Training Excel Sheet

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Welcome to Excel Session Future Track with Analytic Square Excel Tour Conditional Formatting Filtering Sorting Hyperlink Text to Column Remove Duplicates Validation Data Formatting Go To Pivot Table Charts/Graph Data Connections Data Protection Freeze Panes Name Ranges Date Formulas Char/Num Formulas Mathematical Formulas Statistical Fo Debugging Formulas Solver What-IF-Analysis Data Analysi Record Macro Edit Macro(VBA)

description

Training sheet to practice excel functions.

Transcript of Training Excel Sheet

Page 1: Training Excel Sheet

Welcome to Excel Session

Future Trackwith

Analytic Square

Excel Tour Conditional Formatting Filtering Sorting

Hyperlink Text to Column Remove Duplicates Validation

Data Formatting Go To Pivot Table Charts/Graphs

Data Connections Data Protection Freeze Panes Name Ranges

Date Formulas Char/Num Formulas Mathematical Formulas Statistical Formulas

Debugging Formulas Solver What-IF-Analysis Data Analysis

Record Macro Edit Macro(VBA)

Page 2: Training Excel Sheet

Excel Tour Conditional Formatting Filtering Sorting

Hyperlink Text to Column Remove Duplicates Validation

Data Formatting Go To Pivot Table Charts/Graphs

Data Connections Data Protection Freeze Panes Name Ranges

Date Formulas Char/Num Formulas Mathematical Formulas Statistical Formulas

Debugging Formulas Solver What-IF-Analysis Data Analysis

Record Macro Edit Macro(VBA)

Page 3: Training Excel Sheet

Developed by Contextures Inc. www.contextures.com

January 80February 86March 54April 62May 48June 96July 47August 72September 70October 21November 65December 71

Month UnitsCondition 1:Cell Value Is greater than 75 (Green Fill)

Condition 2:Cell Value Is less than 50 (Blue Fill)

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Salesman Region Product No. Customers Net Sales Profit / Loss RegionJan-07 Joseph North FastCar 8 1,592 563 NorthJan-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 8 1,088 397 NorthJan-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 8 1,680 753 WestJan-07 Joseph West FastCar 9 2,133 923 WestJan-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 10 1,610 579 WestJan-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 10 1,540 570 MiddleJan-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 1,316 428 MiddleJan-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 7 1,799 709 MiddleJan-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 8 1,624 621 NorthJan-07 Lawrence North FastCar 6 726 236 NorthJan-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 9 2,277 966 NorthJan-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 6 714 221 WestJan-07 Lawrence West FastCar 9 2,682 1,023 WestJan-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 6 1,500 634 WestJan-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 7 917 403 MiddleJan-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 7 1,939 760 MiddleJan-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 984 314 MiddleJan-07 Maria North SuperGlue 9 981 372 NorthJan-07 Maria North FastCar 10 1,520 476 NorthJan-07 Maria North RapidZoo 6 966 330 NorthJan-07 Maria West SuperGlue 10 2,800 903 WestJan-07 Maria West FastCar 6 1,536 572 WestJan-07 Maria West RapidZoo 8 816 291 WestJan-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 9 2,547 781 MiddleJan-07 Maria Middle FastCar 10 1,810 664 MiddleJan-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 2,223 771 MiddleJan-07 Matt North SuperGlue 9 1,377 415 NorthJan-07 Matt North FastCar 7 903 315 NorthJan-07 Matt North RapidZoo 9 2,232 828 NorthJan-07 Matt West SuperGlue 10 2,070 903 WestJan-07 Matt West FastCar 10 2,170 832 WestJan-07 Matt West RapidZoo 9 2,610 1,090 WestJan-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 8 2,312 1,000 MiddleJan-07 Matt Middle FastCar 6 1,020 308 MiddleJan-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 8 872 331 MiddleFeb-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 10 2,030 857 NorthFeb-07 Joseph North FastCar 7 966 321 NorthFeb-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 6 1,608 710 NorthFeb-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 8 2,136 669 WestFeb-07 Joseph West FastCar 7 1,561 676 WestFeb-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 7 1,869 745 WestFeb-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 8 1,352 410 MiddleFeb-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 1,820 732 MiddleFeb-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 756 334 MiddleFeb-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 7 1,463 564 NorthFeb-07 Lawrence North FastCar 8 1,536 492 NorthFeb-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 10 1,220 368 North

Month

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Feb-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 8 1,264 460 WestFeb-07 Lawrence West FastCar 10 2,980 985 WestFeb-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 6 996 390 WestFeb-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 1,386 467 MiddleFeb-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 6 1,608 693 MiddleFeb-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 7 931 296 MiddleFeb-07 Maria North SuperGlue 8 1,344 514 NorthFeb-07 Maria North FastCar 9 2,538 1,053 NorthFeb-07 Maria North RapidZoo 6 828 361 NorthFeb-07 Maria West SuperGlue 10 2,820 939 WestFeb-07 Maria West FastCar 7 1,491 607 WestFeb-07 Maria West RapidZoo 8 1,904 695 WestFeb-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 8 968 306 MiddleFeb-07 Maria Middle FastCar 9 1,080 383 MiddleFeb-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 936 375 MiddleFeb-07 Matt North SuperGlue 10 2,120 675 NorthFeb-07 Matt North FastCar 6 1,740 702 NorthFeb-07 Matt North RapidZoo 6 1,470 496 NorthFeb-07 Matt West SuperGlue 9 1,683 690 WestFeb-07 Matt West FastCar 9 1,890 779 WestFeb-07 Matt West RapidZoo 8 1,704 628 WestFeb-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 6 1,644 556 MiddleFeb-07 Matt Middle FastCar 9 2,457 1,021 MiddleFeb-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 7 1,785 566 MiddleMar-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 7 973 405 NorthMar-07 Joseph North FastCar 6 1,644 606 NorthMar-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 10 2,110 845 NorthMar-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 1,179 435 WestMar-07 Joseph West FastCar 10 1,340 429 WestMar-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 8 984 350 WestMar-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 9 1,971 649 MiddleMar-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 6 1,392 549 MiddleMar-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 7 1,099 460 MiddleMar-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 9 1,836 799 NorthMar-07 Lawrence North FastCar 6 732 312 NorthMar-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 9 2,637 984 NorthMar-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 6 1,134 485 WestMar-07 Lawrence West FastCar 9 1,062 469 WestMar-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 1,320 591 WestMar-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 10 1,140 352 MiddleMar-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 9 2,205 936 MiddleMar-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 9 2,583 943 MiddleMar-07 Maria North SuperGlue 7 1,827 744 NorthMar-07 Maria North FastCar 6 1,488 575 NorthMar-07 Maria North RapidZoo 6 1,260 483 NorthMar-07 Maria West SuperGlue 7 931 352 WestMar-07 Maria West FastCar 7 742 324 WestMar-07 Maria West RapidZoo 10 1,110 480 West

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Mar-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 9 1,980 708 MiddleMar-07 Maria Middle FastCar 10 2,180 979 MiddleMar-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 1,215 406 MiddleMar-07 Matt North SuperGlue 8 1,832 729 NorthMar-07 Matt North FastCar 6 1,176 448 NorthMar-07 Matt North RapidZoo 6 1,044 315 NorthMar-07 Matt West SuperGlue 9 981 336 WestMar-07 Matt West FastCar 10 1,350 416 WestMar-07 Matt West RapidZoo 9 1,926 838 WestMar-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 10 1,260 483 MiddleMar-07 Matt Middle FastCar 8 888 296 MiddleMar-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 1,090 382 MiddleApr-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 10 2,940 1,210 NorthApr-07 Joseph North FastCar 8 1,336 405 NorthApr-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 6 1,392 432 NorthApr-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 10 1,090 331 WestApr-07 Joseph West FastCar 6 1,350 512 WestApr-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 8 1,568 682 WestApr-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 7 1,925 814 MiddleApr-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 1,358 544 MiddleApr-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 888 359 MiddleApr-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 9 1,845 594 NorthApr-07 Lawrence North FastCar 7 1,232 403 NorthApr-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 9 2,232 670 NorthApr-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 7 2,079 720 WestApr-07 Lawrence West FastCar 8 1,640 701 WestApr-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 2,890 952 WestApr-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 8 800 289 MiddleApr-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 10 2,460 828 MiddleApr-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 8 1,872 702 MiddleApr-07 Maria North SuperGlue 7 833 267 NorthApr-07 Maria North FastCar 7 728 231 NorthApr-07 Maria North RapidZoo 7 2,100 831 NorthApr-07 Maria West SuperGlue 9 2,367 1,018 WestApr-07 Maria West FastCar 10 2,110 700 WestApr-07 Maria West RapidZoo 8 2,072 879 WestApr-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 8 1,816 746 MiddleApr-07 Maria Middle FastCar 8 2,152 780 MiddleApr-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 6 1,110 493 MiddleApr-07 Matt North SuperGlue 7 1,064 436 NorthApr-07 Matt North FastCar 7 805 261 NorthApr-07 Matt North RapidZoo 8 1,192 422 NorthApr-07 Matt West SuperGlue 7 1,085 396 WestApr-07 Matt West FastCar 10 2,790 1,056 WestApr-07 Matt West RapidZoo 6 1,026 366 WestApr-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 8 2,256 680 MiddleApr-07 Matt Middle FastCar 10 1,590 584 MiddleApr-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 6 1,788 629 Middle

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May-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 10 2,500 821 NorthMay-07 Joseph North FastCar 7 707 295 NorthMay-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 8 1,808 608 NorthMay-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 2,322 912 WestMay-07 Joseph West FastCar 9 1,197 452 WestMay-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 9 2,106 909 WestMay-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 10 2,610 987 MiddleMay-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 1,239 443 MiddleMay-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 9 2,574 926 MiddleMay-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 10 3,000 1,313 NorthMay-07 Lawrence North FastCar 8 1,944 725 NorthMay-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 10 2,760 864 NorthMay-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 9 2,610 1,143 WestMay-07 Lawrence West FastCar 10 1,500 508 WestMay-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 6 618 237 WestMay-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 7 1,043 346 MiddleMay-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 8 1,896 680 MiddleMay-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 10 1,030 355 MiddleMay-07 Maria North SuperGlue 7 1,911 724 NorthMay-07 Maria North FastCar 9 2,547 906 NorthMay-07 Maria North RapidZoo 6 780 305 NorthMay-07 Maria West SuperGlue 9 1,305 400 WestMay-07 Maria West FastCar 7 1,820 733 WestMay-07 Maria West RapidZoo 8 1,904 644 WestMay-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 9 1,512 503 MiddleMay-07 Maria Middle FastCar 10 1,640 612 MiddleMay-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 7 763 333 MiddleMay-07 Matt North SuperGlue 10 1,120 408 NorthMay-07 Matt North FastCar 6 1,056 362 NorthMay-07 Matt North RapidZoo 9 1,314 451 NorthMay-07 Matt West SuperGlue 10 2,410 778 WestMay-07 Matt West FastCar 10 1,940 820 WestMay-07 Matt West RapidZoo 9 2,268 972 WestMay-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 7 903 324 MiddleMay-07 Matt Middle FastCar 6 1,596 491 MiddleMay-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 2,240 722 MiddleJun-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 7 1,134 480 NorthJun-07 Joseph North FastCar 10 1,600 565 NorthJun-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 2,646 1,161 NorthJun-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 7 1,470 559 WestJun-07 Joseph West FastCar 10 2,960 1,198 WestJun-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 8 1,512 607 WestJun-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 10 2,520 867 MiddleJun-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 9 1,026 435 MiddleJun-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 8 1,320 432 MiddleJun-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 10 2,840 1,113 NorthJun-07 Lawrence North FastCar 8 1,280 546 NorthJun-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 7 1,666 525 North

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Jun-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 7 1,435 442 WestJun-07 Lawrence West FastCar 6 942 406 WestJun-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 9 1,764 635 WestJun-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 10 2,750 1,006 MiddleJun-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 8 1,552 661 MiddleJun-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 10 1,740 596 MiddleJun-07 Maria North SuperGlue 7 868 298 NorthJun-07 Maria North FastCar 10 2,960 1,092 NorthJun-07 Maria North RapidZoo 8 1,736 667 NorthJun-07 Maria West SuperGlue 8 1,200 459 WestJun-07 Maria West FastCar 10 1,590 563 WestJun-07 Maria West RapidZoo 9 1,485 642 WestJun-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 8 2,080 692 MiddleJun-07 Maria Middle FastCar 10 2,710 1,109 MiddleJun-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 8 2,096 764 MiddleJun-07 Matt North SuperGlue 10 1,070 395 NorthJun-07 Matt North FastCar 9 2,007 894 NorthJun-07 Matt North RapidZoo 10 1,420 574 NorthJun-07 Matt West SuperGlue 6 738 312 WestJun-07 Matt West FastCar 9 2,007 669 Jun-07 Matt West RapidZoo 8 1,304 506 Jun-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 8 1,880 698 Jun-07 Matt Middle FastCar 8 984 426 Jun-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 7 2,065 811 Jul-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 10 1,110 357 Jul-07 Joseph North FastCar 9 1,854 684 Jul-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 10 1,870 833 Jul-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 1,674 518 Jul-07 Joseph West FastCar 6 714 306 Jul-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 9 1,485 483 Jul-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 882 303 Jul-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 1,960 789 Jul-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 7 1,827 650 Jul-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 9 2,646 1,023 Jul-07 Lawrence North FastCar 8 2,088 628 Jul-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 8 2,352 828 Jul-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 6 1,662 595 Jul-07 Lawrence West FastCar 6 1,350 410 Jul-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 1,316 482 Jul-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 6 1,110 410 Jul-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 10 2,020 691 Jul-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 7 1,267 418 Jul-07 Maria North SuperGlue 8 1,856 652 Jul-07 Maria North FastCar 8 1,176 411 Jul-07 Maria North RapidZoo 10 1,090 427 Jul-07 Maria West SuperGlue 10 1,320 533 Jul-07 Maria West FastCar 10 2,280 993 Jul-07 Maria West RapidZoo 7 777 334

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Jul-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 6 1,056 421 Jul-07 Maria Middle FastCar 6 1,530 565 Jul-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 963 396 Jul-07 Matt North SuperGlue 9 1,926 586 Jul-07 Matt North FastCar 9 2,457 780 Jul-07 Matt North RapidZoo 6 792 269 Jul-07 Matt West SuperGlue 9 1,908 790 Jul-07 Matt West FastCar 6 1,308 515 Jul-07 Matt West RapidZoo 9 2,493 1,116 Jul-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 7 1,596 523 Jul-07 Matt Middle FastCar 8 1,032 456 Jul-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 6 1,302 487 Aug-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 7 1,169 486 Aug-07 Joseph North FastCar 9 1,332 584 Aug-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 1,440 585 Aug-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 6 684 225 Aug-07 Joseph West FastCar 9 2,286 878 Aug-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 10 2,520 793 Aug-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 10 1,840 793 Aug-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 9 1,836 595 Aug-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 8 2,232 969 Aug-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 8 2,264 907 Aug-07 Lawrence North FastCar 6 774 284 Aug-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 7 1,288 573 Aug-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 10 1,500 581 Aug-07 Lawrence West FastCar 6 906 392 Aug-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 6 786 264 Aug-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 10 2,260 900 Aug-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 7 1,904 653 Aug-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 8 1,968 793 Aug-07 Maria North SuperGlue 6 1,128 465 Aug-07 Maria North FastCar 6 1,116 493 Aug-07 Maria North RapidZoo 10 2,720 986 Aug-07 Maria West SuperGlue 7 1,673 573 Aug-07 Maria West FastCar 7 770 334 Aug-07 Maria West RapidZoo 9 2,340 830 Aug-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 10 2,740 935 Aug-07 Maria Middle FastCar 7 721 266 Aug-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 6 1,626 635 Aug-07 Matt North SuperGlue 8 1,992 882 Aug-07 Matt North FastCar 8 1,840 563 Aug-07 Matt North RapidZoo 6 918 362 Aug-07 Matt West SuperGlue 8 1,784 536 Aug-07 Matt West FastCar 9 2,070 663 Aug-07 Matt West RapidZoo 7 1,477 637 Aug-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 7 1,603 566 Aug-07 Matt Middle FastCar 10 1,200 508 Aug-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 8 1,712 618

