Transcript of Training Manual Presentation - CA-NV AWWA · 30.05.2007 · Coagulation Overview • As the graph...
Coagulant Overview
Tom CoughlinChemtrade
2015
Outlinebull Coagulation OverviewPurpose of CoagulationCoagulant types and characteristics
bull Coagulant OptionsUnderstanding the role of CoagulationOptimizing existing treatment programsModifying coagulant treatment programs Switching coagulants Co-coagulant programs
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Overviewbull One objective of water treatment is to manage the removal of the water-
borne solids whose presence makes the water unsuitable for its intended use
bull Many of these solids are too small to settle out on their own and are stabilized by surface charges that resist their agglomeration These surface charges are generally negative
bull The purpose of inorganic coagulants is to destabilize solids and increase their size to facilitate their removal by settling and filtration processes
bull Removing solids by coagulation and filtration significantly reduces the disinfectant demand In turn this reduces the formation of DBPs
Coagulation Overviewbull As the graph demonstrates in the absence of coagulation many solids
are too small to be directly removed by filtration
bull Colloidal material (d lt 10 micro) typically represents a significant fraction of the solids to be removed and can have a rather insignificant effect on raw turbidities
bull In many cases a significant fraction of the TOC is colloidal
bull For many systems the required coagulant dosage is controlled by the amount of charge required to neutralize the surface charges on the colloidal particles
Coagulation Demandbull ldquoApproximaterdquo coagulant demand for low turbidity raw waters
061 mg of Al+3mg of raw water DOC
126 mg of Fe+3mg of raw water DOC
This translates to 68 ppm of alum (db)ppm of raw water TOC 50 ppm of ACH (neat basis)ppm of raw water TOC 126 ppm of 50 LFS (neat basis)ppm of raw water TOC 93 ppm of FeCl3 (neat basis)ppm of raw water TOC
Coagulant Demand--Example
May 30 2007 July 2 2007
Raw Water Turbidity 45 NTU 48 NTU
Raw Water pH 77 765
Raw Water Alkalinity 95 ppm 100 ppm
Coagulant Dosage 40 ppm 60 ppm
Coagulant Demand--ExampleMay 30 2007 July 2 2007
Raw Water Turbidity 45 NTU 48 NTU
Raw Water pH 77 765
Raw Water Alkalinity 95 ppm 100 ppm
Coagulant Dosage 40 ppm 60 ppm
UV-254 Absorbance 040 060
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
bull Have large positive valence (for charge neutralization) Coagulant efficiency significantly increases with its valence (Schulze-Hardy Rule)
bull Form insoluble precipitates in water (for adsorption and sedimentation)
bull Are inexpensive
bull Aluminum and Ferric-based salts meet these criteria and are almost universally used
Cation ComparisonValence is the charge on an ion in solution
Cation ValenceCoagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation Unit Cost
Na+1 +1 Poor Extremely Poor ModerateCa+2 +2 Fair Poor ModerateAl+3 +3 Very Good Very Good LowFe+3 +3 Very Good Very Good LowZr+4 +4 Excellent Very Good Very High
repulsion between particles allowing them to come together
bull Step 2 Metal hydrolysis forms floc particles
bull Step 3 Adsorption of neutralized particles onto floc particles
bull Step 4 Particles grow larger due to flocculation
bull Step 5 Particles settle Small particles are adsorbed onto settling particles (ldquofloc sweeprdquo)
Coagulant Mechanismsbull Charge neutralization occurs on an atomic ldquoscalerdquo Thus in the early
stages of treatment the number of charges delivered by the coagulant is more important than the weight of the metal
bull The number of metal atoms delivered by the coagulant also affects the number of floc particles created
bull Thus the concentration of atomic units of M+3 delivered affects coagulant performance more than the weight of M+3 (Useful to remember when comparing the performance of alum and ferric salts)
bull Itrsquos also possible that some coagulants are more effective on an ldquoequal molarrdquo basis than others (that is ldquosimple coagulantsrdquo vs ldquopolymeric inorganic coagulantsrdquo)
Charge Neutralization
Under-Treatment Treatment Over-Treatment
_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +
_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +
_ _ _
+ + + +
_ _ _
+ + + +_ _ _
+ + + +
Performance vs Alum Dosage
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
4
45
5
0 10 20 30 40 50
T
OC
Rem
oval
Settl
ed T
urbi
dity
NTU
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removalvs Alum Dosage
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Chart1
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity NTU
TOC Removal
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removal vs Alum Dosage
5
0
35
0119047619
275
01738095238
2
02214285714
12
02619047619
08
03011904762
12
03388095238
16
03752380952
22
04116666667
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Hypothetical Performance vs Dosage Plot
Raw Turbidity
5
NTU
Raw TOC
42
mgL
Raw pH
8
Raw alkalinity
59
mgL
Theoretical Minimum Alum Dosage
286
mgL
Required TOC Removal
45
Settled
Delta
Settled
Dosage
Turbidity
TOC
TOC
TOC
Coagulant
mgL
NTU
mgL
mgL
Removal
Alum
0
5
0000
42
0
Alum
10
35
0500
370
119
Alum
15
275
0230
347
174
Alum
20
2
0200
327
221
Alum
25
12
0170
310
262
Alum
30
08
0165
294
301
Alum
35
12
0158
278
339
Alum
40
16
0153
262
375
Alum
50
22
0153
247
412
0
0
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
50
50
C1V1 = C2V2
Jar Volume
mls
2000
2000
Desired Conc
ppm
002
070
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
700
20000
50
Dosage
mls
00571
00700
002
Dosage
ul
571
700
1
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
Neat
1000000
10
100000
1
10000
010
1000
001
100
0001
10
Anionic Polymer
1300
gms
Dilution water
480
gals
00007152868
007
Cation
Valence
Coagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation
Unit Cost
Na+1
+1
Poor
Extremely Poor
Moderate
Ca+2
+2
Fair
Poor
Moderate
Al+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Fe+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Zr+4
+4
Excellent
Very Good
Very High
Date
111604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
30
722
860
170
SETTLED WATER
13
730
FILTERED WATER
003
826
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
670
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Non-Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
202
Cat
Non-Ionic
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
Polymer
HI-1090
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
379
679
352
0093
3546
176
1
00
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
800
119
07
486
698
084
0056
2346
116
2
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
423
007
135
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
369
700
074
0007
2847
141
3
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
800
115
07
486
695
066
0062
2770
137
4
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
600
86
07
369
692
088
0069
2611
129
5
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
800
114
07
486
686
087
0074
2457
122
6
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
321
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
002
379
672
175
0060
2600
129
7
00
1411
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
07
002
150
224
388
702
064
0054
2393
118
8
00
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
07
002
125
187
358
700
080
2413
119
9
00
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
125
187
371
696
065
2485
123
10
00
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
100
149
327
698
063
2414
120
11
00
627
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
002
369
707
046
0058
2637
131
12
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
000
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
111604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
641
768
1150
265
SETTLED WATER
14
730
FILTERED WATER
005
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
220
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 4
308
(25)
Alum
1300
195
10
374
710
292
0054
2429
110
181
412
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC
800
120
10
414
740
072
0063
2276
103
212
312
8156
944
0125
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
AlumLC
1000
150
10
510
739
094
0050
2320
105
204
338
10195
1180
0157
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
650
82
10
406
710
072
0080
2431
111
198
357
12449
2097
0140
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
10
494
700
065
0068
2255
103
179
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 5
00
321
(25)
Alum
1000
150
10
294
720
177
0069
2284
104
196
402
1045
2410
0161
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
550
70
385
734
103
0072
2417
110
212
312
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
700
89
490
713
049
0064
2243
102
193
373
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
550
70
385
713
111
0095
2770
126
215
302
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
700
89
490
709
064
0066
2236
102
196
364
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
00
000
Raw Water 6
00
328
(25)
000
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
150
224
421
745
150
0062
2210
100
205
375
4180
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
387
743
163
0061
2205
100
210
360
4702
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
400
736
164
0073
2226
101
212
354
5225
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
100
149
352
732
138
0070
2136
097
206
372
5225
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
600
90
10
100
149
379
729
142
0074
2325
106
204
378
6270
1561
0143
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
300
SETTLED WATER
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
3552
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1250
188
10
360
292
1000
13062
3013
0201
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1350
203
10
387
268
1000
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
750
95
10
465
073
000
1000
14364
2419
0161
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
850
108
10
523
090
000
1000
16279
2742
0183
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
950
120
10
581
102
000
1000
18194
3064
0204
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
350
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
224
396
204
1000
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
15
224
410
217
1000
627
1257
0142
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
15
224
423
225
1000
679
1378
0150
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
15
224
436
236
1000
731
1498
0158
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
280
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
125
187
352
178
1000
549
1108
0122
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
366
120
1000
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
379
168
1000
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
125
187
392
180
1000
705
1469
0146
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
79
754
215
300
SETTLED WATER
16
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
003
840
Caustic added after filtration
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
790
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
mixing
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
08
000
SPEEDS
90
800
coagulation
Non Poly
0027
0
AND TIMES
9
60
coagulation
90
400
coagulation
TOTAL
0000
3552
250
00
Settling
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
Sample
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1500
226
10
400
499
000
1
20
355
15675
3615
0241
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1600
241
10
427
656
540
000
2
19
387
16720
3856
0257
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1700
256
10
454
580
000
3
20
355
17765
4097
0273
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
695
208
0052
4263
120
4
19
387
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1100
164
470
694
200
0056
6125
172
5
20
355
10920
2519
0168
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1200
179
513
689
143
000
6
21
323
11913
2747
0183
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
000
000
Raw Water 3
000
26
Alum
1200
180
10
320
671
521
0053
5276
149
13
18
308
1254
2892
0193
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
200
30
10
400
777
538
0046
5275
149
14
20
231
599
230
0092
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
250
37
10
500
774
449
0053
4994
141
15
19
269
749
288
0115
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
300
45
10
600
770
413
0054
5186
146
16
19
269
898
345
0138
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
350
52
10
701
767
400
0047
5304
149
17
18
308
1048
403
0161
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
400
60
10
801
765
291
0050
5083
143
18
15
423
1198
460
0184
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Raw Water 4
25
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
688
275
0059
4689
132
19
19
240
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
8481E-05
Alum
1300
195
10
347
686
452265
0050
4842
136
20
15
400
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
22
407
725
284
0049
4271
120
21
15
400
867
1137
0133
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
20
30
507
720
258
0054
4208
118
22
15
400
1017
1194
0156
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
25
37
607
718
259
0050
4545
128
23
16
360
1167
1252
0179
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
30
45
707
715
189
0055
4316
122
24
14
440
1316
1309
0202
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
79
754
215
300
SETTLED WATER
16
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
003
840
Caustic added after filtration
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
790
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
mixing
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
08
000
SPEEDS
90
800
coagulation
Non Poly
0027
0
AND TIMES
9
60
coagulation
90
400
coagulation
TOTAL
0000
3552
250
00
Settling
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
Sample
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1500
226
10
400
499
000
1
20
355
15675
3615
0241
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1600
241
10
427
656
540
000
2
19
387
16720
3856
0257
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1700
256
10
454
580
000
3
20
355
17765
4097
0273
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
695
208
0052
4263
120
4
19
387
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1100
164
470
694
200
0056
6125
172
5
20
355
10920
2519
0168
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1200
179
513
689
143
000
6
21
323
11913
2747
0183
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
31
0000
Alum
1300
195
10
347
678
318
0060
4484
126
7
24
226
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1400
211
10
374
679
439
0061
4953
139
8
21
323
14630
3374
0225
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
500
63
292
702
198
0095
6120
172
9
23
258
9576
1613
0107
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
600
76
350
701
145
0075
4523
127
10
21
323
11491
1935
0129
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
700
89
409
700
190
0062
4212
119
11
19
387
13406
2258
0150
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
467
698
177
0065
4118
116
12
18
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
000
Raw Water 3
00
000
26
Alum
1200
180
10
320
671
521
0053
5276
149
13
18
308
1254
2892
0193
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
200
30
10
400
777
538
0046
5275
149
14
20
355
599
1381
0092
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
250
37
10
500
774
449
0053
4994
141
15
19
387
749
1727
0115
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
300
45
10
600
770
413
0054
5186
146
16
19
387
898
2072
0138
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
350
52
10
701
767
400
0047
5304
149
17
18
419
1048
2417
0161
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
400
60
10
801
765
291
0050
5083
143
18
15
516
1198
2763
0184
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Raw Water 4
00
25
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
688
275
0059
4689
132
19
19
240
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Alum
1300
195
10
347
686
452265
0050
4842
136
20
15
400
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
22
420
725
284
0049
4271
120
21
15
400
867
2000
0133
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
20
30
524
720
258
0054
4208
118
22
15
400
1017
2345
0156
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
25
37
628
718
259
0050
4545
128
23
16
360
1167
2691
0179
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
30
45
732
715
189
0055
4316
122
24
14
440
1316
3036
0202
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Outlinebull Coagulation OverviewPurpose of CoagulationCoagulant types and characteristics
bull Coagulant OptionsUnderstanding the role of CoagulationOptimizing existing treatment programsModifying coagulant treatment programs Switching coagulants Co-coagulant programs
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Overviewbull One objective of water treatment is to manage the removal of the water-
borne solids whose presence makes the water unsuitable for its intended use
bull Many of these solids are too small to settle out on their own and are stabilized by surface charges that resist their agglomeration These surface charges are generally negative
bull The purpose of inorganic coagulants is to destabilize solids and increase their size to facilitate their removal by settling and filtration processes
bull Removing solids by coagulation and filtration significantly reduces the disinfectant demand In turn this reduces the formation of DBPs
Coagulation Overviewbull As the graph demonstrates in the absence of coagulation many solids
are too small to be directly removed by filtration
bull Colloidal material (d lt 10 micro) typically represents a significant fraction of the solids to be removed and can have a rather insignificant effect on raw turbidities
bull In many cases a significant fraction of the TOC is colloidal
bull For many systems the required coagulant dosage is controlled by the amount of charge required to neutralize the surface charges on the colloidal particles
Coagulation Demandbull ldquoApproximaterdquo coagulant demand for low turbidity raw waters
061 mg of Al+3mg of raw water DOC
126 mg of Fe+3mg of raw water DOC
This translates to 68 ppm of alum (db)ppm of raw water TOC 50 ppm of ACH (neat basis)ppm of raw water TOC 126 ppm of 50 LFS (neat basis)ppm of raw water TOC 93 ppm of FeCl3 (neat basis)ppm of raw water TOC
Coagulant Demand--Example
May 30 2007 July 2 2007
Raw Water Turbidity 45 NTU 48 NTU
Raw Water pH 77 765
Raw Water Alkalinity 95 ppm 100 ppm
Coagulant Dosage 40 ppm 60 ppm
Coagulant Demand--ExampleMay 30 2007 July 2 2007
Raw Water Turbidity 45 NTU 48 NTU
Raw Water pH 77 765
Raw Water Alkalinity 95 ppm 100 ppm
Coagulant Dosage 40 ppm 60 ppm
UV-254 Absorbance 040 060
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
bull Have large positive valence (for charge neutralization) Coagulant efficiency significantly increases with its valence (Schulze-Hardy Rule)
bull Form insoluble precipitates in water (for adsorption and sedimentation)
bull Are inexpensive
bull Aluminum and Ferric-based salts meet these criteria and are almost universally used
Cation ComparisonValence is the charge on an ion in solution
Cation ValenceCoagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation Unit Cost
Na+1 +1 Poor Extremely Poor ModerateCa+2 +2 Fair Poor ModerateAl+3 +3 Very Good Very Good LowFe+3 +3 Very Good Very Good LowZr+4 +4 Excellent Very Good Very High
repulsion between particles allowing them to come together
bull Step 2 Metal hydrolysis forms floc particles
bull Step 3 Adsorption of neutralized particles onto floc particles
bull Step 4 Particles grow larger due to flocculation
bull Step 5 Particles settle Small particles are adsorbed onto settling particles (ldquofloc sweeprdquo)
Coagulant Mechanismsbull Charge neutralization occurs on an atomic ldquoscalerdquo Thus in the early
stages of treatment the number of charges delivered by the coagulant is more important than the weight of the metal
bull The number of metal atoms delivered by the coagulant also affects the number of floc particles created
bull Thus the concentration of atomic units of M+3 delivered affects coagulant performance more than the weight of M+3 (Useful to remember when comparing the performance of alum and ferric salts)
bull Itrsquos also possible that some coagulants are more effective on an ldquoequal molarrdquo basis than others (that is ldquosimple coagulantsrdquo vs ldquopolymeric inorganic coagulantsrdquo)
Charge Neutralization
Under-Treatment Treatment Over-Treatment
_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +
_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +
_ _ _
+ + + +
_ _ _
+ + + +_ _ _
+ + + +
Performance vs Alum Dosage
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
4
45
5
0 10 20 30 40 50
T
OC
Rem
oval
Settl
ed T
urbi
dity
NTU
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removalvs Alum Dosage
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Chart1
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity NTU
TOC Removal
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removal vs Alum Dosage
5
0
35
0119047619
275
01738095238
2
02214285714
12
02619047619
08
03011904762
12
03388095238
16
03752380952
22
04116666667
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Hypothetical Performance vs Dosage Plot
Raw Turbidity
5
NTU
Raw TOC
42
mgL
Raw pH
8
Raw alkalinity
59
mgL
Theoretical Minimum Alum Dosage
286
mgL
Required TOC Removal
45
Settled
Delta
Settled
Dosage
Turbidity
TOC
TOC
TOC
Coagulant
mgL
NTU
mgL
mgL
Removal
Alum
0
5
0000
42
0
Alum
10
35
0500
370
119
Alum
15
275
0230
347
174
Alum
20
2
0200
327
221
Alum
25
12
0170
310
262
Alum
30
08
0165
294
301
Alum
35
12
0158
278
339
Alum
40
16
0153
262
375
Alum
50
22
0153
247
412
0
0
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
50
50
C1V1 = C2V2
Jar Volume
mls
2000
2000
Desired Conc
ppm
002
070
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
700
20000
50
Dosage
mls
00571
00700
002
Dosage
ul
571
700
1
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
Neat
1000000
10
100000
1
10000
010
1000
001
100
0001
10
Anionic Polymer
1300
gms
Dilution water
480
gals
00007152868
007
Cation
Valence
Coagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation
Unit Cost
Na+1
+1
Poor
Extremely Poor
Moderate
Ca+2
+2
Fair
Poor
Moderate
Al+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Fe+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Zr+4
+4
Excellent
Very Good
Very High
Date
111604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
30
722
860
170
SETTLED WATER
13
730
FILTERED WATER
003
826
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
670
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Non-Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
202
Cat
Non-Ionic
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
Polymer
HI-1090
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
379
679
352
0093
3546
176
1
00
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
800
119
07
486
698
084
0056
2346
116
2
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
423
007
135
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
369
700
074
0007
2847
141
3
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
800
115
07
486
695
066
0062
2770
137
4
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
600
86
07
369
692
088
0069
2611
129
5
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
800
114
07
486
686
087
0074
2457
122
6
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
321
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
002
379
672
175
0060
2600
129
7
00
1411
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
07
002
150
224
388
702
064
0054
2393
118
8
00
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
07
002
125
187
358
700
080
2413
119
9
00
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
125
187
371
696
065
2485
123
10
00
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
100
149
327
698
063
2414
120
11
00
627
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
002
369
707
046
0058
2637
131
12
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
000
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
111604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
641
768
1150
265
SETTLED WATER
14
730
FILTERED WATER
005
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
220
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 4
308
(25)
Alum
1300
195
10
374
710
292
0054
2429
110
181
412
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC
800
120
10
414
740
072
0063
2276
103
212
312
8156
944
0125
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
AlumLC
1000
150
10
510
739
094
0050
2320
105
204
338
10195
1180
0157
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
650
82
10
406
710
072
0080
2431
111
198
357
12449
2097
0140
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
10
494
700
065
0068
2255
103
179
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 5
00
321
(25)
Alum
1000
150
10
294
720
177
0069
2284
104
196
402
1045
2410
0161
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
550
70
385
734
103
0072
2417
110
212
312
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
700
89
490
713
049
0064
2243
102
193
373
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
550
70
385
713
111
0095
2770
126
215
302
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
700
89
490
709
064
0066
2236
102
196
364
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
00
000
Raw Water 6
00
328
(25)
000
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
150
224
421
745
150
0062
2210
100
205
375
4180
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
387
743
163
0061
2205
100
210
360
4702
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
400
736
164
0073
2226
101
212
354
5225
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
100
149
352
732
138
0070
2136
097
206
372
5225
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
600
90
10
100
149
379
729
142
0074
2325
106
204
378
6270
1561
0143
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
300
SETTLED WATER
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
3552
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1250
188
10
360
292
1000
13062
3013
0201
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1350
203
10
387
268
1000
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
750
95
10
465
073
000
1000
14364
2419
0161
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
850
108
10
523
090
000
1000
16279
2742
0183
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
950
120
10
581
102
000
1000
18194
3064
0204
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
350
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
224
396
204
1000
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
15
224
410
217
1000
627
1257
0142
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
15
224
423
225
1000
679
1378
0150
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
15
224
436
236
1000
731
1498
0158
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
280
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
125
187
352
178
1000
549
1108
0122
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
366
120
1000
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
379
168
1000
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
125
187
392
180
1000
705
1469
0146
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
79
754
215
300
SETTLED WATER
16
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
003
840
Caustic added after filtration
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
790
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
mixing
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
08
000
SPEEDS
90
800
coagulation
Non Poly
0027
0
AND TIMES
9
60
coagulation
90
400
coagulation
TOTAL
0000
3552
250
00
Settling
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
Sample
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1500
226
10
400
499
000
1
20
355
15675
3615
0241
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1600
241
10
427
656
540
000
2
19
387
16720
3856
0257
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1700
256
10
454
580
000
3
20
355
17765
4097
0273
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
695
208
0052
4263
120
4
19
387
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1100
164
470
694
200
0056
6125
172
5
20
355
10920
2519
0168
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1200
179
513
689
143
000
6
21
323
11913
2747
0183
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
000
000
Raw Water 3
000
26
Alum
1200
180
10
320
671
521
0053
5276
149
13
18
308
1254
2892
0193
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
200
30
10
400
777
538
0046
5275
149
14
20
231
599
230
0092
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
250
37
10
500
774
449
0053
4994
141
15
19
269
749
288
0115
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
300
45
10
600
770
413
0054
5186
146
16
19
269
898
345
0138
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
350
52
10
701
767
400
0047
5304
149
17
18
308
1048
403
0161
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
400
60
10
801
765
291
0050
5083
143
18
15
423
1198
460
0184
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Raw Water 4
25
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
688
275
0059
4689
132
19
19
240
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
8481E-05
Alum
1300
195
10
347
686
452265
0050
4842
136
20
15
400
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
22
407
725
284
0049
4271
120
21
15
400
867
1137
0133
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
20
30
507
720
258
0054
4208
118
22
15
400
1017
1194
0156
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
25
37
607
718
259
0050
4545
128
23
16
360
1167
1252
0179
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
30
45
707
715
189
0055
4316
122
24
14
440
1316
1309
0202
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
79
754
215
300
SETTLED WATER
16
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
003
840
Caustic added after filtration
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
790
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
mixing
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
08
000
SPEEDS
90
800
coagulation
Non Poly
0027
0
AND TIMES
9
60
coagulation
90
400
coagulation
TOTAL
0000
3552
250
00
Settling
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
Sample
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1500
226
10
400
499
000
1
20
355
15675
3615
0241
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1600
241
10
427
656
540
000
2
19
387
16720
3856
0257
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1700
256
10
454
580
000
3
20
355
17765
4097
0273
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
695
208
0052
4263
120
4
19
387
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1100
164
470
694
200
0056
6125
172
5
20
355
10920
2519
0168
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1200
179
513
689
143
000
6
21
323
11913
2747
0183
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
31
0000
Alum
1300
195
10
347
678
318
0060
4484
126
7
24
226
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1400
211
10
374
679
439
0061
4953
139
8
21
323
14630
3374
0225
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
500
63
292
702
198
0095
6120
172
9
23
258
9576
1613
0107
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
600
76
350
701
145
0075
4523
127
10
21
323
11491
1935
0129
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
700
89
409
700
190
0062
4212
119
11
19
387
13406
2258
0150
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
467
698
177
0065
4118
116
12
18
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
000
Raw Water 3
00
000
26
Alum
1200
180
10
320
671
521
0053
5276
149
13
18
308
1254
2892
0193
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
200
30
10
400
777
538
0046
5275
149
14
20
355
599
1381
0092
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
250
37
10
500
774
449
0053
4994
141
15
19
387
749
1727
0115
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
300
45
10
600
770
413
0054
5186
146
16
19
387
898
2072
0138
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
350
52
10
701
767
400
0047
5304
149
17
18
419
1048
2417
0161
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
400
60
10
801
765
291
0050
5083
143
18
15
516
1198
2763
0184
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Raw Water 4
00
25
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
688
275
0059
4689
132
19
19
240
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Alum
1300
195
10
347
686
452265
0050
4842
136
20
