa Watershed

Development Mission (OWDM), an autonomous State level agency constituted under the

Department for Agriculture that plans, implements and monitors watershed development

programmes in the State.

It was implemented in four of the most disadvantaged districts in the state of Odisha:

Bargarh, Balangir, Kalahandi and Nuapada. It was designed to cover 1,180 villages in 677

watersheds in these four districts, where human development indicators are very low -

comparable to sub-Saharan Africa. The project initiated a new approach to watershed

49



report-Final.pdf Page no-17.




management, termed ―Watershed Plus‖ during its design, which put the focus on the poor,

their ways of making a living and the provision of a range of livelihood support services.

Climate change adaptation consists of a range of measures and initiatives that reduce the

vulnerability of human and natural systems to climate change

WORLP was designed using the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach, which provides a

conceptual and methodological framework for addressing poverty. It was not designed with

any climate change objectives, and no environmental impact was envisaged other than the

enhancement of natural resource assets. Nonetheless, the project has increased the asset levels

of the poor and very poor, which in turn has helped to ensure that they are better able to cope

with anticipated hazards, and to adapt to a changing environment and circumstances, by

building their resilience.50

Coping strategies and recommendations:

1. Using climate data and projections in planning and implementing rural and urban

development projects.

2. Contingency planning for dealing with extreme events based climate and disaster risk

assessment

3. Promoting skill development at grass-root among planners, PRIs and village level

development workforce for assessing climate and disaster risks while planning and

implementing developmental works

4. Indentifying, innovating and scaling up sustainable practices having CCA and DRR

components in the areas of water management, soil management, livelihood

diversification and natural resource management, etc. according to local context.

4.6 Energy

The energy sector in Orissa (both state supply and captive power) is going to be a large

contributor to the carbon dioxide emissions. Assuming about 60,000 MW of power

generation by 2020 and 5 million tons of carbon per 1,000 MW, the local carbon emissions

will be 300 million tons of carbon per year. Over a 30-year period, this will be about 9 billion

tons of carbon.51

Apart from meeting emission standards, the energy infrastructure must also

adapt to the climatic changes particularly rising frequency of extremes particularly floods and

cyclones. The Cyclone Phailin resulted in a loss of INR 10,478 million in power distribution

and transmission infrastructure. Thus the power distribution and transmission infrastructure

must recognize the need for resilient infrastructure which requires local level assessment,

planning and actions.

50

http://community.eldis.org/.59d2aaa6 51

Odisha State Action Plan on Climate Change

http://odisha.gov.in/forest_environment/ActionPlan/CCAP%20ORISSA%20FINAL-1.pdf/pn-41-42

Box 5: Examples of Climate Change Impact on Energy Sector:

1. Increases in water temperature are likely to reduce generation efficiency, especially

where water availability is also affected.

2. Increases in air temperature will reduce generation efficiency and output as well as

increase customers‘ cooling demands, stressing the capacity of generation and grid

networks.

http://community.eldis.org/.59d2aaa6



The SAPCC of Odisha details out the road-map for Mitigation activities to be carried out by

Energy Sector. However, local level preparedness and planning for adaption and risk

reduction of power distribution and transmission infrastructure emerges as a critical concern

which has not been highlighted in the SAPCC but is addressed in the disaster management

paradigm. Creation of resilient structures, contingency planning to meet eventualities with

adequate material and man-power resources, etc. are to be ensured.

Box 6: Case Example: Site Risk Assessment and Disaster Planning

To better prepare for extreme weather events, disasters, and equipment malfunctions,

companies are investing in extensive physical risk assessments to operations, including

employee safety, and subsequent disaster planning

Specific to climate change threats.

1. EVN has leveraged its geology branch, EVN Geoinfo GmbH, to analyze and integrate

detailed data, such as floodwater studies, into its planning processes for site

identification, environmental protection, and crisis management. The company has

also packaged this into a commercial product for governments, the tourism industry,

and environmental management bodies.

2. Centrica has created extensive employee and customer well-being planning in the

wake of the several hurricanes that have affected operations to address workplace

accessibility, home relocation and/or damage, and employee safety in the event of an

emergency.53

52

ADB (2012), Climate Risk and Adaptation in the Electric Power Sector, available at

http://adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/climate-risks-adaptation-power-sector.pdf 53

Finley T. and Schuchard s R. Adapting to Climate Change: A Guide for the Energy and Utility Industry

Published by Business for Social Responsibility available at

http://www.bsr.org/reports/BSR_Climate_Adaptation_Issue_Brief_Energy_Utilities.pdf

3. Changes in precipitation patterns and surface water discharges, as well as an

increasing frequency and/or intensity of droughts, may adversely impact hydropower

generation and reduce water availability for cooling purposes to thermal and nuclear

power plants.

4. Extreme weather events, such as stronger and/or more frequent storms, can reduce the

supply and potentially the quality of fuel (coal, oil, gas), reduce the input of energy

(e.g., water, wind, sun, biomass), damage generation and grid infrastructure, reduce

output, and affect security of supply

5. Flooding is generally likely to have the biggest impact for a wide range of generation

technologies.

Example of Adaptation

In general, more robust design specifications could allow structures to withstand more

extreme conditions (such as higher wind or water velocity) and provide them with the ability

to cope safely with higher air and/or water temperatures. In some circumstances, it may also

be necessary to consider relocating or refitting extremely vulnerable existing infrastructure.

Furthermore, decentralized generation systems may reduce the need for large facilities in

high risk areas and minimize climate risk. Finally, the reliability of control systems and

information and communications technology (ICT) components may improve from

redundancy in their design and from being certified as resilient to higher temperatures and

humidity.52

http://adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2012/climate-risks-adaptation-power-sector.pdf



4.7 Water Resources

Impact of climate change on water resources is likely to be due to erratic monsoons creating

variability in river flows and increased frequency / intensity in extreme events such as floods,

droughts and cyclones. Further research and studies are required for a realistic assessment of

climate change impacts. This will have to be done at the state level and basin level. However,

at the same time, conservation of water resources, adoption of better management practices

with emphasis on optimal utilization and increase in water use efficiency requires to be

implemented. Apart from being climate change adaptation measures, these will constitute

good water resource management. River basin approach at short intervals and assessment of

water balances in every river basin should be integral part of IWRM.54

Coping Strategies and Recommendations

1. Downscaling Climate Change impact modelling to contextualise with various river

basins of Odisha and building capacity of concerned stakeholders in this regard

2. Devising campaign for promoting water harvesting structures

3. Mass awareness on judicious use of water for household and agricultural purposes.

4.8 Health

In Odisha, increased health risks will arise due to climate change. There is already high

prevalence of malaria and vector-borne diseases in certain areas. With erratic nature of

rainfall and extending seasons, these may become more widespread. Climate change has the

potential to aggravate vector-borne, water-borne and food-borne diseases. The intensity and

frequency of extreme events such as heat waves and cyclones could further expose the

vulnerable population to health risks. About 80% of malaria burden is in Odisha,

Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, NE, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat,

Rajasthan, West Bengal and Karnataka. However, other states are also vulnerable and have

local and focal outbreaks. Some of the recent impact of climate change visible on health

included climate extremes e.g., June 2005 recorded the highest temperature of 46.3 degree

Celsius in Bhubaneswar of the last 33 years which is 10 degrees above normal, leading to a

heat wave. Speaking of heat wave, the 1998 heat wave in Orissa was recorded as one of the

worst, claiming more than 2000 lives. 1998 was the warmest year globally, etc.55

Though there has not been specific studies available to understand how climate change will

affect the human health in context to Odisha, however, a general analysis of the projections

available create the following picture:56

1. Higher temperatures and more frequent heat waves will likely increase heat stress,

respiratory illnesses, and heat-related deaths. High temperatures also correlate with

poor air quality and pose a risk to people with respiratory problems. While the

54

Ibid-pn-72 55

Patil R. Rajan and Deepa T. M., Climate change: The challenges for public health preparedness and response-

An Indian case study, published at Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2007 Sep-Dec; available at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3168167/ 56

United States Environmental Protection Agencies, available at http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/impacts-

adaptation/southeast.html

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3168167/

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/impacts-adaptation/southeast.html



number of cold-related deaths is projected to decrease, net climate-related mortality

will likely increase.

2. Increased flooding could present extreme public health and emergency management

challenges.

3. The spread of some types of bacteria has been linked to warmer temperatures. For

example, food poisoning from eating shellfish infected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus

bacteria has increased by 41% from 1996 to 2006. As temperatures increase, the

frequency of these types of shellfish-borne disease outbreaks in coastal waters is

likely to increase.

It is not really known or projected what sort of exact health diseases will appear in which part

of Odisha, but considering the present scenario and broad climatic projections it can be

inferred that a host of new diseases will emerge for which adaptation and mitigation measures

have to be on forefront and research studies to project the same should be promoted and

conducted.

Coping Strategies and Recommendations

1. Research- Promoting research for strengthening effective medical response for

climatic health diseases and emergencies. This requires enhanced understanding inter-

linkages between global warming, air pollution and diseases through research studies.

2. Planning- To plan effectively to for better preparedness and effective response to

health needs emerging out of climatic extremes. Strengthening surveillance including

traditional knowledge and cultural norms as well as psychological aid to victims to

deal with extreme events

3. Capacity Building- Skill development of emergency service providers on better

coordination during climatic disasters and emergencies. Capacity building of frontline

workers (ASHA/ANM) on effective preparedness and response for climate induced

health impacts particularly water borne and vector borne diseases. Promoting healthy

practises and family preparedness will be another area for awareness and capacity

building with adequate adherence to WASH.57

Box 7: Case Example: Heat Waves and Ahmedabad‟s Action Plan

Ahmedabad's Heat Action Plan - South Asia's first early warning system against extreme heat

waves - is tailored to help protect the city's vulnerable communities during these disasters.

Ahmedabad's Heat Action Plan has been effective at increasing awareness on the dangers of

heat waves and climate change and the need for disaster risk management. Ahmedabad's Heat

Action Plan has a four-pronged approach to reduce heat-related health impacts and mortality:

Building public awareness and community outreach to communicate the risks of heat

waves and implement practices to prevent heat-related deaths and illnesses. This

includes disseminating public messages on how to protect people against extreme heat

through inter-personal contact, traditional media outlets and modern mediums such as

WhatsApp, and informational materials such as pamphlets and advertisements on heat

stress prevention.

57

Odisha State Action Plan on Climate Change




Initiating an early warning system and inter-agency coordination to alert residents of

predicted high and extreme temperatures. The AMC has created formal

communication channels to alert governmental agencies, the meteorological

department, health officials and hospitals, emergency responders, local community

groups, and media outlets of forecasted extreme temperatures.

Capacity building among health care professionals to recognize and respond to heat-

related illnesses, particularly during extreme heat events. These strategies are paired

with straight-forward measures like stocking emergency rooms and ambulances with

ice packs.

Reducing heat exposure and promoting adaptive measures by launching new efforts

including mapping of high-risk areas of the city, increasing outreach and

communication on prevention methods, access to increased potable drinking water

stations and cooling spaces during extreme heat days.58

Such an action plan is evident and much required for urban areas of Odisha with especial

focus on health sector preparedness. The Ahmedabad model can be useful reference in this

regard. The complete Action Plan can be obtained online via the following link:

http://egovamc.com/downloads/HealthCare/healthpdf/heat_action_plan.pdf

4.9 Livelihood and Food Security

Livelihood and food security are very important concerns for DRR and CCA as climate

change and disasters have debarring impacts upon them. The increased frequency of floods

and cyclones in particular had resulted in great adversities to this sector. E.g., the Cyclone

Phailin in 2013 and following floods resulted in loss of INR 17,838.03 million to agriculture,

INR 1,558.86 million to horticulture, INR 274.19 million to livestock, INR 3,783 million to

fisheries, INR 41.24 million to handicrafts, INR 5 million to handloom and INR 135 million

to MSME sectors.59

Fisheries as a sector is extremely vulnerable to climate change impacts. Erratic rainfall is

relevant in the context of open reservoirs and ponds / tanks, where as risk in sea level and the

climate-mediated hazards is relevant in the context of coastal fishing which is influence the

reservoirs and impact fisheries livelihoods. The global warming is also affecting the

spawning and breeding migration of the fish. There is likelihood of changes in fishing

grounds and migratory habits due to climate change. The hatchery would be affected due to

rise in ambient temperature. Communities that rely on small-scale fisheries and aquaculture

are often located in areas that are susceptible to climate change impacts and are therefore

particularly vulnerable. Small-scale fishers are likely to be more vulnerable than larger-scale

fishers due to their generally limited mobility and thus limited livelihood options.

58

NRDC (2015), Mavalanka et al, Surviving India's deadly heat wave, 27th

May, 2015 available at

http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/news/v.php?id=44522 59



report-Final.pdf Page no 21-30.

http://egovamc.com/downloads/HealthCare/healthpdf/heat_action_plan.pdf

http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/news/v.php?id=44522




The direct effects of climate change upon livestock sector will include, for example, higher

temperatures and changing rainfall patterns, which could translate into the increased spread

of existing vector-borne diseases and macro-parasites. The ambient temperature below or

above the thermo-neutral range creates stress conditions in animals accompanied by the

emergence and circulation of new diseases. Heat stress induces behavioural and metabolic

changes, which include reduced feed intake and metabolic activity and thereby a decline in

their productivity. Feed resources will also be affected giving indirect impact to the livestock

breeding.

Handloom, Handicraft and MSME will be greatly affected by the increased frequency of

climatic extreme events (floods, cyclones and heat waves). Though specific studies are

required to specify impacts of climate change on these sectors in Odisha, broadly conditions

of erratic rainfall, cyclonic storms, recurrent floods and extreme heat events are having direct

bearing upon functioning and existence of these sectors.

60

Mihir et al, Risk Transfer through Micro Insurance, Lessons Learnt and Evidence from Phailin Cyclone

Affected Community, Input Paper for GAR 2015, April 2014 available at

http://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/gar/2015/en/bgdocs/inputs/Mihir%20et%20al,%202014.%20Ris

k%20tranfer%20through%20microinsurance.pdf

Box 8: Case Example: Afat Vimo (Disaster Micro Insurance )- the Success Story from

Odisha

AIDMI with its local partner SWAD implemented a community based disaster micro

insurance product called Afat Vimo in Odisha in 2012 to build up the financial resilience of

vulnerable people. Due to 2013 cyclone Phailin, 165 clients were affected and faced loss and

damage. The claims registered to insurance company. The first assessment process was done

by insurance company where SWAD team facilitated the process with technical support from

AIDMI. It was completed by mid January 2014. The policy covered any damage to shelter,

household things and livelihood stock due to natural hazard. In March 2014, 112 claims had

been successfully settled, giving a combined payout of approximately US$6520. All these

claims settlements were ranging from 28 USD to 274 USD. The annual premium of the

policy around 3 USD with maximum coverage of around 1500 USD. All of the claims made

are for property damage and loss of contents due to cyclone Phailin and the following floods.60

http://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/gar/2015/en/bgdocs/inputs/Mihir%20et%20al,%202014.%20Risk%20tranfer%20through%20microinsurance.pdf



4.10 Compendium of Best Practices for DRR and CCA Mainstreaming

As the key sectors are projected to suffer extreme consequences under the impact of climate

change, a very good compendium is required to understand the existing adaptation best

practices in-order to evolve with a better perspective for mainstreaming disaster risk

reduction and climate change adaptation. The following table 10 presents a compendium of

best practices across sectors on mainstreaming climate change adaptation and disaster risk

reduction. These practices are mostly selected from – Rising to the Call: Good practices of

climate change adaptation in India, published in the year 2014 by Centre for Science and

Environment. The authors of the book Chandra Bhushan, Arjuna Srinidhi, Vineet Kumar and

Geetika Shingh have made significant efforts to compile nation-wide best practices which can

be good practical examples for the participants of the training on Mainstreaming DRR and

CCA. While some other cases are also taken from vivid sources to enrich this work to

enhance the usability of the compendium for the readers of this module.