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Sep-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 9 1,620 695 Sep-07 Joseph North FastCar 10 2,540 1,007 Sep-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 7 931 417 Sep-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 10 1,140 381 Sep-07 Joseph West FastCar 7 1,715 628 Sep-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 7 1,687 538 Sep-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 1,476 582 Sep-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 1,960 705 Sep-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 9 2,646 812 Sep-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 6 942 296 Sep-07 Lawrence North FastCar 9 2,619 851 Sep-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 7 1,274 560 Sep-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 10 2,720 1,162 Sep-07 Lawrence West FastCar 8 960 402 Sep-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 9 2,421 795 Sep-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 6 810 304 Sep-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 8 1,032 331 Sep-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 954 403 Sep-07 Maria North SuperGlue 7 1,673 513 Sep-07 Maria North FastCar 6 1,404 483 Sep-07 Maria North RapidZoo 10 2,120 716 Sep-07 Maria West SuperGlue 6 948 296 Sep-07 Maria West FastCar 10 1,610 713 Sep-07 Maria West RapidZoo 9 1,035 337 Sep-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 6 1,434 631 Sep-07 Maria Middle FastCar 6 642 288 Sep-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 6 1,272 403 Sep-07 Matt North SuperGlue 9 2,619 991 Sep-07 Matt North FastCar 7 1,155 469 Sep-07 Matt North RapidZoo 8 1,384 454 Sep-07 Matt West SuperGlue 7 1,848 577 Sep-07 Matt West FastCar 6 1,230 517 Sep-07 Matt West RapidZoo 9 2,529 1,084 Sep-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 8 2,336 863 Sep-07 Matt Middle FastCar 6 1,614 556 Sep-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 8 928 308 Oct-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 10 1,410 483 Oct-07 Joseph North FastCar 9 1,521 607 Oct-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 1,494 664 Oct-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 10 2,050 627 Oct-07 Joseph West FastCar 8 1,448 497 Oct-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 10 1,170 432 Oct-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 1,626 616 Oct-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 9 2,295 989 Oct-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 8 2,304 696 Oct-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 8 1,160 508 Oct-07 Lawrence North FastCar 10 2,470 817 Oct-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 9 2,322 841

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Oct-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 9 2,520 810 Oct-07 Lawrence West FastCar 10 1,130 401 Oct-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 1,827 620 Oct-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 1,818 724 Oct-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 7 1,645 686 Oct-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 1,626 562 Oct-07 Maria North SuperGlue 7 1,617 722 Oct-07 Maria North FastCar 6 1,344 440 Oct-07 Maria North RapidZoo 9 2,403 1,069 Oct-07 Maria West SuperGlue 9 2,358 830 Oct-07 Maria West FastCar 9 2,223 893 Oct-07 Maria West RapidZoo 6 774 257 Oct-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 6 918 330 Oct-07 Maria Middle FastCar 6 624 206 Oct-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 7 1,043 347 Oct-07 Matt North SuperGlue 8 1,848 660 Oct-07 Matt North FastCar 10 2,910 1,169 Oct-07 Matt North RapidZoo 6 1,134 505 Oct-07 Matt West SuperGlue 10 2,620 900 Oct-07 Matt West FastCar 8 1,216 464 Oct-07 Matt West RapidZoo 9 1,278 465 Oct-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 6 720 260 Oct-07 Matt Middle FastCar 9 1,089 394 Oct-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 8 1,552 599 Nov-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 9 1,026 432 Nov-07 Joseph North FastCar 7 1,155 481 Nov-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 1,935 689 Nov-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 7 1,911 633 Nov-07 Joseph West FastCar 6 1,386 513 Nov-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 9 2,646 994 Nov-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 1,362 449 Nov-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 6 1,326 490 Nov-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 9 1,863 797 Nov-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 8 2,032 723 Nov-07 Lawrence North FastCar 8 1,208 489 Nov-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 6 1,290 425 Nov-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 7 1,904 783 Nov-07 Lawrence West FastCar 10 1,390 420 Nov-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 1,480 641 Nov-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 2,682 970 Nov-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 6 1,782 664 Nov-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 7 1,085 459 Nov-07 Maria North SuperGlue 6 864 378 Nov-07 Maria North FastCar 9 2,349 984 Nov-07 Maria North RapidZoo 9 1,827 613 Nov-07 Maria West SuperGlue 10 1,200 469 Nov-07 Maria West FastCar 9 2,610 964 Nov-07 Maria West RapidZoo 8 1,864 692

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Nov-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 6 1,326 479 Nov-07 Maria Middle FastCar 9 1,827 560 Nov-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 7 1,358 600 Nov-07 Matt North SuperGlue 9 1,674 751 Nov-07 Matt North FastCar 6 750 253 Nov-07 Matt North RapidZoo 10 1,170 455 Nov-07 Matt West SuperGlue 9 1,953 771 Nov-07 Matt West FastCar 7 924 383 Nov-07 Matt West RapidZoo 6 972 311 Nov-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 7 1,505 524 Nov-07 Matt Middle FastCar 9 2,439 1,083 Nov-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 9 2,295 982 Dec-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 7 1,169 384 Dec-07 Joseph North FastCar 9 1,206 448 Dec-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 7 749 257 Dec-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 2,565 790 Dec-07 Joseph West FastCar 9 1,962 594 Dec-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 7 1,246 519 Dec-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 8 1,376 452 Dec-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 8 968 324 Dec-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 8 1,984 693 Dec-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 8 1,576 658 Dec-07 Lawrence North FastCar 9 2,466 875 Dec-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 10 2,040 710 Dec-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 6 894 296 Dec-07 Lawrence West FastCar 9 1,017 426 Dec-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 2,090 901 Dec-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 8 1,168 391 Dec-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 8 952 355 Dec-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 8 2,328 729 Dec-07 Maria North SuperGlue 6 1,446 553 Dec-07 Maria North FastCar 10 2,340 898 Dec-07 Maria North RapidZoo 6 648 287 Dec-07 Maria West SuperGlue 9 2,358 970 Dec-07 Maria West FastCar 8 2,144 868 Dec-07 Maria West RapidZoo 9 1,863 709 Dec-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 7 1,554 556 Dec-07 Maria Middle FastCar 8 2,400 741 Dec-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 10 2,150 929 Dec-07 Matt North SuperGlue 6 744 254 Dec-07 Matt North FastCar 7 1,911 707 Dec-07 Matt North RapidZoo 10 2,100 714 Dec-07 Matt West SuperGlue 6 852 268 Dec-07 Matt West FastCar 7 1,736 760 Dec-07 Matt West RapidZoo 6 1,542 565 Dec-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 9 2,592 857 Dec-07 Matt Middle FastCar 8 1,448 447 Dec-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 1,810 579

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Jan-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 9 1,323 539 Jan-08 Joseph North FastCar 9 2,529 889 Jan-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 8 1,992 776 Jan-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 10 1,840 604 Jan-08 Joseph West FastCar 8 936 320 Jan-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 8 1,320 417 Jan-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 9 2,511 985 Jan-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 8 1,048 456 Jan-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 10 1,670 639 Jan-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 10 2,070 706 Jan-08 Lawrence North FastCar 9 1,881 637 Jan-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 10 2,460 893 Jan-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 7 1,288 559 Jan-08 Lawrence West FastCar 10 2,820 1,039 Jan-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 1,960 722 Jan-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 6 1,074 447 Jan-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 7 910 382 Jan-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 8 1,800 734 Jan-08 Maria North SuperGlue 9 1,152 389 Jan-08 Maria North FastCar 7 2,002 885 Jan-08 Maria North RapidZoo 6 822 290 Jan-08 Maria West SuperGlue 10 2,030 739 Jan-08 Maria West FastCar 9 2,511 1,127 Jan-08 Maria West RapidZoo 6 1,302 392 Jan-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 6 660 272 Jan-08 Maria Middle FastCar 10 1,700 732 Jan-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 6 1,398 581 Jan-08 Matt North SuperGlue 7 784 326 Jan-08 Matt North FastCar 7 1,960 723 Jan-08 Matt North RapidZoo 6 1,392 540 Jan-08 Matt West SuperGlue 8 1,128 389 Jan-08 Matt West FastCar 8 1,192 397 Jan-08 Matt West RapidZoo 8 1,848 572 Jan-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 6 1,248 481 Jan-08 Matt Middle FastCar 6 750 256 Jan-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 1,760 725 Feb-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 8 1,528 574 Feb-08 Joseph North FastCar 7 1,022 445 Feb-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 7 2,030 771 Feb-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 7 798 351 Feb-08 Joseph West FastCar 10 2,600 1,051 Feb-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 10 1,530 625 Feb-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 10 1,360 600 Feb-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 6 924 391 Feb-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 1,782 593 Feb-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 9 2,268 903 Feb-08 Lawrence North FastCar 9 2,178 836 Feb-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 8 936 402

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Feb-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 8 1,128 344 Feb-08 Lawrence West FastCar 8 808 347 Feb-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 2,030 631 Feb-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 1,728 666 Feb-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 9 1,989 616 Feb-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 1,194 440 Feb-08 Maria North SuperGlue 7 1,435 500 Feb-08 Maria North FastCar 10 1,160 419 Feb-08 Maria North RapidZoo 6 810 287 Feb-08 Maria West SuperGlue 7 840 305 Feb-08 Maria West FastCar 8 1,064 454 Feb-08 Maria West RapidZoo 6 1,398 593 Feb-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 10 1,920 602 Feb-08 Maria Middle FastCar 10 2,610 893 Feb-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 10 1,960 601 Feb-08 Matt North SuperGlue 6 684 228 Feb-08 Matt North FastCar 6 630 242 Feb-08 Matt North RapidZoo 8 1,176 510 Feb-08 Matt West SuperGlue 9 2,169 660 Feb-08 Matt West FastCar 6 1,176 374 Feb-08 Matt West RapidZoo 6 810 332 Feb-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 6 1,680 723 Feb-08 Matt Middle FastCar 6 774 239 Feb-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 2,850 1,177 Mar-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 8 1,136 379 Mar-08 Joseph North FastCar 10 1,600 713 Mar-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 1,350 567 Mar-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 8 1,976 593 Mar-08 Joseph West FastCar 10 2,940 1,076 Mar-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 8 1,536 538 Mar-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 1,296 465 Mar-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 10 2,500 969 Mar-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 792 348 Mar-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 6 1,032 456 Mar-08 Lawrence North FastCar 7 784 240 Mar-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 6 1,644 580 Mar-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 10 1,090 435 Mar-08 Lawrence West FastCar 7 1,085 389 Mar-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 1,869 775 Mar-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 6 924 388 Mar-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 8 1,440 480 Mar-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 1,650 695 Mar-08 Maria North SuperGlue 6 1,050 434 Mar-08 Maria North FastCar 10 2,890 874 Mar-08 Maria North RapidZoo 10 1,140 437 Mar-08 Maria West SuperGlue 8 2,064 818 Mar-08 Maria West FastCar 6 1,182 391 Mar-08 Maria West RapidZoo 7 812 247

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Mar-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 9 1,035 387 Mar-08 Maria Middle FastCar 7 1,757 786 Mar-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 1,089 331 Mar-08 Matt North SuperGlue 9 1,062 475 Mar-08 Matt North FastCar 10 1,540 541 Mar-08 Matt North RapidZoo 6 1,704 685 Mar-08 Matt West SuperGlue 7 1,904 700 Mar-08 Matt West FastCar 7 2,093 672 Mar-08 Matt West RapidZoo 9 1,908 680 Mar-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 9 1,098 333 Mar-08 Matt Middle FastCar 7 896 354 Mar-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 7 1,120 472 Apr-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 7 1,155 460 Apr-08 Joseph North FastCar 10 1,250 432 Apr-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 2,331 826 Apr-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 2,385 824 Apr-08 Joseph West FastCar 10 2,280 720 Apr-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 7 714 261 Apr-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 8 1,712 724 Apr-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 735 250 Apr-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 8 2,160 936 Apr-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 8 1,104 462 Apr-08 Lawrence North FastCar 6 1,446 469 Apr-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 6 1,488 669 Apr-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 7 1,141 388 Apr-08 Lawrence West FastCar 10 2,200 812 Apr-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 1,617 635 Apr-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 10 2,740 1,168 Apr-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 7 1,456 442 Apr-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 1,506 476 Apr-08 Maria North SuperGlue 7 1,113 439 Apr-08 Maria North FastCar 8 1,248 454 Apr-08 Maria North RapidZoo 8 2,240 865 Apr-08 Maria West SuperGlue 6 1,176 487 Apr-08 Maria West FastCar 6 1,638 554 Apr-08 Maria West RapidZoo 8 2,176 770 Apr-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 10 2,000 624 Apr-08 Maria Middle FastCar 10 1,800 716 Apr-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 8 2,248 842 Apr-08 Matt North SuperGlue 6 1,482 481 Apr-08 Matt North FastCar 9 2,214 786 Apr-08 Matt North RapidZoo 8 856 268 Apr-08 Matt West SuperGlue 8 1,488 585 Apr-08 Matt West FastCar 8 1,880 660 Apr-08 Matt West RapidZoo 10 1,090 409 Apr-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 8 2,304 802 Apr-08 Matt Middle FastCar 10 1,270 412 Apr-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 1,990 699

Page 16: Training Excel Sheet

May-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 7 1,120 488 May-08 Joseph North FastCar 7 1,484 656 May-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 2,205 955 May-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 6 1,014 341 May-08 Joseph West FastCar 10 2,190 939 May-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 8 1,272 566 May-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 1,530 582 May-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 6 750 292 May-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 9 1,791 756 May-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 10 1,010 386 May-08 Lawrence North FastCar 9 1,665 608 May-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 7 1,603 697 May-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 7 749 305 May-08 Lawrence West FastCar 8 1,008 437 May-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 1,720 695 May-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 7 1,862 714 May-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 6 1,638 621 May-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 10 1,710 646 May-08 Maria North SuperGlue 10 2,210 993 May-08 Maria North FastCar 6 1,254 514 May-08 Maria North RapidZoo 10 1,220 444 May-08 Maria West SuperGlue 10 2,080 716 May-08 Maria West FastCar 8 1,472 469 May-08 Maria West RapidZoo 8 1,664 671 May-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 9 2,331 861 May-08 Maria Middle FastCar 8 1,280 475 May-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 1,566 581 May-08 Matt North SuperGlue 10 2,660 841 May-08 Matt North FastCar 10 1,880 680 May-08 Matt North RapidZoo 9 2,277 970 May-08 Matt West SuperGlue 9 1,737 530 May-08 Matt West FastCar 7 1,610 483 May-08 Matt West RapidZoo 9 2,196 852 May-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 7 903 326 May-08 Matt Middle FastCar 10 1,980 681 May-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 1,520 660 Jun-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 7 2,023 733 Jun-08 Joseph North FastCar 10 2,270 872 Jun-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 7 1,043 458 Jun-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 10 1,860 813 Jun-08 Joseph West FastCar 8 2,016 621 Jun-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 10 2,900 1,036 Jun-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 9 2,511 954 Jun-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 10 2,770 838 Jun-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 9 2,646 892 Jun-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 9 2,376 881 Jun-08 Lawrence North FastCar 6 696 301 Jun-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 9 1,296 558

Page 17: Training Excel Sheet

Jun-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 6 780 242 Jun-08 Lawrence West FastCar 7 1,295 526 Jun-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 2,009 773 Jun-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 10 1,850 821 Jun-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 7 1,659 734 Jun-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 7 1,750 617 Jun-08 Maria North SuperGlue 9 1,998 750 Jun-08 Maria North FastCar 10 1,860 725 Jun-08 Maria North RapidZoo 6 672 203 Jun-08 Maria West SuperGlue 10 1,870 616 Jun-08 Maria West FastCar 6 978 406 Jun-08 Maria West RapidZoo 8 1,944 834 Jun-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 6 1,182 497 Jun-08 Maria Middle FastCar 10 2,860 1,139 Jun-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 1,368 421 Jun-08 Matt North SuperGlue 6 1,218 442 Jun-08 Matt North FastCar 10 2,460 775 Jun-08 Matt North RapidZoo 9 2,610 806 Jun-08 Matt West SuperGlue 9 1,863 799 Jun-08 Matt West FastCar 7 1,610 497 Jun-08 Matt West RapidZoo 6 612 237 Jun-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 7 1,610 593 Jun-08 Matt Middle FastCar 8 1,552 615 Jun-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 1,010 401 Jul-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 6 1,434 614 Jul-08 Joseph North FastCar 9 1,908 801 Jul-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 7 735 254 Jul-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 1,629 513 Jul-08 Joseph West FastCar 9 1,287 442 Jul-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 8 936 326 Jul-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 9 2,106 828 Jul-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 8 2,040 793 Jul-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 1,578 657 Jul-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 9 1,449 575 Jul-08 Lawrence North FastCar 9 1,170 420 Jul-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 8 1,040 325 Jul-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 8 1,736 599 Jul-08 Lawrence West FastCar 7 2,100 634 Jul-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 2,660 954 Jul-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 6 1,104 453 Jul-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 9 2,358 805 Jul-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 852 368 Jul-08 Maria North SuperGlue 9 1,233 486 Jul-08 Maria North FastCar 7 917 300 Jul-08 Maria North RapidZoo 6 1,176 460 Jul-08 Maria West SuperGlue 8 864 260 Jul-08 Maria West FastCar 8 1,232 485 Jul-08 Maria West RapidZoo 9 1,917 610