15
400
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
22
420
725
284
0049
4271
120
21
15
400
867
2000
0133
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
20
30
524
720
258
0054
4208
118
22
15
400
1017
2345
0156
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
25
37
628
718
259
0050
4545
128
23
16
360
1167
2691
0179
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
30
45
732
715
189
0055
4316
122
24
14
440
1316
3036
0202
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Overviewbull One objective of water treatment is to manage the removal of the water-
borne solids whose presence makes the water unsuitable for its intended use
bull Many of these solids are too small to settle out on their own and are stabilized by surface charges that resist their agglomeration These surface charges are generally negative
bull The purpose of inorganic coagulants is to destabilize solids and increase their size to facilitate their removal by settling and filtration processes
bull Removing solids by coagulation and filtration significantly reduces the disinfectant demand In turn this reduces the formation of DBPs
Coagulation Overviewbull As the graph demonstrates in the absence of coagulation many solids
are too small to be directly removed by filtration
bull Colloidal material (d lt 10 micro) typically represents a significant fraction of the solids to be removed and can have a rather insignificant effect on raw turbidities
bull In many cases a significant fraction of the TOC is colloidal
bull For many systems the required coagulant dosage is controlled by the amount of charge required to neutralize the surface charges on the colloidal particles
Coagulation Demandbull ldquoApproximaterdquo coagulant demand for low turbidity raw waters
061 mg of Al+3mg of raw water DOC
126 mg of Fe+3mg of raw water DOC
This translates to 68 ppm of alum (db)ppm of raw water TOC 50 ppm of ACH (neat basis)ppm of raw water TOC 126 ppm of 50 LFS (neat basis)ppm of raw water TOC 93 ppm of FeCl3 (neat basis)ppm of raw water TOC
Coagulant Demand--Example
May 30 2007 July 2 2007
Raw Water Turbidity 45 NTU 48 NTU
Raw Water pH 77 765
Raw Water Alkalinity 95 ppm 100 ppm
Coagulant Dosage 40 ppm 60 ppm
Coagulant Demand--ExampleMay 30 2007 July 2 2007
Raw Water Turbidity 45 NTU 48 NTU
Raw Water pH 77 765
Raw Water Alkalinity 95 ppm 100 ppm
Coagulant Dosage 40 ppm 60 ppm
UV-254 Absorbance 040 060
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
bull Have large positive valence (for charge neutralization) Coagulant efficiency significantly increases with its valence (Schulze-Hardy Rule)
bull Form insoluble precipitates in water (for adsorption and sedimentation)
bull Are inexpensive
bull Aluminum and Ferric-based salts meet these criteria and are almost universally used
Cation ComparisonValence is the charge on an ion in solution
Cation ValenceCoagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation Unit Cost
Na+1 +1 Poor Extremely Poor ModerateCa+2 +2 Fair Poor ModerateAl+3 +3 Very Good Very Good LowFe+3 +3 Very Good Very Good LowZr+4 +4 Excellent Very Good Very High
repulsion between particles allowing them to come together
bull Step 2 Metal hydrolysis forms floc particles
bull Step 3 Adsorption of neutralized particles onto floc particles
bull Step 4 Particles grow larger due to flocculation
bull Step 5 Particles settle Small particles are adsorbed onto settling particles (ldquofloc sweeprdquo)
Coagulant Mechanismsbull Charge neutralization occurs on an atomic ldquoscalerdquo Thus in the early
stages of treatment the number of charges delivered by the coagulant is more important than the weight of the metal
bull The number of metal atoms delivered by the coagulant also affects the number of floc particles created
bull Thus the concentration of atomic units of M+3 delivered affects coagulant performance more than the weight of M+3 (Useful to remember when comparing the performance of alum and ferric salts)
bull Itrsquos also possible that some coagulants are more effective on an ldquoequal molarrdquo basis than others (that is ldquosimple coagulantsrdquo vs ldquopolymeric inorganic coagulantsrdquo)
Charge Neutralization
Under-Treatment Treatment Over-Treatment
_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +
_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +
_ _ _
+ + + +
_ _ _
+ + + +_ _ _
+ + + +
Performance vs Alum Dosage
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
4
45
5
0 10 20 30 40 50
T
OC
Rem
oval
Settl
ed T
urbi
dity
NTU
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removalvs Alum Dosage
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Chart1
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity NTU
TOC Removal
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removal vs Alum Dosage
5
0
35
0119047619
275
01738095238
2
02214285714
12
02619047619
08
03011904762
12
03388095238
16
03752380952
22
04116666667
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Hypothetical Performance vs Dosage Plot
Raw Turbidity
5
NTU
Raw TOC
42
mgL
Raw pH
8
Raw alkalinity
59
mgL
Theoretical Minimum Alum Dosage
286
mgL
Required TOC Removal
45
Settled
Delta
Settled
Dosage
Turbidity
TOC
TOC
TOC
Coagulant
mgL
NTU
mgL
mgL
Removal
Alum
0
5
0000
42
0
Alum
10
35
0500
370
119
Alum
15
275
0230
347
174
Alum
20
2
0200
327
221
Alum
25
12
0170
310
262
Alum
30
08
0165
294
301
Alum
35
12
0158
278
339
Alum
40
16
0153
262
375
Alum
50
22
0153
247
412
0
0
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
50
50
C1V1 = C2V2
Jar Volume
mls
2000
2000
Desired Conc
ppm
002
070
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
700
20000
50
Dosage
mls
00571
00700
002
Dosage
ul
571
700
1
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
Neat
1000000
10
100000
1
10000
010
1000
001
100
0001
10
Anionic Polymer
1300
gms
Dilution water
480
gals
00007152868
007
Cation
Valence
Coagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation
Unit Cost
Na+1
+1
Poor
Extremely Poor
Moderate
Ca+2
+2
Fair
Poor
Moderate
Al+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Fe+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Zr+4
+4
Excellent
Very Good
Very High
Date
111604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
30
722
860
170
SETTLED WATER
13
730
FILTERED WATER
003
826
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
670
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Non-Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
202
Cat
Non-Ionic
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
Polymer
HI-1090
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
379
679
352
0093
3546
176
1
00
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
800
119
07
486
698
084
0056
2346
116
2
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
423
007
135
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
369
700
074
0007
2847
141
3
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
800
115
07
486
695
066
0062
2770
137
4
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
600
86
07
369
692
088
0069
2611
129
5
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
800
114
07
486
686
087
0074
2457
122
6
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
321
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
002
379
672
175
0060
2600
129
7
00
1411
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
07
002
150
224
388
702
064
0054
2393
118
8
00
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
07
002
125
187
358
700
080
2413
119
9
00
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
125
187
371
696
065
2485
123
10
00
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
100
149
327
698
063
2414
120
11
00
627
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
002
369
707
046
0058
2637
131
12
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
000
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
111604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
641
768
1150
265
SETTLED WATER
14
730
FILTERED WATER
005
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
220
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 4
308
(25)
Alum
1300
195
10
374
710
292
0054
2429
110
181
412
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC
800
120
10
414
740
072
0063
2276
103
212
312
8156
944
0125
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
AlumLC
1000
150
10
510
739
094
0050
2320
105
204
338
10195
1180
0157
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
650
82
10
406
710
072
0080
2431
111
198
357
12449
2097
0140
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
10
494
700
065
0068
2255
103
179
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 5
00
321
(25)
Alum
1000
150
10
294
720
177
0069
2284
104
196
402
1045
2410
0161
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
550
70
385
734
103
0072
2417
110
212
312
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
700
89
490
713
049
0064
2243
102
193
373
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
550
70
385
713
111
0095
2770
126
215
302
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
700
89
490
709
064
0066
2236
102
196
364
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
00
000
Raw Water 6
00
328
(25)
000
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
150
224
421
745
150
0062
2210
100
205
375
4180
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
387
743
163
0061
2205
100
210
360
4702
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
400
736
164
0073
2226
101
212
354
5225
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
100
149
352
732
138
0070
2136
097
206
372
5225
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
600
90
10
100
149
379
729
142
0074
2325
106
204
378
6270
1561
0143
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
300
SETTLED WATER
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
3552
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1250
188
10
360
292
1000
13062
3013
0201
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1350
203
10
387
268
1000
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
750
95
10
465
073
000
1000
14364
2419
0161
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
850
108
10
523
090
000
1000
16279
2742
0183
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
950
120
10
581
102
000
1000
18194
3064
0204
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
350
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
224
396
204
1000
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
15
224
410
217
1000
627
1257
0142
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
15
224
423
225
1000
679
1378
0150
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
15
224
436
236
1000
731
1498
0158
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
280
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
125
187
352
178
1000
549
1108
0122
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
366
120
1000
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
379
168
1000
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
125
187
392
180
1000
705
1469
0146
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
79
754
215
300
SETTLED WATER
16
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
003
840
Caustic added after filtration
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
790
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
mixing
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
08
000
SPEEDS
90
800
coagulation
Non Poly
0027
0
AND TIMES
9
60
coagulation
90
400
coagulation
TOTAL
0000
3552
250
00
Settling
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
Sample
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1500
226
10
400
499
000
1
20
355
15675
3615
0241
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1600
241
10
427
656
540
000
2
19
387
16720
3856
0257
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1700
256
10
454
580
000
3
20
355
17765
4097
0273
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
695
208
0052
4263
120
4
19
387
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1100
164
470
694
200
0056
6125
172
5
20
355
10920
2519
0168
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1200
179
513
689
143
000
6
21
323
11913
2747
0183
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
000
000
Raw Water 3
000
26
Alum
1200
180
10
320
671
521
0053
5276
149
13
18
308
1254
2892
0193
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
200
30
10
400
777
538
0046
5275
149
14
20
231
599
230
0092
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
250
37
10
500
774
449
0053
4994
141
15
19
269
749
288
0115
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
300
45
10
600
770
413
0054
5186
146
16
19
269
898
345
0138
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
350
52
10
701
767
400
0047
5304
149
17
18
308
1048
403
0161
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
400
60
10
801
765
291
0050
5083
143
18
15
423
1198
460
0184
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Raw Water 4
25
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
688
275
0059
4689
132
19
19
240
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
8481E-05
Alum
1300
195
10
347
686
452265
0050
4842
136
20
15
400
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
22
407
725
284
0049
4271
120
21
15
400
867
1137
0133
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
20
30
507
720
258
0054
4208
118
22
15
400
1017
1194
0156
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
25
37
607
718
259
0050
4545
128
23
16
360
1167
1252
0179
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
30
45
707
715
189
0055
4316
122
24
14
440
1316
1309
0202
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
79
754
215
300
SETTLED WATER
16
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
003
840
Caustic added after filtration
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
790
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
mixing
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
08
000
SPEEDS
90
800
coagulation
Non Poly
0027
0
AND TIMES
9
60
coagulation
90
400
coagulation
TOTAL
0000
3552
250
00
Settling
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
Sample
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1500
226
10
400
499
000
1
20
355
15675
3615
0241
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1600
241
10
427
656
540
000
2
19
387
16720
3856
0257
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1700
256
10
454
580
000
3
20
355
17765
4097
0273
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
695
208
0052
4263
120
4
19
387
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1100
164
470
694
200
0056
6125
172
5
20
355
10920
2519
0168
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1200
179
513
689
143
000
6
21
323
11913
2747
0183
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
31
0000
Alum
1300
195
10
347
678
318
0060
4484
126
7
24
226
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1400
211
10
374
679
439
0061
4953
139
8
21
323
14630
3374
0225
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
500
63
292
702
198
0095
6120
172
9
23
258
9576
1613
0107
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
600
76
350
701
145
0075
4523
127
10
21
323
11491
1935
0129
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
700
89
409
700
190
0062
4212
119
11
19
387
13406
2258
0150
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
467
698
177
0065
4118
116
12
18
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
000
Raw Water 3
00
000
26
Alum
1200
180
10
320
671
521
0053
5276
149
13
18
308
1254
2892
0193
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
200
30
10
400
777
538
0046
5275
149
14
20
355
599
1381
0092
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
250
37
10
500
774
449
0053
4994
141
15
19
387
749
1727
0115
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
300
45
10
600
770
413
0054
5186
146
16
19
387
898
2072
0138
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
350
52
10
701
767
400
0047
5304
149
17
18
419
1048
2417
0161
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
400
60
10
801
765
291
0050
5083
143
18
15
516
1198
2763
0184
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Raw Water 4
00
25
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
688
275
0059
4689
132
19
19
240
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Alum
1300
195
10
347
686
452265
0050
4842
136
20
15
400
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
22
420
725
284
0049
4271
120
21
15
400
867
2000
0133
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
20
30
524
720
258
0054
4208
118
22
15
400
1017
2345
0156
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
25
37
628
718
259
0050
4545
128
23
16
360
1167
2691
0179
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
30
45
732
715
189
0055
4316
122
24
14
440
1316
3036
0202
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Coagulation Overviewbull One objective of water treatment is to manage the removal of the water-
borne solids whose presence makes the water unsuitable for its intended use
bull Many of these solids are too small to settle out on their own and are stabilized by surface charges that resist their agglomeration These surface charges are generally negative
bull The purpose of inorganic coagulants is to destabilize solids and increase their size to facilitate their removal by settling and filtration processes
bull Removing solids by coagulation and filtration significantly reduces the disinfectant demand In turn this reduces the formation of DBPs
Coagulation Overviewbull As the graph demonstrates in the absence of coagulation many solids
are too small to be directly removed by filtration
bull Colloidal material (d lt 10 micro) typically represents a significant fraction of the solids to be removed and can have a rather insignificant effect on raw turbidities
bull In many cases a significant fraction of the TOC is colloidal
bull For many systems the required coagulant dosage is controlled by the amount of charge required to neutralize the surface charges on the colloidal particles
Coagulation Demandbull ldquoApproximaterdquo coagulant demand for low turbidity raw waters
061 mg of Al+3mg of raw water DOC
126 mg of Fe+3mg of raw water DOC
This translates to 68 ppm of alum (db)ppm of raw water TOC 50 ppm of ACH (neat basis)ppm of raw water TOC 126 ppm of 50 LFS (neat basis)ppm of raw water TOC 93 ppm of FeCl3 (neat basis)ppm of raw water TOC
Coagulant Demand--Example
May 30 2007 July 2 2007
Raw Water Turbidity 45 NTU 48 NTU
Raw Water pH 77 765
Raw Water Alkalinity 95 ppm 100 ppm
Coagulant Dosage 40 ppm 60 ppm
Coagulant Demand--ExampleMay 30 2007 July 2 2007
Raw Water Turbidity 45 NTU 48 NTU
Raw Water pH 77 765
Raw Water Alkalinity 95 ppm 100 ppm
Coagulant Dosage 40 ppm 60 ppm
UV-254 Absorbance 040 060
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
bull Have large positive valence (for charge neutralization) Coagulant efficiency significantly increases with its valence (Schulze-Hardy Rule)
bull Form insoluble precipitates in water (for adsorption and sedimentation)
bull Are inexpensive
bull Aluminum and Ferric-based salts meet these criteria and are almost universally used
Cation ComparisonValence is the charge on an ion in solution
Cation ValenceCoagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation Unit Cost
Na+1 +1 Poor Extremely Poor ModerateCa+2 +2 Fair Poor ModerateAl+3 +3 Very Good Very Good LowFe+3 +3 Very Good Very Good LowZr+4 +4 Excellent Very Good Very High
repulsion between particles allowing them to come together
bull Step 2 Metal hydrolysis forms floc particles
bull Step 3 Adsorption of neutralized particles onto floc particles
bull Step 4 Particles grow larger due to flocculation
bull Step 5 Particles settle Small particles are adsorbed onto settling particles (ldquofloc sweeprdquo)
Coagulant Mechanismsbull Charge neutralization occurs on an atomic ldquoscalerdquo Thus in the early
stages of treatment the number of charges delivered by the coagulant is more important than the weight of the metal
bull The number of metal atoms delivered by the coagulant also affects the number of floc particles created
bull Thus the concentration of atomic units of M+3 delivered affects coagulant performance more than the weight of M+3 (Useful to remember when comparing the performance of alum and ferric salts)
bull Itrsquos also possible that some coagulants are more effective on an ldquoequal molarrdquo basis than others (that is ldquosimple coagulantsrdquo vs ldquopolymeric inorganic coagulantsrdquo)
Charge Neutralization
Under-Treatment Treatment Over-Treatment
_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +
_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +
_ _ _
+ + + +
_ _ _
+ + + +_ _ _
+ + + +
Performance vs Alum Dosage
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
4
45
5
0 10 20 30 40 50
T
OC
Rem
oval
Settl
ed T
urbi
dity
NTU
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removalvs Alum Dosage
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Chart1
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity NTU
TOC Removal
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removal vs Alum Dosage
5
0
35
0119047619
275
01738095238
2
02214285714
12
02619047619
08
03011904762
12
03388095238
16
03752380952
22
04116666667
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Hypothetical Performance vs Dosage Plot
Raw Turbidity
5
NTU
Raw TOC
42
mgL
Raw pH
8
Raw alkalinity
59
mgL
Theoretical Minimum Alum Dosage
286
mgL
Required TOC Removal
45
Settled
Delta
Settled
Dosage
Turbidity
TOC
TOC
TOC
Coagulant
mgL
NTU
mgL
mgL
Removal
Alum
0
5
0000
42
0
Alum
10
35
0500
370
119
Alum
15
275
0230
347
174
Alum
20
2
0200
327
221
Alum
25
12
0170
310
262
Alum
30
08
0165
294
301
Alum
35
12
0158
278
339
Alum
40
16
0153
262
375
Alum
50
22
0153
247
412
0
0
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
50
50
C1V1 = C2V2
Jar Volume
mls
2000
2000
Desired Conc
ppm
002
070
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
700
20000
50
Dosage
mls
00571
00700
002
Dosage
ul
571
700
1
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
Neat
1000000
10
100000
1
10000
010
1000
001
100
0001
10
Anionic Polymer
1300
gms
Dilution water
480
gals
00007152868
007
Cation
Valence
Coagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation
Unit Cost
Na+1
+1
Poor
Extremely Poor
Moderate
Ca+2
+2
Fair
Poor
Moderate
Al+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Fe+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Zr+4
+4
Excellent
Very Good
Very High
Date
111604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
30
722
860
170
SETTLED WATER
13
730
FILTERED WATER
003
826
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
670
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Non-Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
202
Cat
Non-Ionic
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
Polymer
HI-1090
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
379
679
352
0093
3546
176
1
00
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
800
119
07
486
698
084
0056
2346
116
2
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
423
007
135
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
369
700
074
0007
2847
141
3
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
800
115
07
486
695
066
0062
2770
137
4
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
600
86
07
369
692
088
0069
2611
129
5
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
800
114
07
486
686
087
0074
2457
122
6
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
321
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
002
379
672
175
0060
2600
129
7
00
1411
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
07
002
150
224
388
702
064
0054
2393
118
8
00
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
07
002
125
187
358
700
080
2413
119
9
00
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
125
187
371
696
065
2485
123
10
00
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
100
149
327
698
063
2414
120
11
00
627
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
002
369
707
046
0058
2637
131
12
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
000
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
111604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
641
768
1150
265
SETTLED WATER
14
730
FILTERED WATER
005
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
220
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 4
308
(25)
Alum
1300
195
10
374
710
292
0054
2429
110
181
412
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC
800
120
10
414
740
072
0063
2276
103
212
312
8156
944
0125
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
AlumLC
1000
150
10
510
739
094
0050
2320
105
204
338
10195
1180
0157
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
650
82
10
406
710
072
0080
2431
111
198
357
12449
2097
0140
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
10
494
700
065
0068
2255
103
179
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 5
00
321
(25)
Alum
1000
150
10
294
720
177
0069
2284
104
196
402
1045
2410
0161
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
550
70
385
734
103
0072
2417
110
212
312
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
700
89
490
713
049
0064
2243
102
193
373
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
550
70
385
713
111
0095
2770
126
215
302
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
700
89
490
709
064
0066
2236
102
196
364
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
00
000
Raw Water 6
00
328
(25)
000
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
150
224
421
745
150
0062
2210
100
205
375
4180
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
387
743
163
0061
2205
100
210
360
4702
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
400
736
164
0073
2226
101
212
354
5225
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
100
149
352
732
138
0070
2136
097
206
372
5225
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
600
90
10
100
149
379
729
142
0074
2325
106
204
378
6270
1561
0143
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
300
SETTLED WATER
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
3552
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1250
188
10
360
292
1000
13062
3013
0201
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1350
203
10
387
268
1000
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
750
95
10
465
073
000
1000
14364
2419
0161
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
850
108
10
523
090
000
1000
16279
2742
0183
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
950
120
10
581
102
000
1000
18194
3064
0204
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
350
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
224
396
204
1000
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
15
224
410
217
1000
627
1257
0142
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
15
224
423
225
1000
679
1378
0150
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
15
224
436
236
1000
731
1498
0158
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
280
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
125
187
352
178
1000
549
1108
0122
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
366
120
1000
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
379
168
1000
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
125
187
392
180
1000
705
1469
0146
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
79
754
215
300
SETTLED WATER
16
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
003
840
Caustic added after filtration
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
790
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
mixing
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
08
000
SPEEDS
90
800
coagulation
Non Poly
0027
0
AND TIMES
9
60
coagulation
90
400
coagulation
TOTAL
0000
3552
250
00
Settling
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
Sample
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1500
226
10
400
499
000
1
20
355
15675
3615
0241
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1600
241
10
427
656
540
000
2
19
387
16720
3856
0257
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1700
256
10
454
580
000
3
20
355
17765
4097
0273
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
695
208
0052
4263
120
4
19
387
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1100
164
470
694
200
0056
6125
172
5
20
355
10920
2519
0168
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1200
179
513
689
143
000
6
21
323
11913
2747
0183
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
000
000
Raw Water 3
000
26
Alum
1200
180
10
320
671
521
0053
5276
149
13
18
308
1254
2892
0193
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
200
30
10
400
777
538
0046
5275
149
14
20
231
599
230
0092
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
250
37
10
500
774
449
0053
4994
141
15
19
269
749
288
0115
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
300
45
10
600
770
413
0054
5186
146
16
19
269
898
345
0138
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
350
52
10
701
767
400
0047
5304
149
17
18
308
1048
403
0161
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
400
60
10
801
765
291
0050
5083
143
18
15
423
1198
460
0184
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Raw Water 4
25
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
688
275
0059
4689
132
19
19
240
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
8481E-05
Alum
1300
195
10
347
686
452265
0050
4842
136
20
15
400
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
22
407
725
284
0049
4271
120
21
15
400
867
1137
0133
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
20
30
507
720
258
0054
4208
118
22
15
400
1017
1194
0156
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
25
37
607
718
259
0050
4545
128
23
16
360
1167
1252
0179
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
30
45
707
715
189
0055
4316
122
24
14
440
1316
1309
0202
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
79
754
215
300
SETTLED WATER
16
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
003
840
Caustic added after filtration
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
790
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
mixing
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
08
000
SPEEDS
90
800
coagulation
Non Poly
0027
0
AND TIMES
9
60
coagulation
90
400
coagulation
TOTAL
0000
3552
250
00
Settling
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
Sample
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1500
226
10
400
499
000
1
20
355
15675
3615
0241
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1600
241
10
427
656
540
000
2
19
387
16720
3856
0257
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1700
256
10
454
580
000
3
20
355
17765
4097
0273
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
695
208
0052
4263
120
4
19
387
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1100
164
470
694
200
0056
6125
172
5
20
355
10920
2519
0168
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1200
179
513
689
143
000
6
21
323
11913
2747
0183
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
31
0000
Alum
1300
195
10
347
678
318
0060
4484
126
7
24
226
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1400
211
10
374
679
439
0061
4953
139
8
21
323
14630
3374
0225
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
500
63
292
702
198
0095
6120
172
9
23
258
9576
1613
0107
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
600
76
350
701
145
0075
4523
127
10
21
323
11491
1935
0129
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
700
89
409
700
190
0062
4212
119
11
19
387
13406
2258
0150
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
467
698
177
0065
4118
116
12
18
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
000
Raw Water 3
00
000
26
Alum
1200
180
10
320
671
521
0053
5276
149
13
18
308
1254
2892
0193
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
200
30
10
400
777
538
0046
5275
149
14
20
355
599
1381
0092
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
250
37
10
500
774
449
0053
4994
141
15
19
387
749
1727
0115
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
300
45
10
600
770
413
0054
5186
146
16
19
387
898
2072
0138
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
350
52
10
701
767
400
0047
5304
149
17
18
419
1048
2417
0161
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
400
60
10
801
765
291
0050
5083
143
18
15
516
1198
2763
0184
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Raw Water 4
00
25
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
688
275
0059
4689
132
19
19
240
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Alum
1300
195
10
347
686
452265
0050
4842
136
20
15
400
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
22
420
725
284
0049
4271
120
21
15
400
867
2000
0133
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
20
30
524
720
258
0054
4208
118
22
15
400
1017
2345
0156
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
25
37
628