Table 10: Compendium of Best Practices on DRR and CCA Mainstreaming

Sector: Agriculture

1. Every year the river floods the entire belt of the region and leaving water standing on

the cultivated land for 20-40 days. After that farmers were asked to use super cobra

instead of cobra to get a high yield, but when the flood came the super Gobra or Gobra

got washed away. That is the reason the farmers were back with their own crop

varieties and traditional practices. Farmers in Varada basin, Karnataka cultivated

their indigenous varieties that can survive in flood water. These deep- water crop

varieties such as Nereguli, Karibatha, Kani, etc. grown organically using traditional

methods. Nereguli has proven to be the best deep-water variety in this region and it is

very much popular among the farmers and consumers as it is highly nutritious, healthy

and tasty.

2. Due to the worst spell of four consecutive severe droughts from 2003-2007 in Lalitpur,

Uttar Pradesh. Famers lost monsoon season as there was no rain and because of no

rain there was a decline in their crop yield. They could not produce fodder for their

cattle and the villagers had to abandon their cattle. Many families in that village left

their village and migrated to other places in search of livelihood. Then the villagers

decided to get water for their village. 60 people worked nonstop for 60 days to dig the

2.37 km link canal, two feet deep and three feet wide and finally in 2007 villagers saw

water gushing right in their backyard. And for the first time they grew two crops,

including wheat, which they thought would never grow in their village and fortunately

in two years since then the link canal has ensured farming in 35 ha.. Many families

now grow two crops a year, while others grow three crops including vegetables.

3. In 2006 the central government identified Anantapur, Andra Pradesh as one of the

31 agricultural related suicide prone districts in the country in its desert development

plan. The drought in the districts was getting harsher and harsher with every passing

year and rain has become increasingly unpredictable. The general perception was that

the failure of bore well in the region was a major reason for the farmer‘s suicide. Due

to the centuries old irrigation system the crop failed as the water flows in the channels

blocked by newly constructed roads or slit, grass and bushes as a result they stop

cultivating and turned to wage laborer for survival. But after a huge effort to revive

their traditional system of irrigation the scenario in the district have changed and no


61

Krishi Sutra 2 Success stories of Farmers Producer organization published on December 2013 available at

http://sfacindia.com/PDFs/Krishi-Sutra(Version2).pdf

farmer commits suicide in recent times in the villages practicing new irrigation system.

Because of severe water storage local farmer made changes in the age old system

converting irrigation locally called franchise into seepage-water channel by digging a

pit on riverbeds. It is a unique practice of diverting water by gravity from natural

stream, river and sharing it equitably among farmers in the command area of the

channel. The system is a collective effort for bringing water for irrigation, managing

it‘s collectively and distributing its accordingly to the size of the land holding of each

farmer in the village.

4. Fatehpur district in Uttar Pradesh, faces an acute water crisis despite the Ganga and

Yamuna flows north and south of it. The ground water level cannot be replenished. In

the absence of a path for the rivulet which acts as a drainage during monsoon,

rainwater floods the entire village. Responding to the problem local authorities decided

to revive Sasur Khaderi which had disappeared on account of the situation, the

prolonged drought and situation. This work was carried out with the support of

MGNREGA. Though the project is in progress still the impact is visible. It was found

that there was comparatively less water logging infield during rainy season. It was

observed that few areas which never grew paddy due to shortage of water now growing

paddy successfully. Farmers could cultivate their land whenever they want as the water

remains in the stream and whenever they need water they pumped it out to their fields.

5. Due to the unpredictability of weather the farmers in Uttarakahnd practiced mixed

cropping as it ensures food for the family round the year and it also ensure fewer pest

and diseases and helped in the fight with drought. The cultivate ragi which can survive

even in harsh, hot weather and one shower is enough for the seed to grow. They

harvest one crop after another as their maturity cycles were different. The mixed

cropping locally known as Barah anaaj is generally practiced in kharif season. It is

good practice as if farmers go with only one crop and if any case it fails than the

farmers are left with nothing, whereas practicing mixed cropping only one or two crops

may affect from the pest or diseases.

6. Most of the families are predominantly dependent on agriculture. The low quality of

land and lack of awareness regarding modern farming practices and money for

investment leads to low productivity of crops in these areas. Due to the non availability

of irrigation, rabi cultivation is almost non-existent, while during monsoons, crops

such as paddy, finger millet, proso millet (warai) and niger (khursani) are grown. As a

result of such subsistent nature of farming, many families in this region have been

forced to migrate to nearby towns for survival them they decided to shift their interest

to jasmine cultivation. About 1,904 farmers are involved in floriculture as an income-

generating activity in Thane, Maharastra. Over the years, the farmers have earned

more than Rs. 2 crore from selling jasmine. Not only has this money helped improve

the quality of life, education and health of the farmers, but also helped them build their

asset base by constructing homes and wells, buying vehicles and other agricultural

implements to aid floriculture.61

7. Under coastal weather conditions, the crop productivity remains low due to poor

physical-chemical properties of the soil Alappuzha district, Kollam District, Kerela.

That is the reason farmers adopted several farm level climate smart practices to

increase productivity and build resilience in the coastal tracts with climatic vagaries. A

modified method of sideways placement of husk around the plant for pine apple



62

ICAR-CPCRI http://www.icar.org.in/en/node/9326 63

Indian Council Of Agriculture Research available at ICAR-IIWM, Bhubaneshwar

http://www.icar.org.in/en/node/9573

showed better performance when compared to the normal recommendation under

waterlogged conditions. This has resulted in better growth, early bearing and higher

fruit weight of pine apple compared to normal planted ones. Some other climate

resilient measures adopted by farmers, including advancement of planting time of tuber

crops and banana and standardizing the age of banana suckers for planting were proved

to be successful. Planting 4-5 months old suckers of a Njalipoovan variety of banana

during November-December was found to help tide over the water logging experienced

during the early stages of bunch development. By this refinement, the farmers could

save 100% of the plants from lodging and poor finger formation due to water

logging.62

8. The coastal low-lying plains of Odisha are seasonal flood prone and the area remains

submerged for about four months. In post-flood period, the land starts drying from

December onwards, as a result without supplemental irrigation cropping was not

possible. ICAR-Indian Institute of Water management, Bhubaneswar recognized the

importance of improving productivity of seasonal flood prone areas and developed an

innovative crop and water management approach. They decided to design water

harvesting structure. After construction of water harvesting structure the farmers

started collecting the flood water of the rainy season and used the water for growing

Rabi crops during post-flood period. At the same time deep water, rice-fish integrated

farming system was developed with harvested water. Through this innovative system,

farmers are earning more per hectare in the flood prone ecosystem, which was earlier

unproductive. Presently, about 150 farmers of Kanas and Satyabadi blocks of Puri

district of Odisha adopted the deep water rice production in coastal flood prone areas.63

9. Crop diversification, including intercropping of rain-fed crops is an important risk

minimizing strategy for drought proofing in the scarce rainfall zones and paddy

growing areas. In contingency situations such as delay in onset of monsoon, adoption

of intercropping for delayed plantings can be remunerative instead of sole cropping is

the best practice. Farmers in Yagantepalli village, Kurnool district, Andra Pradesh

took up sole and intercrops of Setaria and pigeonpea for 3 years in this predominantly

rain-fed village. The performance of the intercropping system of Setaria and pigeonpea

gave the highest benefit cost ratio compared to the sole crops of Setaria and pigeonpea.

Earlier sunflower and sorghum are the main crops cultivated in a NICRA village in

Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh, which are affected due to late onset of monsoon

followed by a dry spell at critical crop growth stages. But the intercropping system was

more profitable with highest benefit cost ratio despite a prolonged dry spell.

Sector: Disaster Management

10. Assam have never experience three waves of flood within a single year, but now

Assam is doing and due to such devastating situation children are the worst affected. It

is universally accepted that children are most vulnerable to disasters. The Dhemaji

district took an initiative to impart training on tackling problems associated with

disasters in school called Sishu Durjug Pratiroadh samity.This programme is a good

practice and has a potential for scaling up or replication.

11. Many poor families in Barmer, Rajasthan had become more vulnerable after losing

their houses in flood which was unexpected for the village. Then they decided to build




houses which can help the families withstand with changing climate, however Barmer

falls in a seismic zone IV so that it was necessary to construct houses which can

withstand with natural calamities. The design of the house is cylindrical and this shape

helps in distributing the force of water in case of flood and earthquake. A cylindrical

shape allows water to flow along the circumference of the house without damaging the

structure. They used locally available resources in building the houses.

Sector: Fisheries and Animal Resources

12. A substitute for fishing in Puri, Odisha is crucial because fishing use to banned in the

sea for several months a year. Fisher folk suffered a lot during this period as most of

them are landless or having small land holdings. Sometimes the returns from

traditional fishing are also diminishing due to environmental degradation or over

exploitation. In such a scenario the fisher folk had to be provided with alternative

livelihood options. In order to deal with this crucial situation Odisha government has

implemented the integrated coastal zone management project. Under this project

several options are there for eg. Dry fish in a solar machine, diary, poultry and cold-

chain marketing of fish. It also provides training on making prawn pickle, fish cutlet

and prawn powder, etc. Under the livelihood program me the villagers are divided into

a self help group where the group chooses their livelihood option.

13. In kendrapara, Odisha many traditional ponds are either degraded or have been

abandoned in the last few decades, as a result the production of fishes were very low.

Earlier almost every household used to dig the earth while building their house and

convert the pits into the pond and they used ponds for bathing, washing clothes and

livestock. Now, after revival of traditional pond and integrated rice and fish farming.

Where flood resilient paddy and fish varieties are cultivated simultaneously in the

pond, a small vermi-compost unit and ducks are kept on the same plot. Vegetables and

horticulture plants are grown on the bunds. The bed cultivation ensures plant growth in

spite of salinity while the vermin-compost unit helps restore soil health. Fish and

vegetable benefit from water stored in ponds and duck are more climate more resilient

than poultry. All this gives farmers better results with less investment. If one of the

crop fails in the event of disaster, farmers have other means to fall back.

14. Few villas in the Udaypur faced severe drought situation, for them even arranging

food for the people were difficult. Drought was visible on livestock as well and the

people were forced to see their cattle dying without fodder. The environment of the

village was not conducive to agriculture. Most of the lands were rocky. Consequently

the villagers worked out alternatives to ensure fodder for their livestock. Initially, few

families in the village didn't agree with developing common pastureland but after

seeing the importance all the farmer eventually agreed to the idea. Area for common

pasture was fenced off by a stone wall intended to keep cattle entering the area and to

boost the degraded pasture, rain water conservation was installed. It took time to

convince the villagers to protect CPL, develop and manage its better production of fuel

and fodder for their cattle. All the grass and fuel wood are equally distributed to the

villagers every year. If money is earned from the sale of wood and grass from CPL

them used to deposit it in the bank in order to use in development work of CPL.

15. Shrinking farm size has consequence in apportioning it for perennial fodder cultivation

by farmers. Non competitive land use for fodder production is hence inevitable to meet

the fodder deficiency situation. Karnataka is one of the important mango producing

states of the country. Inter row spaces in prime fruiting mango orchards provide

opportunity for cultivation of permanent fodder crops. The process started with pilot


64

ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Southern Regional Research Station, Dharwad-580

005, Karnataka. 65

Tunza Eco generation, Environmental Networking Platform for Children and Youth by Samsung Engineering

and UNEP available at http://tunza.eco-generation.org/ambassadorReportView.jsp?viewID=11876

activity in 2013-14 covering only five mango growers in an area of five acres. Earlier,

the farmers were experiencing a shortage of green fodder and dry fodder. But this

intervention helped them not only to effectively mitigate this fodder shortage but

surplus production. Use of the non competitive land of orchard crops for improved

fodder production not only alleviates fodder deficiency, but brings multiple benefits to

livestock farmers.64

Sector: Forestry

16. The village named Praharajpur, Kendrapara, Odisha was being swallowed by the

river from one side and the sea. The resident decided to make an embankment along

the coast with the help of the forest department and changed the course of the river.

The villagers randomly plant trees in order to check the soil erosion and gradually the

plants converted into the mangrove forest. But after a cyclone hit the coast the villagers

realized the larger benefits of mangroves and observed that the village was hardly

affected. Then they aggressively started planting mangroves and made provision to

protect the forest. Number of people died and property worth corers of rupees got

destroyed due to cyclone Phailin while in Praharajpur survived from cyclone with little

damage. The mangrove forest in the village is guarded from cyclone from many years.

Sector: Health

17. Most of the people in the urban area are practicing roof top garden in their roof that

might be vegetables or other decorative flowers in the top of the house. Rooftop

gardens have many advantages, including providing more space for agriculture, adding

beauty to the cityscape and increasing air quality. During photosynthesis, plants

remove carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen that we need to breathe. Many

people in the area cultivate green vegetables like tomato, onion, garlic, etc., it not only

consume fresh vegetable in order to avoid chemical that contain in the vegetables

purchased from market but to be healthy. People get green and fresh vegetable.

Likewise, this adds the beauty at the same time fresh air and green environment can

maintain the sound health. On hot summer days, rooftop gardens may also keep

buildings cooler than traditional roofs, especially larger buildings that often have tar

and gravel roof surfaces which causes health problem. This is the pioneer and this is a

cheap, easy and best practice that can be adopted by people even in the large or in

small cities.65

Sector: Urban Planning

18. Bhubaneswar, located on the east coast is one of the fastest growing cities of

India. Bhubaneswar, the Capital of Odisha is one of the fastest growing cities since its

inception in 1948, popularly known as the "temple city" of India. Every year on an

average it attracts millions of tourists into the city. Being the gateway city, it is of

importance that the city needs to be kept beautiful of its surrounding particularly major

streets. One of the major challenges is to keep main roads & public space of the city

free from street venders, hawkers, etc. However, in spite of several removal,

enforcement and demolition drive the results were not very significant. After that the

http://tunza.eco-generation.org/ambassadorReportView.jsp?viewID=11876


66

Housing and Urban Development department, Government of Odisha available at

http://www.urbanodisha.gov.in/(S(mmsysc45j1g52d55er0ffn45))/best_practices_vendingzone.html

civic body has realized that every day eviction will not solve the problem, rather it is

hurting the informal economy. The informal venders need to be organized in vending

zone. Although street vending is not new in India but the present practice is a good

example of organizing venders in a vending zone. These types of programs do help

reduce traffic congestion, improved parking space, equally in space management and

contribute substantially in reducing carbon footprints.66

19. The location & importance of the city made waste management more challenging with

limited resources and unsuitable for land filling. The situation was such that even after

spending big lump sum amount the city civic authority was unable to dispose of the

waste. Being a religious town also hosts a number of festivals which attracts a huge

crowd. This floating population adds more waste into the stream. State Govt. Felt the

need of improving the solid waste management system practice in the town so that the

town should remain clean and hygienic for the tourists and local citizens. Puri

Municipality became the first city in Odisha to have arrangements for disposal of

waste in a scientific manner. The Project involves windrow dumping of the garbage

which is biologically treated with Bacterial powder. This treated garbage after different

levels of screening is converted into organic manure. Puri Municipality set up a

compost plant for processing of solid waste. This project not only focuses on compost

plant, but also gives an idea of using waste as a resource.