Page 18: Training Excel Sheet

Jul-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 10 2,280 848 Jul-08 Maria Middle FastCar 10 1,290 546 Jul-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 8 1,416 628 Jul-08 Matt North SuperGlue 10 2,560 785 Jul-08 Matt North FastCar 10 1,560 491 Jul-08 Matt North RapidZoo 8 2,256 819 Jul-08 Matt West SuperGlue 10 2,120 938 Jul-08 Matt West FastCar 10 1,160 405 Jul-08 Matt West RapidZoo 7 994 370 Jul-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 9 2,034 671 Jul-08 Matt Middle FastCar 6 1,668 649 Jul-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 6 1,194 362 Aug-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 8 1,520 639 Aug-08 Joseph North FastCar 8 896 308 Aug-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 10 1,870 645 Aug-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 1,395 594 Aug-08 Joseph West FastCar 6 1,668 556 Aug-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 8 944 356 Aug-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 9 1,881 789 Aug-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 9 1,674 504 Aug-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 7 1,316 451 Aug-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 8 2,304 795 Aug-08 Lawrence North FastCar 7 1,267 423 Aug-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 10 1,200 465 Aug-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 6 948 374 Aug-08 Lawrence West FastCar 6 1,194 510 Aug-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 1,630 536 Aug-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 7 1,302 499 Aug-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 6 1,368 505 Aug-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 720 272 Aug-08 Maria North SuperGlue 6 822 353 Aug-08 Maria North FastCar 8 1,616 508 Aug-08 Maria North RapidZoo 6 684 269 Aug-08 Maria West SuperGlue 7 980 308 Aug-08 Maria West FastCar 10 1,090 410 Aug-08 Maria West RapidZoo 10 1,090 421 Aug-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 7 861 385 Aug-08 Maria Middle FastCar 9 2,079 919 Aug-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 10 2,220 890 Aug-08 Matt North SuperGlue 8 1,024 458 Aug-08 Matt North FastCar 10 1,650 706 Aug-08 Matt North RapidZoo 6 678 214 Aug-08 Matt West SuperGlue 6 1,764 768 Aug-08 Matt West FastCar 9 2,259 688 Aug-08 Matt West RapidZoo 9 1,899 684 Aug-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 7 889 291 Aug-08 Matt Middle FastCar 6 804 295 Aug-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 7 1,064 413

Page 19: Training Excel Sheet

Sep-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 10 1,150 361 Sep-08 Joseph North FastCar 10 2,040 764 Sep-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 8 1,984 780 Sep-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 1,539 651 Sep-08 Joseph West FastCar 9 2,277 1,024 Sep-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 9 1,305 517 Sep-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 9 1,710 559 Sep-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 6 852 311 Sep-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 996 391 Sep-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 7 1,008 336 Sep-08 Lawrence North FastCar 6 1,194 537 Sep-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 8 1,736 718 Sep-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 6 1,170 395 Sep-08 Lawrence West FastCar 8 1,320 469 Sep-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 6 1,050 377 Sep-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 909 396 Sep-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 7 1,036 404 Sep-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 9 1,647 699 Sep-08 Maria North SuperGlue 10 2,220 993 Sep-08 Maria North FastCar 6 1,776 659 Sep-08 Maria North RapidZoo 7 1,246 394 Sep-08 Maria West SuperGlue 10 1,590 558 Sep-08 Maria West FastCar 9 945 312 Sep-08 Maria West RapidZoo 6 978 384 Sep-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 7 1,330 458 Sep-08 Maria Middle FastCar 7 826 328 Sep-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 7 1,127 439 Sep-08 Matt North SuperGlue 6 1,572 549 Sep-08 Matt North FastCar 9 2,610 1,099 Sep-08 Matt North RapidZoo 7 1,540 658 Sep-08 Matt West SuperGlue 8 1,624 626 Sep-08 Matt West FastCar 8 1,008 364 Sep-08 Matt West RapidZoo 7 1,596 513 Sep-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 7 1,743 728 Sep-08 Matt Middle FastCar 8 1,368 433 Sep-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 8 2,248 819 Oct-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 10 1,940 695 Oct-08 Joseph North FastCar 8 2,088 732 Oct-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 8 1,416 584 Oct-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 1,143 489 Oct-08 Joseph West FastCar 10 1,760 679 Oct-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 9 1,431 643 Oct-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 7 1,197 538 Oct-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 6 1,632 545 Oct-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 1,674 583 Oct-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 6 1,206 512 Oct-08 Lawrence North FastCar 9 1,881 707 Oct-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 6 1,158 417

Page 20: Training Excel Sheet

Oct-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 7 1,379 605 Oct-08 Lawrence West FastCar 6 1,650 689 Oct-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 6 654 203 Oct-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 1,971 818 Oct-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 9 2,637 1,097 Oct-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 1,158 355 Oct-08 Maria North SuperGlue 6 744 256 Oct-08 Maria North FastCar 10 2,610 877 Oct-08 Maria North RapidZoo 7 1,869 736 Oct-08 Maria West SuperGlue 8 1,056 446 Oct-08 Maria West FastCar 7 1,848 582 Oct-08 Maria West RapidZoo 6 1,152 475 Oct-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 10 1,670 613 Oct-08 Maria Middle FastCar 6 1,428 532 Oct-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 927 373 Oct-08 Matt North SuperGlue 9 981 371 Oct-08 Matt North FastCar 6 1,146 390 Oct-08 Matt North RapidZoo 8 1,856 572 Oct-08 Matt West SuperGlue 8 1,624 603 Oct-08 Matt West FastCar 10 2,890 959 Oct-08 Matt West RapidZoo 8 1,680 649 Oct-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 8 1,352 543 Oct-08 Matt Middle FastCar 9 2,529 1,095 Oct-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 9 1,710 703 Nov-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 9 1,197 536 Nov-08 Joseph North FastCar 6 1,488 496 Nov-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 1,782 742 Nov-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 7 987 437 Nov-08 Joseph West FastCar 6 1,248 548 Nov-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 6 1,632 684 Nov-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 1,278 475 Nov-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 8 2,280 738 Nov-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 8 2,024 856 Nov-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 9 2,043 913 Nov-08 Lawrence North FastCar 10 1,360 432 Nov-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 9 2,349 733 Nov-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 10 1,880 781 Nov-08 Lawrence West FastCar 7 707 230 Nov-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 1,960 813 Nov-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 10 2,090 853 Nov-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 9 1,161 446 Nov-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 10 1,390 548 Nov-08 Maria North SuperGlue 9 2,511 964 Nov-08 Maria North FastCar 9 1,557 654 Nov-08 Maria North RapidZoo 9 945 287 Nov-08 Maria West SuperGlue 9 1,098 423 Nov-08 Maria West FastCar 8 1,592 658 Nov-08 Maria West RapidZoo 6 1,098 393

Page 21: Training Excel Sheet

Nov-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 9 1,962 594 Nov-08 Maria Middle FastCar 8 1,016 394 Nov-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 10 1,210 369 Nov-08 Matt North SuperGlue 9 1,305 466 Nov-08 Matt North FastCar 8 1,872 758 Nov-08 Matt North RapidZoo 8 1,032 424 Nov-08 Matt West SuperGlue 8 1,184 464 Nov-08 Matt West FastCar 10 1,430 586 Nov-08 Matt West RapidZoo 8 2,368 771 Nov-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 10 2,540 835 Nov-08 Matt Middle FastCar 7 994 418 Nov-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 1,220 548 Dec-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 7 2,016 888 Dec-08 Joseph North FastCar 10 1,630 618 Dec-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 10 1,180 369 Dec-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 6 1,302 444 Dec-08 Joseph West FastCar 10 1,730 739 Dec-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 9 2,646 1,057 Dec-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 7 1,190 367 Dec-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 10 2,310 944 Dec-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 882 333 Dec-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 6 1,776 736 Dec-08 Lawrence North FastCar 9 2,286 991 Dec-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 6 1,206 540 Dec-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 9 945 398 Dec-08 Lawrence West FastCar 8 1,840 635 Dec-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 2,250 1,012 Dec-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 2,007 632 Dec-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 8 1,976 795 Dec-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 8 1,864 604 Dec-08 Maria North SuperGlue 7 1,988 867 Dec-08 Maria North FastCar 8 1,352 523 Dec-08 Maria North RapidZoo 10 1,020 353 Dec-08 Maria West SuperGlue 9 2,142 893 Dec-08 Maria West FastCar 6 1,638 733 Dec-08 Maria West RapidZoo 7 1,113 358 Dec-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 8 1,784 724 Dec-08 Maria Middle FastCar 9 2,322 1,006 Dec-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 7 1,302 491 Dec-08 Matt North SuperGlue 9 900 281 Dec-08 Matt North FastCar 8 1,384 428 Dec-08 Matt North RapidZoo 6 852 369 Dec-08 Matt West SuperGlue 8 1,168 444 Dec-08 Matt West FastCar 6 1,140 378 Dec-08 Matt West RapidZoo 10 1,250 483 Dec-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 9 2,097 724 Dec-08 Matt Middle FastCar 7 1,729 664 Dec-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 9 1,953 719

Page 22: Training Excel Sheet

Jan-09 Joseph North SuperGlue 10 1,560 610 Jan-09 Joseph North FastCar 9 2,439 733 Jan-09 Joseph North RapidZoo 7 812 261 Jan-09 Joseph West SuperGlue 6 1,164 392 Jan-09 Joseph West FastCar 8 1,680 513 Jan-09 Joseph West RapidZoo 7 1,736 645 Jan-09 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 1,650 691 Jan-09 Joseph Middle FastCar 10 1,980 610 Jan-09 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 10 1,770 622 Jan-09 Lawrence North SuperGlue 7 1,799 619 Jan-09 Lawrence North FastCar 7 1,155 406 Jan-09 Lawrence North RapidZoo 9 2,178 703 Jan-09 Lawrence West SuperGlue 10 1,330 464 Jan-09 Lawrence West FastCar 9 1,413 621 Jan-09 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 896 391 Jan-09 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 7 2,072 750 Jan-09 Lawrence Middle FastCar 9 2,034 869 Jan-09 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 10 1,430 534 Jan-09 Maria North SuperGlue 6 1,242 497 Jan-09 Maria North FastCar 8 1,024 440 Jan-09 Maria North RapidZoo 8 2,232 869 Jan-09 Maria West SuperGlue 8 1,048 351 Jan-09 Maria West FastCar 10 1,110 438 Jan-09 Maria West RapidZoo 8 1,136 354 Jan-09 Maria Middle SuperGlue 10 2,440 799 Jan-09 Maria Middle FastCar 8 2,216 723 Jan-09 Maria Middle RapidZoo 7 1,484 494 Jan-09 Matt North SuperGlue 6 1,032 437 Jan-09 Matt North FastCar 7 1,820 596 Jan-09 Matt North RapidZoo 6 1,560 600 Jan-09 Matt West SuperGlue 8 2,040 688 Jan-09 Matt West FastCar 6 1,740 550 Jan-09 Matt West RapidZoo 6 636 239 Jan-09 Matt Middle SuperGlue 9 2,358 1,009 Jan-09 Matt Middle FastCar 6 1,470 585 Jan-09 Matt Middle RapidZoo 9 1,053 458 Feb-09 Joseph North SuperGlue 6 1,200 516 Feb-09 Joseph North FastCar 9 1,980 615 Feb-09 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 1,548 581 Feb-09 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 1,278 479 Feb-09 Joseph West FastCar 7 1,162 350 Feb-09 Joseph West RapidZoo 7 1,638 529 Feb-09 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 10 2,140 910 Feb-09 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 1,813 711 Feb-09 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 9 1,890 656 Feb-09 Lawrence North SuperGlue 7 1,113 431 Feb-09 Lawrence North FastCar 10 2,850 921 Feb-09 Lawrence North RapidZoo 7 1,827 582

Page 23: Training Excel Sheet

Feb-09 Lawrence West SuperGlue 10 2,900 1,265 Feb-09 Lawrence West FastCar 8 1,112 372 Feb-09 Lawrence West RapidZoo 9 2,043 729 Feb-09 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 6 768 329 Feb-09 Lawrence Middle FastCar 7 882 352 Feb-09 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 9 1,773 656 Feb-09 Maria North SuperGlue 8 1,888 674 Feb-09 Maria North FastCar 7 2,100 873 Feb-09 Maria North RapidZoo 10 1,660 645 Feb-09 Maria West SuperGlue 9 1,197 412 Feb-09 Maria West FastCar 10 1,350 567 Feb-09 Maria West RapidZoo 8 2,296 785 Feb-09 Maria Middle SuperGlue 10 1,470 444 Feb-09 Maria Middle FastCar 9 2,169 935 Feb-09 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 1,008 347 Feb-09 Matt North SuperGlue 7 1,407 578 Feb-09 Matt North FastCar 7 1,785 737 Feb-09 Matt North RapidZoo 9 1,206 364 Feb-09 Matt West SuperGlue 8 2,312 985 Feb-09 Matt West FastCar 9 1,179 484 Feb-09 Matt West RapidZoo 10 1,280 460 Feb-09 Matt Middle SuperGlue 9 1,278 462 Feb-09 Matt Middle FastCar 7 1,064 423 Feb-09 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 2,250 799 Mar-09 Joseph North SuperGlue 9 2,151 647 Mar-09 Joseph North FastCar 8 2,392 1,070 Mar-09 Joseph North RapidZoo 6 870 377 Mar-09 Joseph West SuperGlue 6 846 308 Mar-09 Joseph West FastCar 6 1,032 368 Mar-09 Joseph West RapidZoo 10 1,490 487 Mar-09 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 8 1,872 842 Mar-09 Joseph Middle FastCar 10 2,530 986 Mar-09 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 660 277 Mar-09 Lawrence North SuperGlue 10 2,020 726 Mar-09 Lawrence North FastCar 10 2,070 684 Mar-09 Lawrence North RapidZoo 9 2,277 853 Mar-09 Lawrence West SuperGlue 6 642 209 Mar-09 Lawrence West FastCar 8 1,448 456 Mar-09 Lawrence West RapidZoo 6 1,014 316 Mar-09 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 2,502 754 Mar-09 Lawrence Middle FastCar 9 1,422 579 Mar-09 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 9 2,673 1,151 Mar-09 Maria North SuperGlue 8 984 320 Mar-09 Maria North FastCar 7 1,904 584 Mar-09 Maria North RapidZoo 7 1,925 696 Mar-09 Maria West SuperGlue 8 2,400 740 Mar-09 Maria West FastCar 10 1,130 497 Mar-09 Maria West RapidZoo 7 1,190 427