718
259
0050
4545
128
23
16
360
1167
2691
0179
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
30
45
732
715
189
0055
4316
122
24
14
440
1316
3036
0202
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Coagulation Overviewbull As the graph demonstrates in the absence of coagulation many solids
are too small to be directly removed by filtration
bull Colloidal material (d lt 10 micro) typically represents a significant fraction of the solids to be removed and can have a rather insignificant effect on raw turbidities
bull In many cases a significant fraction of the TOC is colloidal
bull For many systems the required coagulant dosage is controlled by the amount of charge required to neutralize the surface charges on the colloidal particles
Coagulation Demandbull ldquoApproximaterdquo coagulant demand for low turbidity raw waters
061 mg of Al+3mg of raw water DOC
126 mg of Fe+3mg of raw water DOC
This translates to 68 ppm of alum (db)ppm of raw water TOC 50 ppm of ACH (neat basis)ppm of raw water TOC 126 ppm of 50 LFS (neat basis)ppm of raw water TOC 93 ppm of FeCl3 (neat basis)ppm of raw water TOC
Coagulant Demand--Example
May 30 2007 July 2 2007
Raw Water Turbidity 45 NTU 48 NTU
Raw Water pH 77 765
Raw Water Alkalinity 95 ppm 100 ppm
Coagulant Dosage 40 ppm 60 ppm
Coagulant Demand--ExampleMay 30 2007 July 2 2007
Raw Water Turbidity 45 NTU 48 NTU
Raw Water pH 77 765
Raw Water Alkalinity 95 ppm 100 ppm
Coagulant Dosage 40 ppm 60 ppm
UV-254 Absorbance 040 060
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
bull Have large positive valence (for charge neutralization) Coagulant efficiency significantly increases with its valence (Schulze-Hardy Rule)
bull Form insoluble precipitates in water (for adsorption and sedimentation)
bull Are inexpensive
bull Aluminum and Ferric-based salts meet these criteria and are almost universally used
Cation ComparisonValence is the charge on an ion in solution
Cation ValenceCoagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation Unit Cost
Na+1 +1 Poor Extremely Poor ModerateCa+2 +2 Fair Poor ModerateAl+3 +3 Very Good Very Good LowFe+3 +3 Very Good Very Good LowZr+4 +4 Excellent Very Good Very High
repulsion between particles allowing them to come together
bull Step 2 Metal hydrolysis forms floc particles
bull Step 3 Adsorption of neutralized particles onto floc particles
bull Step 4 Particles grow larger due to flocculation
bull Step 5 Particles settle Small particles are adsorbed onto settling particles (ldquofloc sweeprdquo)
Coagulant Mechanismsbull Charge neutralization occurs on an atomic ldquoscalerdquo Thus in the early
stages of treatment the number of charges delivered by the coagulant is more important than the weight of the metal
bull The number of metal atoms delivered by the coagulant also affects the number of floc particles created
bull Thus the concentration of atomic units of M+3 delivered affects coagulant performance more than the weight of M+3 (Useful to remember when comparing the performance of alum and ferric salts)
bull Itrsquos also possible that some coagulants are more effective on an ldquoequal molarrdquo basis than others (that is ldquosimple coagulantsrdquo vs ldquopolymeric inorganic coagulantsrdquo)
Charge Neutralization
Under-Treatment Treatment Over-Treatment
_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +
_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +
_ _ _
+ + + +
_ _ _
+ + + +_ _ _
+ + + +
Performance vs Alum Dosage
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
4
45
5
0 10 20 30 40 50
T
OC
Rem
oval
Settl
ed T
urbi
dity
NTU
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removalvs Alum Dosage
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Chart1
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity NTU
TOC Removal
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removal vs Alum Dosage
5
0
35
0119047619
275
01738095238
2
02214285714
12
02619047619
08
03011904762
12
03388095238
16
03752380952
22
04116666667
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Hypothetical Performance vs Dosage Plot
Raw Turbidity
5
NTU
Raw TOC
42
mgL
Raw pH
8
Raw alkalinity
59
mgL
Theoretical Minimum Alum Dosage
286
mgL
Required TOC Removal
45
Settled
Delta
Settled
Dosage
Turbidity
TOC
TOC
TOC
Coagulant
mgL
NTU
mgL
mgL
Removal
Alum
0
5
0000
42
0
Alum
10
35
0500
370
119
Alum
15
275
0230
347
174
Alum
20
2
0200
327
221
Alum
25
12
0170
310
262
Alum
30
08
0165
294
301
Alum
35
12
0158
278
339
Alum
40
16
0153
262
375
Alum
50
22
0153
247
412
0
0
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
50
50
C1V1 = C2V2
Jar Volume
mls
2000
2000
Desired Conc
ppm
002
070
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
700
20000
50
Dosage
mls
00571
00700
002
Dosage
ul
571
700
1
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
Neat
1000000
10
100000
1
10000
010
1000
001
100
0001
10
Anionic Polymer
1300
gms
Dilution water
480
gals
00007152868
007
Cation
Valence
Coagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation
Unit Cost
Na+1
+1
Poor
Extremely Poor
Moderate
Ca+2
+2
Fair
Poor
Moderate
Al+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Fe+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Zr+4
+4
Excellent
Very Good
Very High
Date
111604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
30
722
860
170
SETTLED WATER
13
730
FILTERED WATER
003
826
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
670
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Non-Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
202
Cat
Non-Ionic
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
Polymer
HI-1090
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
379
679
352
0093
3546
176
1
00
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
800
119
07
486
698
084
0056
2346
116
2
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
423
007
135
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
369
700
074
0007
2847
141
3
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
800
115
07
486
695
066
0062
2770
137
4
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
600
86
07
369
692
088
0069
2611
129
5
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
800
114
07
486
686
087
0074
2457
122
6
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
321
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
002
379
672
175
0060
2600
129
7
00
1411
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
07
002
150
224
388
702
064
0054
2393
118
8
00
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
07
002
125
187
358
700
080
2413
119
9
00
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
125
187
371
696
065
2485
123
10
00
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
100
149
327
698
063
2414
120
11
00
627
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
002
369
707
046
0058
2637
131
12
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
000
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
111604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
641
768
1150
265
SETTLED WATER
14
730
FILTERED WATER
005
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
220
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 4
308
(25)
Alum
1300
195
10
374
710
292
0054
2429
110
181
412
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC
800
120
10
414
740
072
0063
2276
103
212
312
8156
944
0125
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
AlumLC
1000
150
10
510
739
094
0050
2320
105
204
338
10195
1180
0157
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
650
82
10
406
710
072
0080
2431
111
198
357
12449
2097
0140
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
10
494
700
065
0068
2255
103
179
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 5
00
321
(25)
Alum
1000
150
10
294
720
177
0069
2284
104
196
402
1045
2410
0161
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
550
70
385
734
103
0072
2417
110
212
312
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
700
89
490
713
049
0064
2243
102
193
373
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
550
70
385
713
111
0095
2770
126
215
302
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
700
89
490
709
064
0066
2236
102
196
364
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
00
000
Raw Water 6
00
328
(25)
000
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
150
224
421
745
150
0062
2210
100
205
375
4180
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
387
743
163
0061
2205
100
210
360
4702
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
400
736
164
0073
2226
101
212
354
5225
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
100
149
352
732
138
0070
2136
097
206
372
5225
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
600
90
10
100
149
379
729
142
0074
2325
106
204
378
6270
1561
0143
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
300
SETTLED WATER
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
3552
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1250
188
10
360
292
1000
13062
3013
0201
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1350
203
10
387
268
1000
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
750
95
10
465
073
000
1000
14364
2419
0161
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
850
108
10
523
090
000
1000
16279
2742
0183
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
950
120
10
581
102
000
1000
18194
3064
0204
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
350
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
224
396
204
1000
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
15
224
410
217
1000
627
1257
0142
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
15
224
423
225
1000
679
1378
0150
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
15
224
436
236
1000
731
1498
0158
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
280
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
125
187
352
178
1000
549
1108
0122
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
366
120
1000
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
379
168
1000
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
125
187
392
180
1000
705
1469
0146
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
79
754
215
300
SETTLED WATER
16
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
003
840
Caustic added after filtration
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
790
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
mixing
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
08
000
SPEEDS
90
800
coagulation
Non Poly
0027
0
AND TIMES
9
60
coagulation
90
400
coagulation
TOTAL
0000
3552
250
00
Settling
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
Sample
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1500
226
10
400
499
000
1
20
355
15675
3615
0241
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1600
241
10
427
656
540
000
2
19
387
16720
3856
0257
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1700
256
10
454
580
000
3
20
355
17765
4097
0273
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
695
208
0052
4263
120
4
19
387
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1100
164
470
694
200
0056
6125
172
5
20
355
10920
2519
0168
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1200
179
513
689
143
000
6
21
323
11913
2747
0183
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
000
000
Raw Water 3
000
26
Alum
1200
180
10
320
671
521
0053
5276
149
13
18
308
1254
2892
0193
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
200
30
10
400
777
538
0046
5275
149
14
20
231
599
230
0092
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
250
37
10
500
774
449
0053
4994
141
15
19
269
749
288
0115
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
300
45
10
600
770
413
0054
5186
146
16
19
269
898
345
0138
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
350
52
10
701
767
400
0047
5304
149
17
18
308
1048
403
0161
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
400
60
10
801
765
291
0050
5083
143
18
15
423
1198
460
0184
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Raw Water 4
25
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
688
275
0059
4689
132
19
19
240
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
8481E-05
Alum
1300
195
10
347
686
452265
0050
4842
136
20
15
400
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
22
407
725
284
0049
4271
120
21
15
400
867
1137
0133
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
20
30
507
720
258
0054
4208
118
22
15
400
1017
1194
0156
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
25
37
607
718
259
0050
4545
128
23
16
360
1167
1252
0179
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
30
45
707
715
189
0055
4316
122
24
14
440
1316
1309
0202
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
79
754
215
300
SETTLED WATER
16
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
003
840
Caustic added after filtration
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
790
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
mixing
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
08
000
SPEEDS
90
800
coagulation
Non Poly
0027
0
AND TIMES
9
60
coagulation
90
400
coagulation
TOTAL
0000
3552
250
00
Settling
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
Sample
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1500
226
10
400
499
000
1
20
355
15675
3615
0241
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1600
241
10
427
656
540
000
2
19
387
16720
3856
0257
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1700
256
10
454
580
000
3
20
355
17765
4097
0273
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
695
208
0052
4263
120
4
19
387
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1100
164
470
694
200
0056
6125
172
5
20
355
10920
2519
0168
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1200
179
513
689
143
000
6
21
323
11913
2747
0183
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
31
0000
Alum
1300
195
10
347
678
318
0060
4484
126
7
24
226
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1400
211
10
374
679
439
0061
4953
139
8
21
323
14630
3374
0225
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
500
63
292
702
198
0095
6120
172
9
23
258
9576
1613
0107
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
600
76
350
701
145
0075
4523
127
10
21
323
11491
1935
0129
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
700
89
409
700
190
0062
4212
119
11
19
387
13406
2258
0150
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
467
698
177
0065
4118
116
12
18
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
000
Raw Water 3
00
000
26
Alum
1200
180
10
320
671
521
0053
5276
149
13
18
308
1254
2892
0193
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
200
30
10
400
777
538
0046
5275
149
14
20
355
599
1381
0092
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
250
37
10
500
774
449
0053
4994
141
15
19
387
749
1727
0115
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
300
45
10
600
770
413
0054
5186
146
16
19
387
898
2072
0138
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
350
52
10
701
767
400
0047
5304
149
17
18
419
1048
2417
0161
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
400
60
10
801
765
291
0050
5083
143
18
15
516
1198
2763
0184
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Raw Water 4
00
25
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
688
275
0059
4689
132
19
19
240
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Alum
1300
195
10
347
686
452265
0050
4842
136
20
15
400
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
22
420
725
284
0049
4271
120
21
15
400
867
2000
0133
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
20
30
524
720
258
0054
4208
118
22
15
400
1017
2345
0156
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
25
37
628
718
259
0050
4545
128
23
16
360
1167
2691
0179
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
30
45
732
715
189
0055
4316
122
24
14
440
1316
3036
0202
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Coagulation Overviewbull As the graph demonstrates in the absence of coagulation many solids
are too small to be directly removed by filtration
bull Colloidal material (d lt 10 micro) typically represents a significant fraction of the solids to be removed and can have a rather insignificant effect on raw turbidities
bull In many cases a significant fraction of the TOC is colloidal
bull For many systems the required coagulant dosage is controlled by the amount of charge required to neutralize the surface charges on the colloidal particles
Coagulation Demandbull ldquoApproximaterdquo coagulant demand for low turbidity raw waters
061 mg of Al+3mg of raw water DOC
126 mg of Fe+3mg of raw water DOC
This translates to 68 ppm of alum (db)ppm of raw water TOC 50 ppm of ACH (neat basis)ppm of raw water TOC 126 ppm of 50 LFS (neat basis)ppm of raw water TOC 93 ppm of FeCl3 (neat basis)ppm of raw water TOC
Coagulant Demand--Example
May 30 2007 July 2 2007
Raw Water Turbidity 45 NTU 48 NTU
Raw Water pH 77 765
Raw Water Alkalinity 95 ppm 100 ppm
Coagulant Dosage 40 ppm 60 ppm
Coagulant Demand--ExampleMay 30 2007 July 2 2007
Raw Water Turbidity 45 NTU 48 NTU
Raw Water pH 77 765
Raw Water Alkalinity 95 ppm 100 ppm
Coagulant Dosage 40 ppm 60 ppm
UV-254 Absorbance 040 060
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
bull Have large positive valence (for charge neutralization) Coagulant efficiency significantly increases with its valence (Schulze-Hardy Rule)
bull Form insoluble precipitates in water (for adsorption and sedimentation)
bull Are inexpensive
bull Aluminum and Ferric-based salts meet these criteria and are almost universally used
Cation ComparisonValence is the charge on an ion in solution
Cation ValenceCoagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation Unit Cost
Na+1 +1 Poor Extremely Poor ModerateCa+2 +2 Fair Poor ModerateAl+3 +3 Very Good Very Good LowFe+3 +3 Very Good Very Good LowZr+4 +4 Excellent Very Good Very High
repulsion between particles allowing them to come together
bull Step 2 Metal hydrolysis forms floc particles
bull Step 3 Adsorption of neutralized particles onto floc particles
bull Step 4 Particles grow larger due to flocculation
bull Step 5 Particles settle Small particles are adsorbed onto settling particles (ldquofloc sweeprdquo)
Coagulant Mechanismsbull Charge neutralization occurs on an atomic ldquoscalerdquo Thus in the early
stages of treatment the number of charges delivered by the coagulant is more important than the weight of the metal
bull The number of metal atoms delivered by the coagulant also affects the number of floc particles created
bull Thus the concentration of atomic units of M+3 delivered affects coagulant performance more than the weight of M+3 (Useful to remember when comparing the performance of alum and ferric salts)
bull Itrsquos also possible that some coagulants are more effective on an ldquoequal molarrdquo basis than others (that is ldquosimple coagulantsrdquo vs ldquopolymeric inorganic coagulantsrdquo)
Charge Neutralization
Under-Treatment Treatment Over-Treatment
_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +
_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +
_ _ _
+ + + +
_ _ _
+ + + +_ _ _
+ + + +
Performance vs Alum Dosage
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
4
45
5
0 10 20 30 40 50
T
OC
Rem
oval
Settl
ed T
urbi
dity
NTU
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removalvs Alum Dosage
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Chart1
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity NTU
TOC Removal
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removal vs Alum Dosage
5
0
35
0119047619
275
01738095238
2
02214285714
12
02619047619
08
03011904762
12
03388095238
16
03752380952
22
04116666667
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Hypothetical Performance vs Dosage Plot
Raw Turbidity
5
NTU
Raw TOC
42
mgL
Raw pH
8
Raw alkalinity
59
mgL
Theoretical Minimum Alum Dosage
286
mgL
Required TOC Removal
45
Settled
Delta
Settled
Dosage
Turbidity
TOC
TOC
TOC
Coagulant
mgL
NTU
mgL
mgL
Removal
Alum
0
5
0000
42
0
Alum
10
35
0500
370
119
Alum
15
275
0230
347
174
Alum
20
2
0200
327
221
Alum
25
12
0170
310
262
Alum
30
08
0165
294
301
Alum
35
12
0158
278
339
Alum
40
16
0153
262
375
Alum
50
22
0153
247
412
0
0
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
50
50
C1V1 = C2V2
Jar Volume
mls
2000
2000
Desired Conc
ppm
002
070
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
700
20000
50
Dosage
mls
00571
00700
002
Dosage
ul
571
700
1
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
Neat
1000000
10
100000
1
10000
010
1000
001
100
0001
10
Anionic Polymer
1300
gms
Dilution water
480
gals
00007152868
007
Cation
Valence
Coagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation
Unit Cost
Na+1
+1
Poor
Extremely Poor
Moderate
Ca+2
+2
Fair
Poor
Moderate
Al+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Fe+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Zr+4
+4
Excellent
Very Good
Very High
Date
111604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
30
722
860
170
SETTLED WATER
13
730
FILTERED WATER
003
826
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
670
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Non-Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
202
Cat
Non-Ionic
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
Polymer
HI-1090
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
379
679
352
0093
3546
176
1
00
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
800
119
07
486
698
084
0056
2346
116
2
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
423
007
135
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
369
700
074
0007
2847
141
3
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
800
115
07
486
695
066
0062
2770
137
4
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
600
86
07
369
692
088
0069
2611
129
5
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
800
114
07
486
686
087
0074
2457
122
6
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
321
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
002
379
672
175
0060
2600
129
7
00
1411
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
07
002
150
224
388
702
064
0054
2393
118
8
00
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
07
002
125
187
358
700
080
2413
119
9
00
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
125
187
371
696
065
2485
123
10
00
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
100
149
327
698
063
2414
120
11
00
627
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
002
369
707
046
0058
2637
131
12
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
000
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
111604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
641
768
1150
265
SETTLED WATER
14
730
FILTERED WATER
005
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
220
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 4
308
(25)
Alum
1300
195
10
374
710
292
0054
2429
110
181
412
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC
800
120
10
414
740
072
0063
2276
103
212
312
8156
944
0125
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
AlumLC
1000
150
10
510
739
094
0050
2320
105
204
338
10195
1180
0157
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
650
82
10
406
710
072
0080
2431
111
198
357
12449
2097
0140
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
10
494
700
065
0068
2255
103
179
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 5
00
321
(25)
Alum
1000
150
10
294
720
177
0069
2284
104
196
402
1045
2410
0161
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
550
70
385
734
103
0072
2417
110
212
312
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
700
89
490
713
049
0064
2243
102
193
373
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
550
70
385
713
111
0095
2770
126
215
302
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
700
89
490
709
064
0066
2236
102
196
364
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
00
000
Raw Water 6
00
328
(25)
000
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
150
224
421
745
150
0062
2210
100
205
375
4180
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
387
743
163
0061
2205
100
210
360
4702
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
400
736
164
0073
2226
101
212
354
5225
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
100
149
352
732
138
0070
2136
097
206
372
5225
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
600
90
10
100
149
379
729
142
0074
2325
106
204
378
6270
1561
0143
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
300
SETTLED WATER
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
3552
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1250
188
10
360
292
1000
13062
3013
0201
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1350
203
10
387
268
1000
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
750
95
10
465
073
000
1000
14364
2419
0161
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
850
108
10
523
090
000
1000
16279
2742
0183
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
950
120
10
581
102
000
1000
18194
3064
0204
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
350
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
224
396
204
1000
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
15
224
410
217
1000
627
1257
0142
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
15
224
423
225
1000
679
1378
0150
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
15
224
436
236
1000
731
1498
0158
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
280
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
125
187
352
178
1000
549
1108
0122
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
366
120
1000
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
379
168
1000
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
125
187
392
180
1000
705
1469
0146
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
79
754
215
300
SETTLED WATER
16
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
003
840
Caustic added after filtration
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
790
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
mixing
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
08
000
SPEEDS
90
800
coagulation
Non Poly
0027
0
AND TIMES
9
60
coagulation
90
400
coagulation
TOTAL
0000
3552
250
00
Settling
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
Sample
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1500
226
10
400
499
000
1
20
355
15675
3615
0241
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1600
241
10
427
656
540
000
2
19
387
16720
3856
0257
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1700
256
10
454
580
000
3
20
355
17765
4097
0273
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
695
208
0052
4263
120
4
19
387
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1100
164
470
694
200
0056
6125
172
5
20
355
10920
2519
0168
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1200
179
513
689
143
000
6
21
323
11913
2747
0183
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
000
000
Raw Water 3
000
26
Alum
1200
180
10
320
671
521
0053
5276
149
13
18
308
1254
2892
0193
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
200
30
10
400
777
538
0046
5275
149
14
20
231
599
230
0092
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
250
37
10
500
774
449
0053
4994
141
15
19
269
749
288
0115
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
300
45
10
600
770
413
0054
5186
146
16
19
269
898
345
0138
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
350
52
10
701
767
400
0047
5304
149
17
18
308
1048
403
0161
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
400
60
10
801
765
291
0050
5083
143
18
15
423
1198
460
0184
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Raw Water 4
25
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
688
275
0059
4689
132
19
19
240
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
8481E-05
Alum
1300
195
10
347
686
452265
0050
4842
136
20
15
400
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
22
407
725
284
0049
4271
120
21
15
400
867
1137
0133
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
20
30
507
720
258
0054
4208
118
22
15
400
1017
1194
0156
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
25
37
607
718
259
0050
4545
128
23
16
360
1167
1252
0179
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
30
45
707
715
189
0055
4316
122
24
14
440
1316
1309
0202
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
79
754
215
300
SETTLED WATER
16
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
003
840
Caustic added after filtration
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
790
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
mixing
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
08
000
SPEEDS
90
800
coagulation
Non Poly
0027
0
AND TIMES
9
60
coagulation
90
400
coagulation
TOTAL
0000
3552
250
00
Settling
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
Sample
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1500
226
10
400
499
000
1
20
355
15675
3615
0241
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1600
241
10
427
656
540
000
2
19
387
16720
3856
0257
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1700
256
10
454
580
000
3
20
355
17765
4097
0273
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
695
208
0052
4263
120
4
19
387
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1100
164
470
694
200
0056
6125
172
5
20
355
10920
2519
0168
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1200
179
513
689
143
000
6
21
323
11913
2747
0183
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
31
0000
Alum
1300
195
10
347
678
318
0060
4484
126
7
24
226
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1400
211
10
374
679
439
0061
4953
139
8
21
323
14630
3374
0225
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
500
63
292
702
198
0095
6120
172
9
23
258
9576
1613
0107
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
600
76
350
701
145
0075
4523
127
10
21
323
11491
1935
0129
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
700
89
409
700
190
0062
4212
119
11
19
387
13406
2258
0150
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
467
698
177
0065
4118
116
12
18
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
000
Raw Water 3
00
000
26
Alum
1200
180
10
320
671
521
0053
5276
149
13
18
308
1254
2892
0193
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
200
30
10
400
777
538
0046
5275
149
14
20
355
599
1381
0092
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
250
37
10
500
774
449
0053
4994
141
15
19
387
749
1727
0115
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
300
45
10
600
770
413
0054
5186
146
16
19
387
898
2072
0138
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
350
52
10
701
767
400
0047
5304
149
17
18
419
1048
2417
0161
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
400
60
10
801
765
291
0050
5083
143
18
15
516
1198
2763
0184
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Raw Water 4
00
25
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
688
275
0059
4689
132
19
19
240
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Alum
1300
195
10
347
686
452265
0050
4842
136
20
15
400
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
22
420
725
284
0049
4271
120
21
15
400
867
2000
0133
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
20
30
524
720
258
0054
4208
118
22
15
400
1017
2345
0156
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
25
37
628
718
259
0050
4545
128
23
16
360
1167
2691
0179
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
30
45
732
715
189
0055
4316
122
24
14
440
1316
3036
0202
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Coagulation Demandbull ldquoApproximaterdquo coagulant demand for low turbidity raw waters
061 mg of Al+3mg of raw water DOC
126 mg of Fe+3mg of raw water DOC
This translates to 68 ppm of alum (db)ppm of raw water TOC 50 ppm of ACH (neat basis)ppm of raw water TOC 126 ppm of 50 LFS (neat basis)ppm of raw water TOC 93 ppm of FeCl3 (neat basis)ppm of raw water TOC
Coagulant Demand--Example
May 30 2007 July 2 2007
Raw Water Turbidity 45 NTU 48 NTU
Raw Water pH 77 765
Raw Water Alkalinity 95 ppm 100 ppm
Coagulant Dosage 40 ppm 60 ppm
Coagulant Demand--ExampleMay 30 2007 July 2 2007
Raw Water Turbidity 45 NTU 48 NTU
Raw Water pH 77 765
Raw Water Alkalinity 95 ppm 100 ppm
Coagulant Dosage 40 ppm 60 ppm
UV-254 Absorbance 040 060
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
bull Have large positive valence (for charge neutralization) Coagulant efficiency significantly increases with its valence (Schulze-Hardy Rule)
bull Form insoluble precipitates in water (for adsorption and sedimentation)
bull Are inexpensive
bull Aluminum and Ferric-based salts meet these criteria and are almost universally used
Cation ComparisonValence is the charge on an ion in solution
Cation ValenceCoagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation Unit Cost
Na+1 +1 Poor Extremely Poor ModerateCa+2 +2 Fair Poor ModerateAl+3 +3 Very Good Very Good LowFe+3 +3 Very Good Very Good LowZr+4 +4 Excellent Very Good Very High