Sector: Water Resources

20. Earlier seeding would die in the soil because of the summer heat due to adequate

recharge the wells and ponds used to dry up quickly in Tong, Rajasthan. Soon work

started deepening of the well in the village, harvesting of rain water started, boundary

wall was made using the clay around the field so that the water remained in the field

which help in recharging the ground water and save the top soil from runoff and

cemented gully- plugs were constructed so that excess water flows feeder channel.

Feeder canal was dug to divert water into village pond, which acted as a recharge

point. The improved availability of water made the village drought resilient.

Availability of water increased the productivity of the farms. Farmers have also shifted

to other crop which require less water and take less time to be mature. They grow

moong, sesame seeds, black gram, etc. which take only 60-70 days to be mature.

21. Maximum districts of Bihar are prone to flooding. Every year people suffered a lot due

to flood water. Though rivers run full and the land is flooded, people are thirsty for

clean water. In the absence of safe source of water, people were forced to depend on

stagnant flood waters for drinking. The hand pumps sunk by the government for the

remedy of drinking water were of no use as they too get submerged. After consumption

of contaminated water people suffered from diseases like diarrhea, dysentery, stomach

ailment, etc. Gradually the village people took an initiative to capture rainwater as a

solution to address the drinking water problem. Finally rain water collection has helped

the community and made their lives easier. It helps in meeting the severe shortage of

water during floods. This initiative empowers the people hidden capacities and bring to

life a sustainable way of managing and regenerating natural resources. It was also

found that rain water consumption decreased stomach problem and at the same time

the rain water is hygienic and it does not contain impurities that were found in hand

pumps.




This Chapter needs a careful study of the model projections for different climate sensitive

sectors of Odisha. Though literatures for a couple of sectors like agriculture and disasters

management are available from varied sources, not much has been done locally to understand

the impact of climate change on other critical sectors. This chapter includes both existing

available data from OSAPCC and other sources to elaborate the sectoral impacts. The most

effective part inform of practical guide is available both with sectors as well as in the

compendium of cases which can serve as a ready reference for tested adaptation practices that

can be replicated based on context analysis. The following points will be essential for the

facilitator to understand and implement:


2. Ongoing assessment of the anticipated knowledge needs, interests, and constraints of trainees,

3. Identify additional potentially effective activities suitable for their particular trainees,

4. Develop a sound understanding on both overall sectoral impacts and Odisha specific

visible impacts.

5. Review all best practices enlisted above and prepare summary note for facilitation and

reference

6. Prepare and use some example adopted from very recent and fresh impacts as may be

in lime light at the time of the training. This can be used for effectively channelizing

the discussion





a. Presentation with some highlights of impact and format for group activity.

b. Print-outs or any other necessary handouts




1. Total Time:

1. A combined presentation and group activity on assessing sectoral impacts and

projections not exceeding 90 minutes

2. A case based table top simulation for assessing participants response to

adaptation actions not exceeding 60 minutes


1. Projector and Screen with power back up





6. Handouts mostly tables compiled in the chapter



Method of conducting session:

Session: Sector Wise Impacts of Climate Change in Odisha.

The Presentation and Group Activity (Combined):

This will be a very interactive and interesting session requiring extensive involvement of the

participants for lively experience sharing and interaction. The start can be made with a

presentation listing the key sectors affected by/affecting climate change with generic

statements on how these sectors are affected by/affecting climate change. The facilitator may

use some examples from International/national context in each sector as included in a table in

this chapter for building background understanding of the participants on sectoral relation and

importance in the context of DRR and CCA integration.

Division of group:

After citing some examples and sparking discussion, the facilitator may now divide the

participants according the sector they represent. The most similar or aligned sectors must be

clubbed together for an effective group distribution.

Group Number and Size:

Depending on the total size (sectoral representation) of the participants, the group number

may be determined. Ideally the number of groups should not cross seven. The minimum size

of each group can be five and maximum can be seven so as to ensure involvement, interest

and association in the group activity.

Format for the exercise:

The group exercise is targeted to enhance sectoral understanding on specific impacts and thus

must be relevant to both general life and occupation (sector) the participant represents. The

following format can be used for the exercise:

Presentation by Group:

After the drafting exercise, each group will nominate two leaders to present the findings from

their group. The presentation will follow general discussion among the groups facilitated by

the facilitator with conclusive remarks after each presentation followed by existing available

data/information as per the SAPCC/other sources used in this chapter of the module specific

to Odisha.

Table top simulation on Sector wise model projections:

Under this activity participants as grouped according to sector will be provided a printed

format in a white Chart paper with the following content:

Impact of climate change

on the sector

Impact on the

Organization/Department

Impact on operation/role of self

(Perspective of individual group

member about how the earlier

two are affecting individual staff

member)


Sectoral

Projection for

Odisha

Existing coping measures (in the

department/sector)

Possible Coping measures and

requirement for implementing

coping measures

Each group will be given a printed format containing the projection relevant to the sector and

will be assigned to accomplish the above tasks. Each group will be given 15 minutes time for

enlisting the findings and next 20 minutes will be used for presentation. The facilitator after

the presentation made by each sector can share the case studies in brief through using

slideshow to build sectoral perspective on best practices available. This will enable practical

understanding on existing practices where mainstreaming has already been done and

accordingly action can be implemented by the respective sector.


Chapter Summary:

This chapter is elaborative of best available international guidelines and examples for

mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation. The purpose is

to orient the participants with systematic process of integrating and mainstreaming

disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. The chapter flows from the

technical components to more administrative practical aspects as it touches different

Centrally Sponsored Schemes and State Level Programs with scope for integrating and

mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation. Through a

combination of theoretical and practice aspects of mainstreaming DRR and CCA, the

chapter aspires to be a practical guide that will build phased understanding among

development practitioners on mainstreaming DRR and CCA in their respective sector and

work.

5 PRACTICAL GUIDE TO MAINSTREAM

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION

Learning Objectives: To build understanding on available approaches and principles for integrating DRR

and CCA.

To identify possible schemes/programs and scope for integrating and mainstreaming

DRR and CCA

To building practical understanding on mainstreaming DRR and CCA


5.1 Broad Considerations

Conduct scientific assessment of climate observations and projection, sectoral impacts

and vulnerabilities, and prepare an inventory of greenhouse emissions in the state in

order to identify vulnerable regions, sectors and communities for targeted adaptation

and mitigation action.

Identify Adaptation/Mitigation options based on the Missions identified under the

NAPCC, consideration of ongoing programs and projects in the state of Odisha, and

identification of additional strategies that may not be covered directly under the eight

national Missions.

Prioritize Adaptation/Mitigation options by taking into account the national policies,

sectoral strategies under the National Missions and state level priorities, through

multi-stakeholder consultations and interactions.

Identify financial needs and sources to implement selected Adaptation/ Mitigation

options (MoEF 2010).

5.2 Ten Principles for an Integrated Approach to DRR and CCA

The following 10 principles67

of an integrated approach to disaster risk reduction and

climate change adaptation are drawn from this increasing body of knowledge.68

Together,

these principles provide development and humanitarian practitioners with a set of criteria for

building disaster and climate resilience that is applicable across the program cycle in multiple

sectors and varied contexts.

1. Increase understanding of the hazard and climate change context: An

understanding of past trends, present experiences and future projections of hazard

occurrence, climate variability and the range of effects of climate change in the area

and population concerned should underpin any decisions or actions to build disaster

and climate resilience. It should include mapping at different scales, to allow for

regional and local hazards and effects of climate change. The risk analysis process

itself should increase understanding among all stakeholders, both as a result of its

participatory nature, and through the sharing of the results.

2. Increase understanding of exposure, vulnerability and capacity: An assessment of

the vulnerabilities and capacities of the population, systems and resources should be

the foundation for decisions on the location, target populations (including

67

Marilise Turnbull Charlotte L. Sterrett Amy Hilleboe (2013). Towards Resilience: A Guide to DRR and CCA. 68

United Nations (2009) Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. United Nations (2011)

Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. IPCC (2012) Special Report of the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to

Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX). [Field, C.B.; Barros, V.; Stocker T.F.; Qin, D.; Dokken D.J.;

Ebi, K.L.; Mastrandrea, M.D.; Mach, K.J.; Plattner, G.-K.; Allen, S.K.; Tignor, M.: and Midgley, P.M. (eds.)]

Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Levine, S.; Ludi, E.; and Jones, L. (2011) Rethinking Support

for Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change: The Role of Development Interventions, a Report for the Africa

Climate Change Resilience Alliance. London, UK: ODI. DFID (2011) Defining Disaster Resilience: A DFID

Approach Paper. London, UK. DFID (2010) Saving lives, preventing suffering and building resilience: The

UK Government’s Humanitarian Policy. London, UK. Mitchell, T.; Ibrahim, M.; Harris, K.; Hedger, M.;

Polack, E.; Ahmed, A.; Hall, N.; Hawrylyshyn, K.; Nightingale, K.; Onyango, M.; Adow, M.; and Sajjad

Mohammed, S. (2010), Climate Smart Disaster Risk Management, Strengthening Climate Resilience,

Brighton, UK, IDS.


understanding differential vulnerability), objectives and approach of measures to build

disaster and climate resilience. It should include analysis of the projected effects of

climate change as well as those currently observed. The assessment should also

increase understanding among all stakeholders of the causes of exposure,

vulnerability and capacity, both as a result of a participatory process, and through the

sharing of the results.

3. Recognize rights and responsibilities: Disaster risk reduction and climate change

adaptation should be regarded among the responsibilities of states and governments as

duty-bearers for the realization and enjoyment of human rights. Governance systems

and the political environment should enable people at risk or affected by disasters and

climate change to demand accountability for their decisions, actions and omissions.

The role of other stakeholders, including NGOs, should be complementary to, and

enabling of, the relationship between duty-bearers and right-holders.

4. Strengthen participation of, and action by, the population at risk: All people at

risk have the right to participate in decisions that affect their lives. Their first-hand

knowledge of the issues affecting them is critical to ensuring that analysis and

subsequent actions are based on empirical evidence. In addition, the sustainability of

resilience-building strategies depends on their ownership and agency. Therefore, all

decision-making processes and actions should directly involve the population at risk

ensuring that women, men and children, as well as high-risk groups, are included.

5. Promote systemic engagement and change: As there are multiple causes and drivers

of vulnerability and exposure to hazards and the effects of climate change, strategies

to build disaster and climate resilience should engage all sectors of society and

government. The goal of multi-sectoral and multi stakeholder engagement should be

to make building disaster and climate resilience central to development planning. The

commitment of all actors to this goal should be reflected in their respective policies,

plans and budgets.

6. Foster synergy between multiple levels: The importance of an enabling political

environment is critical to actions taken at the household, community and local levels.

Similarly, the impact of a policy or law depends on its implementation by different

levels of government and its relevance to the population at risk. Decisions and actions

taken at each level should be mutually informative and facilitate the development of a

coherent and coordinated approach.

7. Draw on and build diverse sources of knowledge: Analysis of disaster and climate

change risk should seek to complement local and traditional knowledge with the

results of scientific research in order to continue to co-generate new knowledge.

Measures to build disaster and climate resilience should promote replication of

effective practices, encourage autonomous innovation and introduce, where

appropriate, external technology to help address new or magnified challenges.

Strategies and programs should be monitored and evaluated to ensure that learning is

captured and made available to others.

8. Instill flexibility and responsiveness: As the effects and impacts of climate change

remain uncertain, particularly on a local scale, and many dynamic processes (such as

urbanization and environmental degradation) influence exposure and vulnerability,


analysis of disaster and climate change risk should be responsive to emerging

knowledge. Similarly, strategies and programs to build disaster and climate resilience

should be flexible, to accommodate new inputs.

9. Address different timescales: Analysis, strategies and programs should address

current, identified risks and likely future scenarios. Preparing for the occurrence of

known hazards should not be neglected in favor of building capacities to adapt to

medium- and long-term effects of climate change, and other, potentially unknown

shocks or stresses. Resource allocation and activities should be planned accordingly.

10. Do no harm: Processes to define strategies and programs to build disaster and climate

resilience should always incorporate an assessment of their potential negative

impacts, including their contribution to conflict and effects on the environment. In

cases where potential harm is identified, measures to substantially reduce or remove

them should be built into the strategy and program design. To avoid creating a false

sense of security, or promoting mal-adaptation, programs should always be based on a

multi-hazard, multi effect assessment.

5.3 Mainstreaming DRR and CCA in Disaster Risk Management

Key elements of disaster risk management must be developed and implemented in such a way

that that core values and principles of integrated approach of to DRR and CCA are adhered to

so as to ensure resilience of communities to disasters and climate change. Many useful works

have been conducted globally to identify and prioritize principles and approaches and

principles to mainstream DRR and CCA across segments of disaster risk management such as

Preparedness, Response and Recovery. The phases are developed based on one such work of

IFRC. The IFRC had published a very useful guide for mainstreaming DRR and CCA which

illustrates the principles for mainstreaming DRR and CCA across disaster preparedness,

response and recovery phases which will be useful for development practitioners and disaster

risk managers in Odisha as follows:

1. Disaster Preparedness

Mainstreaming DRR and CCA in DP means considering and addressing the disaster and

climate change risks in the overall DP programming In other words, it is about changing the

mindset of people for risk-informed and climate-smart behavior and thinking in Disaster

Preparedness activities both at institutional and community level.

Table 11: Principles of DRR and CCA Mainstreaming in Disaster Preparedness

Assess risks,

vulnerability

and

capacity

Assess whether a disaster preparedness program or project has considered

the past, present and future disaster and climate-related risks as well as the

exposure, vulnerability and capacity of the people or communities

concerned.

Take risk

reduction

and adaptation

measures

Engage communities in planning DRR and CCA measures and

formulating a local disaster preparedness and response plan involving

different timescales

Ensure that DRR and CCA measures in DP programmes or projects

address the underlying causes of hazards and reducing people‘s

vulnerability to them.


Strengthen communities‘ disaster preparedness through Centrally

Sponsored Schemes or State level programs for communities or

through direct support to their activities

Strengthen community-based approaches and activities that build the

capacities of people and communities to cope with and minimise the

effects of a disaster on their lives, taking into account the increased

variability and magnitude of hazard events

Improve the contingency planning at institutional and community

levels through the involvement of all stakeholders to be prepared for

both known and unknown risks.

Use DP programming as an essential link between relief, rehabilitation

and development that build the capacities at the community and

Institutional levels to better cope with future disasters and reduce

vulnerability

Do no harm Provide assistance in ways that build local capacity and strengthen

traditional coping mechanisms.

Consider the potential impacts of interventions on local communities‘

increased dependence on external support.

Raise

awareness,

seek

partnerships,

and advocate

Undertake public awareness and public education activities and

promote effective information sharing to bring about a positive change

in people‘s risk-informed and climate- smart behavior and thinking

Build working relationships and close coordination with the relevant

authorities and actors at different levels.

Advocate for longer-term disaster preparedness risk reduction and

adaptation planning and for resilience building.