Page 24: Training Excel Sheet

Mar-09 Maria Middle SuperGlue 6 696 261 Mar-09 Maria Middle FastCar 8 1,072 367 Mar-09 Maria Middle RapidZoo 10 2,060 919 Mar-09 Matt North SuperGlue 6 1,452 637 Mar-09 Matt North FastCar 6 1,464 618 Mar-09 Matt North RapidZoo 10 1,420 457 Mar-09 Matt West SuperGlue 9 2,610 1,041 Mar-09 Matt West FastCar 6 1,734 560 Mar-09 Matt West RapidZoo 9 2,475 780 Mar-09 Matt Middle SuperGlue 10 1,740 636 Mar-09 Matt Middle FastCar 8 2,392 835 Mar-09 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 2,650 1,114 Apr-09 Joseph North SuperGlue 9 1,665 719 Apr-09 Joseph North FastCar 9 972 374 Apr-09 Joseph North RapidZoo 7 1,638 608 Apr-09 Joseph West SuperGlue 8 2,112 916 Apr-09 Joseph West FastCar 7 1,421 482 Apr-09 Joseph West RapidZoo 7 1,015 406 Apr-09 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 648 291 Apr-09 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 826 314 Apr-09 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 8 1,736 690 Apr-09 Lawrence North SuperGlue 6 984 400 Apr-09 Lawrence North FastCar 6 984 433 Apr-09 Lawrence North RapidZoo 8 1,208 386 Apr-09 Lawrence West SuperGlue 7 1,232 497 Apr-09 Lawrence West FastCar 8 2,344 1,008 Apr-09 Lawrence West RapidZoo 6 816 261 Apr-09 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 1,098 417 Apr-09 Lawrence Middle FastCar 8 1,672 575 Apr-09 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 7 1,022 449 Apr-09 Maria North SuperGlue 6 1,146 509 Apr-09 Maria North FastCar 9 2,079 923 Apr-09 Maria North RapidZoo 9 1,980 849 Apr-09 Maria West SuperGlue 7 2,044 671 Apr-09 Maria West FastCar 10 2,930 1,014 Apr-09 Maria West RapidZoo 8 984 418 Apr-09 Maria Middle SuperGlue 6 1,680 653 Apr-09 Maria Middle FastCar 8 1,208 427 Apr-09 Maria Middle RapidZoo 8 1,504 656 Apr-09 Matt North SuperGlue 10 2,060 813 Apr-09 Matt North FastCar 7 966 374 Apr-09 Matt North RapidZoo 6 954 401 Apr-09 Matt West SuperGlue 8 1,608 536 Apr-09 Matt West FastCar 8 2,128 674 Apr-09 Matt West RapidZoo 8 1,240 379 Apr-09 Matt Middle SuperGlue 6 1,188 479 Apr-09 Matt Middle FastCar 6 1,608 651 Apr-09 Matt Middle RapidZoo 8 1,992 778

Page 25: Training Excel Sheet

May-09 Joseph North SuperGlue 8 1,168 505 May-09 Joseph North FastCar 8 1,784 699 May-09 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 1,512 660 May-09 Joseph West SuperGlue 6 1,170 394 May-09 Joseph West FastCar 10 2,100 812 May-09 Joseph West RapidZoo 6 1,650 503 May-09 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 8 1,392 591 May-09 Joseph Middle FastCar 8 1,704 723 May-09 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 9 1,251 520 May-09 Lawrence North SuperGlue 9 1,233 501 May-09 Lawrence North FastCar 7 924 303 May-09 Lawrence North RapidZoo 8 1,176 412 May-09 Lawrence West SuperGlue 8 1,192 517 May-09 Lawrence West FastCar 8 1,896 641 May-09 Lawrence West RapidZoo 9 2,691 1,055 May-09 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 7 756 318 May-09 Lawrence Middle FastCar 9 2,511 759 May-09 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 1,536 596 May-09 Maria North SuperGlue 8 1,320 475 May-09 Maria North FastCar 6 1,176 381 May-09 Maria North RapidZoo 6 1,722 697 May-09 Maria West SuperGlue 8 1,696 513 May-09 Maria West FastCar 8 1,112 445 May-09 Maria West RapidZoo 8 1,744 731 May-09 Maria Middle SuperGlue 8 2,048 846 May-09 Maria Middle FastCar 8 1,408 437 May-09 Maria Middle RapidZoo 7 882 394 May-09 Matt North SuperGlue 9 2,466 878 May-09 Matt North FastCar 9 2,385 777 May-09 Matt North RapidZoo 7 1,827 624 May-09 Matt West SuperGlue 6 1,680 623 May-09 Matt West FastCar 9 2,160 938 May-09 Matt West RapidZoo 10 1,440 640 May-09 Matt Middle SuperGlue 6 984 313 May-09 Matt Middle FastCar 6 642 235 May-09 Matt Middle RapidZoo 6 1,644 656 Jun-09 Joseph North SuperGlue 8 1,968 880 Jun-09 Joseph North FastCar 6 960 319 Jun-09 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 1,125 462 Jun-09 Joseph West SuperGlue 6 1,602 640 Jun-09 Joseph West FastCar 9 2,088 909 Jun-09 Joseph West RapidZoo 6 1,020 426 Jun-09 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 1,434 556 Jun-09 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 1,316 448 Jun-09 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 7 2,079 817 Jun-09 Lawrence North SuperGlue 10 1,490 561 Jun-09 Lawrence North FastCar 10 2,930 1,187 Jun-09 Lawrence North RapidZoo 10 1,890 603

Page 26: Training Excel Sheet

Jun-09 Lawrence West SuperGlue 8 2,080 737 Jun-09 Lawrence West FastCar 9 1,071 421 Jun-09 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 861 386 Jun-09 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 8 1,296 444 Jun-09 Lawrence Middle FastCar 6 714 229 Jun-09 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 10 1,660 544 Jun-09 Maria North SuperGlue 8 1,672 717 Jun-09 Maria North FastCar 10 1,510 592 Jun-09 Maria North RapidZoo 8 1,656 583 Jun-09 Maria West SuperGlue 8 1,656 607 Jun-09 Maria West FastCar 8 928 417 Jun-09 Maria West RapidZoo 6 1,698 580 Jun-09 Maria Middle SuperGlue 7 1,575 493 Jun-09 Maria Middle FastCar 7 1,666 680 Jun-09 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 1,611 484 Jun-09 Matt North SuperGlue 8 1,584 547 Jun-09 Matt North FastCar 9 2,628 1,054 Jun-09 Matt North RapidZoo 8 1,600 651 Jun-09 Matt West SuperGlue 7 1,512 552 Jun-09 Matt West FastCar 6 1,590 651 Jun-09 Matt West RapidZoo 10 2,660 1,008 Jun-09 Matt Middle SuperGlue 9 2,097 868 Jun-09 Matt Middle FastCar 7 1,015 340 Jun-09 Matt Middle RapidZoo 9 945 302

Page 27: Training Excel Sheet

Salesman Region Product No. Customers Net Sales Profit / Loss RegionJan-07 Joseph North FastCar 8 1,592 563 NorthJan-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 8 1,088 397 NorthJan-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 8 1,680 753 WestJan-07 Joseph West FastCar 9 2,133 923 WestJan-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 10 1,610 579 WestJan-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 10 1,540 570 MiddleJan-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 1,316 428 MiddleJan-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 7 1,799 709 MiddleJan-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 8 1,624 621 NorthJan-07 Lawrence North FastCar 6 726 236 NorthJan-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 9 2,277 966 NorthJan-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 6 714 221 WestJan-07 Lawrence West FastCar 9 2,682 1,023 WestJan-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 6 1,500 634 WestJan-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 7 917 403 MiddleJan-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 7 1,939 760 MiddleJan-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 984 314 MiddleJan-07 Maria North SuperGlue 9 981 372 NorthJan-07 Maria North FastCar 10 1,520 476 NorthJan-07 Maria North RapidZoo 6 966 330 NorthJan-07 Maria West SuperGlue 10 2,800 903 WestJan-07 Maria West FastCar 6 1,536 572 WestJan-07 Maria West RapidZoo 8 816 291 WestJan-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 9 2,547 781 MiddleJan-07 Maria Middle FastCar 10 1,810 664 MiddleJan-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 2,223 771 MiddleJan-07 Matt North SuperGlue 9 1,377 415 NorthJan-07 Matt North FastCar 7 903 315 NorthJan-07 Matt North RapidZoo 9 2,232 828 NorthJan-07 Matt West SuperGlue 10 2,070 903 WestJan-07 Matt West FastCar 10 2,170 832 WestJan-07 Matt West RapidZoo 9 2,610 1,090 WestJan-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 8 2,312 1,000 MiddleJan-07 Matt Middle FastCar 6 1,020 308 MiddleJan-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 8 872 331 MiddleFeb-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 10 2,030 857 NorthFeb-07 Joseph North FastCar 7 966 321 NorthFeb-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 6 1,608 710 NorthFeb-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 8 2,136 669 WestFeb-07 Joseph West FastCar 7 1,561 676 WestFeb-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 7 1,869 745 WestFeb-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 8 1,352 410 MiddleFeb-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 1,820 732 MiddleFeb-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 756 334 MiddleFeb-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 7 1,463 564 NorthFeb-07 Lawrence North FastCar 8 1,536 492 NorthFeb-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 10 1,220 368 North

Month

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Feb-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 8 1,264 460 WestFeb-07 Lawrence West FastCar 10 2,980 985 WestFeb-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 6 996 390 WestFeb-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 1,386 467 MiddleFeb-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 6 1,608 693 MiddleFeb-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 7 931 296 MiddleFeb-07 Maria North SuperGlue 8 1,344 514 NorthFeb-07 Maria North FastCar 9 2,538 1,053 NorthFeb-07 Maria North RapidZoo 6 828 361 NorthFeb-07 Maria West SuperGlue 10 2,820 939 WestFeb-07 Maria West FastCar 7 1,491 607 WestFeb-07 Maria West RapidZoo 8 1,904 695 WestFeb-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 8 968 306 MiddleFeb-07 Maria Middle FastCar 9 1,080 383 MiddleFeb-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 936 375 MiddleFeb-07 Matt North SuperGlue 10 2,120 675 NorthFeb-07 Matt North FastCar 6 1,740 702 NorthFeb-07 Matt North RapidZoo 6 1,470 496 NorthFeb-07 Matt West SuperGlue 9 1,683 690 WestFeb-07 Matt West FastCar 9 1,890 779 WestFeb-07 Matt West RapidZoo 8 1,704 628 WestFeb-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 6 1,644 556 MiddleFeb-07 Matt Middle FastCar 9 2,457 1,021 MiddleFeb-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 7 1,785 566 MiddleMar-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 7 973 405 NorthMar-07 Joseph North FastCar 6 1,644 606 NorthMar-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 10 2,110 845 NorthMar-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 1,179 435 WestMar-07 Joseph West FastCar 10 1,340 429 WestMar-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 8 984 350 WestMar-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 9 1,971 649 MiddleMar-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 6 1,392 549 MiddleMar-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 7 1,099 460 MiddleMar-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 9 1,836 799 NorthMar-07 Lawrence North FastCar 6 732 312 NorthMar-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 9 2,637 984 NorthMar-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 6 1,134 485 WestMar-07 Lawrence West FastCar 9 1,062 469 WestMar-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 1,320 591 WestMar-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 10 1,140 352 MiddleMar-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 9 2,205 936 MiddleMar-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 9 2,583 943 MiddleMar-07 Maria North SuperGlue 7 1,827 744 NorthMar-07 Maria North FastCar 6 1,488 575 NorthMar-07 Maria North RapidZoo 6 1,260 483 NorthMar-07 Maria West SuperGlue 7 931 352 WestMar-07 Maria West FastCar 7 742 324 WestMar-07 Maria West RapidZoo 10 1,110 480 West

Page 29: Training Excel Sheet

Mar-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 9 1,980 708 MiddleMar-07 Maria Middle FastCar 10 2,180 979 MiddleMar-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 1,215 406 MiddleMar-07 Matt North SuperGlue 8 1,832 729 NorthMar-07 Matt North FastCar 6 1,176 448 NorthMar-07 Matt North RapidZoo 6 1,044 315 NorthMar-07 Matt West SuperGlue 9 981 336 WestMar-07 Matt West FastCar 10 1,350 416 WestMar-07 Matt West RapidZoo 9 1,926 838 WestMar-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 10 1,260 483 MiddleMar-07 Matt Middle FastCar 8 888 296 MiddleMar-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 1,090 382 MiddleApr-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 10 2,940 1,210 NorthApr-07 Joseph North FastCar 8 1,336 405 NorthApr-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 6 1,392 432 NorthApr-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 10 1,090 331 WestApr-07 Joseph West FastCar 6 1,350 512 WestApr-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 8 1,568 682 WestApr-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 7 1,925 814 MiddleApr-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 1,358 544 MiddleApr-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 888 359 MiddleApr-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 9 1,845 594 NorthApr-07 Lawrence North FastCar 7 1,232 403 NorthApr-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 9 2,232 670 NorthApr-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 7 2,079 720 WestApr-07 Lawrence West FastCar 8 1,640 701 WestApr-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 2,890 952 WestApr-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 8 800 289 MiddleApr-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 10 2,460 828 MiddleApr-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 8 1,872 702 MiddleApr-07 Maria North SuperGlue 7 833 267 NorthApr-07 Maria North FastCar 7 728 231 NorthApr-07 Maria North RapidZoo 7 2,100 831 NorthApr-07 Maria West SuperGlue 9 2,367 1,018 WestApr-07 Maria West FastCar 10 2,110 700 WestApr-07 Maria West RapidZoo 8 2,072 879 WestApr-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 8 1,816 746 MiddleApr-07 Maria Middle FastCar 8 2,152 780 MiddleApr-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 6 1,110 493 MiddleApr-07 Matt North SuperGlue 7 1,064 436 NorthApr-07 Matt North FastCar 7 805 261 NorthApr-07 Matt North RapidZoo 8 1,192 422 NorthApr-07 Matt West SuperGlue 7 1,085 396 WestApr-07 Matt West FastCar 10 2,790 1,056 WestApr-07 Matt West RapidZoo 6 1,026 366 WestApr-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 8 2,256 680 MiddleApr-07 Matt Middle FastCar 10 1,590 584 MiddleApr-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 6 1,788 629 Middle

Page 30: Training Excel Sheet

May-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 10 2,500 821 NorthMay-07 Joseph North FastCar 7 707 295 NorthMay-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 8 1,808 608 NorthMay-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 2,322 912 WestMay-07 Joseph West FastCar 9 1,197 452 WestMay-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 9 2,106 909 WestMay-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 10 2,610 987 MiddleMay-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 1,239 443 MiddleMay-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 9 2,574 926 MiddleMay-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 10 3,000 1,313 NorthMay-07 Lawrence North FastCar 8 1,944 725 NorthMay-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 10 2,760 864 NorthMay-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 9 2,610 1,143 WestMay-07 Lawrence West FastCar 10 1,500 508 WestMay-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 6 618 237 WestMay-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 7 1,043 346 MiddleMay-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 8 1,896 680 MiddleMay-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 10 1,030 355 MiddleMay-07 Maria North SuperGlue 7 1,911 724 NorthMay-07 Maria North FastCar 9 2,547 906 NorthMay-07 Maria North RapidZoo 6 780 305 NorthMay-07 Maria West SuperGlue 9 1,305 400 WestMay-07 Maria West FastCar 7 1,820 733 WestMay-07 Maria West RapidZoo 8 1,904 644 WestMay-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 9 1,512 503 MiddleMay-07 Maria Middle FastCar 10 1,640 612 MiddleMay-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 7 763 333 MiddleMay-07 Matt North SuperGlue 10 1,120 408 NorthMay-07 Matt North FastCar 6 1,056 362 NorthMay-07 Matt North RapidZoo 9 1,314 451 NorthMay-07 Matt West SuperGlue 10 2,410 778 WestMay-07 Matt West FastCar 10 1,940 820 WestMay-07 Matt West RapidZoo 9 2,268 972 WestMay-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 7 903 324 MiddleMay-07 Matt Middle FastCar 6 1,596 491 MiddleMay-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 2,240 722 MiddleJun-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 7 1,134 480 NorthJun-07 Joseph North FastCar 10 1,600 565 NorthJun-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 2,646 1,161 NorthJun-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 7 1,470 559 WestJun-07 Joseph West FastCar 10 2,960 1,198 WestJun-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 8 1,512 607 WestJun-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 10 2,520 867 MiddleJun-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 9 1,026 435 MiddleJun-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 8 1,320 432 MiddleJun-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 10 2,840 1,113 NorthJun-07 Lawrence North FastCar 8 1,280 546 NorthJun-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 7 1,666 525 North