repulsion between particles allowing them to come together
bull Step 2 Metal hydrolysis forms floc particles
bull Step 3 Adsorption of neutralized particles onto floc particles
bull Step 4 Particles grow larger due to flocculation
bull Step 5 Particles settle Small particles are adsorbed onto settling particles (ldquofloc sweeprdquo)
Coagulant Mechanismsbull Charge neutralization occurs on an atomic ldquoscalerdquo Thus in the early
stages of treatment the number of charges delivered by the coagulant is more important than the weight of the metal
bull The number of metal atoms delivered by the coagulant also affects the number of floc particles created
bull Thus the concentration of atomic units of M+3 delivered affects coagulant performance more than the weight of M+3 (Useful to remember when comparing the performance of alum and ferric salts)
bull Itrsquos also possible that some coagulants are more effective on an ldquoequal molarrdquo basis than others (that is ldquosimple coagulantsrdquo vs ldquopolymeric inorganic coagulantsrdquo)
Charge Neutralization
Under-Treatment Treatment Over-Treatment
_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +
_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +
_ _ _
+ + + +
_ _ _
+ + + +_ _ _
+ + + +
Performance vs Alum Dosage
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
4
45
5
0 10 20 30 40 50
T
OC
Rem
oval
Settl
ed T
urbi
dity
NTU
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removalvs Alum Dosage
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Chart1
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity NTU
TOC Removal
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removal vs Alum Dosage
5
0
35
0119047619
275
01738095238
2
02214285714
12
02619047619
08
03011904762
12
03388095238
16
03752380952
22
04116666667
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Hypothetical Performance vs Dosage Plot
Raw Turbidity
5
NTU
Raw TOC
42
mgL
Raw pH
8
Raw alkalinity
59
mgL
Theoretical Minimum Alum Dosage
286
mgL
Required TOC Removal
45
Settled
Delta
Settled
Dosage
Turbidity
TOC
TOC
TOC
Coagulant
mgL
NTU
mgL
mgL
Removal
Alum
0
5
0000
42
0
Alum
10
35
0500
370
119
Alum
15
275
0230
347
174
Alum
20
2
0200
327
221
Alum
25
12
0170
310
262
Alum
30
08
0165
294
301
Alum
35
12
0158
278
339
Alum
40
16
0153
262
375
Alum
50
22
0153
247
412
0
0
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
50
50
C1V1 = C2V2
Jar Volume
mls
2000
2000
Desired Conc
ppm
002
070
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
700
20000
50
Dosage
mls
00571
00700
002
Dosage
ul
571
700
1
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
Neat
1000000
10
100000
1
10000
010
1000
001
100
0001
10
Anionic Polymer
1300
gms
Dilution water
480
gals
00007152868
007
Cation
Valence
Coagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation
Unit Cost
Na+1
+1
Poor
Extremely Poor
Moderate
Ca+2
+2
Fair
Poor
Moderate
Al+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Fe+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Zr+4
+4
Excellent
Very Good
Very High
Date
111604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
30
722
860
170
SETTLED WATER
13
730
FILTERED WATER
003
826
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
670
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Non-Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
202
Cat
Non-Ionic
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
Polymer
HI-1090
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
379
679
352
0093
3546
176
1
00
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
800
119
07
486
698
084
0056
2346
116
2
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
423
007
135
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
369
700
074
0007
2847
141
3
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
800
115
07
486
695
066
0062
2770
137
4
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
600
86
07
369
692
088
0069
2611
129
5
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
800
114
07
486
686
087
0074
2457
122
6
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
321
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
002
379
672
175
0060
2600
129
7
00
1411
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
07
002
150
224
388
702
064
0054
2393
118
8
00
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
07
002
125
187
358
700
080
2413
119
9
00
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
125
187
371
696
065
2485
123
10
00
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
100
149
327
698
063
2414
120
11
00
627
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
002
369
707
046
0058
2637
131
12
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
000
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
111604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
641
768
1150
265
SETTLED WATER
14
730
FILTERED WATER
005
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
220
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 4
308
(25)
Alum
1300
195
10
374
710
292
0054
2429
110
181
412
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC
800
120
10
414
740
072
0063
2276
103
212
312
8156
944
0125
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
AlumLC
1000
150
10
510
739
094
0050
2320
105
204
338
10195
1180
0157
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
650
82
10
406
710
072
0080
2431
111
198
357
12449
2097
0140
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
10
494
700
065
0068
2255
103
179
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 5
00
321
(25)
Alum
1000
150
10
294
720
177
0069
2284
104
196
402
1045
2410
0161
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
550
70
385
734
103
0072
2417
110
212
312
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
700
89
490
713
049
0064
2243
102
193
373
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
550
70
385
713
111
0095
2770
126
215
302
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
700
89
490
709
064
0066
2236
102
196
364
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
00
000
Raw Water 6
00
328
(25)
000
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
150
224
421
745
150
0062
2210
100
205
375
4180
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
387
743
163
0061
2205
100
210
360
4702
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
400
736
164
0073
2226
101
212
354
5225
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
100
149
352
732
138
0070
2136
097
206
372
5225
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
600
90
10
100
149
379
729
142
0074
2325
106
204
378
6270
1561
0143
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
300
SETTLED WATER
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
3552
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1250
188
10
360
292
1000
13062
3013
0201
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1350
203
10
387
268
1000
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
750
95
10
465
073
000
1000
14364
2419
0161
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
850
108
10
523
090
000
1000
16279
2742
0183
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
950
120
10
581
102
000
1000
18194
3064
0204
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
350
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
224
396
204
1000
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
15
224
410
217
1000
627
1257
0142
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
15
224
423
225
1000
679
1378
0150
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
15
224
436
236
1000
731
1498
0158
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
280
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
125
187
352
178
1000
549
1108
0122
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
366
120
1000
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
379
168
1000
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
125
187
392
180
1000
705
1469
0146
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
79
754
215
300
SETTLED WATER
16
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
003
840
Caustic added after filtration
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
790
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
mixing
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
08
000
SPEEDS
90
800
coagulation
Non Poly
0027
0
AND TIMES
9
60
coagulation
90
400
coagulation
TOTAL
0000
3552
250
00
Settling
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
Sample
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1500
226
10
400
499
000
1
20
355
15675
3615
0241
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1600
241
10
427
656
540
000
2
19
387
16720
3856
0257
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1700
256
10
454
580
000
3
20
355
17765
4097
0273
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
695
208
0052
4263
120
4
19
387
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1100
164
470
694
200
0056
6125
172
5
20
355
10920
2519
0168
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1200
179
513
689
143
000
6
21
323
11913
2747
0183
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
000
000
Raw Water 3
000
26
Alum
1200
180
10
320
671
521
0053
5276
149
13
18
308
1254
2892
0193
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
200
30
10
400
777
538
0046
5275
149
14
20
231
599
230
0092
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
250
37
10
500
774
449
0053
4994
141
15
19
269
749
288
0115
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
300
45
10
600
770
413
0054
5186
146
16
19
269
898
345
0138
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
350
52
10
701
767
400
0047
5304
149
17
18
308
1048
403
0161
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
400
60
10
801
765
291
0050
5083
143
18
15
423
1198
460
0184
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Raw Water 4
25
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
688
275
0059
4689
132
19
19
240
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
8481E-05
Alum
1300
195
10
347
686
452265
0050
4842
136
20
15
400
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
22
407
725
284
0049
4271
120
21
15
400
867
1137
0133
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
20
30
507
720
258
0054
4208
118
22
15
400
1017
1194
0156
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
25
37
607
718
259
0050
4545
128
23
16
360
1167
1252
0179
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
30
45
707
715
189
0055
4316
122
24
14
440
1316
1309
0202
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
79
754
215
300
SETTLED WATER
16
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
003
840
Caustic added after filtration
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
790
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
mixing
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
08
000
SPEEDS
90
800
coagulation
Non Poly
0027
0
AND TIMES
9
60
coagulation
90
400
coagulation
TOTAL
0000
3552
250
00
Settling
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
Sample
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1500
226
10
400
499
000
1
20
355
15675
3615
0241
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1600
241
10
427
656
540
000
2
19
387
16720
3856
0257
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1700
256
10
454
580
000
3
20
355
17765
4097
0273
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
695
208
0052
4263
120
4
19
387
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1100
164
470
694
200
0056
6125
172
5
20
355
10920
2519
0168
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1200
179
513
689
143
000
6
21
323
11913
2747
0183
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
31
0000
Alum
1300
195
10
347
678
318
0060
4484
126
7
24
226
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1400
211
10
374
679
439
0061
4953
139
8
21
323
14630
3374
0225
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
500
63
292
702
198
0095
6120
172
9
23
258
9576
1613
0107
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
600
76
350
701
145
0075
4523
127
10
21
323
11491
1935
0129
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
700
89
409
700
190
0062
4212
119
11
19
387
13406
2258
0150
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
467
698
177
0065
4118
116
12
18
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
000
Raw Water 3
00
000
26
Alum
1200
180
10
320
671
521
0053
5276
149
13
18
308
1254
2892
0193
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
200
30
10
400
777
538
0046
5275
149
14
20
355
599
1381
0092
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
250
37
10
500
774
449
0053
4994
141
15
19
387
749
1727
0115
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
300
45
10
600
770
413
0054
5186
146
16
19
387
898
2072
0138
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
350
52
10
701
767
400
0047
5304
149
17
18
419
1048
2417
0161
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
400
60
10
801
765
291
0050
5083
143
18
15
516
1198
2763
0184
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Raw Water 4
00
25
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
688
275
0059
4689
132
19
19
240
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Alum
1300
195
10
347
686
452265
0050
4842
136
20
15
400
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
22
420
725
284
0049
4271
120
21
15
400
867
2000
0133
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
20
30
524
720
258
0054
4208
118
22
15
400
1017
2345
0156
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
25
37
628
718
259
0050
4545
128
23
16
360
1167
2691
0179
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
30
45
732
715
189
0055
4316
122
24
14
440
1316
3036
0202
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Coagulant Demand--Example
May 30 2007 July 2 2007
Raw Water Turbidity 45 NTU 48 NTU
Raw Water pH 77 765
Raw Water Alkalinity 95 ppm 100 ppm
Coagulant Dosage 40 ppm 60 ppm
Coagulant Demand--ExampleMay 30 2007 July 2 2007
Raw Water Turbidity 45 NTU 48 NTU
Raw Water pH 77 765
Raw Water Alkalinity 95 ppm 100 ppm
Coagulant Dosage 40 ppm 60 ppm
UV-254 Absorbance 040 060
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
bull Have large positive valence (for charge neutralization) Coagulant efficiency significantly increases with its valence (Schulze-Hardy Rule)
bull Form insoluble precipitates in water (for adsorption and sedimentation)
bull Are inexpensive
bull Aluminum and Ferric-based salts meet these criteria and are almost universally used
Cation ComparisonValence is the charge on an ion in solution
Cation ValenceCoagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation Unit Cost
Na+1 +1 Poor Extremely Poor ModerateCa+2 +2 Fair Poor ModerateAl+3 +3 Very Good Very Good LowFe+3 +3 Very Good Very Good LowZr+4 +4 Excellent Very Good Very High
repulsion between particles allowing them to come together
bull Step 2 Metal hydrolysis forms floc particles
bull Step 3 Adsorption of neutralized particles onto floc particles
bull Step 4 Particles grow larger due to flocculation
bull Step 5 Particles settle Small particles are adsorbed onto settling particles (ldquofloc sweeprdquo)
Coagulant Mechanismsbull Charge neutralization occurs on an atomic ldquoscalerdquo Thus in the early
stages of treatment the number of charges delivered by the coagulant is more important than the weight of the metal
bull The number of metal atoms delivered by the coagulant also affects the number of floc particles created
bull Thus the concentration of atomic units of M+3 delivered affects coagulant performance more than the weight of M+3 (Useful to remember when comparing the performance of alum and ferric salts)
bull Itrsquos also possible that some coagulants are more effective on an ldquoequal molarrdquo basis than others (that is ldquosimple coagulantsrdquo vs ldquopolymeric inorganic coagulantsrdquo)
Charge Neutralization
Under-Treatment Treatment Over-Treatment
_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +
_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +
_ _ _
+ + + +
_ _ _
+ + + +_ _ _
+ + + +
Performance vs Alum Dosage
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
4
45
5
0 10 20 30 40 50
T
OC
Rem
oval
Settl
ed T
urbi
dity
NTU
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removalvs Alum Dosage
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Chart1
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity NTU
TOC Removal
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removal vs Alum Dosage
5
0
35
0119047619
275
01738095238
2
02214285714
12
02619047619
08
03011904762
12
03388095238
16
03752380952
22
04116666667
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Hypothetical Performance vs Dosage Plot
Raw Turbidity
5
NTU
Raw TOC
42
mgL
Raw pH
8
Raw alkalinity
59
mgL
Theoretical Minimum Alum Dosage
286
mgL
Required TOC Removal
45
Settled
Delta
Settled
Dosage
Turbidity
TOC
TOC
TOC
Coagulant
mgL
NTU
mgL
mgL
Removal
Alum
0
5
0000
42
0
Alum
10
35
0500
370
119
Alum
15
275
0230
347
174
Alum
20
2
0200
327
221
Alum
25
12
0170
310
262
Alum
30
08
0165
294
301
Alum
35
12
0158
278
339
Alum
40
16
0153
262
375
Alum
50
22
0153
247
412
0
0
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
50
50
C1V1 = C2V2
Jar Volume
mls
2000
2000
Desired Conc
ppm
002
070
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
700
20000
50
Dosage
mls
00571
00700
002
Dosage
ul
571
700
1
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
Neat
1000000
10
100000
1
10000
010
1000
001
100
0001
10
Anionic Polymer
1300
gms
Dilution water
480
gals
00007152868
007
Cation
Valence
Coagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation
Unit Cost
Na+1
+1
Poor
Extremely Poor
Moderate
Ca+2
+2
Fair
Poor
Moderate
Al+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Fe+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Zr+4
+4
Excellent
Very Good
Very High
Date
111604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
30
722
860
170
SETTLED WATER
13
730
FILTERED WATER
003
826
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
670
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Non-Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
202
Cat
Non-Ionic
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
Polymer
HI-1090
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
379
679
352
0093
3546
176
1
00
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
800
119
07
486
698
084
0056
2346
116
2
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
423
007
135
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
369
700
074
0007
2847
141
3
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
800
115
07
486
695
066
0062
2770
137
4
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
600
86
07
369
692
088
0069
2611
129
5
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
800
114
07
486
686
087
0074
2457
122
6
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
321
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
002
379
672
175
0060
2600
129
7
00
1411
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
07
002
150
224
388
702
064
0054
2393
118
8
00
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
07
002
125
187
358
700
080
2413
119
9
00
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
125
187
371
696
065
2485
123
10
00
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
100
149
327
698
063
2414
120
11
00
627
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
002
369
707
046
0058
2637
131
12
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
000
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
111604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
641
768
1150
265
SETTLED WATER
14
730
FILTERED WATER
005
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
220
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 4
308
(25)
Alum
1300
195
10
374
710
292
0054
2429
110
181
412
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC
800
120
10
414
740
072
0063
2276
103
212
312
8156
944
0125
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
AlumLC
1000
150
10
510
739
094
0050
2320
105
204
338
10195
1180
0157
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
650
82
10
406
710
072
0080
2431
111
198
357
12449
2097
0140
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
10
494
700
065
0068
2255
103
179
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 5
00
321
(25)
Alum
1000
150
10
294
720
177
0069
2284
104
196
402
1045
2410
0161
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
550
70
385
734
103
0072
2417
110
212
312
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
700
89
490
713
049
0064
2243
102
193
373
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
550
70
385
713
111
0095
2770
126
215
302
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
700
89
490
709
064
0066
2236
102
196
364
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
00
000
Raw Water 6
00
328
(25)
000
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
150
224
421
745
150
0062
2210
100
205
375
4180
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
387
743
163
0061
2205
100
210
360
4702
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
400
736
164
0073
2226
101
212
354
5225
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
100
149
352
732
138
0070
2136
097
206
372
5225
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
600
90
10
100
149
379
729
142
0074
2325
106
204
378
6270
1561
0143
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
300
SETTLED WATER
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
3552
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1250
188
10
360
292
1000
13062
3013
0201
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1350
203
10
387
268
1000
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
750
95
10
465
073
000
1000
14364
2419
0161
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
850
108
10
523
090
000
1000
16279
2742
0183
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
950
120
10
581
102
000
1000
18194
3064
0204
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
350
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
224
396
204
1000
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
15
224
410
217
1000
627
1257
0142
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
15
224
423
225
1000
679
1378
0150
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
15
224
436
236
1000
731
1498
0158
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
280
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
125
187
352
178
1000
549
1108
0122
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
366
120
1000
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
379
168
1000
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
125
187
392
180
1000
705
1469
0146
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
79
754
215
300
SETTLED WATER
16
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
003
840
Caustic added after filtration
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
790
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
mixing
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
08
000
SPEEDS
90
800
coagulation
Non Poly
0027
0
AND TIMES
9
60
coagulation
90
400
coagulation
TOTAL
0000
3552
250
00
Settling
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
Sample
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1500
226
10
400
499
000
1
20
355
15675
3615
0241
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1600
241
10
427
656
540
000
2
19
387
16720
3856
0257
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1700
256
10
454
580
000
3
20
355
17765
4097
0273
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
695
208
0052
4263
120
4
19
387
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1100
164
470
694
200
0056
6125
172
5
20
355
10920
2519
0168
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1200
179
513
689
143
000
6
21
323
11913
2747
0183
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
000
000
Raw Water 3
000
26
Alum
1200
180
10
320
671
521
0053
5276
149
13
18
308
1254
2892
0193
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
200
30
10
400
777
538
0046
5275
149
14
20
231
599
230
0092
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
250
37
10
500
774
449
0053
4994
141
15
19
269
749
288
0115
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
300
45
10
600
770
413
0054
5186
146
16
19
269
898
345
0138
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
350
52
10
701
767
400
0047
5304
149
17
18
308
1048
403
0161
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
400
60
10
801
765
291
0050
5083
143
18
15
423
1198
460
0184
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Raw Water 4
25
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
688
275
0059
4689
132
19
19
240
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
8481E-05
Alum
1300
195
10
347
686
452265
0050
4842
136
20
15
400
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
22
407
725
284
0049
4271
120
21
15
400
867
1137
0133
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
20
30
507
720
258
0054
4208
118
22
15
400
1017
1194
0156
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
25
37
607
718
259
0050
4545
128
23
16
360
1167
1252
0179
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
30
45
707
715
189
0055
4316
122
24
14
440
1316
1309
0202
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
79
754
215
300
SETTLED WATER
16
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
003
840
Caustic added after filtration
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
790
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
mixing
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
08
000
SPEEDS
90
800
coagulation
Non Poly
0027
0
AND TIMES
9
60
coagulation
90
400
coagulation
TOTAL
0000
3552
250
00
Settling
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
Sample
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1500
226
10
400
499
000
1
20
355
15675
3615
0241
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1600
241
10
427
656
540
000
2
19
387
16720
3856
0257
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1700
256
10
454
580
000
3
20
355
17765
4097
0273
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
695
208
0052
4263
120
4
19
387
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1100
164
470
694
200
0056
6125
172
5
20
355
10920
2519
0168
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1200
179
513
689
143
000
6
21
323
11913
2747
0183
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
31
0000
Alum
1300
195
10
347
678
318
0060
4484
126
7
24
226
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1400
211
10
374
679
439
0061
4953
139
8
21
323
14630
3374
0225
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
500
63
292
702
198
0095
6120
172
9
23
258
9576
1613
0107
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
600
76
350
701
145
0075
4523
127
10
21
323
11491
1935
0129
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
700
89
409
700
190
0062
4212
119
11
19
387
13406
2258
0150
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
467
698
177
0065
4118
116
12
18
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
000
Raw Water 3
00
000
26
Alum
1200
180
10
320
671
521
0053
5276
149
13
18
308
1254
2892
0193
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
200
30
10
400
777
538
0046
5275
149
14
20
355
599
1381
0092
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
250
37
10
500
774
449
0053
4994
141
15
19
387
749
1727
0115
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
300
45
10
600
770
413
0054
5186
146
16
19
387
898
2072
0138
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
350
52
10
701
767
400
0047
5304
149
17
18
419
1048
2417
0161
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
400
60
10
801
765
291
0050
5083
143
18
15
516
1198
2763
0184
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Raw Water 4
00
25
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
688
275
0059
4689
132
19
19
240
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Alum
1300
195
10
347
686
452265
0050
4842
136
20
15
400
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
22
420
725
284
0049
4271
120
21
15
400
867
2000
0133
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
20
30
524
720
258
0054
4208
118
22
15
400
1017
2345
0156
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
25
37
628
718
259
0050
4545
128
23
16
360
1167
2691
0179
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
30
45
732
715
189
0055
4316
122
24
14
440
1316
3036
0202
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Coagulant Demand--ExampleMay 30 2007 July 2 2007
Raw Water Turbidity 45 NTU 48 NTU
Raw Water pH 77 765
Raw Water Alkalinity 95 ppm 100 ppm
Coagulant Dosage 40 ppm 60 ppm
UV-254 Absorbance 040 060
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
bull Have large positive valence (for charge neutralization) Coagulant efficiency significantly increases with its valence (Schulze-Hardy Rule)
bull Form insoluble precipitates in water (for adsorption and sedimentation)
bull Are inexpensive
bull Aluminum and Ferric-based salts meet these criteria and are almost universally used
Cation ComparisonValence is the charge on an ion in solution
Cation ValenceCoagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation Unit Cost
Na+1 +1 Poor Extremely Poor ModerateCa+2 +2 Fair Poor ModerateAl+3 +3 Very Good Very Good LowFe+3 +3 Very Good Very Good LowZr+4 +4 Excellent Very Good Very High
repulsion between particles allowing them to come together
bull Step 2 Metal hydrolysis forms floc particles
bull Step 3 Adsorption of neutralized particles onto floc particles
bull Step 4 Particles grow larger due to flocculation
bull Step 5 Particles settle Small particles are adsorbed onto settling particles (ldquofloc sweeprdquo)
Coagulant Mechanismsbull Charge neutralization occurs on an atomic ldquoscalerdquo Thus in the early
stages of treatment the number of charges delivered by the coagulant is more important than the weight of the metal
bull The number of metal atoms delivered by the coagulant also affects the number of floc particles created
bull Thus the concentration of atomic units of M+3 delivered affects coagulant performance more than the weight of M+3 (Useful to remember when comparing the performance of alum and ferric salts)
bull Itrsquos also possible that some coagulants are more effective on an ldquoequal molarrdquo basis than others (that is ldquosimple coagulantsrdquo vs ldquopolymeric inorganic coagulantsrdquo)
Charge Neutralization
Under-Treatment Treatment Over-Treatment
_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +
_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +
_ _ _
+ + + +
_ _ _
+ + + +_ _ _
+ + + +
Performance vs Alum Dosage
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
4
45
5
0 10 20 30 40 50
T
OC
Rem
oval
Settl
ed T
urbi
dity
NTU
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removalvs Alum Dosage
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Chart1
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity NTU
TOC Removal
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removal vs Alum Dosage
5
0
35
0119047619
275
01738095238
2
02214285714
12
02619047619
08
03011904762
12
03388095238
16
03752380952
22
04116666667
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Hypothetical Performance vs Dosage Plot
Raw Turbidity
5
NTU
Raw TOC
42
mgL
Raw pH
8
Raw alkalinity
59
mgL
Theoretical Minimum Alum Dosage
286
mgL
Required TOC Removal
45
Settled
Delta
Settled
Dosage
Turbidity
TOC
TOC
TOC
Coagulant
mgL
NTU
mgL
mgL
Removal
Alum
0
5
0000
42
0
Alum
10
35
0500
370
119
Alum
15
275
0230
347
174
Alum
20
2
0200
327
221
Alum
25
12
0170
310
262
Alum
30
08
0165
294
301
Alum
35
12
0158
278
339
Alum
40
16
0153
262
375
Alum
50
22
0153
247
412
0
0
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
50
50
C1V1 = C2V2
Jar Volume
mls
2000
2000
Desired Conc
ppm
002
070
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
700
20000
50
Dosage
mls
00571
00700
002
Dosage
ul
571
700
1
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
Neat
1000000
10
100000
1
10000
010
1000
001
100
0001
10
Anionic Polymer
1300
gms
Dilution water
480
gals
00007152868
007
Cation
Valence
Coagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation
Unit Cost
Na+1
+1
Poor
Extremely Poor
Moderate
Ca+2
+2
Fair
Poor
Moderate
Al+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Fe+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Zr+4
+4
Excellent
Very Good
Very High
Date
111604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
30
722
860
170
SETTLED WATER
13
730
FILTERED WATER
003
826
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
670
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Non-Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
202
Cat
Non-Ionic
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
Polymer
HI-1090
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
379
679