69

The making of district disaster management plans-Case Study for celebrating success of HFA available at

http://wp.preventionweb.net/wcdrr/the-making-of-district-disaster-management-plans/

Climate Change Adaptation in District Disaster Management Plans- AIDMI’s Approach

AIDMI had recently conducted audit of District Disaster Management Plans of all 27

districts of Assam and also revised three DDMPs on model basis of Dhemaji, Chirang and

Bongaigaon. In a major shift from the routine approach, the focus was placed on making a

plan that deals with aspects of climate change and ecosystems. The ‗Climate Change &

Ecosystem Sensitive Risk Mitigation and Resilience Building Plan‘ was prepared that

focuses on preventing, minimizing and containing the impact of disasters, along with risk

mitigation for man-made disasters through preemptive risk reduction measures. This plan

also ensured the integration of disaster risk management (DRM) with district development

plans. The plan addressed factors that have been having negative effects on the ecosystem,

based on the HVCA study.69

These three plans have now emerged as models. AIDMI has

replicated the same for DDMPs of Kupwada and Ramban in Jammu and Kashmir and is

process of doing the same for Muzzafarpur, Sitamarhi, Seohar, East and West Champaran

districts. In Odisha as well AIDMI with support of OSDMA and UNDP is revising DDMPs

of Puri, Ganjam and Kendrapara for incorporating climate change concerns and measures of

climate change adaptation in disaster risk reduction and Response planning.

http://wp.preventionweb.net/wcdrr/the-making-of-district-disaster-management-plans/


2. Disaster Response

Disaster response is the provision of assistance or intervention during or immediately after a

disaster to meet the life preservation and basic subsistence needs of those people affected. It

can be of an immediate, short-term, or protracted duration. It is characterized by the speed at

which it is delivered. In many cases it aims for a general provision to everyone in need rather

than a targeted provision to those with least resilience. Relief assistance usually comprises the

support in the form of health care, water and sanitation, psychosocial services and the

distribution of food and non-food items and emergency shelter solutions.

Disasters present a ―window of opportunity‖ for promoting and implementing risk reduction

and adaptation measures, because the consequences of failing to act are so strongly implanted

in the minds of those affected by disasters, as well as the public policy-makers who have to

manage their effects. However, this window of opportunity does not automatically lead to

positive changes unless it is seized in time and used effectively. As auxiliaries to their

national governments, NS‘s are well placed to advocate for adoption and implementation of

disaster response, recovery and development policies that take into account all risk factors.

Mainstreaming DRR and CCA in disaster response means considering and addressing the

disaster and climate change risks in disaster response programming. In other words, it is

about making risk-informed and climate-smart planning and decisions during disaster

response

Table 12: Principles of DRR and CCA Mainstreaming in Disaster Response

Assess risks,

vulnerability

and

capacity

Assess the current and future disaster and climate change risks faced by the

target population as well as their vulnerability and capacity.

Analyse the underlying causes of risks and vulnerability

Take risk

reduction

and

adaptation

measures

Base disaster response activities on appropriate DP programming and

planning.

Use relief as an opportunity to enhance the capacity of local communities by

building upon their coping mechanisms, utilizing local material and

resources and taking measures that regenerate livelihoods and local

economies

Adapt relief programming to the socio-economic, cultural and environmental

context and base interventions on local technologies and locally available

resources as far as possible through active engagement of community people.

In post-conflict situations, design relief program that contribute to co-

operation and reconciliation by building upon shared needs and common

beliefs

Focus on what is achievable– communities already hit by a disaster have

many urgent problems to attend to, and they will not respond if they believe

the proposed mitigation measures are beyond their reach

Take the opportunity to induce positive socio-economic change and not

merely a return to the status quo. Allocate adequate resources for longer-

term disaster preparedness and DRR

Put in place care and maintenance plans for physical infrastructure and

educate people in how to sustain the rehabilitated facilities.


Do no harm Provide relief assistance in a way that helps meet the immediate needs of

affected people and, at the same time build their longer-term resilience to

future disasters

Within preparedness processes, consider the potential impacts of relief

interventions on communities, local markets and social dynamics

Raise

awareness,

seek

partnerships,

and

advocate

Combine relief assistance with public awareness and public education

activities to improve affected communities‘ preparedness for response to

future disasters.

Promote systematic coordination, improved working methods for joint

assessments and planning and the exchange of data and information between

all disaster response agencies

Advocate for solutions to reduce the underlying causes of disasters and

ensure better linkages between relief, rehabilitation and development

Promote the IFRC‘s role as a Shelter Cluster Convener to ensure the

mainstreaming of DRR and CCA into response and recovery actions

3. Disaster Recovery

Following a disaster, life-saving assistance is the most urgent need. However, even at this

stage, relief must be conducted with a thought to the affected community‘s longer-term

benefit. As people begin to get back on their feet and rebuild their lives, they should be

supported to strengthen their resilience to future hazards. Just restoring the pre-disaster status

quo may inadvertently perpetuate vulnerability. The concept of ―building back better‖ is

generally accepted as critical to this process, to ensure that future development is risk-

sensitive, hazard-resilient, and climate change-adaptive.DRR and CCA are key to effective

programming in this context because the affected population‘s recovery needs to be

sustainable in the long term in a hazard-prone environment that may also suffer additional or

magnified stresses due to climate change. The recovery context presents both opportunities

and challenges for DRR and CCA.

Table 13: Principles of DRR and CCA Mainstreaming in Disaster Recovery

Assess risks,

vulnerability

and

capacity

Use post-disaster assessment methods that identify exposure,

vulnerabilities and capacities to build resilience in addition to

humanitarian needs.

Conduct rapid and detailed assessments of disaster risk and potential

future climate change impacts, and use the results to inform or re-

orient the recovery program design

Consult local government pre-disaster risk maps, contingency plans

and disaster risk management plans for information that will enable

programs to target vulnerable groups and build upon traditional coping

mechanisms and local capacities

Take risk

reduction

and adaptation

measures

Design recovery programs in line with the longer-term National

strategic plans and capacities and with due consideration of the needs

to be met through its short-term recovery operations and through its

longer-term core programs.

Provide adequate information about risk and risk reduction options to

the affected population to enable them to make choices in their

recovery process that increase their resilience


Strengthen local and national capacity and build resilience to future

disasters.

Do no harm Ensure that recovery programming does no harm either socially,

economically or environmentally

Analyze proposed interventions in terms of their potential impact on

disaster and climate change risk (current and future) and to make the

results available to affected and at-risk populations.

Raise

awareness,

seek

partnerships,

and advocate

Leverage the heightened awareness of risk following the recent

disaster to initiate or update mapping of all relevant hazards and

effects of climate change (using projections at the lowest available

scale).

Raise awareness of the need for recovery and reconstruction program

to be based on a sound assessment of current and future risk.

Advocate for recovery and reconstruction plans to address conditions

and causes of vulnerability including structural issues of land tenure,

poverty and exclusion.

Work with all stakeholders for better understanding of the need for

longer-term strategies and for close coordination in recovery

5.4 Gender and Child Centric - DRR and CCA

Women‘s and men‘s capacities for building disaster and climate resilience are shaped by their

social, cultural, economic, and natural resource management roles. For example:

Women often have a major influence on the behavior of children and other members

of their households, as well as of the wider community, and can therefore play a key

role in reducing risk by ensuring safe food storage, adopting climate-appropriate

practices for water consumption and hygiene, and preparing for adverse conditions.

In many cultures, men spend more time outside the home and may receive public

early warning messages before women and children. They can reduce risk for their

families by passing on this information as quickly as possible.

Both mothers and fathers pass on traditional livelihoods, knowledge and skills to their

sons and daughters, including how to manage risk through diverse income-generating

activities, and how to adapt to different weather patterns or fluctuations in market

conditions.

Women and men may have specific knowledge about the management of natural

resources critical for their livelihoods, and may therefore have unique skills in

adapting these in the face of climate change.

Crises and stresses also offer opportunities for women and men to challenge socially

conditioned gender roles and power structures, such as community leadership roles in

negotiations with local government on priorities for adaptation, or as recipients of financial

assistance for disaster-recovery. In such situations, building disaster and climate resilience

can offer win-win outcomes in terms of risk management and gender equity.

Examples of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation programming with a child-

centered approach:


1. Training and resources for institutions responsible for disaster risk reduction and

climate change adaptation to involve children and young people in program design

and implementation, impact monitoring, and policy-making.

2. School-feeding programs during and after cyclical hazards, to prevent malnutrition

and provide incentives for families to keep children in school.

3. Social protection/cash transfer measures for families to reduce existing vulnerabilities.

4. Engagement of youth clubs and children‘s groups in participatory risk assessments.

5. Facilitation of children‘s involvement in the design and development of national

policies for disaster management, child welfare and climate change adaptation.

6. Structural strengthening of schools in relation to known hazards and the projected

local effects of climate change.

7. Contingency plans for education and service provision in relation to known hazards

and the projected local effects of climate change.

8. Child-focused theatre, comic books and other visual media to explain the causes and

effects of disaster and climate change risk.

9. Murals depicting risk reduction and adaptation practices, such as evacuation

procedures, water conservation and treatment, hygiene, protection of livestock, etc.

10. Age-appropriate participation of children and young people in local projects to build

resilience, such as maintaining coastal mangroves, cleaning water pans in drought

prone areas, planting saplings on exposed hillsides, etc.

11. The use of participatory video as a way to engage children in disaster risk reduction

and climate change adaptation activities.

5.5 Recommendations for Mainstreaming DRR and CCA

Climate change adaptation and DRR policy makers, experts and practitioners must

communicate and collaborate with each other effectively to ensure a comprehensive risk

management approach to development at local, national and international levels of

government.

For Climate Change Adaptation Community

Use the guidance of the Sendai Framework for Action 2015–2030 agreed by 168

governments in Sendai, Japan in 2015, to facilitate a comprehensive, system-wide

risk-reducing approach to climate change adaptation.

Ensure there is a strong focus on DRR within the adaptation pillar of the post-2012

climate change framework.

Scale-up the use of existing DRR tools that have proven to be effective in dealing

with the weather related events that will be exacerbated by climate change. These

include vulnerability and risk assessments, early warning systems, land-use planning

and building code regulation, and institutional and legal capacities.

Ensure adequate focus on the socio-economic and political dimensions of managing

climate risks, in consultation with the disaster risk management community.

Ensure that adaptation is informed by successful community-based experiences in

vulnerability reduction. A first step may be to examine ongoing projects in the fields


of natural resource management, DRR and poverty reduction to identify those with

adaptation potential.70

For Disaster Risk Management Community

Demonstrate and promote the role of DRR in climate change adaptation policies,

strategies and programs. Make DRR information and tools more accessible for

adaptation negotiators and managers.

Ensure that all DRR policies, measures and tools account for new risks and the

aggravation of existing risks posed by climate change. Past and current approaches to

DRR should form the basis of new and improved measures aimed at enabling

communities and nations to increase their resilience to climate change. This may

require developing new partnerships with scientific institutes and bodies working on

climate change.

Actively engage in and seek to influence climate change policy at international,

national and local levels. Increase engagement with the national climate change policy

team negotiating on the Bali Action Plan as a matter of urgency, to secure a strong

role for DRR in the post-2012 framework.

For Integration Community

Increase awareness and understanding of adaptation and DRR synergies and briefing

papers, guidance notes and case studies; share experience and knowledge; host multi-

stakeholder seminars and workshops and engage in staff training.

Encourage systematic dialogue, information exchange and joint working between

climate change and disaster reduction bodies, focal points and experts, in

collaboration with development policy makers and practitioners.

Joint development of DRR plans and adaptation strategies, as well as implementation

policies and mechanisms for mainstreaming adaptation and DRR into development

planning71

.

Establishment of inter-ministerial committees at national government level to ensure

inter-sectoral, multi-stakeholder co-ordination.72

Inclusion of adaptation policy makers and practitioners in National Platforms for

DRR, and formal cross-linking of these platforms and national climate change teams.

Inclusion of DRR policy makers and experts in the national climate change adaptation

policy team/ climate change committee.

5.6 Mainstreaming DRR and CCA National and State level Programs

The Central and the State Government are implementing wide range of programs and

schemes which offer ample scope for mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate

Change Adaptation. Though it may appear difficult but, it requires attention, sensitization and

70

Tearfund (2006) Overcoming the Barriers, Mainstreaming climate change adaptation in developing

countries. Tearfund UK. 71

Including incorporation of DRR considerations in the design of National Adaptation Programmes of Action

(NAPAs). 72

Recommended by the UNISDR in ‗Disaster risk and climate change‘, March 2008.


action at different levels from bottom to top to ensure mainstreaming of DRR and CCA in the

respective schemes

General Steps

Mainstreaming requires some steps to be followed. Described below are the general steps to

be undertaken to mainstream DRR and CCA into strategies, policies, programmes and

projects:

1. DRR and CCA Screening

The first step is to screen a strategy, policy, program or project in question with a DRR and

CCA lens. The screening should be done by way of answering the key questions for DRR and

CCA screening (see table 14 below). It is recommended to go for a detailed assessment if the

screening results show the high risks and the limited capacities to cope with them.

2. Detailed assessment and adjustment

The detailed assessment should be done when the initial screening indicates the need for it.

Adjustment should be made to the planned activity if the results of the detailed assessment

show that disaster and climate change risks have not been duly considered or addressed. For

the sake of ownership and sustainability of the planned activity, it is crucial to involve all

stakeholders concerned in this process. This includes the following actions:

a. Assess the disaster and climate change risks associated with the planned activity.

b. Identify possible risk reduction and adaptation options through participatory

approaches.

c. Select the most appropriate among the identified risk reduction and adaptation

options. Selection criteria may include effectiveness, cost, feasibility and

sustainability, with each having related questions.

3. Developing a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework

Mainstreaming DRR and CCA can be ensured only when the process is regularly monitored

and evaluated. To this end, it is necessary to set up an appropriate M&E framework.

Table 14: Key Questions for DRR and CCA Screening Answer

(yes/no)

Explanation

Are there any estimated risks associated with the planned

activity?

Are these risks high or low?

Has the planned activity considered these risks?

Has the activity included actions to address these risks?

Do these actions reduce vulnerability to disaster and climate

change risks?

Are there any additional actions or opportunities to reduce

risks and vulnerability?

Do you have sufficient capacity to deal with the estimated

risks?

Is there a need for a detailed assessment?


Although the evaluation of DRR and CCA options is a highly challenging task, an

appropriate M&E framework will help evaluate whether an action is justified and whether it

is bringing about the intended benefits and ultimately contributing to building resilience.

However, this can be done achieved through the following actions:

• Define realistic and measurable output and outcome indicators;

• Develop a logical framework by using a log-frame table and/or M&E plan table;

• Describe how to monitor and evaluate the mainstreaming of risk reduction and

adaptation measures. (More Details on M & E are included in the next chapter)

There steps can be followed in mainstreaming CCA and DRR in any of the sectors. However,

to have more specific understanding, these steps can be applied in mainstreaming DRR and

CCA as per capacity at local level in Centrally Sponsored Schemes and state level schemes.

The following two tables (15 and 16) provide details of few Centrally Sponsored Schemes

and State Level Schemes with scope for mainstreaming of DRR and CCA:

Table 15: Centrally Sponsored Schemes and Mainstreaming of DRR and CCA

Sr.

No.

Name of the

schemes

Benefits Possible DRR and CCA measures

1. Member of

Parliament Local

Area

Development

Scheme

(MPLADS)

Each MP has the choice to

suggest to the District

Collector for, works to the

tune of Rs.5 crores per

annum to be taken up in

his/her constituency.

The Rajya Sabha Member

of Parliament can

recommend works in one

or more districts in the

State from where he/she

has been elected.

- Mitigation and prevention

through the creation of durable

community assets based on the

locally felt needs

- As per Para 2.8 of the guidelines

on MPLADS, Hon‘ble MPs can

recommend up to a maximum of

Rs. 1 crore for rehabilitation

work in the affected areas

anywhere in the country in the

event of calamity of severe

nature.

2. Indira Awas

Yojana (IAY)

Provides financial

assistance to rural poor for

constructing their houses

themselves.

- Providing disaster resilient

housing \

- Including local risk assessment

(climate and disasters)

- Resilient designs to face extreme

storms (>300 KMPH), floods

and heat

- To reduce risk of vulnerable

population in Pre-disaster

situation

3. Mahatma Gandhi

National Rural

Employment

Guarantee Scheme

(MGNREGS)

Legal guarantee for one

hundred days of

employment in every

financial year to adult

members of any rural

household willing to do

- To minimize the economic

vulnerability of the people Pre-

disaster situation

- Creation sustainable assets and

capitals


73

Budget 2015-16 at a glance available at http://information.up.nic.in/other_info_view.aspx?id=124

public work-related

unskilled manual work

- Community based adaptation in

agriculture, infrastructure, etc.