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Jun-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 7 1,435 442 WestJun-07 Lawrence West FastCar 6 942 406 WestJun-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 9 1,764 635 WestJun-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 10 2,750 1,006 MiddleJun-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 8 1,552 661 MiddleJun-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 10 1,740 596 MiddleJun-07 Maria North SuperGlue 7 868 298 NorthJun-07 Maria North FastCar 10 2,960 1,092 NorthJun-07 Maria North RapidZoo 8 1,736 667 NorthJun-07 Maria West SuperGlue 8 1,200 459 WestJun-07 Maria West FastCar 10 1,590 563 WestJun-07 Maria West RapidZoo 9 1,485 642 WestJun-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 8 2,080 692 MiddleJun-07 Maria Middle FastCar 10 2,710 1,109 MiddleJun-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 8 2,096 764 MiddleJun-07 Matt North SuperGlue 10 1,070 395 NorthJun-07 Matt North FastCar 9 2,007 894 NorthJun-07 Matt North RapidZoo 10 1,420 574 NorthJun-07 Matt West SuperGlue 6 738 312 WestJun-07 Matt West FastCar 9 2,007 669 Jun-07 Matt West RapidZoo 8 1,304 506 Jun-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 8 1,880 698 Jun-07 Matt Middle FastCar 8 984 426 Jun-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 7 2,065 811 Jul-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 10 1,110 357 Jul-07 Joseph North FastCar 9 1,854 684 Jul-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 10 1,870 833 Jul-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 1,674 518 Jul-07 Joseph West FastCar 6 714 306 Jul-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 9 1,485 483 Jul-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 882 303 Jul-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 1,960 789 Jul-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 7 1,827 650 Jul-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 9 2,646 1,023 Jul-07 Lawrence North FastCar 8 2,088 628 Jul-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 8 2,352 828 Jul-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 6 1,662 595 Jul-07 Lawrence West FastCar 6 1,350 410 Jul-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 1,316 482 Jul-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 6 1,110 410 Jul-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 10 2,020 691 Jul-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 7 1,267 418 Jul-07 Maria North SuperGlue 8 1,856 652 Jul-07 Maria North FastCar 8 1,176 411 Jul-07 Maria North RapidZoo 10 1,090 427 Jul-07 Maria West SuperGlue 10 1,320 533 Jul-07 Maria West FastCar 10 2,280 993 Jul-07 Maria West RapidZoo 7 777 334

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Jul-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 6 1,056 421 Jul-07 Maria Middle FastCar 6 1,530 565 Jul-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 963 396 Jul-07 Matt North SuperGlue 9 1,926 586 Jul-07 Matt North FastCar 9 2,457 780 Jul-07 Matt North RapidZoo 6 792 269 Jul-07 Matt West SuperGlue 9 1,908 790 Jul-07 Matt West FastCar 6 1,308 515 Jul-07 Matt West RapidZoo 9 2,493 1,116 Jul-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 7 1,596 523 Jul-07 Matt Middle FastCar 8 1,032 456 Jul-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 6 1,302 487 Aug-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 7 1,169 486 Aug-07 Joseph North FastCar 9 1,332 584 Aug-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 1,440 585 Aug-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 6 684 225 Aug-07 Joseph West FastCar 9 2,286 878 Aug-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 10 2,520 793 Aug-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 10 1,840 793 Aug-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 9 1,836 595 Aug-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 8 2,232 969 Aug-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 8 2,264 907 Aug-07 Lawrence North FastCar 6 774 284 Aug-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 7 1,288 573 Aug-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 10 1,500 581 Aug-07 Lawrence West FastCar 6 906 392 Aug-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 6 786 264 Aug-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 10 2,260 900 Aug-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 7 1,904 653 Aug-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 8 1,968 793 Aug-07 Maria North SuperGlue 6 1,128 465 Aug-07 Maria North FastCar 6 1,116 493 Aug-07 Maria North RapidZoo 10 2,720 986 Aug-07 Maria West SuperGlue 7 1,673 573 Aug-07 Maria West FastCar 7 770 334 Aug-07 Maria West RapidZoo 9 2,340 830 Aug-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 10 2,740 935 Aug-07 Maria Middle FastCar 7 721 266 Aug-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 6 1,626 635 Aug-07 Matt North SuperGlue 8 1,992 882 Aug-07 Matt North FastCar 8 1,840 563 Aug-07 Matt North RapidZoo 6 918 362 Aug-07 Matt West SuperGlue 8 1,784 536 Aug-07 Matt West FastCar 9 2,070 663 Aug-07 Matt West RapidZoo 7 1,477 637 Aug-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 7 1,603 566 Aug-07 Matt Middle FastCar 10 1,200 508 Aug-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 8 1,712 618

Page 33: Training Excel Sheet

Sep-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 9 1,620 695 Sep-07 Joseph North FastCar 10 2,540 1,007 Sep-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 7 931 417 Sep-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 10 1,140 381 Sep-07 Joseph West FastCar 7 1,715 628 Sep-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 7 1,687 538 Sep-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 1,476 582 Sep-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 1,960 705 Sep-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 9 2,646 812 Sep-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 6 942 296 Sep-07 Lawrence North FastCar 9 2,619 851 Sep-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 7 1,274 560 Sep-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 10 2,720 1,162 Sep-07 Lawrence West FastCar 8 960 402 Sep-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 9 2,421 795 Sep-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 6 810 304 Sep-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 8 1,032 331 Sep-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 954 403 Sep-07 Maria North SuperGlue 7 1,673 513 Sep-07 Maria North FastCar 6 1,404 483 Sep-07 Maria North RapidZoo 10 2,120 716 Sep-07 Maria West SuperGlue 6 948 296 Sep-07 Maria West FastCar 10 1,610 713 Sep-07 Maria West RapidZoo 9 1,035 337 Sep-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 6 1,434 631 Sep-07 Maria Middle FastCar 6 642 288 Sep-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 6 1,272 403 Sep-07 Matt North SuperGlue 9 2,619 991 Sep-07 Matt North FastCar 7 1,155 469 Sep-07 Matt North RapidZoo 8 1,384 454 Sep-07 Matt West SuperGlue 7 1,848 577 Sep-07 Matt West FastCar 6 1,230 517 Sep-07 Matt West RapidZoo 9 2,529 1,084 Sep-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 8 2,336 863 Sep-07 Matt Middle FastCar 6 1,614 556 Sep-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 8 928 308 Oct-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 10 1,410 483 Oct-07 Joseph North FastCar 9 1,521 607 Oct-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 1,494 664 Oct-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 10 2,050 627 Oct-07 Joseph West FastCar 8 1,448 497 Oct-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 10 1,170 432 Oct-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 1,626 616 Oct-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 9 2,295 989 Oct-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 8 2,304 696 Oct-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 8 1,160 508 Oct-07 Lawrence North FastCar 10 2,470 817 Oct-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 9 2,322 841

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Oct-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 9 2,520 810 Oct-07 Lawrence West FastCar 10 1,130 401 Oct-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 1,827 620 Oct-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 1,818 724 Oct-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 7 1,645 686 Oct-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 1,626 562 Oct-07 Maria North SuperGlue 7 1,617 722 Oct-07 Maria North FastCar 6 1,344 440 Oct-07 Maria North RapidZoo 9 2,403 1,069 Oct-07 Maria West SuperGlue 9 2,358 830 Oct-07 Maria West FastCar 9 2,223 893 Oct-07 Maria West RapidZoo 6 774 257 Oct-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 6 918 330 Oct-07 Maria Middle FastCar 6 624 206 Oct-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 7 1,043 347 Oct-07 Matt North SuperGlue 8 1,848 660 Oct-07 Matt North FastCar 10 2,910 1,169 Oct-07 Matt North RapidZoo 6 1,134 505 Oct-07 Matt West SuperGlue 10 2,620 900 Oct-07 Matt West FastCar 8 1,216 464 Oct-07 Matt West RapidZoo 9 1,278 465 Oct-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 6 720 260 Oct-07 Matt Middle FastCar 9 1,089 394 Oct-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 8 1,552 599 Nov-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 9 1,026 432 Nov-07 Joseph North FastCar 7 1,155 481 Nov-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 1,935 689 Nov-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 7 1,911 633 Nov-07 Joseph West FastCar 6 1,386 513 Nov-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 9 2,646 994 Nov-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 1,362 449 Nov-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 6 1,326 490 Nov-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 9 1,863 797 Nov-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 8 2,032 723 Nov-07 Lawrence North FastCar 8 1,208 489 Nov-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 6 1,290 425 Nov-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 7 1,904 783 Nov-07 Lawrence West FastCar 10 1,390 420 Nov-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 1,480 641 Nov-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 2,682 970 Nov-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 6 1,782 664 Nov-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 7 1,085 459 Nov-07 Maria North SuperGlue 6 864 378 Nov-07 Maria North FastCar 9 2,349 984 Nov-07 Maria North RapidZoo 9 1,827 613 Nov-07 Maria West SuperGlue 10 1,200 469 Nov-07 Maria West FastCar 9 2,610 964 Nov-07 Maria West RapidZoo 8 1,864 692

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Nov-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 6 1,326 479 Nov-07 Maria Middle FastCar 9 1,827 560 Nov-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 7 1,358 600 Nov-07 Matt North SuperGlue 9 1,674 751 Nov-07 Matt North FastCar 6 750 253 Nov-07 Matt North RapidZoo 10 1,170 455 Nov-07 Matt West SuperGlue 9 1,953 771 Nov-07 Matt West FastCar 7 924 383 Nov-07 Matt West RapidZoo 6 972 311 Nov-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 7 1,505 524 Nov-07 Matt Middle FastCar 9 2,439 1,083 Nov-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 9 2,295 982 Dec-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 7 1,169 384 Dec-07 Joseph North FastCar 9 1,206 448 Dec-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 7 749 257 Dec-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 2,565 790 Dec-07 Joseph West FastCar 9 1,962 594 Dec-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 7 1,246 519 Dec-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 8 1,376 452 Dec-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 8 968 324 Dec-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 8 1,984 693 Dec-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 8 1,576 658 Dec-07 Lawrence North FastCar 9 2,466 875 Dec-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 10 2,040 710 Dec-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 6 894 296 Dec-07 Lawrence West FastCar 9 1,017 426 Dec-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 2,090 901 Dec-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 8 1,168 391 Dec-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 8 952 355 Dec-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 8 2,328 729 Dec-07 Maria North SuperGlue 6 1,446 553 Dec-07 Maria North FastCar 10 2,340 898 Dec-07 Maria North RapidZoo 6 648 287 Dec-07 Maria West SuperGlue 9 2,358 970 Dec-07 Maria West FastCar 8 2,144 868 Dec-07 Maria West RapidZoo 9 1,863 709 Dec-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 7 1,554 556 Dec-07 Maria Middle FastCar 8 2,400 741 Dec-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 10 2,150 929 Dec-07 Matt North SuperGlue 6 744 254 Dec-07 Matt North FastCar 7 1,911 707 Dec-07 Matt North RapidZoo 10 2,100 714 Dec-07 Matt West SuperGlue 6 852 268 Dec-07 Matt West FastCar 7 1,736 760 Dec-07 Matt West RapidZoo 6 1,542 565 Dec-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 9 2,592 857 Dec-07 Matt Middle FastCar 8 1,448 447 Dec-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 1,810 579

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Jan-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 9 1,323 539 Jan-08 Joseph North FastCar 9 2,529 889 Jan-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 8 1,992 776 Jan-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 10 1,840 604 Jan-08 Joseph West FastCar 8 936 320 Jan-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 8 1,320 417 Jan-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 9 2,511 985 Jan-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 8 1,048 456 Jan-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 10 1,670 639 Jan-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 10 2,070 706 Jan-08 Lawrence North FastCar 9 1,881 637 Jan-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 10 2,460 893 Jan-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 7 1,288 559 Jan-08 Lawrence West FastCar 10 2,820 1,039 Jan-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 1,960 722 Jan-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 6 1,074 447 Jan-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 7 910 382 Jan-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 8 1,800 734 Jan-08 Maria North SuperGlue 9 1,152 389 Jan-08 Maria North FastCar 7 2,002 885 Jan-08 Maria North RapidZoo 6 822 290 Jan-08 Maria West SuperGlue 10 2,030 739 Jan-08 Maria West FastCar 9 2,511 1,127 Jan-08 Maria West RapidZoo 6 1,302 392 Jan-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 6 660 272 Jan-08 Maria Middle FastCar 10 1,700 732 Jan-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 6 1,398 581 Jan-08 Matt North SuperGlue 7 784 326 Jan-08 Matt North FastCar 7 1,960 723 Jan-08 Matt North RapidZoo 6 1,392 540 Jan-08 Matt West SuperGlue 8 1,128 389 Jan-08 Matt West FastCar 8 1,192 397 Jan-08 Matt West RapidZoo 8 1,848 572 Jan-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 6 1,248 481 Jan-08 Matt Middle FastCar 6 750 256 Jan-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 1,760 725 Feb-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 8 1,528 574 Feb-08 Joseph North FastCar 7 1,022 445 Feb-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 7 2,030 771 Feb-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 7 798 351 Feb-08 Joseph West FastCar 10 2,600 1,051 Feb-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 10 1,530 625 Feb-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 10 1,360 600 Feb-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 6 924 391 Feb-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 1,782 593 Feb-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 9 2,268 903 Feb-08 Lawrence North FastCar 9 2,178 836 Feb-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 8 936 402

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Feb-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 8 1,128 344 Feb-08 Lawrence West FastCar 8 808 347 Feb-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 2,030 631 Feb-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 1,728 666 Feb-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 9 1,989 616 Feb-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 1,194 440 Feb-08 Maria North SuperGlue 7 1,435 500 Feb-08 Maria North FastCar 10 1,160 419 Feb-08 Maria North RapidZoo 6 810 287 Feb-08 Maria West SuperGlue 7 840 305 Feb-08 Maria West FastCar 8 1,064 454 Feb-08 Maria West RapidZoo 6 1,398 593 Feb-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 10 1,920 602 Feb-08 Maria Middle FastCar 10 2,610 893 Feb-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 10 1,960 601 Feb-08 Matt North SuperGlue 6 684 228 Feb-08 Matt North FastCar 6 630 242 Feb-08 Matt North RapidZoo 8 1,176 510 Feb-08 Matt West SuperGlue 9 2,169 660 Feb-08 Matt West FastCar 6 1,176 374 Feb-08 Matt West RapidZoo 6 810 332 Feb-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 6 1,680 723 Feb-08 Matt Middle FastCar 6 774 239 Feb-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 2,850 1,177 Mar-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 8 1,136 379 Mar-08 Joseph North FastCar 10 1,600 713 Mar-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 1,350 567 Mar-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 8 1,976 593 Mar-08 Joseph West FastCar 10 2,940 1,076 Mar-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 8 1,536 538 Mar-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 1,296 465 Mar-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 10 2,500 969 Mar-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 792 348 Mar-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 6 1,032 456 Mar-08 Lawrence North FastCar 7 784 240 Mar-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 6 1,644 580 Mar-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 10 1,090 435 Mar-08 Lawrence West FastCar 7 1,085 389 Mar-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 1,869 775 Mar-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 6 924 388 Mar-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 8 1,440 480 Mar-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 1,650 695 Mar-08 Maria North SuperGlue 6 1,050 434 Mar-08 Maria North FastCar 10 2,890 874 Mar-08 Maria North RapidZoo 10 1,140 437 Mar-08 Maria West SuperGlue 8 2,064 818 Mar-08 Maria West FastCar 6 1,182 391 Mar-08 Maria West RapidZoo 7 812 247

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Mar-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 9 1,035 387 Mar-08 Maria Middle FastCar 7 1,757 786 Mar-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 1,089 331 Mar-08 Matt North SuperGlue 9 1,062 475 Mar-08 Matt North FastCar 10 1,540 541 Mar-08 Matt North RapidZoo 6 1,704 685 Mar-08 Matt West SuperGlue 7 1,904 700 Mar-08 Matt West FastCar 7 2,093 672 Mar-08 Matt West RapidZoo 9 1,908 680 Mar-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 9 1,098 333 Mar-08 Matt Middle FastCar 7 896 354 Mar-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 7 1,120 472 Apr-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 7 1,155 460 Apr-08 Joseph North FastCar 10 1,250 432 Apr-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 2,331 826 Apr-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 2,385 824 Apr-08 Joseph West FastCar 10 2,280 720 Apr-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 7 714 261 Apr-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 8 1,712 724 Apr-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 735 250 Apr-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 8 2,160 936 Apr-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 8 1,104 462 Apr-08 Lawrence North FastCar 6 1,446 469 Apr-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 6 1,488 669 Apr-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 7 1,141 388 Apr-08 Lawrence West FastCar 10 2,200 812 Apr-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 1,617 635 Apr-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 10 2,740 1,168 Apr-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 7 1,456 442 Apr-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 1,506 476 Apr-08 Maria North SuperGlue 7 1,113 439 Apr-08 Maria North FastCar 8 1,248 454 Apr-08 Maria North RapidZoo 8 2,240 865 Apr-08 Maria West SuperGlue 6 1,176 487 Apr-08 Maria West FastCar 6 1,638 554 Apr-08 Maria West RapidZoo 8 2,176 770 Apr-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 10 2,000 624 Apr-08 Maria Middle FastCar 10 1,800 716 Apr-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 8 2,248 842 Apr-08 Matt North SuperGlue 6 1,482 481 Apr-08 Matt North FastCar 9 2,214 786 Apr-08 Matt North RapidZoo 8 856 268 Apr-08 Matt West SuperGlue 8 1,488 585 Apr-08 Matt West FastCar 8 1,880 660 Apr-08 Matt West RapidZoo 10 1,090 409 Apr-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 8 2,304 802 Apr-08 Matt Middle FastCar 10 1,270 412 Apr-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 1,990 699