352
0093
3546
176
1
00
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
800
119
07
486
698
084
0056
2346
116
2
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
423
007
135
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
369
700
074
0007
2847
141
3
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
800
115
07
486
695
066
0062
2770
137
4
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
600
86
07
369
692
088
0069
2611
129
5
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
800
114
07
486
686
087
0074
2457
122
6
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
321
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
002
379
672
175
0060
2600
129
7
00
1411
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
07
002
150
224
388
702
064
0054
2393
118
8
00
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
07
002
125
187
358
700
080
2413
119
9
00
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
125
187
371
696
065
2485
123
10
00
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
100
149
327
698
063
2414
120
11
00
627
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
002
369
707
046
0058
2637
131
12
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
000
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
111604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
641
768
1150
265
SETTLED WATER
14
730
FILTERED WATER
005
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
220
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 4
308
(25)
Alum
1300
195
10
374
710
292
0054
2429
110
181
412
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC
800
120
10
414
740
072
0063
2276
103
212
312
8156
944
0125
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
AlumLC
1000
150
10
510
739
094
0050
2320
105
204
338
10195
1180
0157
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
650
82
10
406
710
072
0080
2431
111
198
357
12449
2097
0140
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
10
494
700
065
0068
2255
103
179
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 5
00
321
(25)
Alum
1000
150
10
294
720
177
0069
2284
104
196
402
1045
2410
0161
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
550
70
385
734
103
0072
2417
110
212
312
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
700
89
490
713
049
0064
2243
102
193
373
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
550
70
385
713
111
0095
2770
126
215
302
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
700
89
490
709
064
0066
2236
102
196
364
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
00
000
Raw Water 6
00
328
(25)
000
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
150
224
421
745
150
0062
2210
100
205
375
4180
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
387
743
163
0061
2205
100
210
360
4702
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
400
736
164
0073
2226
101
212
354
5225
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
100
149
352
732
138
0070
2136
097
206
372
5225
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
600
90
10
100
149
379
729
142
0074
2325
106
204
378
6270
1561
0143
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
300
SETTLED WATER
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
3552
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1250
188
10
360
292
1000
13062
3013
0201
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1350
203
10
387
268
1000
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
750
95
10
465
073
000
1000
14364
2419
0161
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
850
108
10
523
090
000
1000
16279
2742
0183
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
950
120
10
581
102
000
1000
18194
3064
0204
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
350
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
224
396
204
1000
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
15
224
410
217
1000
627
1257
0142
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
15
224
423
225
1000
679
1378
0150
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
15
224
436
236
1000
731
1498
0158
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
280
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
125
187
352
178
1000
549
1108
0122
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
366
120
1000
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
379
168
1000
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
125
187
392
180
1000
705
1469
0146
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
79
754
215
300
SETTLED WATER
16
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
003
840
Caustic added after filtration
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
790
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
mixing
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
08
000
SPEEDS
90
800
coagulation
Non Poly
0027
0
AND TIMES
9
60
coagulation
90
400
coagulation
TOTAL
0000
3552
250
00
Settling
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
Sample
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1500
226
10
400
499
000
1
20
355
15675
3615
0241
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1600
241
10
427
656
540
000
2
19
387
16720
3856
0257
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1700
256
10
454
580
000
3
20
355
17765
4097
0273
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
695
208
0052
4263
120
4
19
387
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1100
164
470
694
200
0056
6125
172
5
20
355
10920
2519
0168
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1200
179
513
689
143
000
6
21
323
11913
2747
0183
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
000
000
Raw Water 3
000
26
Alum
1200
180
10
320
671
521
0053
5276
149
13
18
308
1254
2892
0193
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
200
30
10
400
777
538
0046
5275
149
14
20
231
599
230
0092
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
250
37
10
500
774
449
0053
4994
141
15
19
269
749
288
0115
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
300
45
10
600
770
413
0054
5186
146
16
19
269
898
345
0138
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
350
52
10
701
767
400
0047
5304
149
17
18
308
1048
403
0161
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
400
60
10
801
765
291
0050
5083
143
18
15
423
1198
460
0184
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Raw Water 4
25
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
688
275
0059
4689
132
19
19
240
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
8481E-05
Alum
1300
195
10
347
686
452265
0050
4842
136
20
15
400
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
22
407
725
284
0049
4271
120
21
15
400
867
1137
0133
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
20
30
507
720
258
0054
4208
118
22
15
400
1017
1194
0156
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
25
37
607
718
259
0050
4545
128
23
16
360
1167
1252
0179
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
30
45
707
715
189
0055
4316
122
24
14
440
1316
1309
0202
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
79
754
215
300
SETTLED WATER
16
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
003
840
Caustic added after filtration
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
790
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
mixing
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
08
000
SPEEDS
90
800
coagulation
Non Poly
0027
0
AND TIMES
9
60
coagulation
90
400
coagulation
TOTAL
0000
3552
250
00
Settling
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
Sample
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1500
226
10
400
499
000
1
20
355
15675
3615
0241
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1600
241
10
427
656
540
000
2
19
387
16720
3856
0257
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1700
256
10
454
580
000
3
20
355
17765
4097
0273
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
695
208
0052
4263
120
4
19
387
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1100
164
470
694
200
0056
6125
172
5
20
355
10920
2519
0168
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1200
179
513
689
143
000
6
21
323
11913
2747
0183
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
31
0000
Alum
1300
195
10
347
678
318
0060
4484
126
7
24
226
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1400
211
10
374
679
439
0061
4953
139
8
21
323
14630
3374
0225
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
500
63
292
702
198
0095
6120
172
9
23
258
9576
1613
0107
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
600
76
350
701
145
0075
4523
127
10
21
323
11491
1935
0129
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
700
89
409
700
190
0062
4212
119
11
19
387
13406
2258
0150
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
467
698
177
0065
4118
116
12
18
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
000
Raw Water 3
00
000
26
Alum
1200
180
10
320
671
521
0053
5276
149
13
18
308
1254
2892
0193
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
200
30
10
400
777
538
0046
5275
149
14
20
355
599
1381
0092
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
250
37
10
500
774
449
0053
4994
141
15
19
387
749
1727
0115
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
300
45
10
600
770
413
0054
5186
146
16
19
387
898
2072
0138
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
350
52
10
701
767
400
0047
5304
149
17
18
419
1048
2417
0161
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
400
60
10
801
765
291
0050
5083
143
18
15
516
1198
2763
0184
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Raw Water 4
00
25
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
688
275
0059
4689
132
19
19
240
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Alum
1300
195
10
347
686
452265
0050
4842
136
20
15
400
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
22
420
725
284
0049
4271
120
21
15
400
867
2000
0133
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
20
30
524
720
258
0054
4208
118
22
15
400
1017
2345
0156
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
25
37
628
718
259
0050
4545
128
23
16
360
1167
2691
0179
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
30
45
732
715
189
0055
4316
122
24
14
440
1316
3036
0202
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
bull Have large positive valence (for charge neutralization) Coagulant efficiency significantly increases with its valence (Schulze-Hardy Rule)
bull Form insoluble precipitates in water (for adsorption and sedimentation)
bull Are inexpensive
bull Aluminum and Ferric-based salts meet these criteria and are almost universally used
Cation ComparisonValence is the charge on an ion in solution
Cation ValenceCoagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation Unit Cost
Na+1 +1 Poor Extremely Poor ModerateCa+2 +2 Fair Poor ModerateAl+3 +3 Very Good Very Good LowFe+3 +3 Very Good Very Good LowZr+4 +4 Excellent Very Good Very High
repulsion between particles allowing them to come together
bull Step 2 Metal hydrolysis forms floc particles
bull Step 3 Adsorption of neutralized particles onto floc particles
bull Step 4 Particles grow larger due to flocculation
bull Step 5 Particles settle Small particles are adsorbed onto settling particles (ldquofloc sweeprdquo)
Coagulant Mechanismsbull Charge neutralization occurs on an atomic ldquoscalerdquo Thus in the early
stages of treatment the number of charges delivered by the coagulant is more important than the weight of the metal
bull The number of metal atoms delivered by the coagulant also affects the number of floc particles created
bull Thus the concentration of atomic units of M+3 delivered affects coagulant performance more than the weight of M+3 (Useful to remember when comparing the performance of alum and ferric salts)
bull Itrsquos also possible that some coagulants are more effective on an ldquoequal molarrdquo basis than others (that is ldquosimple coagulantsrdquo vs ldquopolymeric inorganic coagulantsrdquo)
Charge Neutralization
Under-Treatment Treatment Over-Treatment
_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +
_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +
_ _ _
+ + + +
_ _ _
+ + + +_ _ _
+ + + +
Performance vs Alum Dosage
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
4
45
5
0 10 20 30 40 50
T
OC
Rem
oval
Settl
ed T
urbi
dity
NTU
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removalvs Alum Dosage
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Chart1
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity NTU
TOC Removal
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removal vs Alum Dosage
5
0
35
0119047619
275
01738095238
2
02214285714
12
02619047619
08
03011904762
12
03388095238
16
03752380952
22
04116666667
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Hypothetical Performance vs Dosage Plot
Raw Turbidity
5
NTU
Raw TOC
42
mgL
Raw pH
8
Raw alkalinity
59
mgL
Theoretical Minimum Alum Dosage
286
mgL
Required TOC Removal
45
Settled
Delta
Settled
Dosage
Turbidity
TOC
TOC
TOC
Coagulant
mgL
NTU
mgL
mgL
Removal
Alum
0
5
0000
42
0
Alum
10
35
0500
370
119
Alum
15
275
0230
347
174
Alum
20
2
0200
327
221
Alum
25
12
0170
310
262
Alum
30
08
0165
294
301
Alum
35
12
0158
278
339
Alum
40
16
0153
262
375
Alum
50
22
0153
247
412
0
0
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
50
50
C1V1 = C2V2
Jar Volume
mls
2000
2000
Desired Conc
ppm
002
070
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
700
20000
50
Dosage
mls
00571
00700
002
Dosage
ul
571
700
1
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
Neat
1000000
10
100000
1
10000
010
1000
001
100
0001
10
Anionic Polymer
1300
gms
Dilution water
480
gals
00007152868
007
Cation
Valence
Coagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation
Unit Cost
Na+1
+1
Poor
Extremely Poor
Moderate
Ca+2
+2
Fair
Poor
Moderate
Al+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Fe+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Zr+4
+4
Excellent
Very Good
Very High
Date
111604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
30
722
860
170
SETTLED WATER
13
730
FILTERED WATER
003
826
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
670
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Non-Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
202
Cat
Non-Ionic
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
Polymer
HI-1090
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
379
679
352
0093
3546
176
1
00
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
800
119
07
486
698
084
0056
2346
116
2
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
423
007
135
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
369
700
074
0007
2847
141
3
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
800
115
07
486
695
066
0062
2770
137
4
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
600
86
07
369
692
088
0069
2611
129
5
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
800
114
07
486
686
087
0074
2457
122
6
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
321
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
002
379
672
175
0060
2600
129
7
00
1411
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
07
002
150
224
388
702
064
0054
2393
118
8
00
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
07
002
125
187
358
700
080
2413
119
9
00
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
125
187
371
696
065
2485
123
10
00
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
100
149
327
698
063
2414
120
11
00
627
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
002
369
707
046
0058
2637
131
12
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
000
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
111604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
641
768
1150
265
SETTLED WATER
14
730
FILTERED WATER
005
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
220
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 4
308
(25)
Alum
1300
195
10
374
710
292
0054
2429
110
181
412
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC
800
120
10
414
740
072
0063
2276
103
212
312
8156
944
0125
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
AlumLC
1000
150
10
510
739
094
0050
2320
105
204
338
10195
1180
0157
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
650
82
10
406
710
072
0080
2431
111
198
357
12449
2097
0140
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
10
494
700
065
0068
2255
103
179
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 5
00
321
(25)
Alum
1000
150
10
294
720
177
0069
2284
104
196
402
1045
2410
0161
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
550
70
385
734
103
0072
2417
110
212
312
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
700
89
490
713
049
0064
2243
102
193
373
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
550
70
385
713
111
0095
2770
126
215
302
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
700
89
490
709
064
0066
2236
102
196
364
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
00
000
Raw Water 6
00
328
(25)
000
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
150
224
421
745
150
0062
2210
100
205
375
4180
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
387
743
163
0061
2205
100
210
360
4702
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
400
736
164
0073
2226
101
212
354
5225
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
100
149
352
732
138
0070
2136
097
206
372
5225
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
600
90
10
100
149
379
729
142
0074
2325
106
204
378
6270
1561
0143
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
300
SETTLED WATER
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
3552
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1250
188
10
360
292
1000
13062
3013
0201
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1350
203
10
387
268
1000
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
750
95
10
465
073
000
1000
14364
2419
0161
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
850
108
10
523
090
000
1000
16279
2742
0183
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
950
120
10
581
102
000
1000
18194
3064
0204
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
350
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
224
396
204
1000
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
15
224
410
217
1000
627
1257
0142
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
15
224
423
225
1000
679
1378
0150
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
15
224
436
236
1000
731
1498
0158
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
280
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
125
187
352
178
1000
549
1108
0122
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
366
120
1000
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
379
168
1000
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
125
187
392
180
1000
705
1469
0146
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
79
754
215
300
SETTLED WATER
16
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
003
840
Caustic added after filtration
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
790
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
mixing
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
08
000
SPEEDS
90
800
coagulation
Non Poly
0027
0
AND TIMES
9
60
coagulation
90
400
coagulation
TOTAL
0000
3552
250
00
Settling
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
Sample
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1500
226
10
400
499
000
1
20
355
15675
3615
0241
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1600
241
10
427
656
540
000
2
19
387
16720
3856
0257
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1700
256
10
454
580
000
3
20
355
17765
4097
0273
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
695
208
0052
4263
120
4
19
387
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1100
164
470
694
200
0056
6125
172
5
20
355
10920
2519
0168
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1200
179
513
689
143
000
6
21
323
11913
2747
0183
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
000
000
Raw Water 3
000
26
Alum
1200
180
10
320
671
521
0053
5276
149
13
18
308
1254
2892
0193
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
200
30
10
400
777
538
0046
5275
149
14
20
231
599
230
0092
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
250
37
10
500
774
449
0053
4994
141
15
19
269
749
288
0115
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
300
45
10
600
770
413
0054
5186
146
16
19
269
898
345
0138
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
350
52
10
701
767
400
0047
5304
149
17
18
308
1048
403
0161
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
400
60
10
801
765
291
0050
5083
143
18
15
423
1198
460
0184
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Raw Water 4
25
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
688
275
0059
4689
132
19
19
240
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
8481E-05
Alum
1300
195
10
347
686
452265
0050
4842
136
20
15
400
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
22
407
725
284
0049
4271
120
21
15
400
867
1137
0133
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
20
30
507
720
258
0054
4208
118
22
15
400
1017
1194
0156
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
25
37
607
718
259
0050
4545
128
23
16
360
1167
1252
0179
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
30
45
707
715
189
0055
4316
122
24
14
440
1316
1309
0202
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
79
754
215
300
SETTLED WATER
16
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
003
840
Caustic added after filtration
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
790
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
mixing
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
08
000
SPEEDS
90
800
coagulation
Non Poly
0027
0
AND TIMES
9
60
coagulation
90
400
coagulation
TOTAL
0000
3552
250
00
Settling
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
Sample
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1500
226
10
400
499
000
1
20
355
15675
3615
0241
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1600
241
10
427
656
540
000
2
19
387
16720
3856
0257
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1700
256
10
454
580
000
3
20
355
17765
4097
0273
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
695
208
0052
4263
120
4
19
387
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1100
164
470
694
200
0056
6125
172
5
20
355
10920
2519
0168
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1200
179
513
689
143
000
6
21
323
11913
2747
0183
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
31
0000
Alum
1300
195
10
347
678
318
0060
4484
126
7
24
226
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1400
211
10
374
679
439
0061
4953
139
8
21
323
14630
3374
0225
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
500
63
292
702
198
0095
6120
172
9
23
258
9576
1613
0107
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
600
76
350
701
145
0075
4523
127
10
21
323
11491
1935
0129
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
700
89
409
700
190
0062
4212
119
11
19
387
13406
2258
0150
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
467
698
177
0065
4118
116
12
18
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
000
Raw Water 3
00
000
26
Alum
1200
180
10
320
671
521
0053
5276
149
13
18
308
1254
2892
0193
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
200
30
10
400
777
538
0046
5275
149
14
20
355
599
1381
0092
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
250
37
10
500
774
449
0053
4994
141
15
19
387
749
1727
0115
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
300
45
10
600
770
413
0054
5186
146
16
19
387
898
2072
0138
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
350
52
10
701
767
400
0047
5304
149
17
18
419
1048
2417
0161
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
400
60
10
801
765
291
0050
5083
143
18
15
516
1198
2763
0184
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Raw Water 4
00
25
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
688
275
0059
4689
132
19
19
240
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Alum
1300
195
10
347
686
452265
0050
4842
136
20
15
400
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
22
420
725
284
0049
4271
120
21
15
400
867
2000
0133
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
20
30
524
720
258
0054
4208
118
22
15
400
1017
2345
0156
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
25
37
628
718
259
0050
4545
128
23
16
360
1167
2691
0179
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
30
45
732
715
189
0055
4316
122
24
14
440
1316
3036
0202
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Cation ComparisonValence is the charge on an ion in solution
Cation ValenceCoagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation Unit Cost
Na+1 +1 Poor Extremely Poor ModerateCa+2 +2 Fair Poor ModerateAl+3 +3 Very Good Very Good LowFe+3 +3 Very Good Very Good LowZr+4 +4 Excellent Very Good Very High
repulsion between particles allowing them to come together
bull Step 2 Metal hydrolysis forms floc particles
bull Step 3 Adsorption of neutralized particles onto floc particles
bull Step 4 Particles grow larger due to flocculation
bull Step 5 Particles settle Small particles are adsorbed onto settling particles (ldquofloc sweeprdquo)
Coagulant Mechanismsbull Charge neutralization occurs on an atomic ldquoscalerdquo Thus in the early
stages of treatment the number of charges delivered by the coagulant is more important than the weight of the metal
bull The number of metal atoms delivered by the coagulant also affects the number of floc particles created
bull Thus the concentration of atomic units of M+3 delivered affects coagulant performance more than the weight of M+3 (Useful to remember when comparing the performance of alum and ferric salts)
bull Itrsquos also possible that some coagulants are more effective on an ldquoequal molarrdquo basis than others (that is ldquosimple coagulantsrdquo vs ldquopolymeric inorganic coagulantsrdquo)
Charge Neutralization
Under-Treatment Treatment Over-Treatment
_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +
_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +
_ _ _
+ + + +
_ _ _
+ + + +_ _ _
+ + + +
Performance vs Alum Dosage
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
4
45
5
0 10 20 30 40 50
T
OC
Rem
oval
Settl
ed T
urbi
dity
NTU
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removalvs Alum Dosage
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Chart1
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity NTU
TOC Removal
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removal vs Alum Dosage
5
0
35
0119047619
275
01738095238
2
02214285714
12
02619047619
08
03011904762
12
03388095238
16
03752380952
22
04116666667
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Hypothetical Performance vs Dosage Plot
Raw Turbidity
5
NTU
Raw TOC
42
mgL
Raw pH
8
Raw alkalinity
59
mgL
Theoretical Minimum Alum Dosage
286
mgL
Required TOC Removal
45
Settled
Delta
Settled
Dosage
Turbidity
TOC
TOC
TOC
Coagulant
mgL
NTU
mgL
mgL
Removal
Alum
0
5
0000
42
0
Alum
10
35
0500
370
119
Alum
15
275
0230
347
174
Alum
20
2
0200
327
221
Alum
25
12
0170
310
262
Alum
30
08
0165
294
301
Alum
35
12
0158
278
339
Alum
40
16
0153
262
375
Alum
50
22
0153
247
412
0
0
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
50
50
C1V1 = C2V2
Jar Volume
mls
2000
2000
Desired Conc
ppm
002
070
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
700
20000
50
Dosage
mls
00571
00700
002
Dosage
ul
571
700
1
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
Neat
1000000
10
100000
1
10000
010
1000
001
100
0001
10
Anionic Polymer
1300
gms
Dilution water
480
gals
00007152868
007
Cation
Valence
Coagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation
Unit Cost
Na+1
+1
Poor
Extremely Poor
Moderate
Ca+2
+2
Fair
Poor
Moderate
Al+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Fe+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Zr+4
+4
Excellent
Very Good
Very High
Date
111604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
30
722
860
170
SETTLED WATER
13
730
FILTERED WATER
003
826
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
670
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Non-Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
202
Cat
Non-Ionic
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
Polymer
HI-1090
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
379
679
352
0093
3546
176
1
00
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
800
119
07
486
698
084
0056
2346
116
2
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
423
007
135
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
369
700
074
0007
2847
141
3
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
800
115
07
486
695
066
0062
2770
137
4
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
600
86
07
369
692
088
0069
2611
129
5
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
800
114
07
486
686
087
0074
2457
122
6
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
321
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
002
379
672
175
0060
2600
129
7
00
1411
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
07
002
150
224
388
702
064
0054
2393
118
8
00
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
07
002
125
187
358
700
080
2413
119
9
00
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
125
187
371
696
065
2485
123
10
00
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
100
149
327
698
063
2414
120
11
00
627
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
002
369
707
046
0058
2637
131
12
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
000
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
111604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
641
768
1150
265
SETTLED WATER
14
730
FILTERED WATER
005
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
220
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 4
308
(25)
Alum
1300
195
10
374
710
292
0054
2429
110
181
412
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC
800
120
10
414
740
072
0063
2276
103
212
312
8156
944
0125
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
AlumLC
1000
150
10
510
739
094
0050
2320
105
204
338
10195
1180
0157
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
650
82
10
406
710
072
0080
2431
111
198
357
12449
2097
0140
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
10
494
700
065
0068
2255
103
179
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 5
00
321
(25)
Alum
1000
150
10
294
720
177
0069
2284
104
196
402
1045
2410
0161
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
550
70
385
734
103
0072
2417
110
212
312
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
700
89
490
713
049
0064
2243
102
193
373
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
550
70
385
713
111
0095
2770
126
215
302
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
700
89
490
709
064
0066
2236
102
196
364
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
00
000
Raw Water 6
00
328
(25)
000
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
150
224
421
745
150
0062
2210
100
205
375
4180
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
387
743
163
0061
2205
100
210
360
4702
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
400
736
164
0073
2226
101
212
354
5225
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
100
149
352
732
138
0070
2136
097
206
372
5225
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
600
90
10
100
149
379
729
142
0074
2325
106
204
378
6270
1561
0143
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
300
SETTLED WATER
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
3552
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1250
188
10
360
292
1000
13062
3013
0201
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1350
203
10
387
268
1000
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
750
95
10
465
073
000
1000
14364
2419
0161
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
850
108
10
523
090
000
1000
16279
2742
0183
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
950
120
10
581
102
000
1000
18194
3064
0204
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
350
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
224
396
204
1000
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
15
224
410
217
1000
627
1257
0142
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
15
224
423
225
1000
679
1378
0150
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
15
224
436
236
1000
731
1498
0158
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
280
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
125
187
352
178
1000
549
1108
0122
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
366
120
1000
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
379
168
1000
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
125
187
392
180
1000
705
1469
0146
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
79
754
215
300
SETTLED WATER
16