- Useful for livelihood generation

in Post-disaster situation

4. National Rural

Livelihood

Mission

Bring the assisted poor

families above the poverty

line by organizing them

into Self Help Groups

(SHGs) through the

process of social

mobilization, their training

and capacity building and

provision of income

generating assets through

a mix of bank credit and

government subsidy.

- Promotion of sustainable

livelihood options and practices

- Diversification of livelihood]

- Promoting indigenous adaptation

- Documenting and sharing of best

practices

- Climate and Disaster Risk

appraisal of projects

- To minimize the economic

vulnerability of the people Pre-

disaster situation

- Useful for livelihood generation

in Post-disaster situation

5. Pradhan Mantri

Gram Sadak

Yojana (PMGSY)

Good all-weather road

connectivity to

unconnected villages. A

budget of Rs. 2617 crore

arranged for the

construction and

upgrading of roads under

Pradhanmantri Gram

Sadak Yojna for the year

2015-16.73

- Useful in pre as well as post

disaster situation for road

connectivity

- Construction of roads based on

climate and disaster risk

assessment

- Resilient designs to deal with

extreme storms, floods and heat

- Use of eco-friendly materials

6. National Health

Mission (NHM)

(NRHM and

NUHM)

To provide accessible,

affordable and quality

health care for the urban

and rural population,

especially the vulnerable

groups.

- One of the most important

components in Pre as well as

post disaster situation to provide

universal access to health care

facilities

7. Scheme for

Animal Health

Care in the State

Schemes under

Department of Animal

Husbandry

- To control Animal epidemics

8. JnNURM To improve the quality of

life and infrastructure in

the cities. The budgetary

allocation of Rs. 800 crore

under the JNNURMM

scheme of infrastructure

development in urban

areas has been sanctioned

in the year 2015-16

- To develop and strengthen urban

infrastructure to minimize urban

risk

http://information.up.nic.in/other_info_view.aspx?id=124


Table 16: State Level Schemes and Mainstreaming of DRR and CCA

Sr.

No.

Name of the

schemes

Benefits Possible DRR and CCA measures

1. Jalanidhi:

Harnessing

Ground and

Surface Water for

Agriculture

The components of the

scheme include installation

of shallow tube wells/bore

wells/dug wells and

river/surface lift to

accelerate irrigation

facilities.

- Prior assessment of feasibility of

ground water level in future

climate scenario as well as

sustainability

- Installation of resilient

infrastructure based hazard and

vulnerability assessment of the

field location

74

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9. Rashtriya

Swasthya Bima

Yojana

To provide health

insurance coverage for

Below Poverty Line

(BPL) families.

- Insurance and Risk Transfer

10. Pradhan Mantri

Awas Yojana

(PMAY)

To enable better living

and drive economic

growth, stressing on the

need for people centric

urban planning and

development.

- Minimizing risk by constructing

Disaster Resistant housing in

Urban areas

11. Pradhan Mantri

Suraksha Bima

Yojana (PMSBY)

An accidental Death and

Disability insurance

scheme


12. The Pradhan

Mantri Jeevan

Jyoti Bima Yojana

(PMJJBY)

A term life insurance

policy and it will provide

life insurance coverage on

the death of the

policyholder.


13. Sarva Shiksha

Abhiyan

The program seeks to

open new schools in those

habitations, which do not

have schooling facilities

and strengthen existing

school infrastructure

through provision of

additional classrooms,

toilets, drinking water,

maintenance grant and

school improvement

grants. Rs 28,635 crore

has been allocated under

(SSA).74

- Uninterrupted education after

disasters and extreme events

- Safety of people infrastructure

and resources against disasters

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- Installation of structural

mitigation measures for

protecting the existing

infrastructure

- Agreement and sensitization of

beneficiaries for efficient and

smart use of water for

sustainability

- Measures for ground water

recharge

2. Odisha Tribal

Livelihood

Programme Plus:

Empowerment &

Sustainable

Livelihood

Opportunity for

Tribals

The goal of the programme

is to enable the poor tribal

HHs to sustainably ensure

their livelihoods and food

security by promoting a

more efficient, equitable,

self-managed and optimum

use of natural resources,

off-farm/non-farm

enterprise development,

and accessing the rights

and entitlements due to

them

- Base Line Survey can include in

climate and disaster risk

assessment as part of PRA.

- The design of project

intervention must consider

present and future climate

scenario and projections

- Infrastructure to be created must

be DRR inclusive analysing the

risks associated with disasters

and climate change

- Livelihood risk transfer through

appropriate risk transfer

mechanism should be a core

component based on risk

analysis.

- The program has the potential to

produce DRR-CCA integrated

model practices for development

through integration of DRR amd

CCA

3. Jeebika - Odisha

Rural Livelihood

Programme:

Watershed

Development – A

Means to a Better

Livelihood

Its activity regime broadly

addresses the following-

- Interventions to address

quality of life such as

preventive health

measures, sanitation,

drinking water, and

food security

- Promotion of capacity-

building, community

mobilisation,

community

development and

livelihood promotion

through deployment of

revolving funds and

grants.

- Livelihood promotion activities

should be selected based on

local level climate and disaster

risk assessment

- The component of climate

change and disaster resilient

capital creation can be taken up.

e.g., practices that can withstand

future climatic extreme events

such as high speed cyclones,

extreme floods

- Improvement of WASH through

awareness, resilient

infrastructure like raised toilets,

hand pumps can be focussed

during design and

implementation of project

activities

- Integrating livelihood and


weather index based insurance

with livelihood options for

greater adaptation. e.g. if

tailioring is promoted as non-

farm based livelihood, the tool

such as the sewing machine, the

tailoring centre (Infrastructure)

must be insured against climatic

extreme events

4. Biju Gram Jyoti

Yojana:

Illuminating

Villages – A State

Initiative

Provision for electrification

in villages/rural habitations

with a population less than

100 which are not

scheduled to be covered

under the RGGVY

- The infrastructure installed

under the program must be

designed considering high speed

cyclones and floods for

adaptation and sustenance.

- Building Energy Conservation

Standards must be done and

beneficiaries must be sensitized

for energy conservation

5. Biju Saharanchal

Vidyutikarana

Yojana:

Electricity for

Slums and

Habitation in

Urban Areas

The Scheme aims at

providing access to

electricity to the people

living in authorised

villages/slums/wards

having a

population of 100 or less

along with BPL HHs

residing in the unelectrified

areas of ULBs.

Same as above

6. Capital

Expenditure

System

Improvement for

Reduction of

AT&C

Programme: loss

in Electricity

Distribution

Sector

The CAPEX Programme

was formulated with the

objective to improve the

Transmission and

Distribution

(T&D) infrastructure by

enabling the distribution

system improvement,

establishment of a reliable

system, reduction of

Aggregate Technical and

Commercial (AT&C) loss

to a sustainable level and

improvement of quality of

power supply to the

consumers of the State.

Strengthening existing infrastructure

with focus on extreme events

(current and projected). The energy

infrastructure must be structurally

strong enough to withstand cyclone

speed of 300 KMPH or more and

provision for rapid recovery

(strategies and resources) should

exist in the scheme.

7 Gopabandhu

Gramin Yojana:

Bijli, Sadak and

Pani for Coastal

Districts

The Scheme envisages to

provide essential

infrastructure like road,

electricity and water for

coastal areas

- The roads must be assessed for

future climatic extremes and

should be location wise designed

to be resilient. The same applies

to the other two sectors. The


integration can be done from

design to implementation,

monitoring and evaluation that

the infrastructure is created

maintained keeping in mind

future possibilities and rising

frequency and magnitude of

extremes.

- A life cycle analysis based on

(probable life of the

infrastructure and expected

future climatic extreme events)

history of extremes and climatic

projections can ensure resilient

design, construction and

maintenance. For this capacity

building of planners, contractors

and engineers on themes such

as, assessment of climate and

disaster risks, resilient designs,

monitoring and evaluation will

be required

8 Cement Concrete

Road: All

Weather Road

Connectivity in

Villages

Provision of all weather

roads for rural areas

Same as above

9 State Highways

Development

Programme:

Improvement of

State Highways

for Socio-

economic

Development

The schemes has the

following objectives:

- Reduction in vehicle

operating cost on the

project corridor

- Increase in vehicle

speed to reduce travel

time

- Improvement in Road

User Satisfaction Index

- Improvement in

Network Congestion

Indices

- This scheme can take roadside

plantation of vetiver grass as one

of the adaptation strategy for

erosion protection in flood

prone/affected areas.

- Necessary changes in road

designs and construction based

on analysis disaster history and

climatic projection for specified

project location

- Use of less polluting and

sustainable materials

10 Biju Setu Yojana:

Bridging

Connectivity

Gaps for Rural

People

All projects implemented

under BSY will bridge

nallahs/rivers that do not

have bridges

over them and provide

reasonable approach roads

for establishing instant

road connectivity. The

scheme also provides an

- Bridges must take into

consideration projected changes

in water resources due to

changes in rainfall pattern in the

project location

- The Designs must be made

based on analysis of past and

projected trends in rainfall and

behaviour of water the particular


opportunity for

construction of major

bridges on PS roads.

water in past and projected in

future. The design should be

reflective of worst case scenario

11 Mission Shakti:

Empowering

Women through

SHGs

The various components of

Mission Shakti activities

mainly focus on capacity

building, livelihood

promotion, marketing,

consolidation through

strengthening federation,

micro credit support,

convergence with other

departments

and government

programmes,

communication and

advocacy

- Capacity building of women on

adaptation and risk reduction

behavious and preparedness at

household level to face climatic

extremes\

- Linking livelihood promotion

with sustainable natural resource

management (example of work-

Floating gardens lead by women

in Puri, Odisha)

12 Mo Kudia:

Housing for the

Rural Poor and

Needy – A State

initiative

The main objective of the

scheme is to provide

dwelling houses to the

genuinely

poor and needy rural HHs,

who need immediate

shelter for a dignified

existence

It already has provision for disaster

resilient construction, consideration

of heat wave adaptation in design

can be another area of inclusion in

this scheme.

These examples from Centrally Sponsored Schemes and State Level Schemes are only

indicative ones. These schemes and programs posses far broader scope if proper assessment

is done. Thus, the general steps will through light on the location specific scope. The

planner/practitioner needs to have broad vision and mandate to mainstream DRR and CCA in

specific program as it will be local. The above table is designed to facilitate thinking so that

local and contextual measures are taken to mainstream DRR and CCA in specific program.



This chapter is very critical to the entire module since it guides towards action. The examples

of sector specific impacts/projections and existing best practices specific to sectors mentioned

in the previous chapter will serve as the basis for this practical guide. The facilitator needs to

have a sound understanding of principles and approaches listed for mainstreaming DRR and

CCA across sectors and cycle of DRM. However, the most important one is to facilitate

sector specific thinking and ideas on mainstreaming. The list of schemes and the general

steps for mainstreaming must go hand in hand to give a complete picture for thinking and the

listed scope will further broaden the vision. The output from this chapter will be very crucial

to ensure post training specific actions by participants. The facilitator can think of increasing

or decreasing the example of schemes based on participants and their relevance to specific

schemes. This must not be limited to the listed schemes

1. Collect list of participants as per sector in advance from organizers

2. Plan according to sector participating in the particular training

3. Identify relevant schemes and facilitated discussion accordingly

4. Prepare and review own understanding on integration of DRR and CCA

5. Develop a comprehensive understanding on each of the scheme to be discussed for

integration of DRR and CCA.

6. Study SFDRR before the start of the training for a broad vision understanding

7. Use as much discussion and exercise to involve the participants

8. Keep focus on transferring perceived challenges into estimated opportunities in case

of the programs and schemes










1. Total Time:180 minutes divided into three small sessions with ice-breakers including

one introductory presentation, two group exercises and a concluding presentation to

make the session interactive and participatory











Session: Understanding Principles and approaches

Presentation: A small presentation stating the 10 principles of integrated approach,

mainstreaming of DRR and CCA in DRM. The presentation needs to be both theoretical as

well as interactive in a way that it ensures proper systemic understanding as well as practical

replication. The facilitator should design the presentation keeping in mind the attention

window. The principles must be explained with examples for relevance. This requires

facilitators‘ own understanding and interpretation. This will not be that much participatory

but question-answers from both sides must be ensured to keep it alive. Ice breakers involving

body movement consuming less time can be used at the end of the session.

Exercise I: Scope of Mainstreaming DRR and CCA in CSS and SLS

Background discussion: The participants will be presented the general steps to be followed

for mainstreaming DRR and CCA as mentioned in the chapter above.

Group Formation: This will be a very simple exercise where participants will be grouped

according to sector/departments (inter-related)

Group Size: 5-6 persons in one group

Time: 60 minutes including background discussion,

Task: Each group will be given one CSS and SLS with basic details of the particular scheme

and will be asked to enlist the possible actions for mainstreaming DRR and CCA based on

the first two general steps for mainstreaming DRR and CCA listed in the chapter

1. First Chart

Schemes Actions as per steps

CSS Step I- DRR and CCA screening

1.

2.

Step II: Detailed assessment and adjustment

1.

2.

SLS

Step I- DRR and CCA screening

1.

2.

Step II: Detailed assessment and adjustment

1.

2.


Presentation of the findings:

The presentation will be done in a ―Open Forum‖ basis where the core will comprise

exchange of views on mainstreaming DRR and CCA at sectoral schemes and programs. After

the presentation on relevant scheme, the facilitator can show the available broad scope of

action under the respective scheme as listed in this chapter. This exercise can also be used to

modify the chapter content for future trainings based on exercise at local context.

Exercise II: Action Framework

The objective of the second exercise will be define action framework on who, when and how

can mainstream with possible requirements of resources and support for mainstreaming. This

will be entirely action oriented with practical considerations of existing capacities, resources

and opportunities. The intent of doing both these exercises should be clarified in the

beginning. The group division and size will remain the same. The format for the exercise

includes:

Who are the stakeholders for mainstreaming

the actions worked out?

What resources and support will they

require?

1.

2.

1.

2.

When and how can the identified actions be

taken?

What are the existing challenges?

1.

2.

1.

2.

How these challenges can be dealt with? What role you can play in mainstreaming

the identified actions

1.

2.

1.

2.

The presentation of this exercise should be guided with practical entry points and role that the

participants can play as stakeholders of mainstreaming DRR and CCA in their respective

sectors. Additional resources required may be listed for further planning future course of

action.


Chapter Summary:

This chapter illustrates the different concepts, approaches, issues and challenges for

Monitoring and Evaluation of climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction

programs and projects. Based on international standards, these approaches and principles

provide high local relevance for Odisha. The chapter takes the reader from general

concepts of M&E to specifics of adaptation and risk reduction. It gives a detailed

illustration of issues and challenges that are associated with monitoring and evaluation of

disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation programs. The chapter also

highlighted certain examples of indicator development, output based monitoring and

process based evaluation approaches for DRR and CCA. Towards the end the chapter

presents the ADAPT principles for developing M & E framework for any adaptation and

risk reduction program. Thus the reader can get a complete picture of Monitoring and

Evaluation as concept as well as for practice to be used for DRR and CCA.