Page 39: Training Excel Sheet

May-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 7 1,120 488 May-08 Joseph North FastCar 7 1,484 656 May-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 2,205 955 May-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 6 1,014 341 May-08 Joseph West FastCar 10 2,190 939 May-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 8 1,272 566 May-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 1,530 582 May-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 6 750 292 May-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 9 1,791 756 May-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 10 1,010 386 May-08 Lawrence North FastCar 9 1,665 608 May-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 7 1,603 697 May-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 7 749 305 May-08 Lawrence West FastCar 8 1,008 437 May-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 1,720 695 May-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 7 1,862 714 May-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 6 1,638 621 May-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 10 1,710 646 May-08 Maria North SuperGlue 10 2,210 993 May-08 Maria North FastCar 6 1,254 514 May-08 Maria North RapidZoo 10 1,220 444 May-08 Maria West SuperGlue 10 2,080 716 May-08 Maria West FastCar 8 1,472 469 May-08 Maria West RapidZoo 8 1,664 671 May-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 9 2,331 861 May-08 Maria Middle FastCar 8 1,280 475 May-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 1,566 581 May-08 Matt North SuperGlue 10 2,660 841 May-08 Matt North FastCar 10 1,880 680 May-08 Matt North RapidZoo 9 2,277 970 May-08 Matt West SuperGlue 9 1,737 530 May-08 Matt West FastCar 7 1,610 483 May-08 Matt West RapidZoo 9 2,196 852 May-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 7 903 326 May-08 Matt Middle FastCar 10 1,980 681 May-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 1,520 660 Jun-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 7 2,023 733 Jun-08 Joseph North FastCar 10 2,270 872 Jun-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 7 1,043 458 Jun-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 10 1,860 813 Jun-08 Joseph West FastCar 8 2,016 621 Jun-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 10 2,900 1,036 Jun-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 9 2,511 954 Jun-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 10 2,770 838 Jun-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 9 2,646 892 Jun-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 9 2,376 881 Jun-08 Lawrence North FastCar 6 696 301 Jun-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 9 1,296 558

Page 40: Training Excel Sheet

Jun-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 6 780 242 Jun-08 Lawrence West FastCar 7 1,295 526 Jun-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 2,009 773 Jun-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 10 1,850 821 Jun-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 7 1,659 734 Jun-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 7 1,750 617 Jun-08 Maria North SuperGlue 9 1,998 750 Jun-08 Maria North FastCar 10 1,860 725 Jun-08 Maria North RapidZoo 6 672 203 Jun-08 Maria West SuperGlue 10 1,870 616 Jun-08 Maria West FastCar 6 978 406 Jun-08 Maria West RapidZoo 8 1,944 834 Jun-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 6 1,182 497 Jun-08 Maria Middle FastCar 10 2,860 1,139 Jun-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 1,368 421 Jun-08 Matt North SuperGlue 6 1,218 442 Jun-08 Matt North FastCar 10 2,460 775 Jun-08 Matt North RapidZoo 9 2,610 806 Jun-08 Matt West SuperGlue 9 1,863 799 Jun-08 Matt West FastCar 7 1,610 497 Jun-08 Matt West RapidZoo 6 612 237 Jun-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 7 1,610 593 Jun-08 Matt Middle FastCar 8 1,552 615 Jun-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 1,010 401 Jul-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 6 1,434 614 Jul-08 Joseph North FastCar 9 1,908 801 Jul-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 7 735 254 Jul-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 1,629 513 Jul-08 Joseph West FastCar 9 1,287 442 Jul-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 8 936 326 Jul-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 9 2,106 828 Jul-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 8 2,040 793 Jul-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 1,578 657 Jul-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 9 1,449 575 Jul-08 Lawrence North FastCar 9 1,170 420 Jul-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 8 1,040 325 Jul-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 8 1,736 599 Jul-08 Lawrence West FastCar 7 2,100 634 Jul-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 2,660 954 Jul-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 6 1,104 453 Jul-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 9 2,358 805 Jul-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 852 368 Jul-08 Maria North SuperGlue 9 1,233 486 Jul-08 Maria North FastCar 7 917 300 Jul-08 Maria North RapidZoo 6 1,176 460 Jul-08 Maria West SuperGlue 8 864 260 Jul-08 Maria West FastCar 8 1,232 485 Jul-08 Maria West RapidZoo 9 1,917 610

Page 41: Training Excel Sheet

Jul-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 10 2,280 848 Jul-08 Maria Middle FastCar 10 1,290 546 Jul-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 8 1,416 628 Jul-08 Matt North SuperGlue 10 2,560 785 Jul-08 Matt North FastCar 10 1,560 491 Jul-08 Matt North RapidZoo 8 2,256 819 Jul-08 Matt West SuperGlue 10 2,120 938 Jul-08 Matt West FastCar 10 1,160 405 Jul-08 Matt West RapidZoo 7 994 370 Jul-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 9 2,034 671 Jul-08 Matt Middle FastCar 6 1,668 649 Jul-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 6 1,194 362 Aug-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 8 1,520 639 Aug-08 Joseph North FastCar 8 896 308 Aug-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 10 1,870 645 Aug-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 1,395 594 Aug-08 Joseph West FastCar 6 1,668 556 Aug-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 8 944 356 Aug-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 9 1,881 789 Aug-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 9 1,674 504 Aug-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 7 1,316 451 Aug-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 8 2,304 795 Aug-08 Lawrence North FastCar 7 1,267 423 Aug-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 10 1,200 465 Aug-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 6 948 374 Aug-08 Lawrence West FastCar 6 1,194 510 Aug-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 1,630 536 Aug-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 7 1,302 499 Aug-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 6 1,368 505 Aug-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 720 272 Aug-08 Maria North SuperGlue 6 822 353 Aug-08 Maria North FastCar 8 1,616 508 Aug-08 Maria North RapidZoo 6 684 269 Aug-08 Maria West SuperGlue 7 980 308 Aug-08 Maria West FastCar 10 1,090 410 Aug-08 Maria West RapidZoo 10 1,090 421 Aug-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 7 861 385 Aug-08 Maria Middle FastCar 9 2,079 919 Aug-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 10 2,220 890 Aug-08 Matt North SuperGlue 8 1,024 458 Aug-08 Matt North FastCar 10 1,650 706 Aug-08 Matt North RapidZoo 6 678 214 Aug-08 Matt West SuperGlue 6 1,764 768 Aug-08 Matt West FastCar 9 2,259 688 Aug-08 Matt West RapidZoo 9 1,899 684 Aug-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 7 889 291 Aug-08 Matt Middle FastCar 6 804 295 Aug-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 7 1,064 413

Page 42: Training Excel Sheet

Sep-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 10 1,150 361 Sep-08 Joseph North FastCar 10 2,040 764 Sep-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 8 1,984 780 Sep-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 1,539 651 Sep-08 Joseph West FastCar 9 2,277 1,024 Sep-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 9 1,305 517 Sep-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 9 1,710 559 Sep-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 6 852 311 Sep-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 996 391 Sep-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 7 1,008 336 Sep-08 Lawrence North FastCar 6 1,194 537 Sep-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 8 1,736 718 Sep-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 6 1,170 395 Sep-08 Lawrence West FastCar 8 1,320 469 Sep-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 6 1,050 377 Sep-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 909 396 Sep-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 7 1,036 404 Sep-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 9 1,647 699 Sep-08 Maria North SuperGlue 10 2,220 993 Sep-08 Maria North FastCar 6 1,776 659 Sep-08 Maria North RapidZoo 7 1,246 394 Sep-08 Maria West SuperGlue 10 1,590 558 Sep-08 Maria West FastCar 9 945 312 Sep-08 Maria West RapidZoo 6 978 384 Sep-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 7 1,330 458 Sep-08 Maria Middle FastCar 7 826 328 Sep-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 7 1,127 439 Sep-08 Matt North SuperGlue 6 1,572 549 Sep-08 Matt North FastCar 9 2,610 1,099 Sep-08 Matt North RapidZoo 7 1,540 658 Sep-08 Matt West SuperGlue 8 1,624 626 Sep-08 Matt West FastCar 8 1,008 364 Sep-08 Matt West RapidZoo 7 1,596 513 Sep-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 7 1,743 728 Sep-08 Matt Middle FastCar 8 1,368 433 Sep-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 8 2,248 819 Oct-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 10 1,940 695 Oct-08 Joseph North FastCar 8 2,088 732 Oct-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 8 1,416 584 Oct-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 1,143 489 Oct-08 Joseph West FastCar 10 1,760 679 Oct-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 9 1,431 643 Oct-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 7 1,197 538 Oct-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 6 1,632 545 Oct-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 1,674 583 Oct-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 6 1,206 512 Oct-08 Lawrence North FastCar 9 1,881 707 Oct-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 6 1,158 417

Page 43: Training Excel Sheet

Oct-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 7 1,379 605 Oct-08 Lawrence West FastCar 6 1,650 689 Oct-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 6 654 203 Oct-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 1,971 818 Oct-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 9 2,637 1,097 Oct-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 1,158 355 Oct-08 Maria North SuperGlue 6 744 256 Oct-08 Maria North FastCar 10 2,610 877 Oct-08 Maria North RapidZoo 7 1,869 736 Oct-08 Maria West SuperGlue 8 1,056 446 Oct-08 Maria West FastCar 7 1,848 582 Oct-08 Maria West RapidZoo 6 1,152 475 Oct-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 10 1,670 613 Oct-08 Maria Middle FastCar 6 1,428 532 Oct-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 927 373 Oct-08 Matt North SuperGlue 9 981 371 Oct-08 Matt North FastCar 6 1,146 390 Oct-08 Matt North RapidZoo 8 1,856 572 Oct-08 Matt West SuperGlue 8 1,624 603 Oct-08 Matt West FastCar 10 2,890 959 Oct-08 Matt West RapidZoo 8 1,680 649 Oct-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 8 1,352 543 Oct-08 Matt Middle FastCar 9 2,529 1,095 Oct-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 9 1,710 703 Nov-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 9 1,197 536 Nov-08 Joseph North FastCar 6 1,488 496 Nov-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 1,782 742 Nov-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 7 987 437 Nov-08 Joseph West FastCar 6 1,248 548 Nov-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 6 1,632 684 Nov-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 1,278 475 Nov-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 8 2,280 738 Nov-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 8 2,024 856 Nov-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 9 2,043 913 Nov-08 Lawrence North FastCar 10 1,360 432 Nov-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 9 2,349 733 Nov-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 10 1,880 781 Nov-08 Lawrence West FastCar 7 707 230 Nov-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 1,960 813 Nov-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 10 2,090 853 Nov-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 9 1,161 446 Nov-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 10 1,390 548 Nov-08 Maria North SuperGlue 9 2,511 964 Nov-08 Maria North FastCar 9 1,557 654 Nov-08 Maria North RapidZoo 9 945 287 Nov-08 Maria West SuperGlue 9 1,098 423 Nov-08 Maria West FastCar 8 1,592 658 Nov-08 Maria West RapidZoo 6 1,098 393

Page 44: Training Excel Sheet

Nov-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 9 1,962 594 Nov-08 Maria Middle FastCar 8 1,016 394 Nov-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 10 1,210 369 Nov-08 Matt North SuperGlue 9 1,305 466 Nov-08 Matt North FastCar 8 1,872 758 Nov-08 Matt North RapidZoo 8 1,032 424 Nov-08 Matt West SuperGlue 8 1,184 464 Nov-08 Matt West FastCar 10 1,430 586 Nov-08 Matt West RapidZoo 8 2,368 771 Nov-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 10 2,540 835 Nov-08 Matt Middle FastCar 7 994 418 Nov-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 1,220 548 Dec-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 7 2,016 888 Dec-08 Joseph North FastCar 10 1,630 618 Dec-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 10 1,180 369 Dec-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 6 1,302 444 Dec-08 Joseph West FastCar 10 1,730 739 Dec-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 9 2,646 1,057 Dec-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 7 1,190 367 Dec-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 10 2,310 944 Dec-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 882 333 Dec-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 6 1,776 736 Dec-08 Lawrence North FastCar 9 2,286 991 Dec-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 6 1,206 540 Dec-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 9 945 398 Dec-08 Lawrence West FastCar 8 1,840 635 Dec-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 2,250 1,012 Dec-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 2,007 632 Dec-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 8 1,976 795 Dec-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 8 1,864 604 Dec-08 Maria North SuperGlue 7 1,988 867 Dec-08 Maria North FastCar 8 1,352 523 Dec-08 Maria North RapidZoo 10 1,020 353 Dec-08 Maria West SuperGlue 9 2,142 893 Dec-08 Maria West FastCar 6 1,638 733 Dec-08 Maria West RapidZoo 7 1,113 358 Dec-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 8 1,784 724 Dec-08 Maria Middle FastCar 9 2,322 1,006 Dec-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 7 1,302 491 Dec-08 Matt North SuperGlue 9 900 281 Dec-08 Matt North FastCar 8 1,384 428 Dec-08 Matt North RapidZoo 6 852 369 Dec-08 Matt West SuperGlue 8 1,168 444 Dec-08 Matt West FastCar 6 1,140 378 Dec-08 Matt West RapidZoo 10 1,250 483 Dec-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 9 2,097 724 Dec-08 Matt Middle FastCar 7 1,729 664 Dec-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 9 1,953 719

Page 45: Training Excel Sheet

Jan-09 Joseph North SuperGlue 10 1,560 610 Jan-09 Joseph North FastCar 9 2,439 733 Jan-09 Joseph North RapidZoo 7 812 261 Jan-09 Joseph West SuperGlue 6 1,164 392 Jan-09 Joseph West FastCar 8 1,680 513 Jan-09 Joseph West RapidZoo 7 1,736 645 Jan-09 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 1,650 691 Jan-09 Joseph Middle FastCar 10 1,980 610 Jan-09 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 10 1,770 622 Jan-09 Lawrence North SuperGlue 7 1,799 619 Jan-09 Lawrence North FastCar 7 1,155 406 Jan-09 Lawrence North RapidZoo 9 2,178 703 Jan-09 Lawrence West SuperGlue 10 1,330 464 Jan-09 Lawrence West FastCar 9 1,413 621 Jan-09 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 896 391 Jan-09 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 7 2,072 750 Jan-09 Lawrence Middle FastCar 9 2,034 869 Jan-09 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 10 1,430 534 Jan-09 Maria North SuperGlue 6 1,242 497 Jan-09 Maria North FastCar 8 1,024 440 Jan-09 Maria North RapidZoo 8 2,232 869 Jan-09 Maria West SuperGlue 8 1,048 351 Jan-09 Maria West FastCar 10 1,110 438 Jan-09 Maria West RapidZoo 8 1,136 354 Jan-09 Maria Middle SuperGlue 10 2,440 799 Jan-09 Maria Middle FastCar 8 2,216 723 Jan-09 Maria Middle RapidZoo 7 1,484 494 Jan-09 Matt North SuperGlue 6 1,032 437 Jan-09 Matt North FastCar 7 1,820 596 Jan-09 Matt North RapidZoo 6 1,560 600 Jan-09 Matt West SuperGlue 8 2,040 688 Jan-09 Matt West FastCar 6 1,740 550 Jan-09 Matt West RapidZoo 6 636 239 Jan-09 Matt Middle SuperGlue 9 2,358 1,009 Jan-09 Matt Middle FastCar 6 1,470 585 Jan-09 Matt Middle RapidZoo 9 1,053 458 Feb-09 Joseph North SuperGlue 6 1,200 516 Feb-09 Joseph North FastCar 9 1,980 615 Feb-09 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 1,548 581 Feb-09 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 1,278 479 Feb-09 Joseph West FastCar 7 1,162 350 Feb-09 Joseph West RapidZoo 7 1,638 529 Feb-09 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 10 2,140 910 Feb-09 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 1,813 711 Feb-09 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 9 1,890 656 Feb-09 Lawrence North SuperGlue 7 1,113 431 Feb-09 Lawrence North FastCar 10 2,850 921 Feb-09 Lawrence North RapidZoo 7 1,827 582