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
003
840
Caustic added after filtration
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
790
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
mixing
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
08
000
SPEEDS
90
800
coagulation
Non Poly
0027
0
AND TIMES
9
60
coagulation
90
400
coagulation
TOTAL
0000
3552
250
00
Settling
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
Sample
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1500
226
10
400
499
000
1
20
355
15675
3615
0241
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1600
241
10
427
656
540
000
2
19
387
16720
3856
0257
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1700
256
10
454
580
000
3
20
355
17765
4097
0273
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
695
208
0052
4263
120
4
19
387
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1100
164
470
694
200
0056
6125
172
5
20
355
10920
2519
0168
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1200
179
513
689
143
000
6
21
323
11913
2747
0183
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
000
000
Raw Water 3
000
26
Alum
1200
180
10
320
671
521
0053
5276
149
13
18
308
1254
2892
0193
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
200
30
10
400
777
538
0046
5275
149
14
20
231
599
230
0092
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
250
37
10
500
774
449
0053
4994
141
15
19
269
749
288
0115
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
300
45
10
600
770
413
0054
5186
146
16
19
269
898
345
0138
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
350
52
10
701
767
400
0047
5304
149
17
18
308
1048
403
0161
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
400
60
10
801
765
291
0050
5083
143
18
15
423
1198
460
0184
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Raw Water 4
25
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
688
275
0059
4689
132
19
19
240
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
8481E-05
Alum
1300
195
10
347
686
452265
0050
4842
136
20
15
400
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
22
407
725
284
0049
4271
120
21
15
400
867
1137
0133
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
20
30
507
720
258
0054
4208
118
22
15
400
1017
1194
0156
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
25
37
607
718
259
0050
4545
128
23
16
360
1167
1252
0179
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
30
45
707
715
189
0055
4316
122
24
14
440
1316
1309
0202
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
79
754
215
300
SETTLED WATER
16
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
003
840
Caustic added after filtration
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
790
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
mixing
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
08
000
SPEEDS
90
800
coagulation
Non Poly
0027
0
AND TIMES
9
60
coagulation
90
400
coagulation
TOTAL
0000
3552
250
00
Settling
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
Sample
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1500
226
10
400
499
000
1
20
355
15675
3615
0241
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1600
241
10
427
656
540
000
2
19
387
16720
3856
0257
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1700
256
10
454
580
000
3
20
355
17765
4097
0273
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
695
208
0052
4263
120
4
19
387
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1100
164
470
694
200
0056
6125
172
5
20
355
10920
2519
0168
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1200
179
513
689
143
000
6
21
323
11913
2747
0183
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
31
0000
Alum
1300
195
10
347
678
318
0060
4484
126
7
24
226
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1400
211
10
374
679
439
0061
4953
139
8
21
323
14630
3374
0225
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
500
63
292
702
198
0095
6120
172
9
23
258
9576
1613
0107
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
600
76
350
701
145
0075
4523
127
10
21
323
11491
1935
0129
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
700
89
409
700
190
0062
4212
119
11
19
387
13406
2258
0150
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
467
698
177
0065
4118
116
12
18
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
000
Raw Water 3
00
000
26
Alum
1200
180
10
320
671
521
0053
5276
149
13
18
308
1254
2892
0193
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
200
30
10
400
777
538
0046
5275
149
14
20
355
599
1381
0092
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
250
37
10
500
774
449
0053
4994
141
15
19
387
749
1727
0115
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
300
45
10
600
770
413
0054
5186
146
16
19
387
898
2072
0138
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
350
52
10
701
767
400
0047
5304
149
17
18
419
1048
2417
0161
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
400
60
10
801
765
291
0050
5083
143
18
15
516
1198
2763
0184
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Raw Water 4
00
25
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
688
275
0059
4689
132
19
19
240
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Alum
1300
195
10
347
686
452265
0050
4842
136
20
15
400
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
22
420
725
284
0049
4271
120
21
15
400
867
2000
0133
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
20
30
524
720
258
0054
4208
118
22
15
400
1017
2345
0156
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
25
37
628
718
259
0050
4545
128
23
16
360
1167
2691
0179
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
30
45
732
715
189
0055
4316
122
24
14
440
1316
3036
0202
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
repulsion between particles allowing them to come together
bull Step 2 Metal hydrolysis forms floc particles
bull Step 3 Adsorption of neutralized particles onto floc particles
bull Step 4 Particles grow larger due to flocculation
bull Step 5 Particles settle Small particles are adsorbed onto settling particles (ldquofloc sweeprdquo)
Coagulant Mechanismsbull Charge neutralization occurs on an atomic ldquoscalerdquo Thus in the early
stages of treatment the number of charges delivered by the coagulant is more important than the weight of the metal
bull The number of metal atoms delivered by the coagulant also affects the number of floc particles created
bull Thus the concentration of atomic units of M+3 delivered affects coagulant performance more than the weight of M+3 (Useful to remember when comparing the performance of alum and ferric salts)
bull Itrsquos also possible that some coagulants are more effective on an ldquoequal molarrdquo basis than others (that is ldquosimple coagulantsrdquo vs ldquopolymeric inorganic coagulantsrdquo)
Charge Neutralization
Under-Treatment Treatment Over-Treatment
_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +
_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +
_ _ _
+ + + +
_ _ _
+ + + +_ _ _
+ + + +
Performance vs Alum Dosage
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
4
45
5
0 10 20 30 40 50
T
OC
Rem
oval
Settl
ed T
urbi
dity
NTU
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removalvs Alum Dosage
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Chart1
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity NTU
TOC Removal
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removal vs Alum Dosage
5
0
35
0119047619
275
01738095238
2
02214285714
12
02619047619
08
03011904762
12
03388095238
16
03752380952
22
04116666667
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Hypothetical Performance vs Dosage Plot
Raw Turbidity
5
NTU
Raw TOC
42
mgL
Raw pH
8
Raw alkalinity
59
mgL
Theoretical Minimum Alum Dosage
286
mgL
Required TOC Removal
45
Settled
Delta
Settled
Dosage
Turbidity
TOC
TOC
TOC
Coagulant
mgL
NTU
mgL
mgL
Removal
Alum
0
5
0000
42
0
Alum
10
35
0500
370
119
Alum
15
275
0230
347
174
Alum
20
2
0200
327
221
Alum
25
12
0170
310
262
Alum
30
08
0165
294
301
Alum
35
12
0158
278
339
Alum
40
16
0153
262
375
Alum
50
22
0153
247
412
0
0
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
50
50
C1V1 = C2V2
Jar Volume
mls
2000
2000
Desired Conc
ppm
002
070
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
700
20000
50
Dosage
mls
00571
00700
002
Dosage
ul
571
700
1
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
Neat
1000000
10
100000
1
10000
010
1000
001
100
0001
10
Anionic Polymer
1300
gms
Dilution water
480
gals
00007152868
007
Cation
Valence
Coagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation
Unit Cost
Na+1
+1
Poor
Extremely Poor
Moderate
Ca+2
+2
Fair
Poor
Moderate
Al+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Fe+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Zr+4
+4
Excellent
Very Good
Very High
Date
111604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
30
722
860
170
SETTLED WATER
13
730
FILTERED WATER
003
826
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
670
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Non-Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
202
Cat
Non-Ionic
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
Polymer
HI-1090
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
379
679
352
0093
3546
176
1
00
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
800
119
07
486
698
084
0056
2346
116
2
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
423
007
135
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
369
700
074
0007
2847
141
3
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
800
115
07
486
695
066
0062
2770
137
4
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
600
86
07
369
692
088
0069
2611
129
5
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
800
114
07
486
686
087
0074
2457
122
6
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
321
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
002
379
672
175
0060
2600
129
7
00
1411
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
07
002
150
224
388
702
064
0054
2393
118
8
00
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
07
002
125
187
358
700
080
2413
119
9
00
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
125
187
371
696
065
2485
123
10
00
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
100
149
327
698
063
2414
120
11
00
627
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
002
369
707
046
0058
2637
131
12
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
000
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
111604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
641
768
1150
265
SETTLED WATER
14
730
FILTERED WATER
005
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
220
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 4
308
(25)
Alum
1300
195
10
374
710
292
0054
2429
110
181
412
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC
800
120
10
414
740
072
0063
2276
103
212
312
8156
944
0125
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
AlumLC
1000
150
10
510
739
094
0050
2320
105
204
338
10195
1180
0157
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
650
82
10
406
710
072
0080
2431
111
198
357
12449
2097
0140
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
10
494
700
065
0068
2255
103
179
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 5
00
321
(25)
Alum
1000
150
10
294
720
177
0069
2284
104
196
402
1045
2410
0161
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
550
70
385
734
103
0072
2417
110
212
312
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
700
89
490
713
049
0064
2243
102
193
373
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
550
70
385
713
111
0095
2770
126
215
302
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
700
89
490
709
064
0066
2236
102
196
364
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
00
000
Raw Water 6
00
328
(25)
000
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
150
224
421
745
150
0062
2210
100
205
375
4180
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
387
743
163
0061
2205
100
210
360
4702
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
400
736
164
0073
2226
101
212
354
5225
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
100
149
352
732
138
0070
2136
097
206
372
5225
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
600
90
10
100
149
379
729
142
0074
2325
106
204
378
6270
1561
0143
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
300
SETTLED WATER
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
3552
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1250
188
10
360
292
1000
13062
3013
0201
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1350
203
10
387
268
1000
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
750
95
10
465
073
000
1000
14364
2419
0161
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
850
108
10
523
090
000
1000
16279
2742
0183
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
950
120
10
581
102
000
1000
18194
3064
0204
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
350
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
224
396
204
1000
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
15
224
410
217
1000
627
1257
0142
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
15
224
423
225
1000
679
1378
0150
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
15
224
436
236
1000
731
1498
0158
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
280
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
125
187
352
178
1000
549
1108
0122
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
366
120
1000
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
379
168
1000
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
125
187
392
180
1000
705
1469
0146
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
79
754
215
300
SETTLED WATER
16
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
003
840
Caustic added after filtration
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
790
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
mixing
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
08
000
SPEEDS
90
800
coagulation
Non Poly
0027
0
AND TIMES
9
60
coagulation
90
400
coagulation
TOTAL
0000
3552
250
00
Settling
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
Sample
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1500
226
10
400
499
000
1
20
355
15675
3615
0241
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1600
241
10
427
656
540
000
2
19
387
16720
3856
0257
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1700
256
10
454
580
000
3
20
355
17765
4097
0273
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
695
208
0052
4263
120
4
19
387
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1100
164
470
694
200
0056
6125
172
5
20
355
10920
2519
0168
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1200
179
513
689
143
000
6
21
323
11913
2747
0183
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
000
000
Raw Water 3
000
26
Alum
1200
180
10
320
671
521
0053
5276
149
13
18
308
1254
2892
0193
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
200
30
10
400
777
538
0046
5275
149
14
20
231
599
230
0092
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
250
37
10
500
774
449
0053
4994
141
15
19
269
749
288
0115
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
300
45
10
600
770
413
0054
5186
146
16
19
269
898
345
0138
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
350
52
10
701
767
400
0047
5304
149
17
18
308
1048
403
0161
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
400
60
10
801
765
291
0050
5083
143
18
15
423
1198
460
0184
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Raw Water 4
25
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
688
275
0059
4689
132
19
19
240
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
8481E-05
Alum
1300
195
10
347
686
452265
0050
4842
136
20
15
400
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
22
407
725
284
0049
4271
120
21
15
400
867
1137
0133
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
20
30
507
720
258
0054
4208
118
22
15
400
1017
1194
0156
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
25
37
607
718
259
0050
4545
128
23
16
360
1167
1252
0179
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
30
45
707
715
189
0055
4316
122
24
14
440
1316
1309
0202
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
79
754
215
300
SETTLED WATER
16
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
003
840
Caustic added after filtration
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
790
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
mixing
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
08
000
SPEEDS
90
800
coagulation
Non Poly
0027
0
AND TIMES
9
60
coagulation
90
400
coagulation
TOTAL
0000
3552
250
00
Settling
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
Sample
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1500
226
10
400
499
000
1
20
355
15675
3615
0241
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1600
241
10
427
656
540
000
2
19
387
16720
3856
0257
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1700
256
10
454
580
000
3
20
355
17765
4097
0273
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
695
208
0052
4263
120
4
19
387
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1100
164
470
694
200
0056
6125
172
5
20
355
10920
2519
0168
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1200
179
513
689
143
000
6
21
323
11913
2747
0183
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
31
0000
Alum
1300
195
10
347
678
318
0060
4484
126
7
24
226
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1400
211
10
374
679
439
0061
4953
139
8
21
323
14630
3374
0225
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
500
63
292
702
198
0095
6120
172
9
23
258
9576
1613
0107
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
600
76
350
701
145
0075
4523
127
10
21
323
11491
1935
0129
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
700
89
409
700
190
0062
4212
119
11
19
387
13406
2258
0150
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
467
698
177
0065
4118
116
12
18
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
000
Raw Water 3
00
000
26
Alum
1200
180
10
320
671
521
0053
5276
149
13
18
308
1254
2892
0193
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
200
30
10
400
777
538
0046
5275
149
14
20
355
599
1381
0092
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
250
37
10
500
774
449
0053
4994
141
15
19
387
749
1727
0115
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
300
45
10
600
770
413
0054
5186
146
16
19
387
898
2072
0138
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
350
52
10
701
767
400
0047
5304
149
17
18
419
1048
2417
0161
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
400
60
10
801
765
291
0050
5083
143
18
15
516
1198
2763
0184
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
06907
29947
4605E-03
Raw Water 4
00
25
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
688
275
0059
4689
132
19
19
240
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Alum
1300
195
10
347
686
452265
0050
4842
136
20
15
400
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
22
420
725
284
0049
4271
120
21
15
400
867
2000
0133
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
20
30
524
720
258
0054
4208
118
22
15
400
1017
2345
0156
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
25
37
628
718
259
0050
4545
128
23
16
360
1167
2691
0179
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
30
45
732
715
189
0055
4316
122
24
14
440
1316
3036
0202
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
repulsion between particles allowing them to come together
bull Step 2 Metal hydrolysis forms floc particles
bull Step 3 Adsorption of neutralized particles onto floc particles
bull Step 4 Particles grow larger due to flocculation
bull Step 5 Particles settle Small particles are adsorbed onto settling particles (ldquofloc sweeprdquo)
Coagulant Mechanismsbull Charge neutralization occurs on an atomic ldquoscalerdquo Thus in the early
stages of treatment the number of charges delivered by the coagulant is more important than the weight of the metal
bull The number of metal atoms delivered by the coagulant also affects the number of floc particles created
bull Thus the concentration of atomic units of M+3 delivered affects coagulant performance more than the weight of M+3 (Useful to remember when comparing the performance of alum and ferric salts)
bull Itrsquos also possible that some coagulants are more effective on an ldquoequal molarrdquo basis than others (that is ldquosimple coagulantsrdquo vs ldquopolymeric inorganic coagulantsrdquo)
Charge Neutralization
Under-Treatment Treatment Over-Treatment
_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +
_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +
_ _ _
+ + + +
_ _ _
+ + + +_ _ _
+ + + +
Performance vs Alum Dosage
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
4
45
5
0 10 20 30 40 50
T
OC
Rem
oval
Settl
ed T
urbi
dity
NTU
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removalvs Alum Dosage
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Chart1
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity NTU
TOC Removal
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removal vs Alum Dosage
5
0
35
0119047619
275
01738095238
2
02214285714
12
02619047619
08
03011904762
12
03388095238
16
03752380952
22
04116666667
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Hypothetical Performance vs Dosage Plot
Raw Turbidity
5
NTU
Raw TOC
42
mgL
Raw pH
8
Raw alkalinity
59
mgL
Theoretical Minimum Alum Dosage
286
mgL
Required TOC Removal
45
Settled
Delta
Settled
Dosage
Turbidity
TOC
TOC
TOC
Coagulant
mgL
NTU
mgL
mgL
Removal
Alum
0
5
0000
42
0
Alum
10
35
0500
370
119
Alum
15
275
0230
347
174
Alum
20
2
0200
327
221
Alum
25
12
0170
310
262
Alum
30
08
0165
294
301
Alum
35
12
0158
278
339
Alum
40
16
0153
262
375
Alum
50
22
0153
247
412
0
0
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
50
50
C1V1 = C2V2
Jar Volume
mls
2000
2000
Desired Conc
ppm
002
070
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
700
20000
50
Dosage
mls
00571
00700
002
Dosage
ul
571
700
1
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
Neat
1000000
10
100000
1
10000
010
1000
001
100
0001
10
Anionic Polymer
1300
gms
Dilution water
480
gals
00007152868
007
Cation
Valence
Coagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation
Unit Cost
Na+1
+1
Poor
Extremely Poor
Moderate
Ca+2
+2
Fair
Poor
Moderate
Al+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Fe+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Zr+4
+4
Excellent
Very Good
Very High
Date
111604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
30
722
860
170
SETTLED WATER
13
730
FILTERED WATER
003
826
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
670
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Non-Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
202
Cat
Non-Ionic
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
Polymer
HI-1090
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
379
679
352
0093
3546
176
1
00
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
800
119
07
486
698
084
0056
2346
116
2
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
423
007
135
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
369
700
074
0007
2847
141
3
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
800
115
07
486
695
066
0062
2770
137
4
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
600
86
07
369
692
088
0069
2611
129
5
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
800
114
07
486
686
087
0074
2457
122
6
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
321
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
002
379
672
175
0060
2600
129
7
00
1411
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
07
002
150
224
388
702
064
0054
2393
118
8
00
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
07
002
125
187
358
700
080
2413
119
9
00
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
125
187
371
696
065
2485
123
10
00
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
100
149
327
698
063
2414
120
11
00
627
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
002
369
707
046
0058
2637
131
12
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
000
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
111604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
641
768
1150
265
SETTLED WATER
14
730
FILTERED WATER
005
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
220
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 4
308
(25)
Alum
1300
195
10
374
710
292
0054
2429
110
181
412
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC
800
120
10
414
740
072
0063
2276
103
212
312
8156
944
0125
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
AlumLC
1000
150
10
510
739
094
0050
2320
105
204
338
10195
1180
0157
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
650
82
10
406
710
072
0080
2431
111
198
357
12449
2097
0140
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
10
494
700
065
0068
2255
103
179
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 5
00
321
(25)
Alum
1000
150
10
294
720
177
0069
2284
104
196
402
1045
2410
0161
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
550
70
385
734
103
0072
2417
110
212
312
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
700
89
490
713
049
0064
2243
102
193
373
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
550
70
385
713
111
0095
2770
126
215
302
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
700
89
490
709
064
0066
2236
102
196
364
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
00
000
Raw Water 6
00
328
(25)
000
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
150
224
421
745
150
0062
2210
100
205
375
4180
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
387
743
163
0061
2205
100
210
360
4702
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
400
736
164
0073
2226
101
212
354
5225
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
100
149
352
732
138
0070
2136
097
206
372
5225
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
600
90
10
100
149
379
729
142
0074
2325
106
204
378
6270
1561
0143
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
300
SETTLED WATER
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
3552
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1250
188
10
360
292
1000
13062
3013
0201
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1350
203
10
387
268
1000
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
750
95
10
465
073
000
1000
14364
2419
0161
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
850
108
10
523
090
000
1000
16279
2742
0183
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
950
120
10
581
102
000
1000
18194
3064
0204
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
350
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
224
396
204
1000
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
15
224
410
217
1000
627
1257
0142
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
15
224
423
225
1000
679
1378
0150
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
15
224
436
236
1000
731
1498
0158
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
280
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
125
187
352
178
1000
549
1108
0122
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
366
120
1000
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
379
168
1000
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
125
187
392
180
1000
705
1469
0146
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
79
754
215
300
SETTLED WATER
16
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
003
840
Caustic added after filtration
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
790
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
mixing
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
08
000
SPEEDS
90
800
coagulation
Non Poly
0027
0
AND TIMES
9
60
coagulation
90
400
coagulation
TOTAL
0000
3552
250
00
Settling
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
Sample
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1500
226
10
400
499
000
1
20
355
15675
3615
0241
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1600
241
10
427
656
540
000
2
19
387
16720
3856
0257
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1700
256
10
454
580
000
3
20
355
17765
4097
0273
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
695
208
0052
4263
120
4
19
387
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1100
164
470
694
200
0056
6125
172
5
20
355
10920
2519
0168
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
Clar+Ion A405P
1200
179
513
689
143
000
6
21
323
11913
2747
0183
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
000
000
Raw Water 3
000
26
Alum
1200
180
10
320
671
521
0053
5276
149
13
18
308
1254
2892
0193
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
200
30
10
400
777
538
0046
5275
149
14
20
231
599
230
0092
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
250
37
10
500
774
449
0053
4994
141
15
19
269
749
288
0115
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
300
45
10
600
770
413
0054
5186
146
16
19
269
898
345
0138
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
350
52
10
701
767
400
0047
5304
149
17
18
308
1048
403
0161
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Hyper+Ion 1090
400
60
10
801
765
291
0050
5083
143
18
15
423
1198
460
0184
Hyper+Ion 1090
1243
024
134
01150
29947
4605E-03
Raw Water 4
25
Clar+Ion A405P
1000
149
427
688
275
0059
4689
132
19
19
240
9927
2290
0153
Clar+Ion A405P
412
0051
134
02290
09927
1526E-03
8481E-05
Alum
1300
195
10
347
686
452265
0050
4842
136
20
15
400
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
22
407
725
284
0049
4271
120
21
15
400
867
1137
0133
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
20
30
507
720
258
0054
4208
118
22
15
400
1017
1194
0156
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
25
37
607
718
259
0050
4545
128
23
16
360
1167
1252
0179
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
30
45
707
715
189
0055
4316
122
24
14
440
1316
1309
0202
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
125373
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
71001
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
repulsion between particles allowing them to come together
bull Step 2 Metal hydrolysis forms floc particles
bull Step 3 Adsorption of neutralized particles onto floc particles
bull Step 4 Particles grow larger due to flocculation
bull Step 5 Particles settle Small particles are adsorbed onto settling particles (ldquofloc sweeprdquo)
Coagulant Mechanismsbull Charge neutralization occurs on an atomic ldquoscalerdquo Thus in the early
stages of treatment the number of charges delivered by the coagulant is more important than the weight of the metal
bull The number of metal atoms delivered by the coagulant also affects the number of floc particles created
bull Thus the concentration of atomic units of M+3 delivered affects coagulant performance more than the weight of M+3 (Useful to remember when comparing the performance of alum and ferric salts)
bull Itrsquos also possible that some coagulants are more effective on an ldquoequal molarrdquo basis than others (that is ldquosimple coagulantsrdquo vs ldquopolymeric inorganic coagulantsrdquo)
Charge Neutralization
Under-Treatment Treatment Over-Treatment
_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +
_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +
_ _ _
+ + + +
_ _ _
+ + + +_ _ _
+ + + +
Performance vs Alum Dosage
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
4
45
5
0 10 20 30 40 50
T
OC
Rem
oval
Settl
ed T
urbi
dity
NTU
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removalvs Alum Dosage
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Chart1
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity NTU
TOC Removal
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removal vs Alum Dosage
5
0
35
0119047619
275
01738095238
2
02214285714
12
02619047619
08
03011904762
12
03388095238
16
03752380952
22
04116666667
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Hypothetical Performance vs Dosage Plot
Raw Turbidity
5
NTU
Raw TOC
42
mgL
Raw pH
8
Raw alkalinity
59
mgL
Theoretical Minimum Alum Dosage
286
mgL
Required TOC Removal
45
Settled
Delta
Settled
Dosage
Turbidity
TOC
TOC
TOC
Coagulant
mgL
NTU
mgL
mgL
Removal
Alum
0
5
0000
42
0
Alum
10
35
0500
370
119
Alum
15
275
0230
347
174
Alum
20
2
0200
327
221
Alum
25
12
0170
310
262
Alum
30
08
0165
294
301
Alum
35
12
0158
278
339
Alum
40
16
0153
262
375
Alum
50
22
0153
247
412
0
0
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
50
50
C1V1 = C2V2
Jar Volume
mls
2000
2000
Desired Conc
ppm
002
070
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
700
20000
50
Dosage
mls
00571
00700
002
Dosage
ul
571
700
1
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
Neat
1000000
10
100000
1
10000
010
1000
001
100
0001
10
Anionic Polymer
1300
gms
Dilution water
480
gals
00007152868
007
Cation
Valence
Coagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation
Unit Cost
Na+1
+1
Poor
Extremely Poor
Moderate
Ca+2
+2
Fair
Poor
Moderate
Al+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Fe+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Zr+4
+4
Excellent
Very Good
Very High
Date
111604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
30
722
860
170
SETTLED WATER
13
730
FILTERED WATER
003
826
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
670
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Non-Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
202
Cat
Non-Ionic
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
Polymer
HI-1090
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
379
679
352
0093
3546
176
1
00
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
800
119
07
486
698
084
0056
2346
116
2
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
423
007
135
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
369
700
074
0007
2847
141
3
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
800
115
07
486
695
066
0062
2770
137
4
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
600
86
07
369
692
088
0069
2611
129
5
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
800
114
07
486
686
087
0074
2457
122
6
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
321
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
002
379
672
175
0060
2600
129
7
00
1411
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
07
002
150
224
388
702
064
0054
2393
118
8
00
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
07
002
125
187
358
700
080
2413
119
9
00
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
125
187
371
696
065
2485
123
10
00
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
100
149
327
698
063
2414
120
11
00
627
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
002
369
707
046
0058
2637
131
12
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
000
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
111604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
641
768
1150
265
SETTLED WATER
14
730
FILTERED WATER
005
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
220
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 4
308
(25)
Alum
1300
195
10
374
710
292
0054
2429
110
181
412
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC
800
120
10
414
740
072
0063
2276
103
212
312
8156
944
0125
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
AlumLC
1000
150
10
510
739
094
0050
2320
105
204
338
10195
1180
0157
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
650
82
10
406
710
072
0080
2431
111
198
357
12449
2097
0140
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
10
494
700
065
0068
2255
103
179
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 5
00
321
(25)
Alum
1000
150
10
294
720
177
0069
2284
104
196
402
1045
2410
0161
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
550
70
385
734
103
0072
2417
110
212
312
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
700
89
490
713
049
0064
2243
102
193
373
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
550
70
385
713
111
0095
2770
126
215
302
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
700
89
490
709
064
0066
2236
102
196
364
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
00
000
Raw Water 6
00
328
(25)
000
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
150
224
421
745
150
0062
2210
100
205
375
4180
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
387
743
163
0061
2205
100
210
360
4702
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
400
736
164
0073
2226
101
212
354
5225
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
100
149
352
732
138
0070
2136
097
206
372
5225
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
600
90
10
100
149
379
729
142
0074
2325
106
204
378
6270
1561
0143
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
300
SETTLED WATER
FILTERED WATER
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
3552
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
Al
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
31
Alum
1250
188
10
360
292
1000
13062
3013
0201
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Alum
1350
203
10
387
268
1000
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
750
95
10
465
073
000
1000
14364
2419
0161
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
850
108
10
523
090
000
1000
16279
2742
0183
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
950
120
10
581
102
000
1000
18194
3064
0204
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
350
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
15
224
396
204
1000
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
15
224
410
217
1000
627
1257
0142
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
15
224
423
225
1000
679
1378
0150
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
15
224
436
236
1000
731
1498
0158
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
00
Raw Water 3
00
31
Alum
1300
195
10
374
280
1000
1358
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
125
187
352
178
1000
549
1108
0122
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
366
120
1000
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
379
168
1000
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
550
83
10
125
187
392
180
1000
705
1469
0146
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52504
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
repulsion between particles allowing them to come together
bull Step 2 Metal hydrolysis forms floc particles
bull Step 3 Adsorption of neutralized particles onto floc particles
bull Step 4 Particles grow larger due to flocculation
bull Step 5 Particles settle Small particles are adsorbed onto settling particles (ldquofloc sweeprdquo)
Coagulant Mechanismsbull Charge neutralization occurs on an atomic ldquoscalerdquo Thus in the early
stages of treatment the number of charges delivered by the coagulant is more important than the weight of the metal
bull The number of metal atoms delivered by the coagulant also affects the number of floc particles created
bull Thus the concentration of atomic units of M+3 delivered affects coagulant performance more than the weight of M+3 (Useful to remember when comparing the performance of alum and ferric salts)
bull Itrsquos also possible that some coagulants are more effective on an ldquoequal molarrdquo basis than others (that is ldquosimple coagulantsrdquo vs ldquopolymeric inorganic coagulantsrdquo)
Charge Neutralization
Under-Treatment Treatment Over-Treatment
_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +
_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +
_ _ _
+ + + +
_ _ _
+ + + +_ _ _
+ + + +
Performance vs Alum Dosage
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
4
45
5
0 10 20 30 40 50
T
OC
Rem
oval
Settl
ed T
urbi
dity
NTU
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removalvs Alum Dosage
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Chart1
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity NTU
TOC Removal
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removal vs Alum Dosage
5
0
35
0119047619
275
01738095238
2
02214285714
12
02619047619
08
03011904762
12
03388095238
16
03752380952
22
04116666667
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Hypothetical Performance vs Dosage Plot
Raw Turbidity
5
NTU
Raw TOC
42
mgL
Raw pH
8
Raw alkalinity
59
mgL
Theoretical Minimum Alum Dosage
286
mgL
Required TOC Removal
45
Settled
Delta
Settled
Dosage
Turbidity
TOC
TOC
TOC
Coagulant
mgL
NTU
mgL
mgL
Removal
Alum
0
5
0000
42
0
Alum
10
35
0500
370
119
Alum
15
275
0230
347
174
Alum
20
2
0200
327
221
Alum
25
12
0170
310
262
Alum
30
08
0165
294
301
Alum
35
12
0158
278
339
Alum
40
16
0153
262
375
Alum
50
22
0153
247
412
0
0
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
50
50
C1V1 = C2V2
Jar Volume
mls
2000
2000
Desired Conc
ppm
002
070
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
700
20000
50
Dosage
mls
00571
00700
002
Dosage
ul
571
700
1
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
Neat
1000000
10
100000
1
10000
010
1000
001
100
0001
10
Anionic Polymer
1300
gms
Dilution water
480
gals
00007152868
007
Cation
Valence
Coagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation
Unit Cost
Na+1
+1
Poor
Extremely Poor
Moderate
Ca+2
+2
Fair
Poor
Moderate
Al+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Fe+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Zr+4
+4
Excellent
Very Good
Very High
Date
111604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
30
722
860
170
SETTLED WATER
13
730
FILTERED WATER
003
826
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
670
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Non-Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
202
Cat
Non-Ionic
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
Polymer
HI-1090
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
379
679
352
0093
3546
176
1
00
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
800
119
07
486
698
084
0056
2346
116
2
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
423
007
135
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
369
700
074
0007
2847
141
3
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
800
115
07
486
695
066
0062
2770
137
4
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
600
86
07
369
692
088
0069
2611
129
5
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
800
114
07
486
686
087
0074
2457
122
6
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
321
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
002
379
672
175
0060
2600
129
7
00
1411
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
07
002
150
224
388
702
064
0054
2393
118
8
00
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
07
002
125
187
358
700
080
2413
119
9
00
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
125
187
371
696
065
2485
123
10
00
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
100
149
327
698
063
2414
120
11
00
627
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
002
369
707
046
0058
2637
131
12
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
000
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
111604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
641
768
1150
265
SETTLED WATER
14
730
FILTERED WATER
005
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
660
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
220
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
ACH
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 4
308
(25)
Alum
1300
195
10
374
710
292
0054
2429
110
181
412
13585
3133
0209
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC
800
120
10
414
740
072
0063
2276
103
212
312
8156
944
0125
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
AlumLC
1000
150
10
510
739
094
0050
2320
105
204
338
10195
1180
0157
AlumLC
423
0058
133
0118
10195
1568E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
650
82
10
406
710
072
0080
2431
111
198
357
12449
2097
0140
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
Ferric Sulfate (60)
800
101
10
494
700
065
0068
2255
103
179
419
15322
2580
0172
Ferric Sulfate (60)
1200
007
158
0323
192
2148E-03
00
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 5
00
321
(25)
Alum
1000
150
10
294
720
177
0069
2284
104
196
402
1045
2410
0161
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
550
70
385
734
103
0072
2417
110
212
312
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A4025P
700
89
490
713
049
0064
2243
102
193
373
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A4025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
550
70
385
713
111
0095
2770
126
215
302
10270
1730
0115
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
Fer+Ion A5025P
700
89
490
709
064
0066
2236
102
196
364
13071
2201
0147
Fer+Ion A5025P
1170
0084
157
0314
187
2094E-03
00
000
Raw Water 6
00
328
(25)
000
AlumHI-1090
400
60
10
150
224
421
745
150
0062
2210
100
205
375
4180
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
10
125
187
387
743
163
0061
2205
100
210
360
4702
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
125
187
400
736
164
0073
2226
101
212
354
5225
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
10
100
149
352
732
138
0070
2136
097
206
372
5225
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
600
90
10
100
149
379
729
142
0074
2325
106
204
378
6270
1561
0143
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
52604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
repulsion between particles allowing them to come together
bull Step 2 Metal hydrolysis forms floc particles
bull Step 3 Adsorption of neutralized particles onto floc particles
bull Step 4 Particles grow larger due to flocculation
bull Step 5 Particles settle Small particles are adsorbed onto settling particles (ldquofloc sweeprdquo)
Coagulant Mechanismsbull Charge neutralization occurs on an atomic ldquoscalerdquo Thus in the early
stages of treatment the number of charges delivered by the coagulant is more important than the weight of the metal
bull The number of metal atoms delivered by the coagulant also affects the number of floc particles created
bull Thus the concentration of atomic units of M+3 delivered affects coagulant performance more than the weight of M+3 (Useful to remember when comparing the performance of alum and ferric salts)
bull Itrsquos also possible that some coagulants are more effective on an ldquoequal molarrdquo basis than others (that is ldquosimple coagulantsrdquo vs ldquopolymeric inorganic coagulantsrdquo)
Charge Neutralization
Under-Treatment Treatment Over-Treatment
_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +
_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +
_ _ _
+ + + +
_ _ _
+ + + +_ _ _
+ + + +
Performance vs Alum Dosage
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
4
45
5
0 10 20 30 40 50
T
OC
Rem
oval
Settl
ed T
urbi
dity
NTU
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removalvs Alum Dosage
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Chart1
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity NTU
TOC Removal
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removal vs Alum Dosage
5
0
35
0119047619
275
01738095238
2
02214285714
12
02619047619
08
03011904762
12
03388095238
16
03752380952
22
04116666667
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Hypothetical Performance vs Dosage Plot
Raw Turbidity
5
NTU
Raw TOC
42
mgL
Raw pH
8
Raw alkalinity
59
mgL
Theoretical Minimum Alum Dosage
286
mgL
Required TOC Removal
45
Settled
Delta
Settled
Dosage
Turbidity
TOC
TOC
TOC
Coagulant
mgL
NTU
mgL
mgL
Removal
Alum
0
5
0000
42
0
Alum
10
35
0500
370
119
Alum
15
275
0230
347
174
Alum
20
2
0200
327
221
Alum
25
12
0170
310
262
Alum
30
08
0165
294
301
Alum
35
12
0158
278
339
Alum
40
16
0153
262
375
Alum
50
22
0153
247
412
0
0
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
50
50
C1V1 = C2V2
Jar Volume
mls
2000
2000
Desired Conc
ppm
002
070
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
700
20000
50
Dosage
mls
00571
00700
002
Dosage
ul
571
700
1
Stock Soln Conc
ppm
Neat
1000000
10
100000
1
10000
010
1000
001
100
0001
10
Anionic Polymer
1300
gms
Dilution water
480
gals
00007152868
007
Cation
Valence
Coagulation Efficiency
Floc Formation
Unit Cost
Na+1
+1
Poor
Extremely Poor
Moderate
Ca+2
+2
Fair
Poor
Moderate
Al+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Fe+3
+3
Very Good
Very Good
Low
Zr+4
+4
Excellent
Very Good
Very High
Date
111604
Route
TEST LOCATION
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
General Chemical Corporation
City of FairfieldCity of Vacaville
Syracuse Technical Center
344 West Genesee Street
(800)255-7589
Syracuse NY
13202
(315)478-2323
PERSONNEL
Tom Coughlin amp Mark Davis
PRESENT WATER QUALITY
TURB
pH
COLOR
TEMP
HARD
ALK
Fe
Mn
TOC
FLOW
NTU
F
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
mgL
MGD
RAW WATER
30
722
860
170
SETTLED WATER
13
730
FILTERED WATER
003
826
FINISHED WATER
FINISHED WATER
PRODUCT
DOSE
$
$MG
VENDOR
REMARKS
JAR TEST
MIN
RPM
REMARKS
Alum
670
000
dry-basis
MIXING
05
3000
rapid mix
Sets sampled at 15 in below the surface
Cat Poly
000
SPEEDS
90
60
flocculation
Non Poly
0
AND TIMES
9
400
flocculation
TOTAL
9
20
flocculation
Tested on Non-Ozonated North Bay Aquaduct Raw Water
250
00
settling
Jar Test Volume
20
L
0000
202
Cat
Non-Ionic
PRODUCT
DOSE
ACTUAL
Polymer
Polymer
HI-1090
ACTUAL
Cost
SETT
TURB
TURB
FILT
FILT
TOC
TOC
Sludge
Alk
M+3
Metal
TESTED
ppm
microliter
ppm
ppm
ppm
microliter
$MG
pH
SETT
FILT
Time
INDEX
mgl
Removal
(MMG)
Reduction
(mMl)
Metal
$lb
SP Grav
Alk Red
MG Sludge
mMl
Raw Water 1
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
379
679
352
0093
3546
176
1
00
14107
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
0241
10450
1607E-03
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
800
119
07
486
698
084
0056
2346
116
2
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 785 amp 485 (stab)
423
007
135
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
369
700
074
0007
2847
141
3
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
800
115
07
486
695
066
0062
2770
137
4
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
600
86
07
369
692
088
0069
2611
129
5
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
800
114
07
486
686
087
0074
2457
122
6
00
5403
1035
0061
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (unstab)
423
007
14
0129
068
7575E-04
000
0000
000
000
0000E+00
Raw Water 2
321
(25)
Alum
1350
203
07
002
379
672
175
0060
2600
129
7
00
1411
3254
0217
Alum
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
400
60
07
002
150
224
388
702
064
0054
2393
118
8
00
575
1137
0134
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
450
68
07
002
125
187
358
700
080
2413
119
9
00
601
1228
0130
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
125
187
371
696
065
2485
123
10
00
653
1349
0138
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumHI-1090
500
75
07
002
100
149
327
698
063
2414
120
11
00
627
1320
0127
AlumHI-1090
434
0032
133
02410
10450
1607E-03
0115
4644E-03
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
600
86
07
002
369
707
046
0058
2637
131
12
00
4053
776
0045
AlumLC 80 amp 45 (stab)
423
007
139
0129
068
7575E-04
000
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety
advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished as an accomodation and without any warranty
or representation as to its accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other matter The recipients use or
non-use of such advise is madesolely at the discrection and risk of the recipient
Date
111604
TEST LOCATION
00
North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant
PRODUCT
DOSE
DOSE
COLOR
FLOC
TURB
TURB
pH
FILT
Al2O3
CHEM SLDG
MIX
TESTED
mgL
SIZE
SETT
FILT
SETT
INDEX
mgL
MG
TIME
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
General Chemical is not engaged in the business of consulting or providing technical operational or safety advice for a fee Any such advice provided has been furnished
as an accommodation and without charge and is made without any warranty or representation as to its completeness accuracy fitness for a particular purpose or any other
matter The recipients use or non-use of such advice is made solely at the discretion and risk of the recipient
repulsion between particles allowing them to come together
bull Step 2 Metal hydrolysis forms floc particles
bull Step 3 Adsorption of neutralized particles onto floc particles
bull Step 4 Particles grow larger due to flocculation
bull Step 5 Particles settle Small particles are adsorbed onto settling particles (ldquofloc sweeprdquo)
Coagulant Mechanismsbull Charge neutralization occurs on an atomic ldquoscalerdquo Thus in the early
stages of treatment the number of charges delivered by the coagulant is more important than the weight of the metal
bull The number of metal atoms delivered by the coagulant also affects the number of floc particles created
bull Thus the concentration of atomic units of M+3 delivered affects coagulant performance more than the weight of M+3 (Useful to remember when comparing the performance of alum and ferric salts)
bull Itrsquos also possible that some coagulants are more effective on an ldquoequal molarrdquo basis than others (that is ldquosimple coagulantsrdquo vs ldquopolymeric inorganic coagulantsrdquo)
Charge Neutralization
Under-Treatment Treatment Over-Treatment
_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +
_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +
_ _ _
+ + + +
_ _ _
+ + + +_ _ _
+ + + +
Performance vs Alum Dosage
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
4
45
5
0 10 20 30 40 50
T
OC
Rem
oval
Settl
ed T
urbi
dity
NTU
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removalvs Alum Dosage
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Chart1
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity NTU
TOC Removal
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removal vs Alum Dosage
5
0
35
0119047619
275
01738095238
2
02214285714
12
02619047619
08
03011904762
12
03388095238
16
03752380952
22
04116666667
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
repulsion between particles allowing them to come together
bull Step 2 Metal hydrolysis forms floc particles
bull Step 3 Adsorption of neutralized particles onto floc particles
bull Step 4 Particles grow larger due to flocculation
bull Step 5 Particles settle Small particles are adsorbed onto settling particles (ldquofloc sweeprdquo)
Coagulant Mechanismsbull Charge neutralization occurs on an atomic ldquoscalerdquo Thus in the early
stages of treatment the number of charges delivered by the coagulant is more important than the weight of the metal
bull The number of metal atoms delivered by the coagulant also affects the number of floc particles created
bull Thus the concentration of atomic units of M+3 delivered affects coagulant performance more than the weight of M+3 (Useful to remember when comparing the performance of alum and ferric salts)
bull Itrsquos also possible that some coagulants are more effective on an ldquoequal molarrdquo basis than others (that is ldquosimple coagulantsrdquo vs ldquopolymeric inorganic coagulantsrdquo)
Charge Neutralization
Under-Treatment Treatment Over-Treatment
_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +
_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +
_ _ _
+ + + +
_ _ _
+ + + +_ _ _
+ + + +
Performance vs Alum Dosage
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
4
45
5
0 10 20 30 40 50
T
OC
Rem
oval
Settl
ed T
urbi
dity
NTU
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removalvs Alum Dosage
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Chart1
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity NTU
TOC Removal
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removal vs Alum Dosage
5
0
35
0119047619
275
01738095238
2
02214285714
12
02619047619
08
03011904762
12
03388095238
16
03752380952
22
04116666667
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
repulsion between particles allowing them to come together
bull Step 2 Metal hydrolysis forms floc particles
bull Step 3 Adsorption of neutralized particles onto floc particles
bull Step 4 Particles grow larger due to flocculation
bull Step 5 Particles settle Small particles are adsorbed onto settling particles (ldquofloc sweeprdquo)
Coagulant Mechanismsbull Charge neutralization occurs on an atomic ldquoscalerdquo Thus in the early
stages of treatment the number of charges delivered by the coagulant is more important than the weight of the metal
bull The number of metal atoms delivered by the coagulant also affects the number of floc particles created
bull Thus the concentration of atomic units of M+3 delivered affects coagulant performance more than the weight of M+3 (Useful to remember when comparing the performance of alum and ferric salts)
bull Itrsquos also possible that some coagulants are more effective on an ldquoequal molarrdquo basis than others (that is ldquosimple coagulantsrdquo vs ldquopolymeric inorganic coagulantsrdquo)
Charge Neutralization
Under-Treatment Treatment Over-Treatment
_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +
_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +
_ _ _
+ + + +
_ _ _
+ + + +_ _ _
+ + + +
Performance vs Alum Dosage
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
4
45
5
0 10 20 30 40 50
T
OC
Rem
oval
Settl
ed T
urbi
dity
NTU
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removalvs Alum Dosage
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Chart1
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity NTU
TOC Removal
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removal vs Alum Dosage
5
0
35
0119047619
275
01738095238
2
02214285714
12
02619047619
08
03011904762
12
03388095238
16
03752380952
22
04116666667
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Hypothetical Performance vs Dosage Plot
Raw Turbidity
5
NTU
Raw TOC
42
mgL
Raw pH
8
Raw alkalinity
59
mgL
Theoretical Minimum Alum Dosage
286
mgL
Required TOC Removal
45
Settled
Delta
Settled
Dosage
Turbidity
TOC
TOC
TOC
Coagulant
mgL
NTU
mgL
mgL
Removal
Alum
0
5
0000
42
0
Alum
10
35
0500
370
119
Alum
15
275
0230
347
174
Alum
20
2
0200
327
221
Alum
25
12
0170
310
262
Alum
30
08
0165
294
301
Alum
35
12
0158
278
339
Alum
40
16
0153
262
375
Alum
50
22
0153
247
412
0
0
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
50
50
Coagulant Mechanismsbull Charge neutralization occurs on an atomic ldquoscalerdquo Thus in the early
stages of treatment the number of charges delivered by the coagulant is more important than the weight of the metal
bull The number of metal atoms delivered by the coagulant also affects the number of floc particles created
bull Thus the concentration of atomic units of M+3 delivered affects coagulant performance more than the weight of M+3 (Useful to remember when comparing the performance of alum and ferric salts)
bull Itrsquos also possible that some coagulants are more effective on an ldquoequal molarrdquo basis than others (that is ldquosimple coagulantsrdquo vs ldquopolymeric inorganic coagulantsrdquo)
Charge Neutralization
Under-Treatment Treatment Over-Treatment
_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +
_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +
_ _ _
+ + + +
_ _ _
+ + + +_ _ _
+ + + +
Performance vs Alum Dosage
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
4
45
5
0 10 20 30 40 50
T
OC
Rem
oval
Settl
ed T
urbi
dity
NTU
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removalvs Alum Dosage
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Chart1
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity NTU
TOC Removal
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removal vs Alum Dosage
5
0
35
0119047619
275
01738095238
2
02214285714
12
02619047619
08
03011904762
12
03388095238
16
03752380952
22
04116666667
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Hypothetical Performance vs Dosage Plot
Raw Turbidity
5
NTU
Raw TOC
42
mgL
Raw pH
8
Raw alkalinity
59
mgL
Theoretical Minimum Alum Dosage
286
mgL
Required TOC Removal
45
Settled
Delta
Settled
Dosage
Turbidity
TOC
TOC
TOC
Coagulant
mgL
NTU
mgL
mgL
Removal
Alum
0
5
0000
42
0
Alum
10
35
0500
370
119
Alum
15
275
0230
347
174
Alum
20
2
0200
327
221
Alum
25
12
0170
310
262
Alum
30
08
0165
294
301
Alum
35
12
0158
278
339
Alum
40
16
0153
262
375
Alum
50
22
0153
247
412
0
0
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
50
50
Charge Neutralization
Under-Treatment Treatment Over-Treatment
_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +_ _ _
+ +
_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +_ _ _
+ + +
_ _ _
+ + + +
_ _ _
+ + + +_ _ _
+ + + +
Performance vs Alum Dosage
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
4
45
5
0 10 20 30 40 50
T
OC
Rem
oval
Settl
ed T
urbi
dity
NTU
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removalvs Alum Dosage
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Chart1
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity NTU
TOC Removal
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removal vs Alum Dosage
5
0
35
0119047619
275
01738095238
2
02214285714
12
02619047619
08
03011904762
12
03388095238
16
03752380952
22
04116666667
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Hypothetical Performance vs Dosage Plot
Raw Turbidity
5
NTU
Raw TOC
42
mgL
Raw pH
8
Raw alkalinity
59
mgL
Theoretical Minimum Alum Dosage
286
mgL
Required TOC Removal
45
Settled
Delta
Settled
Dosage
Turbidity
TOC
TOC
TOC
Coagulant
mgL
NTU
mgL
mgL
Removal
Alum
0
5
0000
42
0
Alum
10
35
0500
370
119
Alum
15
275
0230
347
174
Alum
20
2
0200
327
221
Alum
25
12
0170
310
262
Alum
30
08
0165
294
301
Alum
35
12
0158
278
339
Alum
40
16
0153
262
375
Alum
50
22
0153
247
412
0
0
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
50
50
Performance vs Alum Dosage
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0
05
1
15
2
25
3
35
4
45
5
0 10 20 30 40 50
T
OC
Rem
oval
Settl
ed T
urbi
dity
NTU
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removalvs Alum Dosage
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Chart1
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity NTU
TOC Removal
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removal vs Alum Dosage
5
0
35
0119047619
275
01738095238
2
02214285714
12
02619047619
08
03011904762
12
03388095238
16
03752380952
22
04116666667
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Hypothetical Performance vs Dosage Plot
Raw Turbidity
5
NTU
Raw TOC
42
mgL
Raw pH
8
Raw alkalinity
59
mgL
Theoretical Minimum Alum Dosage
286
mgL
Required TOC Removal
45
Settled
Delta
Settled
Dosage
Turbidity
TOC
TOC
TOC
Coagulant
mgL
NTU
mgL
mgL
Removal
Alum
0
5
0000
42
0
Alum
10
35
0500
370
119
Alum
15
275
0230
347
174
Alum
20
2
0200
327
221
Alum
25
12
0170
310
262
Alum
30
08
0165
294
301
Alum
35
12
0158
278
339
Alum
40
16
0153
262
375
Alum
50
22
0153
247
412
0
0
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
50
50
Chart1
Under-Treatment
Treatment
Over-Treatment
Settled Turbidity
TOC Removal
Alum Dosage mgL (db)
Settled Turbidity NTU
TOC Removal
Settled Turbidity and TOC Removal vs Alum Dosage
5
0
35
0119047619
275
01738095238
2
02214285714
12
02619047619
08
03011904762
12
03388095238
16
03752380952
22
04116666667
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Hypothetical Performance vs Dosage Plot
Raw Turbidity
5
NTU
Raw TOC
42
mgL
Raw pH
8
Raw alkalinity
59
mgL
Theoretical Minimum Alum Dosage
286
mgL
Required TOC Removal
45
Settled
Delta
Settled
Dosage
Turbidity
TOC
TOC
TOC
Coagulant
mgL
NTU
mgL
mgL
Removal
Alum
0
5
0000
42
0
Alum
10
35
0500
370
119
Alum
15
275
0230
347
174
Alum
20
2
0200
327
221
Alum
25
12
0170
310
262
Alum
30
08
0165
294
301
Alum
35
12
0158
278
339
Alum
40
16
0153
262
375
Alum
50
22
0153
247
412
0
0
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
50
50
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Hypothetical Performance vs Dosage Plot
Raw Turbidity
5
NTU
Raw TOC
42
mgL
Raw pH
8
Raw alkalinity
59
mgL
Theoretical Minimum Alum Dosage
286
mgL
Required TOC Removal
45
Settled
Delta
Settled
Dosage
Turbidity
TOC
TOC
TOC
Coagulant
mgL
NTU
mgL
mgL
Removal
Alum
0
5
0000
42
0
Alum
10
35
0500
370
119
Alum
15
275
0230
347
174
Alum
20
2
0200
327
221
Alum
25
12
0170
310
262
Alum
30
08
0165
294
301
Alum
35
12
0158
278
339
Alum
40
16
0153
262
375
Alum
50
22
0153
247
412
Sheet2
Sheet3
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Sheet3
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
bull ldquoSimple Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains only ldquohydratedrdquo metal ionsAluminum Sulfate (Alum)Ferric Sulfate (LFS)Ferric Chloride
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Al speciesrdquoPolyaluminum Chlorides (PACls and ACH)
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Equal Metal Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67 (27 db)
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Metal Equivalent Dosagesbull 100 mgL (ldquoliquidrdquo basis) of liquid alum 100 mgL x (00434 mg of Almg of alum) x (1 mmole of Al27 mg
of Al) = 01607 mmoleL of Al
bull 50 LFS 01607 mmoleL of Fe x (558 mg of Femmole of Fe) x (1 mg of
50 LFS01 mg of Fe) = 897 mgl of 50 LFS (ldquoliquidrdquo basis)
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Organic Coagulantsbull DADMAC
bull EPI DMA
bull Polymer-Inorganic Coagulant Blends 2 by weight to 50 by weight
bull Generally speaking polymer type is more important than polymer MWmdashthat is some waters are more ldquoresponsiverdquo to one polymer type that the other
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Settling Aidsbull High molecular weight polymersDryEmulsionEither type requires a properly designed addition system to function
properly Emulsions are typically easier to use
bull Characterized by MW and charge (anionic vs non-ionic) Performance may be controlled by MW more than charge
bull Typically used at dosages of 003 ndash 03 mgl ldquoactive basisrdquo Dosage is limited to avoid possible filter issues
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