6

MONITORING AND EVALUATION


To build understanding on relevance of M&E concepts for CCA and DRR

mainstreaming

To orient the participants with different approaches, principles of M & Efor

Adaptation programs

To share examples of indicator and result development for climate change adaptation

and disaster risk reduction programs


6.1 General Concepts Used in M and E

Entry points

Developing the M and E framework is the final step in strategic planning for climate-resilient

development. This step is especially effective when carried out as part of the strategy

development and/or project design. It assists resource allocation and budgeting as well as

operational planning. The formulation of indicators is a precondition to enable proper

finalization of the plan.

At the national, sectoral and local level, the result will be agreed intervention logic

(results chain) as part of the plan, linking activities to the desired impact of climate-

resilient development.

In the project cycle, M and E activities are ordinarily placed as a final step. However,

to provide for adaptive management and results-orientation, the M and E framework

needs to be developed together with the project design and M and E should be carried

out as an ongoing activity.

At all operational levels information on the target group, timeframe, baseline and

target values can be included in the formulation of objectives are further specified in

the indicators. The completed plan, including indicators, will now provide a solid

basis for management during implementation (and thus for monitoring and evaluation

activities).


Reasons for M and E for adaptation

In all interventions, M and E is an opportunity to strengthen delivery capacity. The use of

clear indicators can help to:

Track the performance of activities and the delivery of results,

Ensure the desired impact,

Enhance accountability,

Increase technical and operational knowledge in new fields of action, thus enabling

learning, stakeholder engagement and adaptive management, develop a unique

selling point for funding, based on provable results.

Challenges in results-based M and E for adaptation

The complexity of the adaptation topic increases the well-known difficulty of

attributing certain activities to certain impacts (attribution gap). This is further

complicated as climate change is only one stressor among many on sustainable

development, adaptation is a long-term issue with effects that may only be visible

after decades and may extend over periods longer than those associated with project

lifetimes.

To qualify for additional funding, there might be a need to distinguish „adaptation

measures‟ from „business as usual‟. This is, per se, hardly possible as best

adaptation is integrated in ongoing activities (projects, plans, policies), making it

more difficult to track the ‗adaptation difference‘.

The comparison between „no adaptation‟ and „adaptation‟ scenarios is difficult as

the climate ‗baseline‘ is moving (even without climate change climate conditions are

constantly changing), meaning that it is not sufficient to simply compare losses or

damages before and after adaptation interventions.

Established M and E techniques

Established monitoring techniques can be used for many aspects of M and E for

adaptation. However, additional evaluation loops should be built-in to make sure

that activities that are relevant to making the ‗adaptation difference‘ are assessed.

As M and E for adaptation is about learning and improving management, it is

important that local experts are able to monitor the ongoing processes and that results

are also available to practitioners, communities and policy-makers.

Appropriate indicators

The indicator used to evaluate an effect is not in itself a measurement or evidence of that

effect. The indicator only provides information about changes, which may either result from

the intervention (effect with direct attribution) or from other causes.

A good indicator should therefore

mirror relevant aspects of the desired result (the set of indicators should cover the

different aspects: socio-economic, environmental, governance),

indicate if the intended result has been achieved and/or if activities are on track,


provide information on quality, quantity, time and regional extent of the intended

change.

You may also need to review the geographical scales (national, regional, community, etc.) of

observation. As climate change does not stop at administrative borders, using an ecosystem

or risk-relevant area (e.g. Flood plain, coastal strip, etc.) for observation might provide better

results.

Milestones or markers of progress

Monitoring interventions designed to deliver long-term benefits should set milestones

or use markers of progress that ensure that the intervention is ‗on track‘.

Milestones depict a certain progress in a given time. Markers of progress should be

closely related to sensitivity factors that drive vulnerability or adaptive capacity

factors which, in turn, enable the target system to respond to change.

6.2 Monitoring and Evaluation Approaches in Climate Change Adaptation

and Disaster Risk Reduction

The current M and E efforts in adaptation and disaster risk reduction are widely based on

experiences from various existing practices. There are several issues which need to be

addressed for an effective process. These guiding points are outlined from the working paper

(Paula Silva Villanueva, Learning to ADAPT: monitoring and evaluation approaches in

climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction – challenges, gaps and ways forward,

SCR Discussion Paper No. 9). It provides a comprehensive overview of general concepts of

adaptation and risk management, existing frameworks, and also provides a strategic path

ahead, which will be addressing identified issues and gaps during the process.75

6.3 Three Key Issues Common to M&E

1. Deterministic approaches focus on input/outputs not processes

Current approaches focus on determining the preferred inputs and changes required to build

adaptive capacity and on measuring the success of adaptation and risk reduction

interventions.

Evaluation approaches implicitly assume that once appropriate measures are identified and

projects implemented, this will protect communities against climate impacts. Such an

approach appears linear and favors determining adaptation actions. In other words, the focus

is on the ‗what‘ rather than on the how or why. A focus on outputs and results tends to stress

the evaluation of the ‗delivery‘ of adaptation interventions and immediate reductions in risk

sidelining the long-term developmental context. In order to support adaptive management and

learning a shift in focus to process-based indicators is required in order to allow for a holistic

monitoring and evaluation that gain a deeper understanding of the adaptation process.

Equally important, a focus on processes enables flexible planning of programs and policies

that can deal with uncertainty and changing scenarios.

75

Paula Silva Villanueva, SCR Discussion Paper 9, Learning to ADAPT: monitoring and evaluation approaches

in climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction – challenges, gaps and ways forward.


2. Most approaches remain static rather than dynamic

The evaluation of adaptation has been dominated by a focus on climate change impacts and

static quantity indicators. The reviewed M&E approaches and frameworks do not embrace

the dynamism and flexibility required in an environment characterized by high levels of

uncertainty and complexity – this is further reinforced when considering M&E approaches of

DRR. In the context of climate change, it is required that M&E frameworks reflect indicators

and targets rather than considering changes over time and are responsive to the operational

environment.

3. Effectiveness and efficiency predominate as key principles

Current evaluation approaches focus on measuring the effectiveness (achievement of results)

and efficiency (in monetary value) in terms of risk and capacity to manage stresses and

shocks.

However, existing approaches are not run against indicators of maladaptation such us the

distribution of vulnerability. Further, quantifying results as means to measure effectiveness

leads to the development of indicators, which are detached from the underlying reasons of a

particular result.

Recommendations

There is a need for M&E frameworks that embrace comprehensive approaches, which reflect

the multi-dimensional nature of adaptation and disaster risk reduction and its contribution to

developmental outcomes. To this end, the following is recommended.

1. Support further research to study both the individual and community processes of

change in current adaptation interventions.

2. Design an M&E-learning tool that supports the generation of evidence-based

knowledge about the decision-making processes that lead to adaptation. This needs to

be dynamic, flexible and adaptive to local contexts and constantly changing

circumstances and concerns of stakeholders.

3. Use of the ADAPT principles which identifies key guiding principles for the future

development of adaptation M&E indicators and frameworks.

4. Engage with adaptation and development practitioners to develop a comprehensive

basket of integrated process-based indicators that account for wider operational

environmental household dynamics and perceptions and underlying causes of poverty

and vulnerability.

5. Develop ADAPT indicators – Adaptive, Dynamic, Active, Participatory, Thorough –

in order to ensure that the complexities and dynamics involved in a constantly

changing environment are captured.

6. Establish M&E systems that go beyond programme/project timelines and that

facilitate and promote organizational learning.

7. Engage with M&E methodologies that promote and emphasize learning such as

utilization-focused and developmental evaluation.


6.4 Challenges of M&E in the Context of Adaptation and Disaster Risk

Management

Monitoring and Evaluation is constantly evolving as it has had to respond to changing

conceptualizations of development and the various types of agency involved. With adaptation

becoming a headline issue in development practice, debates and concerns on its implications

for M&E practice have emerged. This is reflected in, for example the recent World Bank

publication tackling issues around the evaluation of adaptation interventions in 2009 and that

for the first time, an M&E session was held at the 5th International Conference of

Community Based Adaptation (2011). However, very few evaluations of adaptation

interventions have been undertaken. This section briefly introduces and reviews key

challenges for M&E in the context of adaptation and disaster risk management:

Lack of conceptual clarity

Discussions about M&E need to define not only what is to be evaluated, but also needs to

define what ‗success‘ is in order to establish a benchmark against which programmes need to

be evaluated – these two aspects, then inform the development of an M&E framework and set

of indicators. Adaptation strategies aim to reduce vulnerability to the expected impacts of

climate change. However, a key conceptual challenge remains on the adaptation agenda as

the lack of agreement about this concept persists and in particular in what constitutes

‗successful‘ adaptation. Persisting ambiguity about the definition of adaptation – as well as

both its determinants and their inter-relationship – raises questions about the intelligibility of

the concept, but even more so, it highlights the importance of M&E to gain a deeper

understanding of adaptation in practice.

Diversity in types of adaptation

Because of its diverse nature, monitoring and evaluation of adaptation are challenging.

Adaptation strategies and activities cut across a myriad of sectors and are implemented at

different scales (from international to household level) and encompass a broad range of

approaches (i.e. Hard structural adaptation of policy measures). Ultimately, successful

adaptation may be seen over a timeframe of decades based on the achievement of

development outcomes. Monitoring and evaluation needs to extend beyond programme or

project lifetimes in order to assess such long-term achievements.

Adaptation as a decision-making process

Currently the evidence base for bringing about change and the factors that influence decisions

about adaptation actions is minimal. More importantly, although adaptive capacity may

provide the foundations for adaptation to occur, whether or not that capacity leads to

adaptation actions depends on a further set of decision-making processes and the operational

environment within which this may take place. In order to meaningfully plan and evaluate

adaptation options, it thus becomes crucial to understand local beliefs, perceptions and

values, and how in turn these influence individual and community response and decision-

making patterns. In other words, the challenge is to assess and understand how and why


people adapt or completely change their lifestyles and what interventions may enable these

processes.

Avoiding maladaptation

While the measurement of success is important, measurement of failure is too. Any

adaptation, risk reduction or developmental intervention can create unintended impacts.

Unsuccessful adaptation does not only refer to not having achieved the stated objective, but

also when adaptation actions increase the vulnerability and exposure of other groups or

sectors. Alternatively, while progress towards adaptation may be achieved in the short term

this may lead to, and increase of vulnerability in the long term. This is what often referred to

as maladaptation. The risk of maladaptation highlights the importance of using M&E

frameworks that can: account for unintended consequences and potential trade-offs (i.e.

Short-term versus long-term benefits); allow for flexibility, corrective action; and capture the

impact of project interventions beyond project related activities contributing to an evidence-

based understanding of adaptation in practice. Otherwise, there is a risk that adaptation

processes may become ‗locked in‘ to policies and procedures that may prove inappropriate in

the mid- to long-term. Hence, while M&E can play a critical role in learning from successful

pathways towards adaptation, it can also be a critical tool for identifying maladaptation

pathways. There is therefore a compelling need for M&E to include a basket of indicators

that move beyond risk and exposure to, for example, livelihood and access to resources.

Tracking moving ‘targets’

Adaptation processes will take place against a backdrop of evolving hazards, which may

become more frequent, severe and unpredictable. From an adaptation perspective, baseline

information needs to include climate variability and hazards. However, these hazards are

often changing in light of climate conditions. As a result, traditional M&E practices, which

tend to focus on measuring progress against a set of baselines (comparison before and after

programme scenarios), may not be sufficient to understand the complexity of the adaptation

process. This challenge is compounded by the long-standing challenge in M&E of DRM and

the reverse logic of such interventions: the success of an initiative is that something – ‗the

disaster‘ – does not happen. In addition, the climate is not the only changing variable; both

adaptive capacity and vulnerability are dynamic and multidimensional variables – related

both directly and indirectly to a range of environmental, social, economic and political factors

that change over time. Monitoring and evaluation will take place against a moving target and

changing scenarios, and encompass a wider set of indicators (beyond climatic factors). In

addition, M&E frameworks need to embrace comprehensive approaches that reflect the

multidimensional nature of adaptation and disaster risk reduction and its contribution to

developmental outcomes.

Dealing with uncertainty

Projected climate scenarios are still highly uncertain at local, national and regional levels.

This implies that in a scenario characterized by high levels of uncertainty, neither means, nor

ends can be fully known in advance. Uncertainty about the timing and intensity of climate

events highlights the key role that learning plays in the search of adaptation options.


Emerging from maladaptation thinking is also the acknowledgement that uncertainty not only

remains in future climate scenarios, but also in the socio-economic impacts of climate change

and thus, in the inter-relationship between the different factors that determine vulnerability

and adaptive capacity. Put another way, the factors that make communities vulnerable to

disasters and climate variability depends on socio-economic factors and the type of hazard in

question. M&E processes need to embrace such complex and uncertain scenarios and

promote learning by doing, and flexible approaches for effective adaptation and robust

monitoring. From this perspective, M&E plays a critical role in facilitating learning not from

what results are achieved, but rather from how, under what circumstances, and why or not

they were achieved. In turn, M&E plays a central role in generating an evidence-based

understanding of adaptation interventions. Figure 5 is sharing the methodologies and tools.

Table 17: Existing Approaches and Methodologies for the Evaluation of Adaptation

Interventions

M&E

Methodologies

Focus on Approach Assumption

Input-Output-

Outcome evaluation

Effectiveness

Elements of adaptive

capacity/ risk are pre-

determined and

evaluated against a set

of indicators

Increased adaptive

capacity will ultimately

lead to reduced

vulnerability

Risk is probabilistically

determined and known

Process-based

evaluation

Evaluation of

behavioural change

Economic

evaluations

Efficiency Benefits of adaptation is

measured in terms of

economic loss

The ability to determine a

baseline and projected

benefits and losses

Table 18: Examples of Indicators in the UNDP Adaptation Framework

Project objective: Coastal development secured in the face of increasing coastal hazard ad a

result of measures to reduce vulnerability of coastal systems and enhance adaptative capacity

of coastal populations.

Outcomes Indicators Type

1. Policies and plans

revised on the basis of the

scenario planning to

accommodating

increasing coastal risk

associated with the sea-

level rise, accelerated

erosion, and more

destructive storms.

1.1 Number of policy makers and planners trained

in scenario planning (alternatively a number of

government departments represented among those

trained).

Coverage

1.2 Number of policies and plans relating to coastal

development under review, in order to ensure

climate change issues are addressed.

Coverage

1.3 Number of new policies introduced or existing

policies and plans are updated as a result of

scenario planning exercises.

Impact


2. Investment decision

made on the basis of risk

assessment based on

climate change scenario

planning

2.1 Number of private sector bodies (organizations

and individual business) engaged by the project and

provided with training in climate risk management

and scenario planning.

Coverage

2.2 Value of planned new development in high-risk

areas compared with the projected baseline value.

Impact

2.3 Number of private planning application of

development in high-risk areas.

3. Resilience of coastal

geomorphological and

ecological system

enhanced

3.1 Length of coastline covered by project

interventions, coupled with a population of adjacent

coastal areas.

Coverage

3.2 Number of different resilience-enhancing

measures employed by the project, combined with a

number of ecological and Geo-morphological

system addressed.

Coverage

3.3 Number of sites/locations where resilience

building measures are piloted.

Coverage

3.4 Area and length of coast where project leads to

changes associated with enhanced resilience (e.g.

rehabilitation of dune systems, (re-) establishment

of mangroves, corals, resumption of sediment

transport to eroding beaches, etc.

Impact

4. The capacity to plan for

and respond to changes in

climate-related coastal

risks, improved through

awareness building and

enhance access to

information on potential

climate changes impacts,

coupled with guidance on

and improved access to

available adaptation

measures.

4.1 Population covered by awareness building

programs to increase understanding of risks

associated with climate change among general and

public and key stakeholder groups.