Page 46: Training Excel Sheet

Feb-09 Lawrence West SuperGlue 10 2,900 1,265 Feb-09 Lawrence West FastCar 8 1,112 372 Feb-09 Lawrence West RapidZoo 9 2,043 729 Feb-09 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 6 768 329 Feb-09 Lawrence Middle FastCar 7 882 352 Feb-09 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 9 1,773 656 Feb-09 Maria North SuperGlue 8 1,888 674 Feb-09 Maria North FastCar 7 2,100 873 Feb-09 Maria North RapidZoo 10 1,660 645 Feb-09 Maria West SuperGlue 9 1,197 412 Feb-09 Maria West FastCar 10 1,350 567 Feb-09 Maria West RapidZoo 8 2,296 785 Feb-09 Maria Middle SuperGlue 10 1,470 444 Feb-09 Maria Middle FastCar 9 2,169 935 Feb-09 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 1,008 347 Feb-09 Matt North SuperGlue 7 1,407 578 Feb-09 Matt North FastCar 7 1,785 737 Feb-09 Matt North RapidZoo 9 1,206 364 Feb-09 Matt West SuperGlue 8 2,312 985 Feb-09 Matt West FastCar 9 1,179 484 Feb-09 Matt West RapidZoo 10 1,280 460 Feb-09 Matt Middle SuperGlue 9 1,278 462 Feb-09 Matt Middle FastCar 7 1,064 423 Feb-09 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 2,250 799 Mar-09 Joseph North SuperGlue 9 2,151 647 Mar-09 Joseph North FastCar 8 2,392 1,070 Mar-09 Joseph North RapidZoo 6 870 377 Mar-09 Joseph West SuperGlue 6 846 308 Mar-09 Joseph West FastCar 6 1,032 368 Mar-09 Joseph West RapidZoo 10 1,490 487 Mar-09 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 8 1,872 842 Mar-09 Joseph Middle FastCar 10 2,530 986 Mar-09 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 660 277 Mar-09 Lawrence North SuperGlue 10 2,020 726 Mar-09 Lawrence North FastCar 10 2,070 684 Mar-09 Lawrence North RapidZoo 9 2,277 853 Mar-09 Lawrence West SuperGlue 6 642 209 Mar-09 Lawrence West FastCar 8 1,448 456 Mar-09 Lawrence West RapidZoo 6 1,014 316 Mar-09 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 2,502 754 Mar-09 Lawrence Middle FastCar 9 1,422 579 Mar-09 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 9 2,673 1,151 Mar-09 Maria North SuperGlue 8 984 320 Mar-09 Maria North FastCar 7 1,904 584 Mar-09 Maria North RapidZoo 7 1,925 696 Mar-09 Maria West SuperGlue 8 2,400 740 Mar-09 Maria West FastCar 10 1,130 497 Mar-09 Maria West RapidZoo 7 1,190 427

Page 47: Training Excel Sheet

Mar-09 Maria Middle SuperGlue 6 696 261 Mar-09 Maria Middle FastCar 8 1,072 367 Mar-09 Maria Middle RapidZoo 10 2,060 919 Mar-09 Matt North SuperGlue 6 1,452 637 Mar-09 Matt North FastCar 6 1,464 618 Mar-09 Matt North RapidZoo 10 1,420 457 Mar-09 Matt West SuperGlue 9 2,610 1,041 Mar-09 Matt West FastCar 6 1,734 560 Mar-09 Matt West RapidZoo 9 2,475 780 Mar-09 Matt Middle SuperGlue 10 1,740 636 Mar-09 Matt Middle FastCar 8 2,392 835 Mar-09 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 2,650 1,114 Apr-09 Joseph North SuperGlue 9 1,665 719 Apr-09 Joseph North FastCar 9 972 374 Apr-09 Joseph North RapidZoo 7 1,638 608 Apr-09 Joseph West SuperGlue 8 2,112 916 Apr-09 Joseph West FastCar 7 1,421 482 Apr-09 Joseph West RapidZoo 7 1,015 406 Apr-09 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 648 291 Apr-09 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 826 314 Apr-09 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 8 1,736 690 Apr-09 Lawrence North SuperGlue 6 984 400 Apr-09 Lawrence North FastCar 6 984 433 Apr-09 Lawrence North RapidZoo 8 1,208 386 Apr-09 Lawrence West SuperGlue 7 1,232 497 Apr-09 Lawrence West FastCar 8 2,344 1,008 Apr-09 Lawrence West RapidZoo 6 816 261 Apr-09 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 1,098 417 Apr-09 Lawrence Middle FastCar 8 1,672 575 Apr-09 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 7 1,022 449 Apr-09 Maria North SuperGlue 6 1,146 509 Apr-09 Maria North FastCar 9 2,079 923 Apr-09 Maria North RapidZoo 9 1,980 849 Apr-09 Maria West SuperGlue 7 2,044 671 Apr-09 Maria West FastCar 10 2,930 1,014 Apr-09 Maria West RapidZoo 8 984 418 Apr-09 Maria Middle SuperGlue 6 1,680 653 Apr-09 Maria Middle FastCar 8 1,208 427 Apr-09 Maria Middle RapidZoo 8 1,504 656 Apr-09 Matt North SuperGlue 10 2,060 813 Apr-09 Matt North FastCar 7 966 374 Apr-09 Matt North RapidZoo 6 954 401 Apr-09 Matt West SuperGlue 8 1,608 536 Apr-09 Matt West FastCar 8 2,128 674 Apr-09 Matt West RapidZoo 8 1,240 379 Apr-09 Matt Middle SuperGlue 6 1,188 479 Apr-09 Matt Middle FastCar 6 1,608 651 Apr-09 Matt Middle RapidZoo 8 1,992 778

Page 48: Training Excel Sheet

May-09 Joseph North SuperGlue 8 1,168 505 May-09 Joseph North FastCar 8 1,784 699 May-09 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 1,512 660 May-09 Joseph West SuperGlue 6 1,170 394 May-09 Joseph West FastCar 10 2,100 812 May-09 Joseph West RapidZoo 6 1,650 503 May-09 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 8 1,392 591 May-09 Joseph Middle FastCar 8 1,704 723 May-09 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 9 1,251 520 May-09 Lawrence North SuperGlue 9 1,233 501 May-09 Lawrence North FastCar 7 924 303 May-09 Lawrence North RapidZoo 8 1,176 412 May-09 Lawrence West SuperGlue 8 1,192 517 May-09 Lawrence West FastCar 8 1,896 641 May-09 Lawrence West RapidZoo 9 2,691 1,055 May-09 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 7 756 318 May-09 Lawrence Middle FastCar 9 2,511 759 May-09 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 1,536 596 May-09 Maria North SuperGlue 8 1,320 475 May-09 Maria North FastCar 6 1,176 381 May-09 Maria North RapidZoo 6 1,722 697 May-09 Maria West SuperGlue 8 1,696 513 May-09 Maria West FastCar 8 1,112 445 May-09 Maria West RapidZoo 8 1,744 731 May-09 Maria Middle SuperGlue 8 2,048 846 May-09 Maria Middle FastCar 8 1,408 437 May-09 Maria Middle RapidZoo 7 882 394 May-09 Matt North SuperGlue 9 2,466 878 May-09 Matt North FastCar 9 2,385 777 May-09 Matt North RapidZoo 7 1,827 624 May-09 Matt West SuperGlue 6 1,680 623 May-09 Matt West FastCar 9 2,160 938 May-09 Matt West RapidZoo 10 1,440 640 May-09 Matt Middle SuperGlue 6 984 313 May-09 Matt Middle FastCar 6 642 235 May-09 Matt Middle RapidZoo 6 1,644 656 Jun-09 Joseph North SuperGlue 8 1,968 880 Jun-09 Joseph North FastCar 6 960 319 Jun-09 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 1,125 462 Jun-09 Joseph West SuperGlue 6 1,602 640 Jun-09 Joseph West FastCar 9 2,088 909 Jun-09 Joseph West RapidZoo 6 1,020 426 Jun-09 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 1,434 556 Jun-09 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 1,316 448 Jun-09 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 7 2,079 817 Jun-09 Lawrence North SuperGlue 10 1,490 561 Jun-09 Lawrence North FastCar 10 2,930 1,187 Jun-09 Lawrence North RapidZoo 10 1,890 603

Page 49: Training Excel Sheet

Jun-09 Lawrence West SuperGlue 8 2,080 737 Jun-09 Lawrence West FastCar 9 1,071 421 Jun-09 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 861 386 Jun-09 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 8 1,296 444 Jun-09 Lawrence Middle FastCar 6 714 229 Jun-09 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 10 1,660 544 Jun-09 Maria North SuperGlue 8 1,672 717 Jun-09 Maria North FastCar 10 1,510 592 Jun-09 Maria North RapidZoo 8 1,656 583 Jun-09 Maria West SuperGlue 8 1,656 607 Jun-09 Maria West FastCar 8 928 417 Jun-09 Maria West RapidZoo 6 1,698 580 Jun-09 Maria Middle SuperGlue 7 1,575 493 Jun-09 Maria Middle FastCar 7 1,666 680 Jun-09 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 1,611 484 Jun-09 Matt North SuperGlue 8 1,584 547 Jun-09 Matt North FastCar 9 2,628 1,054 Jun-09 Matt North RapidZoo 8 1,600 651 Jun-09 Matt West SuperGlue 7 1,512 552 Jun-09 Matt West FastCar 6 1,590 651 Jun-09 Matt West RapidZoo 10 2,660 1,008 Jun-09 Matt Middle SuperGlue 9 2,097 868 Jun-09 Matt Middle FastCar 7 1,015 340 Jun-09 Matt Middle RapidZoo 9 945 302

Page 50: Training Excel Sheet

Intro!A1

http://www.google.co.in/

Page 51: Training Excel Sheet

07200000 - 0720559307300001 - 0730545407400000 - 0740562407500001 - 0754246807600000 - 0764195507700000 - 0774262407800000 - 0784338707900000 - 0794332308000001 - 0807852508100000 - 0818163308200000 - 0828231208300001 - 0834957108400000 - 0844810108500000 - 0854924208600000 - 0865450908700000 - 0875510208800000 - 0885281508900000 - 0895331509000002 - 0905528409100000 - 0915589809200000 - 0924752309300004 - 0934449809400000 - 0944488809500001 - 0954002809600000 - 0963767309700001 - 0973212809800000 - 0989999909900000 - 0999991110000001 - 1009999910100000 - 1019999910200000 - 1029999910300001 - 1039999910400000 - 1049999910500000 - 1059999910600001 - 1069999910700000 - 1079999910800001 - 1089999910900000 - 1099999911000001 - 1109999911100000 - 1119999911200000 - 1129999911300000 - 1139999911400000 - 1149999911500000 - 11599999

ProjectID - ProjectCode

Page 52: Training Excel Sheet

11600000 - 1169999911700000 - 1179999811800000 - 1189999911900000 - 1199999712000001 - 1209999912100000 - 1219999912200000 - 1221913412300000 - 1239999912400000 - 1249999912500000 - 1259999912600000 - 1269999912700000 - 1272841912800000 - 1283170112900000 - 1293194513000000 - 1303251613100000 - 1313319713200000 - 1323797913300000 - 1331967513400000 - 1342022613500000 - 1352250329000001 - 2902619260000003 - 6000153590000001 - 9000669695000001 - 95001409

Page 53: Training Excel Sheet

ProjectID - ProjectCode07200000 - 0720559307300001 - 0730545407400000 - 0740562407500001 - 0754246807600000 - 0764195507700000 - 0774262407800000 - 0784338707900000 - 0794332308000001 - 0807852508100000 - 0818163308200000 - 0828231208300001 - 0834957108400000 - 0844810108500000 - 0854924208600000 - 0865450908700000 - 0875510208800000 - 0885281508900000 - 0895331509000002 - 0905528409100000 - 0915589809200000 - 0924752309300004 - 0934449809400000 - 0944488809500001 - 0954002809600000 - 0963767309700001 - 0973212809800000 - 0989999909900000 - 0999991110000001 - 1009999910100000 - 1019999910200000 - 1029999910300001 - 1039999910400000 - 1049999910500000 - 1059999910600001 - 1069999910700000 - 1079999910800001 - 1089999910900000 - 1099999911000001 - 1109999911100000 - 1119999911200000 - 1129999911300000 - 1139999911400000 - 1149999911500000 - 11599999

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11600000 - 1169999911700000 - 1179999811800000 - 1189999911900000 - 1199999712000001 - 1209999912100000 - 1219999912200000 - 1221913412300000 - 1239999912400000 - 1249999912500000 - 1259999912600000 - 1269999912700000 - 1272841912800000 - 1283170112900000 - 1293194513000000 - 1303251613100000 - 1313319713200000 - 1323797913300000 - 1331967513400000 - 1342022613500000 - 1352250329000001 - 2902619260000003 - 6000153590000001 - 9000669695000001 - 95001409

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No. CustomersNorth 8North 8West 8West 9West 10Middle 10Middle 7Middle 7North 8North 6North 9West 6West 9West 6Middle 7Middle 7Middle 6North 9North 10North 6West 10West 6West 8Middle 9Middle 10Middle 9North 9North 7North 9West 10West 10West 9Middle 8Middle 6Middle 8North 10North 7North 6West 8West 7West 7Middle 8Middle 7Middle 6North 7North 8North 10West 8West 10West 6Middle 9Middle 6

Region

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Middle 7North 8North 9North 6West 10West 7West 8Middle 8Middle 9Middle 9North 10North 6North 6West 9West 9West 8Middle 6Middle 9Middle 7North 7North 6North 10West 9West 10West 8Middle 9Middle 6Middle 7North 9North 6North 9West 6West 9West 10Middle 10Middle 9Middle 9North 7North 6North 6West 7West 7West 10Middle 9Middle 10Middle 9North 8North 6North 6West 9West 10West 9Middle 10

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Middle 8Middle 10North 10North 8North 6West 10West 6West 8Middle 7Middle 7Middle 6North 9North 7North 9West 7West 8West 10Middle 8Middle 10Middle 8North 7North 7North 7West 9West 10West 8Middle 8Middle 8Middle 6North 7North 7North 8West 7West 10West 6Middle 8Middle 10Middle 6North 10North 7North 8West 9West 9West 9Middle 10Middle 7Middle 9North 10North 8North 10West 9West 10West 6

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Middle 7Middle 8Middle 10North 7North 9North 6West 9West 7West 8Middle 9Middle 10Middle 7North 10North 6North 9West 10West 10West 9Middle 7Middle 6Middle 10North 7North 10North 9West 7West 10West 8Middle 10Middle 9Middle 8North 10North 8North 7West 7West 6West 9Middle 10Middle 8Middle 10North 7North 10North 8West 8West 10West 9Middle 8Middle 10Middle 8North 10North 9North 10West 6

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Obs List 1a1 a 1b2 b 2

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listabcd

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ABC Dashboard

01-Jan-2007 , Monday Joseph North FastCar 8 1592 562.77201-Jan-2007 , Monday Joseph North RapidZoo 8 1088 396.902401-Jan-2007 , Monday Joseph West SuperGlue 8 1680 752.6401-Jan-2007 , Monday Joseph Middle SuperGlue 10 1540 569.801-Jan-2007 , Monday Joseph Middle FastCar 7 1316 427.568401-Jan-2007 , Monday Joseph Middle RapidZoo 7 1799 708.80601-Jan-2007 , Monday Lawrence North SuperGlue 8 1624 621.342401-Jan-2007 , Monday Lawrence North FastCar 6 726 235.877401-Jan-2007 , Monday Lawrence West RapidZoo 6 1500 633.601-Jan-2007 , Monday Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 7 917 403.3883