bull ldquoPolymeric Coagulantsrdquo Bulk solution contains ldquopolymeric Fe speciesrdquoPoly-Ferric Sulfate
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulantsbull To a first approximation simple coagulants tend to exhibit comparable
performance when dosed on an ldquoequal (molar) metals basisrdquo
bull Coagulant species are ldquosimplerdquo metal-hydroxy ions eg Al(OH)2+
bull Since speciation is pH-dependent optimal performance is generally pH-dependent The optimal pHs for TOC removal are generally considered to beFor simple Al salts 64 ndash 70For simple Fe+3 salts lt 60
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Alum - Ferric Dosage ConversionsEqual Metals
Specific Molar DosageProduct Metal Gravity ppm (liquid basis)
39 Ferric Chloride 134 1418 67
ldquo60 rdquo Ferric Sulfate 120 1580 75
ldquo50 rdquo Ferric Sulfate 100 1435 90
Liquid Alum 434 1335 100(485 DB)
TOC Removal Data
00
100
200
300
400
500
01 015 02 025 03
DO
C R
emov
al (
)
Coagulant Dosage (mM of M+3)
Figure 1 DOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageCity of Tulsa--AB Jewell Treatment PlantGeneral Chemical Jar Testing--101606
Alum
60 LFS
Fig1--DOC (2)
Alum
60 LFS
Coagulant Dosage (mM of M+3)
DOC Removal ()
Figure 1 DOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageCity of Tulsa--AB Jewell Treatment PlantGeneral Chemical Jar Testing--101606
027548209366391185
02732394366197183
03223140495867769
02957746478873239
03415977961432506
03464788732394366
035812672176308535
03830985915492957
03663911845730028
04112676056338028
038842975206611563
044788732394366193
TOC Removal Data (2)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0000 0050 0100 0150 0200 0250 0300
TOC
Rem
oval
()
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageHalifax Nova Scotia
AWWARF Report
Alum pH = 66 LFS pH = 67
AWWARF Data
AB Jewell
Alum
60 LFS
Coagulant Dosage (mM of M+3)
DOC Removal ()
Figure 1 DOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageCity of Tulsa--AB Jewell Treatment PlantGeneral Chemical Jar Testing--101606
027548209366391185
02732394366197183
03223140495867769
02957746478873239
03415977961432506
03464788732394366
035812672176308535
03830985915492957
03663911845730028
04112676056338028
038842975206611563
044788732394366193
Phoenix
Alum
60 LFS
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
Figure 1A TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageCity of Phoenix--Val Vista PlantGeneral Chemical Jar Testing--021408
02677165354330707
02188976377952756
03385826771653543
02881889763779528
040629921259842516
034173228346456697
LR-ARK
28 mgl
38 mgl
48 mgl
Settled Water pH
TOC Removal
Figure 7 TOC Removal vs Settled Water pH for Alum TreatmentWilson Plant--111303
02142857142857142
01428571428571428
01428571428571428
02499999999999999
02142857142857142
02142857142857142
02499999999999999
02499999999999999
02499999999999999
Acid Alums
Alum
A5
A7
A10
Coagulant Dosage (mgl neat basis)
TOC Removal
Toc Removal vs Coagulant Dosage
009677419354838723
0032258064516129115
006451612903225812
00625
012903225806451613
012903225806451613
012903225806451613
015625
019354838709677424
019354838709677424
016129032258064513
01875
022580645161290325
022580645161290325
022580645161290325
021875
025806451612903236
025806451612903236
025806451612903236
02500000000000001
029032258064516125
029032258064516125
029032258064516125
02812500000000001
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageLawrence KSAWWARF Report
035
039
033
028
039
049
045
048
038
055
06
055
05
06
065
065
053
04
077
Grand Forks ND
Alum
LFS
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageGrand Forks NDAWWARF Report
036
04
048
05
055
065
06
07
063
New Castle PA
Alum pH = 66
LFS pH = 67
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageHalifax Nova ScotiaAWWARF Report
01
00
027
017
03
035
035
038
038
038
04
Polyaluminum Coagulants
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants are Al-based products having OH groups incorporated into their structure
bull Types of polyaluminum coagulants include the following empirical formulas
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
TOC Removal Data
00
100
200
300
400
500
01 015 02 025 03
DO
C R
emov
al (
)
Coagulant Dosage (mM of M+3)
Figure 1 DOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageCity of Tulsa--AB Jewell Treatment PlantGeneral Chemical Jar Testing--101606
Alum
60 LFS
Fig1--DOC (2)
Alum
60 LFS
Coagulant Dosage (mM of M+3)
DOC Removal ()
Figure 1 DOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageCity of Tulsa--AB Jewell Treatment PlantGeneral Chemical Jar Testing--101606
027548209366391185
02732394366197183
03223140495867769
02957746478873239
03415977961432506
03464788732394366
035812672176308535
03830985915492957
03663911845730028
04112676056338028
038842975206611563
044788732394366193
TOC Removal Data (2)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0000 0050 0100 0150 0200 0250 0300
TOC
Rem
oval
()
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageHalifax Nova Scotia
AWWARF Report
Alum pH = 66 LFS pH = 67
AWWARF Data
AB Jewell
Alum
60 LFS
Coagulant Dosage (mM of M+3)
DOC Removal ()
Figure 1 DOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageCity of Tulsa--AB Jewell Treatment PlantGeneral Chemical Jar Testing--101606
027548209366391185
02732394366197183
03223140495867769
02957746478873239
03415977961432506
03464788732394366
035812672176308535
03830985915492957
03663911845730028
04112676056338028
038842975206611563
044788732394366193
Phoenix
Alum
60 LFS
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
Figure 1A TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageCity of Phoenix--Val Vista PlantGeneral Chemical Jar Testing--021408
02677165354330707
02188976377952756
03385826771653543
02881889763779528
040629921259842516
034173228346456697
LR-ARK
28 mgl
38 mgl
48 mgl
Settled Water pH
TOC Removal
Figure 7 TOC Removal vs Settled Water pH for Alum TreatmentWilson Plant--111303
02142857142857142
01428571428571428
01428571428571428
02499999999999999
02142857142857142
02142857142857142
02499999999999999
02499999999999999
02499999999999999
Acid Alums
Alum
A5
A7
A10
Coagulant Dosage (mgl neat basis)
TOC Removal
Toc Removal vs Coagulant Dosage
009677419354838723
0032258064516129115
006451612903225812
00625
012903225806451613
012903225806451613
012903225806451613
015625
019354838709677424
019354838709677424
016129032258064513
01875
022580645161290325
022580645161290325
022580645161290325
021875
025806451612903236
025806451612903236
025806451612903236
02500000000000001
029032258064516125
029032258064516125
029032258064516125
02812500000000001
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageLawrence KSAWWARF Report
035
039
033
028
039
049
045
048
038
055
06
055
05
06
065
065
053
04
077
Grand Forks ND
Alum
LFS
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageGrand Forks NDAWWARF Report
036
04
048
05
055
065
06
07
063
New Castle PA
Alum pH = 66
LFS pH = 67
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageHalifax Nova ScotiaAWWARF Report
01
00
027
017
03
035
035
038
038
038
04
Polyaluminum Coagulants
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants are Al-based products having OH groups incorporated into their structure
bull Types of polyaluminum coagulants include the following empirical formulas
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Fig1--DOC (2)
Alum
60 LFS
Coagulant Dosage (mM of M+3)
DOC Removal ()
Figure 1 DOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageCity of Tulsa--AB Jewell Treatment PlantGeneral Chemical Jar Testing--101606
027548209366391185
02732394366197183
03223140495867769
02957746478873239
03415977961432506
03464788732394366
035812672176308535
03830985915492957
03663911845730028
04112676056338028
038842975206611563
044788732394366193
TOC Removal Data (2)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0000 0050 0100 0150 0200 0250 0300
TOC
Rem
oval
()
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageHalifax Nova Scotia
AWWARF Report
Alum pH = 66 LFS pH = 67
AWWARF Data
AB Jewell
Alum
60 LFS
Coagulant Dosage (mM of M+3)
DOC Removal ()
Figure 1 DOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageCity of Tulsa--AB Jewell Treatment PlantGeneral Chemical Jar Testing--101606
027548209366391185
02732394366197183
03223140495867769
02957746478873239
03415977961432506
03464788732394366
035812672176308535
03830985915492957
03663911845730028
04112676056338028
038842975206611563
044788732394366193
Phoenix
Alum
60 LFS
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
Figure 1A TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageCity of Phoenix--Val Vista PlantGeneral Chemical Jar Testing--021408
02677165354330707
02188976377952756
03385826771653543
02881889763779528
040629921259842516
034173228346456697
LR-ARK
28 mgl
38 mgl
48 mgl
Settled Water pH
TOC Removal
Figure 7 TOC Removal vs Settled Water pH for Alum TreatmentWilson Plant--111303
02142857142857142
01428571428571428
01428571428571428
02499999999999999
02142857142857142
02142857142857142
02499999999999999
02499999999999999
02499999999999999
Acid Alums
Alum
A5
A7
A10
Coagulant Dosage (mgl neat basis)
TOC Removal
Toc Removal vs Coagulant Dosage
009677419354838723
0032258064516129115
006451612903225812
00625
012903225806451613
012903225806451613
012903225806451613
015625
019354838709677424
019354838709677424
016129032258064513
01875
022580645161290325
022580645161290325
022580645161290325
021875
025806451612903236
025806451612903236
025806451612903236
02500000000000001
029032258064516125
029032258064516125
029032258064516125
02812500000000001
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageLawrence KSAWWARF Report
035
039
033
028
039
049
045
048
038
055
06
055
05
06
065
065
053
04
077
Grand Forks ND
Alum
LFS
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageGrand Forks NDAWWARF Report
036
04
048
05
055
065
06
07
063
New Castle PA
Alum pH = 66
LFS pH = 67
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageHalifax Nova ScotiaAWWARF Report
01
00
027
017
03
035
035
038
038
038
04
Polyaluminum Coagulants
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants are Al-based products having OH groups incorporated into their structure
bull Types of polyaluminum coagulants include the following empirical formulas
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
TOC Removal Data (2)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0000 0050 0100 0150 0200 0250 0300
TOC
Rem
oval
()
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageHalifax Nova Scotia
AWWARF Report
Alum pH = 66 LFS pH = 67
AWWARF Data
AB Jewell
Alum
60 LFS
Coagulant Dosage (mM of M+3)
DOC Removal ()
Figure 1 DOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageCity of Tulsa--AB Jewell Treatment PlantGeneral Chemical Jar Testing--101606
027548209366391185
02732394366197183
03223140495867769
02957746478873239
03415977961432506
03464788732394366
035812672176308535
03830985915492957
03663911845730028
04112676056338028
038842975206611563
044788732394366193
Phoenix
Alum
60 LFS
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
Figure 1A TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageCity of Phoenix--Val Vista PlantGeneral Chemical Jar Testing--021408
02677165354330707
02188976377952756
03385826771653543
02881889763779528
040629921259842516
034173228346456697
LR-ARK
28 mgl
38 mgl
48 mgl
Settled Water pH
TOC Removal
Figure 7 TOC Removal vs Settled Water pH for Alum TreatmentWilson Plant--111303
02142857142857142
01428571428571428
01428571428571428
02499999999999999
02142857142857142
02142857142857142
02499999999999999
02499999999999999
02499999999999999
Acid Alums
Alum
A5
A7
A10
Coagulant Dosage (mgl neat basis)
TOC Removal
Toc Removal vs Coagulant Dosage
009677419354838723
0032258064516129115
006451612903225812
00625
012903225806451613
012903225806451613
012903225806451613
015625
019354838709677424
019354838709677424
016129032258064513
01875
022580645161290325
022580645161290325
022580645161290325
021875
025806451612903236
025806451612903236
025806451612903236
02500000000000001
029032258064516125
029032258064516125
029032258064516125
02812500000000001
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageLawrence KSAWWARF Report
035
039
033
028
039
049
045
048
038
055
06
055
05
06
065
065
053
04
077
Grand Forks ND
Alum
LFS
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageGrand Forks NDAWWARF Report
036
04
048
05
055
065
06
07
063
New Castle PA
Alum pH = 66
LFS pH = 67
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageHalifax Nova ScotiaAWWARF Report
01
00
027
017
03
035
035
038
038
038
04
Polyaluminum Coagulants
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants are Al-based products having OH groups incorporated into their structure
bull Types of polyaluminum coagulants include the following empirical formulas
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
AWWARF Data
AB Jewell
Alum
60 LFS
Coagulant Dosage (mM of M+3)
DOC Removal ()
Figure 1 DOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageCity of Tulsa--AB Jewell Treatment PlantGeneral Chemical Jar Testing--101606
027548209366391185
02732394366197183
03223140495867769
02957746478873239
03415977961432506
03464788732394366
035812672176308535
03830985915492957
03663911845730028
04112676056338028
038842975206611563
044788732394366193
Phoenix
Alum
60 LFS
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
Figure 1A TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageCity of Phoenix--Val Vista PlantGeneral Chemical Jar Testing--021408
02677165354330707
02188976377952756
03385826771653543
02881889763779528
040629921259842516
034173228346456697
LR-ARK
28 mgl
38 mgl
48 mgl
Settled Water pH
TOC Removal
Figure 7 TOC Removal vs Settled Water pH for Alum TreatmentWilson Plant--111303
02142857142857142
01428571428571428
01428571428571428
02499999999999999
02142857142857142
02142857142857142
02499999999999999
02499999999999999
02499999999999999
Acid Alums
Alum
A5
A7
A10
Coagulant Dosage (mgl neat basis)
TOC Removal
Toc Removal vs Coagulant Dosage
009677419354838723
0032258064516129115
006451612903225812
00625
012903225806451613
012903225806451613
012903225806451613
015625
019354838709677424
019354838709677424
016129032258064513
01875
022580645161290325
022580645161290325
022580645161290325
021875
025806451612903236
025806451612903236
025806451612903236
02500000000000001
029032258064516125
029032258064516125
029032258064516125
02812500000000001
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageLawrence KSAWWARF Report
035
039
033
028
039
049
045
048
038
055
06
055
05
06
065
065
053
04
077
Grand Forks ND
Alum
LFS
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageGrand Forks NDAWWARF Report
036
04
048
05
055
065
06
07
063
New Castle PA
Alum pH = 66
LFS pH = 67
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageHalifax Nova ScotiaAWWARF Report
01
00
027
017
03
035
035
038
038
038
04
Polyaluminum Coagulants
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants are Al-based products having OH groups incorporated into their structure
bull Types of polyaluminum coagulants include the following empirical formulas
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Jar Test Data
Source
AWWARF Report
Removal of DBP Precursors by Enhanced Coagulation and Settling
Application
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
015
350
015
390
014
330
013
280
030
390
030
490
030
450
030
480
050
380
050
550
050
600
045
550
070
500
070
600
070
650
063
650
080
530
080
400
080
770
Application
Grand Forks ND
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
030
360
055
400
070
480
075
500
100
550
100
650
120
600
140
700
140
630
Application
New Castle PA
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
Dosage
TOC
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
mM of Al+3
Removal
0025
100
0050
00
0075
270
0100
170
0100
300
0150
350
0130
350
0200
380
0175
380
0250
380
0200
400
pH = 66
pH = 67
AB Jewell
Alum
60 LFS
Coagulant Dosage (mM of M+3)
DOC Removal ()
Figure 1 DOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageCity of Tulsa--AB Jewell Treatment PlantGeneral Chemical Jar Testing--101606
027548209366391185
02732394366197183
03223140495867769
02957746478873239
03415977961432506
03464788732394366
035812672176308535
03830985915492957
03663911845730028
04112676056338028
038842975206611563
044788732394366193
Phoenix
Alum
60 LFS
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
Figure 1A TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageCity of Phoenix--Val Vista PlantGeneral Chemical Jar Testing--021408
02677165354330707
02188976377952756
03385826771653543
02881889763779528
040629921259842516
034173228346456697
LR-ARK
28 mgl
38 mgl
48 mgl
Settled Water pH
TOC Removal
Figure 7 TOC Removal vs Settled Water pH for Alum TreatmentWilson Plant--111303
02142857142857142
01428571428571428
01428571428571428
02499999999999999
02142857142857142
02142857142857142
02499999999999999
02499999999999999
02499999999999999
Acid Alums
Alum
A5
A7
A10
Coagulant Dosage (mgl neat basis)
TOC Removal
Toc Removal vs Coagulant Dosage
009677419354838723
0032258064516129115
006451612903225812
00625
012903225806451613
012903225806451613
012903225806451613
015625
019354838709677424
019354838709677424
016129032258064513
01875
022580645161290325
022580645161290325
022580645161290325
021875
025806451612903236
025806451612903236
025806451612903236
02500000000000001
029032258064516125
029032258064516125
029032258064516125
02812500000000001
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageLawrence KSAWWARF Report
035
039
033
028
039
049
045
048
038
055
06
055
05
06
065
065
053
04
077
Grand Forks ND
Alum
LFS
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageGrand Forks NDAWWARF Report
036
04
048
05
055
065
06
07
063
New Castle PA
Alum pH = 66
LFS pH = 67
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageHalifax Nova ScotiaAWWARF Report
01
00
027
017
03
035
035
038
038
038
04
Polyaluminum Coagulants
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants are Al-based products having OH groups incorporated into their structure
bull Types of polyaluminum coagulants include the following empirical formulas
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
01285376896
012888
0160672112
01611
019280653439999998
019331999999999996
022494095679999998
022553999999999996
02570753792
025776
02892098016
028997999999999996
Phoenix
Alum
60 LFS
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
Figure 1A TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageCity of Phoenix--Val Vista PlantGeneral Chemical Jar Testing--021408
02677165354330707
02188976377952756
03385826771653543
02881889763779528
040629921259842516
034173228346456697
LR-ARK
28 mgl
38 mgl
48 mgl
Settled Water pH
TOC Removal
Figure 7 TOC Removal vs Settled Water pH for Alum TreatmentWilson Plant--111303
02142857142857142
01428571428571428
01428571428571428
02499999999999999
02142857142857142
02142857142857142
02499999999999999
02499999999999999
02499999999999999
Acid Alums
Alum
A5
A7
A10
Coagulant Dosage (mgl neat basis)
TOC Removal
Toc Removal vs Coagulant Dosage
009677419354838723
0032258064516129115
006451612903225812
00625
012903225806451613
012903225806451613
012903225806451613
015625
019354838709677424
019354838709677424
016129032258064513
01875
022580645161290325
022580645161290325
022580645161290325
021875
025806451612903236
025806451612903236
025806451612903236
02500000000000001
029032258064516125
029032258064516125
029032258064516125
02812500000000001
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageLawrence KSAWWARF Report
035
039
033
028
039
049
045
048
038
055
06
055
05
06
065
065
053
04
077
Grand Forks ND
Alum
LFS
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageGrand Forks NDAWWARF Report
036
04
048
05
055
065
06
07
063
New Castle PA
Alum pH = 66
LFS pH = 67
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageHalifax Nova ScotiaAWWARF Report
01
00
027
017
03
035
035
038
038
038
04
Polyaluminum Coagulants
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants are Al-based products having OH groups incorporated into their structure
bull Types of polyaluminum coagulants include the following empirical formulas
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
014467823999999999
014467824
019290432
019290431999999996
02411304
024113040000000002
LR-ARK
28 mgl
38 mgl
48 mgl
Settled Water pH
TOC Removal
Figure 7 TOC Removal vs Settled Water pH for Alum TreatmentWilson Plant--111303
02142857142857142
01428571428571428
01428571428571428
02499999999999999
02142857142857142
02142857142857142
02499999999999999
02499999999999999
02499999999999999
Acid Alums
Alum
A5
A7
A10
Coagulant Dosage (mgl neat basis)
TOC Removal
Toc Removal vs Coagulant Dosage
009677419354838723
0032258064516129115
006451612903225812
00625
012903225806451613
012903225806451613
012903225806451613
015625
019354838709677424
019354838709677424
016129032258064513
01875
022580645161290325
022580645161290325
022580645161290325
021875
025806451612903236
025806451612903236
025806451612903236
02500000000000001
029032258064516125
029032258064516125
029032258064516125
02812500000000001
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageLawrence KSAWWARF Report
035
039
033
028
039
049
045
048
038
055
06
055
05
06
065
065
053
04
077
Grand Forks ND
Alum
LFS
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageGrand Forks NDAWWARF Report
036
04
048
05
055
065
06
07
063
New Castle PA
Alum pH = 66
LFS pH = 67
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageHalifax Nova ScotiaAWWARF Report
01
00
027
017
03
035
035
038
038
038
04
Polyaluminum Coagulants
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants are Al-based products having OH groups incorporated into their structure
bull Types of polyaluminum coagulants include the following empirical formulas
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
62
592
557
633
61
604
66
641
628
Acid Alums
Alum
A5
A7
A10
Coagulant Dosage (mgl neat basis)
TOC Removal
Toc Removal vs Coagulant Dosage
009677419354838723
0032258064516129115
006451612903225812
00625
012903225806451613
012903225806451613
012903225806451613
015625
019354838709677424
019354838709677424
016129032258064513
01875
022580645161290325
022580645161290325
022580645161290325
021875
025806451612903236
025806451612903236
025806451612903236
02500000000000001
029032258064516125
029032258064516125
029032258064516125
02812500000000001
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageLawrence KSAWWARF Report
035
039
033
028
039
049
045
048
038
055
06
055
05
06
065
065
053
04
077
Grand Forks ND
Alum
LFS
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageGrand Forks NDAWWARF Report
036
04
048
05
055
065
06
07
063
New Castle PA
Alum pH = 66
LFS pH = 67
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageHalifax Nova ScotiaAWWARF Report
01
00
027
017
03
035
035
038
038
038
04
Polyaluminum Coagulants
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants are Al-based products having OH groups incorporated into their structure
bull Types of polyaluminum coagulants include the following empirical formulas
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
350
350
350
350
500
500
500
500
650
650
650
650
800
800
800
800
950
950
950
950
1100
1100
1100
1100
Lawrence KS
Alum
AlCl3
LFS
FeCl3
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageLawrence KSAWWARF Report
035
039
033
028
039
049
045
048
038
055
06
055
05
06
065
065
053
04
077
Grand Forks ND
Alum
LFS
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageGrand Forks NDAWWARF Report
036
04
048
05
055
065
06
07
063
New Castle PA
Alum pH = 66
LFS pH = 67
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageHalifax Nova ScotiaAWWARF Report
01
00
027
017
03
035
035
038
038
038
04
Polyaluminum Coagulants
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants are Al-based products having OH groups incorporated into their structure
bull Types of polyaluminum coagulants include the following empirical formulas
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
015
015
014
013
03
03
03
03
05
05
05
045
07
07
07
063
08
08
08
Grand Forks ND
Alum
LFS
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageGrand Forks NDAWWARF Report
036
04
048
05
055
065
06
07
063
New Castle PA
Alum pH = 66
LFS pH = 67
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageHalifax Nova ScotiaAWWARF Report
01
00
027
017
03
035
035
038
038
038
04
Polyaluminum Coagulants
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants are Al-based products having OH groups incorporated into their structure
bull Types of polyaluminum coagulants include the following empirical formulas
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
03
055
07
075
10
10
12
14
14
New Castle PA
Alum pH = 66
LFS pH = 67
Coagulant Dosage (millimoles of M+3L)
TOC Removal ()
TOC Removal vs Coagulant DosageHalifax Nova ScotiaAWWARF Report
01
00
027
017
03
035
035
038
038
038
04
Polyaluminum Coagulants
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants are Al-based products having OH groups incorporated into their structure
bull Types of polyaluminum coagulants include the following empirical formulas
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
0025
005
0075
01
01
015
013
02
0175
025
02
Polyaluminum Coagulants
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants are Al-based products having OH groups incorporated into their structure
bull Types of polyaluminum coagulants include the following empirical formulas
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Polyaluminum Coagulants
bull ldquoPolyaluminumrdquo coagulants can be considered to be partially ldquopre-hydrolyzedrdquo The degree of ldquopre-hydrolysisrdquo varies with the product and is defined as the productrsquos Basicity
Basicity = 100 x [OH-] 3 x [Al+3] where
the species concentrations are in moleliters
bull The basicity represents the percentage of the productrsquos Al valence that is associated with OH groups
bull Thus each polyaluminum coagulant type represents a unique ldquofamilyrdquo of coagulants with each family member having a different basicity (and treating characteristics)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Basicity () = x 100
bull Low Basicity = 10 - 33
bull Middle Basicity = 34 - 67
bull High Basicity = 68 - 83
[OH-]3[Al+3]
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Polyaluminum Chlorides
bull Basicities can range from 10 - 83
bull Al content can increase with increasing Basicity (the basicity stabilizes the product)
bull The amount of polymeric species increases with increasing basicity
bull Products having Basicities gt 70 contain polymeric species possessing high cationic charge and are very efficient coagulants These products are called aluminum chlorohydrates (ACHs)
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Polymeric Aluminum Speciesbull Polymeric species include Al2(OH)2(H2O)8
+4
Al6(OH)12(H2O)12+6
AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12+7
Due to their higher valence these species are much more effective coagulants than +3 valence species
bull The proportion of high valence species increases with increasing Basicity
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulantsbull Generally contain ldquoinorganic polymericrdquo species that are more
efficient than ldquosimple metal-hydroxyrdquo species
bull Effect of increasing basicityCoagulant performance becomes less pH-dependentCoagulantrsquos alkalinity consumption decreases (ie less pH
suppression) In turn this means less post-treatment alkali demand For example consider the hydrolysis reaction of an ACH having a basicity of 83
Al2(OH)5+1 + 1 H2O rArr 2 Al(OH)3 + 1 H+
Note 2 moles of metal ions releases 1 mole of acid Thus using these products significantly reduces the post-treatment alkali requirement
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
bull Alkalinity consumption ACH asymp PASS lt PACl lt PAS lt Alum asymp LFS lt FeCl3
bull Coagulant (Dosage) Efficiency ACH gt PACl ge PAS = PASS gt Alum = LFS = FeCl3
bull Ease of Use Alum = LFS = FeCl3 gt PAS = PASS gt PACL gt ACH (Based on ldquowidth of dosage treatment windowrdquo)
bull Unit Pricing ACH gt PACl gt PASS gt PAS gt Alum asymp LFS asymp FeCl3
Note Alkalinity consumption coagulant efficiency and unit pricing comparisons are on a ldquomolar basisrdquo
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
bull Filtration characteristicsFor alum filter runlengths are generally limited by turbidity breakthroughFor Fe+3 salts filter runlengths are generally limited by headloss
Inadequate filtration can cause colored water issues
bull Ferric salts are more shear-resistant than alum
bull FeCl3 is significantly more corrosive than alum or LFS
bull Sludge issues Alum will invariably generate fewer pounds of chemical sludge than Fe+3 salts Fe+3 salts generated-sludge may dewater more easily than Al-generated sludge
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
Drinking Water
Drinking Water (2)
Waste Water
Ind Appl
Flows-Dosages
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3
QUESTIONS
Coagulant Overview
Outline
Slide Number 3
Coagulation Overview
Slide Number 5
Coagulation Overview
Coagulation Demand
Coagulant Demand--Example
Coagulant Demand--Example
Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants
Cation Comparison
Coagulant Mechanisms
Coagulant Mechanisms
Charge Neutralization
Performance vs Alum Dosage
Most Commonly-Used Inorganic Coagulants
Equal Metal Dosage Conversions
Metal Equivalent Dosages
Organic Coagulants
Settling Aids
Slide Number 21
Aluminum-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Ferric-Based Inorganic Coagulants
Characteristics of ldquoSimplerdquo Coagulants
Alum - Ferric Dosage Conversions
TOC Removal Data
TOC Removal Data (2)
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Coagulants
Polyaluminum Chlorides
Polymeric Aluminum Species
Characteristics of ldquoPolymericrdquo Coagulants
Characteristics of Simple vs Polymer Coagulants
Characteristics of Al vs Fe-based Coagulants
Drinking Water Application Matrix
QUESTIONS
Application
Flow MGD
Dosage mgl liquid basis
Use Frequency
Drinking Water
1 - 600
10 - 200
nearly 100
Wastewater
1 - 300
application specific
25 - 50
Paper
10 - 30
rare
Textile
100 - 200
rare
Meat Processing
1- 4
300 - 1000
high
Mining
application specific
application specific
Surfactant
1
1000 - 5000
rare
BODCOD Removal
Turbidity Reduction
Phosphate Removal
TSS Reduction
Color Removal
Specific Chemical Removal
Paper
X
X
X
Textile
X
X
Meat Processing
X
Mining
X
X
Surfactant
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
Odor Control
X
Phosphorous Removal
X
X
Struvite Formation
X
X
Sludge Dewatering
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
PAS
PASS
PACS
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Low Turbidity Raw Water
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
X
`
Lime Softening
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Alum
AlumPolymer
Acid Alums
Acid AlumPolymer
AlCl3
AlCl3Polymer
PACL
PACLPolymer
ACH
ACHPolymer
LFS
LFSPolymer
Acid Ferrics
TOCDBP Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Alum
PACL
ACH
LFS
Alum
PACL
ACH
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DOC Removal
X
X
DOC Removal
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Turbidity Reduction
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
X
Arsenic Removal
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
Reduced NaOH Consumption
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
X
Low Alklalinty Raw Water
X
X
Lime Softening
X
High pH Raw Water
X
X
High pH Raw Water
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
X
Lime Softening
X
Lime Softening
Ease of Use
X
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
X
Variable Raw Water Quality
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
X
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
X
Broad Dosage Range
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Sludge Reduction
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
X
Cold Water Performance
X
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Post-Precipitation Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
X
Colored Water Issues
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
075
Relative Dosage
1
05 - 07
025
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
15
Relative Unit Pricing
1
35
7
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Large
Floc Size
Large
Moderate
Small
Drinking Water Application Matrix
Alu
m
Alu
mP
olym
er
Aci
d A
lum
s
Aci
d A
lum
Pol
ymer
PAS
PASS
PAC
S
PAC
L
PAC
LPo
lym
er
AC
H
AC
HP
olym
er
LFS
LFS
Poly
mer
Aci
d Fe
rric
s
TOCDBP Reduction X X X X XCold Water Performance X X X X X X XLow Turbidity Raw Water X X XReduced NaOH Consumption X X X X X X XSludge Reduction X X X X XLow Alklalinty Raw Water X X X XTurbidity Reduction X X X X X X X XEase of Use X X X XVariable Raw Water Quality X X X XHigh pH Raw Water X X X XLime Softening XArsenic Removal X X X X