Coverage

4.2 Understanding of climate changes related

coastal risks among general and public and key

stakeholder groups (QBS)

Coverage

4.3 Percentage of population with access to key

resources for adaptation compared with project

baseline, measures (EWS storm shelters, post-

disaster financial assistance).

Impact

4.4 Perceived change in likely ability to respond

effectively to future change in coastal risks.

Impact

5. Construction of storm

shelters and improvements

in the resilience of

settlements, to reduce

vulnerability to tropical

5.1 Numbers of stakeholders involved in the

piloting of vulnerability reduction measures at local

level.

Coverage

5.2 Percentage of the population benefiting from

access to shelters and other improvements in

Impact


storms and associated

storm surges.

physical infrastructure such as installations of storm

shutters, etc.

5.3 Perceived changes in individual vulnerability by

members of coastal communities (QBS).

Impact

Source: UNDP and GEF (2007)

Table 19: Examples of Output Indicators of a Disaster Resilient Community

Thematic area 2: Risk

assessment

Characteristics of a resilient community

Component of resilience

1: Hazards/risk data and

assessment

Community hazard/risk assessments carried out which provide

a comprehensive picture of all major hazards and risks facing

community (and potential risks).

Hazard/risk assessment is participatory process including

representatives of all sections of the community and sources of

expertise.

Assessment findings shared, discussed, understood and agreed

among all stakeholders, and feed into community disaster

planning.

Findings made available to all interested parties (within and

outside community, locally and at higher levels) and feed into

their disaster planning.

Ongoing monitoring of hazards and risks and updating of

assessments.

Skills and capacity to carry out community hazard and risk

assessments maintained through support and training.

Source: Twiggs (2007)

Public commitment and prioritized risk-based assessment

The Authority has made a public commitment to identify and manage climate-related risk. It

has undertaken a local risk-based assessment of significant vulnerability and opportunities to

weather and climate, both now and in the future. It can demonstrate a sound understanding of

those not yet addressed in existing strategies and actions (e.g. In land use planning

documents, service delivery plans, flood and coastal resilience planning, community-risk

register/strategies, etc.). It has communicated these potential vulnerabilities and opportunities

to department/ service heads and other local partners and has set out the next steps in

addressing them.

Table 20: Example of Process-based Evaluation

Criteria Evidence

a. Made a public

commitment to identify

and manage climate

Signed Nottingham Declaration or equivalent local

Declaration or


related risk. The executive has formally made a commitment to

identify and manage climate related risk which has

been published

Other or additional evidence

b. Undertaken local risk-

based assessment of

significant vulnerabilities

and opportunities to

weather and climate, both

now and in the future.

Local risk based assessment completed

Significant vulnerabilities and opportunities identified

Executive or senior management team is aware of the

findings of the risk-based assessment


c. Has a sound understanding

of significant

vulnerabilities and

opportunities not yet

addressed in existing

strategies and actions.

Report or documentation to Executive management

team on significant vulnerabilities or opportunities not

yet addressed or


d. Has communicated

significant vulnerabilities

and opportunities to

department / service heads

and other local partners

that have an influence over

these.

Information about significant vulnerabilities and

opportunities communicated to department/service

heads, and other local partners that have an influence

over these, by distributing written information and/or

meetings or workshops or


e. Set out the next steps in

addressing significant

vulnerabilities and

opportunities.

Programme plan in place for next steps or


Source: DEERA (2010b)

Figure 5: Current Methodologies and Tools used for Evaluating Planned Adaptation

Interventions

Input/Output

Based on

log frame

Aiming at attribution of outcomes and impacts

Processes

Bench-marking processes

Measuring progress against benchmarks

Behavioral

Change

Based on outcome-mapping

Focus on contribution

and influence

Risk

assessments

Assesses hazard burdens, vulnerability

and risk

Focus on changes in risk profile

Cost-Benefit

Analysis

Assesses cost and benefits in monetary value

Economic benefit of adaptation


6.5 Learning to Adapt: Principles for M&E of Climate Change Adaptation

from a Climate Smart Disaster Risk Management Perspective

In order to support the re-thinking of M&E practices for climate change adaptation and

disaster risk reduction, the ADAPT principles (Adaptive, Dynamic, Active, Participatory and

Thorough) are proposed, to guide the development of future M&E approaches, frameworks

and indicators which embrace learning and contribute to build an evidence-based

understanding of the processes that lead to adaptation.

The ADAPT principles emphasized:

Adaptive learning: this emphasizes the need for methodological flexibility and triangulation

and adapting the M&E framework to dynamic and heterogeneous local conditions. The lack

of empirical evidence as to what does and does not work in a changing climate requires M&E

methodologies that are flexible and emphasize learning. M&E approach that accounts for

complex and uncertain scenarios within which adaptation processes will take place. Equally

important, a focus on processes enables flexible planning of programmes and policies that

can deal with uncertainty and changing scenarios. An adaptive M&E process evolves as

understanding of the situation, improves and searches for innovative strategies that will

enable adaptation for developing.

Dynamic Monitoring: establishes dynamic baselines, which provides real time feedback to

inform practice. Adaptation and disaster risk reduction processes will take place against a

backdrop of evolving climate hazards, which may become more frequent, severe and

unpredictable. From an M&E perspective, baseline information needs to include climate

variability and hazards. However, hazards are always changing in the light of new climatic

conditions – so that M&E will take place against a ‗moving targets‘. Conventional M&E

reflects progress against past circumstances. In the context of climate change adaptation,

indicators and targets need to be set within a framework that considers changes overtime. The

ability to deal with uncertainty and the dynamics of the changing environment therefore

becomes a key component of the M&E process.

Active: in understanding the social, cultural and personal issues such as values, confidence,

motivation, risks and perception. At the core of adaptation lies the recognition that in the

context of the changing climate, there is a need to change current DRM and development

practices. In other words, adaptation is about change. The understanding of the adaptation

requires paying attention to the decision-making processes and the cultural and behavioural

factors that may facilitate or constrain the adaptation process. People‘s perceptions of risk

and capacity should be at the core and purpose of M&E frameworks in order to understand

the social determinants of adaptation, to what extent these constrains or enable the adaptation

process, and evaluate effectiveness interventions within such a context. Furthermore, active

M&E processes will contribute to building an evidence-based understanding on how capacity

leads to action and to expand the currently limited understanding of adaptation decision-

making.


Participatory: approaches in the monitoring and evaluation process of those with a stake in

the programme. There are many different approaches to describe adaptation, but what they all

have in common is that, ultimately, actions are locally specific and the result of a process that

considers local climatic, environmental, socioeconomic and cultural factors. A participatory

M&E process is more likely to be able to support flexibility and adaptability to local context

and address the needs and concerns of all stakeholders.

Thorough: A thorough M&E process will include variables that contain specific

vulnerabilities to climate variability and extreme events as well as the underlying causes of

vulnerability. This will support a deeper understanding of whether adaptation takes place, to

what extent and why, and the inter-relationship between the socioeconomic factors that lead

to vulnerability. In short, M&E processes need to reflect thoroughness and embrace a wider

range of indicators, which facilitate the identification of maladaptation pathways.

Following from these principles, it is suggested that ADAPT indicators – Adaptive, Dynamic,

Active, Participatory, Thorough – could be useful for M&E that support learning to adapt.

The objective here is not to increase the quantity of indicators but to ensure the quality of

indicators used. ADAPT indicators are a suggestion towards this direction. The main point of

the ADAPT principles and indicators is to question the thinking and practice underpinning

current M&E approaches, as to meaningfully improve understanding and practice of

adaptation a start is required at rethinking the role of M&E and the critical variables that need

to be taken into consideration in the evaluation process. To do so, the ADAPT principles

point towards the development of indicators that capture processes of change and the wider

operational environment within which these changes take place. The real need is for the

DRM and CCA community to develop comprehensive M&E frameworks that embrace,

promote and expand the knowledge and evidence base available on adaptation and disaster

risk reduction processes. In other words, we need to learn how to adapt but we also need to

change in order to adapt.

.



Monitoring and Evaluation is key in ensuring success of any planned project/program. This

will be critical to understand how exactly monitoring and evaluation work in case of

integration of DRR and CCA into development. The facilitator as a part of background

reading for this module may take up existing best available frameworks for M &E to enhance

his/her understanding on the subject and may accordingly structure the presentation of this

chapter.


2. Ongoing assessment of the anticipated knowledge needs, interests, and constraints of

trainees,

3. Identify additional potentially effective activities suitable for the particular trainees,

4. Prepare a list of best available M&E frameworks for developmental programs

5. Relate and clarify doubts on using for DRR and CCA interventions in the light of

examples used in the chapter

6. Do adequate mental preparations to answer cross cutting questions emerging from the

house through a visionary guidance approach.








d. Rewards or treats to encourage involvement and participation.


1. Total Time: One presentation and one exercise not exceeding 90 minutes



2. PowerPoint presentation

3. Whiteboard and marker OR blackboard and chalk

4. Module materials

5. Self notes based on those materials


7. Printed materials/white chart for group activity.


Session: Monitoring and Evaluation

The Presentation:

The presentation should be kept simple and interesting. It should focus on concept. Needs,

benefits, challenges and processes, etc. The facilitator may use images and comic characters

to bring interest into the presentation. The presentation must be realistic and should target to


clarify the difference between different models and frameworks for M&E. This presentation

should lay the foundation for an exercise evolving

Exercise: Indicator Development

Group Formation:

The formation of group may follow the similar approach of sectoral identity or can be

experimented with an ice breaker having use of number games. The groups can be broadly

divided into six groups. Three groups will have the one task while the other three will have

another. However, the facilitator may also assign a separate task to each group. Though

having a similar task will ensure better discussion, refinement and will help at arriving to a

comprehensive conclusion.

Group Size:

Since the house will be divided in six groups, size will depend on the size of the total;

participants. It should not be less than five or more than eight for this exercise to ensure

involvement.

Format for the exercise:

The exercise will comprise of

two variables. The first will be

defined by the facilitator in form

of an expected result

(Outcome/output) while next

will be indicators to track the

result which will be developed

by the groups:

Presentation of findings:

Each group will make a presentation by identified group leaders and the sitting groups will

discuss the findings for finalization and appropriate. If same task is presented by different

groups it will help in arriving at a comprehensive and adequate coverage status.

Expected Result Indicators


Chapter Summary:

This Chapter presents an overview of the concept, skills and techniques of training. It

presents the reader with idea on how training should be implemented with due care to pity

but important aspects. It guides the reader on process of preparing for a lecture or session

during the training and oriented different tools and techniques. It also highlights the use

and importance of visual aid and non-verbal techniques that can guide the reader for

effective facilitation of training sessions. This chapter is gives brief insights which seek to

guide the development of a trainer who can in-turn facilitate the same module to further

down the line. Not all elements are included but the basics required for training

facilitation briefly explained in this chapter.

7 TRAINING TECHNIQUES


To orient the participants with training concepts and skills

To build understanding on different training techniques and expertise

To evolve the relevance for using established training skills while using this course

module as trainers


7.1 Meaning of Training

Training has been defined as "The systematic development of the knowledge, skills and

attitudes required by an individual to perform adequately a given task or job". Training has

also been defined in the Glossary of Training Terms (Manpower Services Commission, U.K.)

as "a planned process to modify the attitude, knowledge or skill behavior through learning

experience to achieve effective performance in an activity or range of activities. Its purpose

in the work situation is to develop the abilities of the individual and to satisfy current and

future manpower needs of the organization". It clearly implies that the role of training is to

improve the overall performance of the organization. The term 'performance' is, therefore,

interwoven with training.76

7.2 Systematic Approach to Training (SAT)

To operate training in a systematic manner, it has to cover interrelated stages and processes

such as:

Identifying training needs: Finding out what people need to learn. This is done by-

analyzing the knowledge, skills and attitudes/behaviors that each job requires; and

assessing the degree of competence of jobholders to meet those requirements.

Setting aims and learning objectives: Specifying what trainees should be able to do

as a result of training.

Plan and design training: Deciding on a strategy to meet training needs, e.g., by

designing courses / modules, suggesting various methodologies, deciding key learning

points trainees must grasp and also sending some learning material (preview) to

trainees.

Implementing training: Putting the training into practice.

Assess result: Establishing and assessing the quality and effectiveness of training.

The training objective and the outcome an event seeks to achieve determine the choice of

training method. For example, if the objective is to develop technical skill, then there is need

for practical exercises; if conceptual skill, then case study could be a method. If attitudinal

orientation is intended, then role-play is an appropriate method.

7.3 Principles of Adult Learning

The Glossary of Training Terms defines learning as: "The process whereby individuals

acquire knowledge, skills and attitudes through experience, reflection, study or instruction".

Learning has also been defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from

instruction or stimulation from external sources, from one's own practical experiences and

from insight arising from reflection.

76

Michael Armstrong, A Handbook of Personnel Management Practice, reproduced in Personnel in Practice,

Currie, Donald: Blackwell Business (Oxford, UK); 1997.


The following are assumptions on adult learners developed by the adult learning expert –

Malcolm S. Knowles. The table is also reflects the suggestions for facilitator/ instruction to

deal with these assumptions77

.

ASSUMPTION WHAT IT MEANS TO ME

Adults want to know why they should

learn.

Adults are motivated to put time and energy

into learning if they know the benefits of

learning and the costs of not learning.

Develop ―a need to know‖ in your

learners—make a case for the value of the

learning in their lives. Help learners

answer the question, ―What‘s in it for

me?‖

Adults need to take responsibility.

By definition, adult learners have a selfconcept

of being in charge of their own lives and being

responsible for their own decisions, and a need

to be seen and treated as being capable of taking

responsibility.

Realize that despite this self-concept and

need for responsibility, once they enter a

classroom many adults revert back to their

school and college days when they tended

to be passive learners. Do not fall into a

trap of assuming that they want to learn

passively. Empower them to learn and to

take responsibility for learning. Enable

learners to assess their own learning,

similar to the selfassessment and feedback

that you experienced during the Instructor

Development course.

Adults bring experience to learning.

That experience is a resource for themselves

and for other learners, and gives richer meaning

to new ideas and skills. Experience is a source

of an adult‘s self-identify.

Experience is both a plus and a minus. It

is a plus because it is a vast resource. It is

a minus because it can lead to biasness

and presuppositions. Because adults

define themselves by their experiences,

respect and value that experience.

Adults are ready to learn when the need arises.

Adults learn when they to choose to learn and

commit to learn. That desire to learn usually

coincides with the transition from one

developmental stage to another and is related to

developmental tasks, such as career planning,

acquiring job competencies, improving job

performance, etc. Often, however, adults

perceive employerprovided training as

employer-required training

Be aware that some learners might not

want to be there. In which case, be honest.

Acknowledge that fact and the fact that

nothing can be done about it. Then, agree

to make the most out of training

nevertheless. On the other hand, be aware

that for those who want to be in the class,

training is important and they must walk

away with

something.

Adults are task-oriented

Education is subject-centered, but adult training

should be task-centered. For example, a child in

a school composition class learns grammar, and

then sentence and paragraph construction. An

adult in a composition training program learns

how to write a business letter, a marketing plan,

etc.

Organize content around tasks, not

subjects.

77

Further reading for interested individuals - The ASTD Training & Development Handbook: A Guide to

Human Resource Development, Robert L. Craig, editor, 1996.


7.4 Factors Influencing the Learning Process

The factors that influence the learning process are:

1. Need is a great motivator. Training should meet the training needs of the learner.

2. Meaningful associations between new material to be learnt and the more familiar,

facilitates learning. In other words, learning proceeds smoothly, if we move from the

Known to the Unknown.

3. The inputs should be sequenced in a manner that it proceeds from the simple to the

complex.

4. Learning is an active and voluntary process. Involvement enhances learning, as it

inspires the learner to learn.

5. Enough time must be allowed for practicing the learning during the training program

itself for assimilation, testing, acceptance and internalization.

6. Success is a great motivator. Hence, learning is facilitated by knowledge of results,

i.e., feedback, given to the trainee on his learning. The feedback should be immediate.

7. Law of intensity. A vivid, dramatic and exciting learning experience is more likely to

be remembered.

7.5 Preparing a Lecture

In order to impart training, one should first decide on the training method to be employed.

Each method has its own peculiar advantages and lecture is the ideal method to introduce a

topic, therefore, employ lectures as the primary method of training.

Lecture defined Lectures have been a convenient method of communicating information to a

large number of people. According to the Glossary of Training Terms, a lecture is: "A

straight talk or exposition possibly using visual or other aids, but without group participation

other than through questions at the conclusion."

The Stages involved in preparing a lecture: Deciding the content, planning the

sequence, structuring the lecture, use of visual aids, preparing lecture notes. The

objective of the lecture provides a clear idea about the information that needs to be

communicated. Categorizing items in the diagram that 'could' be included, reducing

'could' items to ones that 'should' be included; and reducing these 'should' items still

further to the ones that 'must' be included. The 'must' items from the content of your

lecture. After identification, it may lead us to revise the draft objective. Planning the

sequence once what should go into the lecture has been decided, the sequence in

which the points need to be covered should be considered. This sequence should

match the learning process of the participants. It should be kept in mind that people

learn by progressing from the: known to the unknown, simple to the complex,

concrete to the abstract, general to the particular.

Structuring the lecture

o Introduction

The beginning of the lecture is often the most important part of the session as it

sets the tone for the trainees' response and receptivity. A poor introduction can


turn the participants off while a good introduction can make even the dullest

subject interesting. The following six-step process for introduction:

I Introduce self - this helps the participants relate to the speaker.

N Need - Establish need for learning,

T Title - State clearly the title of the subject.

R Range - trainees should know what to expect and how they may

participate.

O Objective - Objective of the lecture, should be shared, so that trainees

know what they are expected to achieve,

o Major Points This is where the trainer can effectively communicate information.

It should be in an organized form that is logical to the trainee, preferably by

linking to his/her experience. All essential major points should be communicated

during this period.

o Summary The major points of the lecture - the ones that the trainees should

remember must be summarized. The technique of interim summaries may be

adopted. However, consolidation of learning is effective if the following steps are

followed:

S Summaries

L Link to future learning

A Ask questions

T Test Understanding

E Extend learning by providing handouts

7.6 Visual Aids

Aids are an essential feature of effective communication. In a nutshell, some facts about the

contributions each of the senses make towards helping people learn. An alternative to this

visual would have been to present the information in a narrative form. This would require

learners to read or listen to a text carefully, assimilate the facts and develop a mental image of

them to enable the facts to be remembered. We remember 10% what we read, 20% what we

hear, 30% what we see and 50% what we see and hear. It seems to appear that making use of

the sense of sight through visual presentation makes learning easier.

If much effort has been used to produce good visual aids, then we should use them to their

best advantage. The following points are well worth remembering:

1. Do not obstruct the view of the audience.

2. The visual must be well placed.

3. Do not read a visual word by word to the audience.

4. Do not wave a pointer in front of the visual.

5. Do not talk to the visual.


7.7 Non-Verbal Communication:

Non Verbal communication plays a significant role in understanding the behavior of the

participants so as to effectively facilitate a training. A few very useful non-verbal techniques

are briefly explained below:

1. Facial expression: The human face is extremely expressive, able to express countless

emotions without saying a word. And unlike some forms of nonverbal

communication, facial expressions are universal. The facial expressions for happiness,

sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust are the same across cultures.

2. Eye contact: Eye contact is an especially important type of nonverbal

communication. The way a person look at someone can communicate many things,

including interest, affection, hostility, or attraction. Eye contact is also important in

maintaining the flow of conversation and for gauging the other person‘s response.

3. Postures: This type of nonverbal communication includes posture, bearing, stance,

and subtle movements.

4. Voice expression: Things a trainee pay attention to include timing and pace, how

loud a person speaks, tone and inflection, and sounds that convey understanding.

5. Gesture: The meaning of gestures can be very different across cultures and regions,

so it‘s important to be careful to avoid misinterpretation.

The trainer must be a compact personality with high levels of interpersonal skills to

communicate effectively with the participants, In a very new and evolving field like that of

mainstreaming climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction, the knowledge, reading,

attitudes and motivational skills will be put to test for bringing in effective results. Thus, a

trainer must be well prepared with adequate understanding of both the subject matter as well

as training skills to make the best use of the module. The facilitators note along with this

chapter will guide the trainer towards effective facilitation of the training.


ANNEXURE I: RESOURCES AND

REFERENCES

Terminologies 1. Briefing Note, Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction, 2008,

http://www.unisdr.org/files/4146_ClimateChangeDRR.pdf.

Chapter I- 1. Chandra Bhushan, Arjuna Srinidhi, Vineet kumarand Geetika shingh, 2014, Rising to

the Call: good practices of climate change adaptation in India, centre for Science and

Environment, New Delhi.

2. Seath Freya, The human impacts of CC in India, Centre for legislative research and

activities, available at http://www.clraindia.org/include/Climate.pdf

3. Climate change 2007 updates available at http://www.greenfacts.org/en/climate-

change-ar4/l-3/2-current-past-observed-climate.htm

4. http://www.unisdr.org/2005/wcdr/intergover/official-doc/L-docs/Hyogo-framework-

for-action-english.pdf.

Chapter II- 1. Guidelines for Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Fisheries and Aquaculture

Projects 2014 by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)


2. Messer M. Norman, Conceptual Background and Working Definitions, The Role of

Local Institutions and their Interaction in Disaster Risk Mitigation: a Literature

Review, FAO, September 2003 available at


3. Marilise Turnbull, Charlotte L. Sterrett, Amy Hilleboe; Towards Resilience (2013): A

Guide to DRR and CCA.

4. Paul Venton (lead author) and Sarah La Trobe Linking climate change adaptation and

disaster risk reduction, 2008, Tearfund


5. UNFCCC Resources available at- http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2008/tp/04.pdf

6. Cronin Sj et.al. (2004) ‗Participatory Methods of incorporating Scientific with

Traditional for Volcanic Hazard Management on Ambae Island, Vanuatu‘ Bulletin of

Volcanology, 66 652-668

7. Jegillos Sanny R. Mainstreaming DRR/CCA into Development, a presentation during

the Regional Conference on Strategies and Tools for Integrating Disaster Risk

Reduction into Development Planning and Financing, held in Bangkok, Thailand

from 16 to 18 February 2015. Available at

http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Mainstreaming%20DRR%20and%20CCA

%20into%20development%20by%20Sanny%20Jegillos.pdf

8. TST Issues Brief on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Prepared by

UNDP, UNEP, UN-ESCAP, UNFCCC, UNISDR and WMO with contributions from

FAO, IFAD, ITU, OCHA, PBSO, UNCCD, UN-DESA, UN-ESCWA, UNFF,

UNFPA, UN-Habitat, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UN-Women, WFP, WHO, and the World

Bank, available at

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/2301TST%20Issue%20Brie

f_CC&DRR_Final_4_Nov_final%20final.pdf


http://www.clraindia.org/include/Climate.pdf








http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2008/tp/04.pdf






Chapter III-

1. Country Profile of India, Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters

(CRED 2009) available at http://emdat.be/country_profile/index.html accessed on

19th August 2015

2. Vulnerability Profile of India by NDMA available at


3. State Profile of Odisha by National Institute of Disaster Management, National

Disaster Risk Reduction Portal (pp- 10-14) available at


4. Unavoidable Projected impacts of Climate Change by WMO available at


5. Gupta Joydeep, How climate change will impact South Asia – latest IPCC report

published at the thirdpole.net understanding Asia water crisis on 2014 available at

http://www.thethirdpole.net/how-climate-change-will-impact-south-asia-latest-ipcc-

report/

6. Singh Poonam & Dhiman Ramesh C., Climate change and human health: Indian

context, on June 2012 available at http://www.mrcindia.org/journal/issues/492055.pdf

7. National policy of Disaster Management available at- http://ndmindia.nic.in/NPDM-

101209.pdf

8. Odisha Climate Change Action Plan available at

http://odisha.gov.in/forest_environment/ActionPlan/CCAP%20ORISSA%20FINAL-

1.pdf

9. Mandal Koyel, Shivaranjani.V, Rathi Sunanda, Venkataramani Vivek and Gundimeda

Haripriya -Climate Finance at the Sub-National Level– The Case of Odisha by IFMR

Centre for Development Finance, November 2013 available at

http://cdf.ifmr.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Odisha-DFID-Phase-II-

Report_CDF_IFMR1.pdf

10. Ravindranth D, Chaturvedi R.K and Dr. Kattumuri R- Mainstreaming Adaptation to

Climate Change in Indian , Policy Planning available at

http://www.lse.ac.uk/asiaResearchCentre/_files/ChaturvediKattumuriRavindranath.pd

f

11. Eleventh Five Year plan of India (2007-12), Inclusive Growth, Volume I, Planning

Commission, Government of India available at


12. MoEF‘s letter to Chief Secretaries of all states on convergence of MGNREGS and

GIM available at http://envfor.nic.in/sites/default/files/MGNREGS-GIM_0.pdf

Chapter IV-

1. Mishra Diptimayee, Sahu Naresh Chandra, Response of farmers to climate change in

Odisha: An empirical investigation, published at International Journal of

Environmental Sciences (Volume IV) 2014, available at


2. ORISSA - The Worst Victim Of Global Warming And Climate Change available at

http://creative.sulekha.com/orissa-the-worst-victim-of-global-warming-and-climate-

change_317177_blog

3. Prof. Surendranath Pasupalak, Climate Change and Agriculture in Orissa, published at

Orissa Review, April-May – 2009 available at http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-

magazine/orissareview/2009/April-May/engpdf/49-52.pdf (p. no. 50-51).

4. Mahato Anupama, Climate Change and its Impact on Agriculture, published at

International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 4, Issue 4,

http://emdat.be/country_profile/index.html






















April 2014 available at http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0414/ijsrp-p.pdf/ (PN-

28-33).

5. Mishra Diptimayee and Sahu Naresh Chandra (2014), Response of farmers to climate

change in Odisha: An empirical investigation, published at International Journal of

Environmental Sciences, Volume 4, No 5, 2014 available at


6. Data Source of demographic details

http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/press/News_1st_April_2012-

HLO_Data_OrissaToday.pdf

7. Katrina Charles , Kathy Pond, Steve Pedley, Rifat Hossain, Frédéric Jacot,

Technology projection study, published at University of Syrrey, available at

http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/vision_2030_technology_pr

ojection_report.pdf

8. WASH & climate change adaptation training module: factsheets Prepared by John

Butterworth and Sabine Guendel. The training module is based upon many existing

resources and especially the work of Charles Batchelor and co-authors (2011), IRC

and UNICEF available at

http://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/wash_and_climate_change_adaptation_fact

sheets.pdf

9. UNICEF. Arsenic Mitigation in Bangladesh. Report. UNICEF. Available at


10. Khan, MMH et al. ―Magnitude of Arsenic Toxicity in Tube-Well Drinking Water in

Bangladesh and its Adverse Effects on Human Health Including Cancer.‖ Asian

Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 4 (2003). Available at


11. Story and photo taken from https://undp-india.exposure.so/women-adapting-to-

climate-change

12. India, Cyclone Phailin in Odisha October 2013, Rapid Damage and Needs

Assessment Report, December 2013 by Government of Odisha, available at


13. International Practices on Climate Adaptation in Transportation available at

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/climate_change/adaptation/publications_and_t

ools/international_practices/page05.cfm

14. ADB (2012), Climate Risk and Adaptation in the Electric Power Sector, available at


15. Finley T. and Schuchard s R. Adapting to Climate Change: A Guide for the Energy

and Utility Industry Published by Business for Social Responsibility available at

http://www.bsr.org/reports/BSR_Climate_Adaptation_Issue_Brief_Energy_Utilities.p

df

16. Patil R. Rajan and Deepa T. M., Climate change: The challenges for public health

preparedness and response- An Indian case study, published at Indian J Occup

Environ Med. 2007 Sep-Dec; available at


17. United States Environmental Protection Agencies, available at


18. NRDC (2015), Mavalanka et al, Surviving India's deadly heat wave, 27th

May, 2015

available at http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/news/v.php?id=44522

19. Mihir et al, Risk Transfer through Micro Insurance, Lessons Learnt and Evidence

from Phailin Cyclone Affected Community, Input Paper for GAR 2015, April 2014

available at

http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0414/ijsrp-p.pdf/




















http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/news/v.php?id=44522


http://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/gar/2015/en/bgdocs/inputs/Mihir%20et

%20al,%202014.%20Risk%20tranfer%20through%20microinsurance.pdf

20. Krishi Sutra 2 Success stories of Farmers Producer organization published on

December 2013 available at http://sfacindia.com/PDFs/Krishi-Sutra(Version2).pdf

21. Indian Council of Agriculture Research- CPCRI available at


22. Indian Council Of Agriculture Research available at ICAR-IIWM, Bhubaneshwar


23. Eco generation, Environmental Networking Platform for Children and Youth by

Samsung Engineering and UNEP available at http://tunza.eco-

generation.org/ambassadorReportView.jsp?viewID=11876

24. Case studies on best practices by Housing and Urban Development department,

Government of Odisha available at

http://www.urbanodisha.gov.in/(S(mmsysc45j1g52d55er0ffn45))/best_practices_vend

ingzone.html

Chapter V-

1. Marilise Turnbull Charlotte L. Sterrett Amy Hilleboe (2013). Towards Resilience: A

Guide to DRR and CCA

2. United Nations (2009) Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction,

Geneva. United Nations (2011) Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk

Reduction, Geneva. IPCC (2012) Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance

Climate Change Adaptation (SREX). [Field, C.B.; Barros, V.; Stocker T.F.; Qin, D.;

Dokken D.J.; Ebi, K.L.; Mastrandrea, M.D.; Mach, K.J.; Plattner, G.-K.; Allen, S.K.;

Tignor, M.: and Midgley, P.M. (eds.)] Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Levine, S.; Ludi, E.; and Jones, L. (2011) Rethinking Support for Adaptive Capacity

to Climate Change: The Role of Development Interventions, a Report for the Africa

Climate Change Resilience Alliance. London, UK: ODI. DFID (2011) Defining

Disaster Resilience: A DFID Approach Paper. London, UK. DFID (2010) Saving

lives, preventing suffering and building resilience: The UK Government’s

Humanitarian Policy. London, UK. Mitchell, T.; Ibrahim, M.; Harris, K.; Hedger, M.;

Polack, E.; Ahmed, A.; Hall, N.; Hawrylyshyn, K.; Nightingale, K.; Onyango, M.;

Adow, M.; and Sajjad Mohammed, S. (2010), Climate Smart Disaster Risk

Management, Strengthening Climate Resilience, Brighton, UK, IDS.

3. Tearfund (2006) Overcoming the Barriers, Mainstreaming climate change adaptation

in developing countries. Tearfund UK.

Chapter VI- 1. Paula Silva Villanueva, SCR Discussion Paper 9, Learning to ADAPT: monitoring

and evaluation approaches in climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction –

challenges, gaps and ways forward.

Chapter VII- 1. Michael Armstrong, A Handbook of Personnel Management Practice, reproduced in

Personnel in Practice, Currie, Donald: Blackwell Business (Oxford, UK); 1997.

2. The ASTD Training & Development Handbook: A Guide to Human Resource

Development, Robert L. Craig, editor, 1996.











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