01-Feb-2007 , Thursday Lawrence Middle FastCar 7 1939 760.475801-Feb-2007 , Thursday Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 984 314.289601-Feb-2007 , Thursday Maria North SuperGlue 9 981 372.387601-Feb-2007 , Thursday Maria North FastCar 10 1520 475.91201-Feb-2007 , Thursday Matt North SuperGlue 9 1377 415.027801-Feb-2007 , Thursday Matt North FastCar 7 903 315.417901-Feb-2007 , Thursday Matt West RapidZoo 9 2610 1089.67501-Feb-2007 , Thursday Matt Middle SuperGlue 8 2312 999.9401-Feb-2007 , Thursday Matt Middle FastCar 6 1020 307.73401-Feb-2007 , Thursday Matt Middle RapidZoo 8 872 331.011201-Mar-2007 , Thursday Joseph North SuperGlue 10 2030 857.26901-Mar-2007 , Thursday Joseph North FastCar 7 966 320.808601-Mar-2007 , Thursday Joseph North RapidZoo 6 1608 709.771201-Mar-2007 , Thursday Joseph Middle SuperGlue 8 1352 409.65601-Mar-2007 , Thursday Joseph Middle FastCar 7 1820 732.18601-Mar-2007 , Thursday Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 756 333.849601-Mar-2007 , Thursday Lawrence North SuperGlue 7 1463 563.547601-Mar-2007 , Thursday Lawrence North FastCar 8 1536 491.9808

MonthSalesman

RegionProduct

No. Customers

Net Sales

Profit / Loss

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General10000.00 10,000.00 10,000.00 10,000.00 10,000.00

(10000.00) -10,000.00 10,000.00 (10,000.00) (10,000.00)10000.55 10,000.55 10,000.55 10,000.55 10,000.55

(10000.55) -10,000.55 10,000.55 (10,000.55) (10,000.55)10000.15 10,000.15 10,000.15 10,000.15 10,000.15

(10000.15) -10,000.15 10,000.15 (10,000.15) (10,000.15)

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SALES REPORTJan Feb Mar Q1 Apr May Jun Q2 Jul Aug Sep Q3 Oct Nov Dec Q4 TotalFor For For For For For Act Act Act Act Act Act Act For For For

NorthJames Bourne 4,521 2,863 3,802 11,925 5,698 4,137 3,627 13,462 5,100 2,280 4,207 11,587 3,843 3,400 4,200 11,443 48,417 265Chris Hewitt 3,510 4,882 3,915 12,056 3,843 1,413 4,187 9,443 2,021 1,205 2,468 5,694 3,825 2,500 3,500 9,825 37,018 Pat Hill 5,213 4,557 2,187 10,562 1,070 4,424 1,240 6,734 4,128 2,331 3,849 10,308 2,928 3,000 5,700 11,628 39,232 Jasmine Hunt 4,175 2,681 2,257 9,112 3,588 4,666 3,666 11,920 5,410 2,719 1,934 10,063 1,440 2,000 4,700 8,140 39,235 Total North 17,419 14,983 12,161 43,655 14,199 14,640 12,720 41,559 16,659 16,659 12,458 37,652 12,036 10,900 18,100 41,036 163,902

SouthMark Watts 3,400 5,329 4,734 13,463 1,450 4,191 #REF! #REF! 2,097 2,354 1,837 6,288 3,525 2,572 3,566 9,663 #REF!Jane Hill 3,608 4,922 4,711 13,241 1,463 1,204 2,342 5,009 3,402 5,269 3,625 12,296 4,125 4,340 6,754 15,218 45,764 Sarah Allen 2,303 1,253 3,651 7,207 4,595 2,863 3,802 11,260 1,478 5,410 - 6,888 - 1,803 2,897 4,700 30,055 Roger West 2,359 5,273 5,438 13,070 2,280 4,882 3,915 11,077 5,498 2,806 3,061 11,365 4,757 3,541 5,989 14,287 49,799 Gill Smith 4,487 2,638 5,100 12,225 1,205 4,557 2,187 7,949 4,043 2,252 5,076 11,371 1,101 2,810 6,419 10,330 41,875 Total South 16,157 19,415 23,634 59,206 10,993 17,697 #REF! #REF! 16,518 18,091 13,599 48,208 13,508 15,066 25,624 54,198 #REF!

WalesGareth Jones 1,063 3,362 2021 4,425 4,175 2,681 2,257 9,113 1,070 1,722 2,176 4,968 3,445 2,448 3,197 9,090 27,596 Tim Stevens 4,424 4,452 4128 8,876 3,400 5,329 4,734 13,463 3,588 1,732 4,534 9,854 5,123 3,796 6,061 14,981 47,174 Mike Payne 4,666 1,240 5410 5,906 3,608 4,922 4,711 13,241 1,450 3,910 2,705 8,065 2,936 3,184 4,651 10,771 37,983 Total Wales 9,090 5,692 - 14,782 7,008 10,251 9,445 26,704 5,038 5,642 7,239 17,919 8,059 6,980 10,713 25,752 85,157

ScotlandSimon Campbell 4,191 3,109 3,402 10,702 2,303 1,253 3,651 7,207 1,463 2,845 2,303 6,611 4,051 3,066 3,993 11,111 35,631 Glen Wilks 1,204 2,342 1,478 5,024 2,359 5,273 5,438 13,070 4,595 2,857 5,138 12,590 3,261 3,752 7,160 14,173 44,857 Total Scotland 5,395 5,451 4,880 15,726 4,662 6,526 9,089 20,277 6,058 5,702 7,441 19,201 7,312 6,818 11,153 25,284 80,488

Total 48,061 45,541 40,675 133,369 36,862 49,114 #REF! #REF! 44,273 46,094 40,737 122,980 40,915 39,764 65,590 146,270 #REF!

R7
Clarity: Sarah Allen left the company in August
B15
Clarity: Sarah Allen left the company in August
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Actuary

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchActuaryHurricane katrina damage gulfport mississippi.jpgDamage from Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Actuaries need to estimate long-term levels of such damage in order to accurately price property insurance, set appropriate reserves, and design appropriate reinsurance and capital management strategies.OccupationNamesOccupation typeActivity sectorsDescriptionCompetenciesEducation requiredRelated jobs

An actuary is a business professional who deals with the measurement and management of risk and uncertainty (BeAnActuary 2011a). Actuaries provide assessments of financial security systems, with a focus on their complexity, their mathematics, and their mechanisms (Trowbridge 1989, p. 7). The name of the corresponding profession is actuarial science. Since many events, such as death, cannot be avoided, it is helpful to take measures to minimize their financial impact when they occur. These risks can affect both sides of the balance sheet, and require asset management, liability management, and valuation skills (BeAnActuary 2011b). Analytical skills, business knowledge, and understanding of human behavior and the vagaries of information systems are required to design and manage programs that control risk (BeAnActuary 2011c).

The profession has consistently ranked as one of the most desirable (Nemko 2006). The annual CareerCast study, which uses five key criteria to rank jobs—environment, income, employment outlook, physical demands, and stress—has had actuary ranked number one at least three times since 2010 (Needleman 2010, Thomas 2012, Weber 2013, CareerCast 2014, CareerCast 2015).

While the actual steps needed to become an actuary are usually country-specific, almost all processes share a rigorous schooling or examination structure and take many years to complete (Feldblum 2001, p. 6, Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2014).

Contents

1 Disciplines2 History2.1 Need for insurance2.2 Early attempts2.3 Development of theory2.4 Early actuaries2.5 Development of the modern profession3 Responsibilities3.1 Traditional employment3.2 Non-traditional employment3.3 Remuneration4 Credentialing and exams4.1 Exam support4.2 Pass marks and pass rates5 Notable actuaries6 Fictional actuaries7 See also8 References9 External links

Disciplines[edit]

Most traditional actuarial disciplines fall into two main categories: life and non-life.

Life actuaries, which include health and pension actuaries, primarily deal with mortality risk, morbidity risk, and investment risk. Products prominent in their work include life insurance, annuities, pensions, short and long term disability, health insurance, health savings accounts, and long-term care insurance (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015). In addition to these risks, social insurance programs are influenced by public opinion, politics, budget constraints, changing demographics, and other factors such as medical technology, inflation, and cost of living considerations (GAO 1980, GAO 2008).

Non-life actuaries, also known as property and casualty or general insurance actuaries, deal with both physical and legal risks that affect people or their property. Products prominent in their work include auto insurance, homeowners insurance, commercial property insurance, workers' compensation, malpractice insurance, product liability insurance, marine insurance, terrorism insurance, and other types of liability insurance (AIA 2014).

Actuaries are also called upon for their expertise in enterprise risk management (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015). This can involve dynamic financial analysis, stress testing, the formulation of corporate risk policy, and the setting up and running of corporate risk departments (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2011b). Actuaries are also involved in other areas of the financial services industry, such as analysing securities offerings or market research (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015).

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History[edit]

Mathematician Nathaniel Bowditch was one of America's first insurance actuaries.

Need for insurance[edit]

The basic requirements of communal interests gave rise to risk sharing since the dawn of civilization. For example, people who lived their entire lives in a camp had the risk of fire, which would leave their band or family without shelter. After barter came into existence, more complex risks emerged and new forms of risk manifested. Merchants embarking on trade journeys bore the risk of losing goods entrusted to them, their own possessions, or even their lives. Intermediaries developed to warehouse and trade goods, which exposed them to financial risk. The primary providers in extended families or households ran the risk of premature death, disability or infirmity, which could leave their dependents to starve. Credit procurement was difficult if the creditor worried about repayment in the event of the borrower's death or infirmity. Alternatively, people sometimes lived too long from a financial perspective, exhausting their savings, if any, or becoming a burden on others in the extended family or society (Lewin 2007, p. 3).

Early attempts[edit]

In the ancient world there was not always room for the sick, suffering, disabled, aged, or the poor—these were often not part of the cultural consciousness of societies (Perkins 1995). Early methods of protection, aside from the normal support of the extended family, involved charity;religious organizations or neighbors would collect for the destitute and needy. By the middle of the 3rd century, 1,500 suffering people were being supported by charitable operations in Rome (Perkins 1995). Charitable protection remains an active form of support in the modern era (GivingUSA 2009), but receiving charity is uncertain and is often accompanied by social stigma. Elementary mutual aid agreements and pensions did arise in antiquity (Thucydides). Early in the Roman empire, associations were formed to meet the expenses of burial, cremation, and monuments—precursors to burial insurance and friendly societies. A small sum was paid into a communal fund on a weekly basis, and upon the death of a member, the fund would cover the expenses of rites and burial. These societies sometimes sold shares in the building of columbāria, or burial vaults, owned by the fund—the precursor to mutual insurance companies (Johnston 1903, §475–§476). Other early examples of mutual surety and assurance pacts can be traced back to various forms of fellowship within the Saxon clans of England and their Germanic forbears, and to Celtic society (Loan 1992).

Non-life insurance started as a hedge against loss of cargo during sea travel. Anecdotal reports of such guarantees occur in the writings of Demosthenes, who lived in the 4th century BCE (Lewin 2007, pp. 3–4). The earliest records of an official non-life insurance policy come from Sicily, where there is record of a 14th century contract to insure a shipment of wheat (Sweeting 2011, p. 14). In 1350, Lenardo Cattaneo assumed "all risks from act of God, or of man, and from perils of the sea" that may occur to a shipment of wheat from Sicily to Tunis up to a maximum of 300 florins. For this he was paid a premium of 18% (Lewin 2007, p. 4).

Development of theory[edit]

2003 U.S. mortality (life) table, Table 1, Page 1

During the 17th century, a more scientific basis for risk management was being developed. In 1662, a London draper named John Graunt showed that there were predictable patterns of longevity and death in a defined group, or cohort, of people, despite the uncertainty about the future longevity or mortality of any one individual. This study became the basis for the original life table. Combining this idea with that of compound interest and annuity valuation, it became possible to set up an insurance scheme to provide life insurance or pensions for a group of people, and to calculate with some degree of accuracy each member's necessary contributions to a common fund, assuming a fixed rate of interest. The first person to correctly calculate these values was Edmond Halley (Heywood 1985). In his work, Halley demonstrated a method of using his life table to calculate the premium someone of a given age should pay to purchase a life-annuity (Halley 1693).

Early actuaries[edit]

James Dodson's pioneering work on the level premium system led to the formation of the Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorship (now commonly known as Equitable Life) in London in 1762. This was the first life insurance company to use premium rates which were calculated scientifically for long-term life policies, using Dodson's work. After Dodson's death in 1757, Edward Rowe Mores took over the leadership of the group that eventually became the Society for Equitable Assurances. It was he who specified that the chief official should be called an actuary (Ogborn 1956, p. 235). Previously, the use of the term had been restricted to an official who recorded the decisions, or acts, of ecclesiastical courts, in ancient times originally the secretary of the Roman senate, responsible for compiling the Acta Senatus (Ogborn 1956, p. 233). Other companies which did not originally use such mathematical and scientific methods most often failed or were forced to adopt the methods pioneered by Equitable (Bühlmann 1997, p. 166).

Development of the modern profession[edit]

Main article: Actuarial science

In the 18th and 19th centuries, computational complexity was limited to manual calculations. The actual calculations required to compute fair insurance premiums are complex. The actuaries of that time developed methods to construct easily used tables, using sophisticated approximations called commutation functions, to facilitate timely, accurate, manual calculations of premiums (Slud 2006). Over time, actuarial organizations were founded to support and further both actuaries and actuarial science, and to protect the public interest by ensuring competency and ethical standards (Hickman 2004, p. 4). Since calculations were cumbersome, actuarial shortcuts were commonplace.

Non-life actuaries followed in the footsteps of their life compatriots in the early 20th century. In the United States, the 1920 revision to workers' compensation rates took over two months of around-the-clock work by day and night teams of actuaries (Michelbacher 1920, pp. 224, 230). In the 1930s and 1940s, rigorous mathematical foundations for stochastic processes were developed (Bühlmann 1997, p. 168). Actuaries began to forecast losses using models of random events instead of deterministic methods. Computers further revolutionized the actuarial profession. From pencil-and-paper to punchcards to microcomputers, the modeling and forecasting ability of the actuary has grown exponentially (MacGinnitie 1980, pp. 50–51).

Another modern development is the convergence of modern financial theory with actuarial science (Bühlmann 1997, pp. 169–171). In the early 20th century, actuaries were developing techniques that can be found in modern financial theory, but for various historical reasons, these developments did not achieve much recognition (Whelan 2002). In the late 1980s and early 1990s, there was a distinct effort for actuaries to combine financial theory and stochastic methods into their established models (D'arcy 1989). In the 21st century, the profession, both in practice and in the educational syllabi of many actuarial organizations, combines tables, loss models, stochastic methods, and financial theory (Feldblum 2001, pp. 8–9), but is still not completely aligned with modern financial economics (Bader & Gold 2003).

Responsibilities[edit]

Actuaries use skills primarily in mathematics, particularly calculus-based probability and mathematical statistics, but also economics, computer science, finance, and business. For this reason, actuaries are essential to the insurance and reinsurance industry, either as staff employees or as consultants; to other businesses, including sponsors of pension plans; and to government agencies such as the Government Actuary's Department in the United Kingdom or the Social Security Administration in the United States of America. Actuaries assemble and analyze data to estimate the probability and likely cost of the occurrence of an event such as death, sickness, injury, disability, or loss of property. Actuaries also address financial questions, including those involving the level of pension contributions required to produce a certain retirement income and the way in which a company should invest resources to maximize its return on investments in light of potential risk. Using their broad knowledge, actuaries help design and price insurance policies, pension plans, and other financial strategies in a manner which will help ensure that the plans are maintained on a sound financial basis (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015, Government Actuary's Department 2015).

Traditional employment[edit]

On both the life and casualty sides, the classical function of actuaries is to calculate premiums and reserves for insurance policies covering various risks (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2014). On the casualty side, this analysis often involves quantifying the probability of a loss event, called the frequency, and the size of that loss event, called the severity. The amount of time that occurs before the loss event is important, as the insurer will not have to pay anything until after the event has occurred. On the life side, the analysis often involves quantifying how much a potential sum of money or a financial liability will be worth at different points in the future. Since neither of these kinds of analysis are purely deterministic processes, stochastic models are often used to determine frequency and severity distributions and the parameters of these distributions. Forecasting interest yields and currency movements also plays a role in determining future costs, especially on the life side (Tolley, Hickman & Lew 2012).

Actuaries do not always attempt to predict aggregate future events. Often, their work may relate to determining the cost of financial liabilities that have already occurred, called retrospective reinsurance, or the development or re-pricing of new products.

Actuaries also design and maintain products and systems. They are involved in financial reporting of companies' assets and liabilities. They must communicate complex concepts to clients who may not share their language or depth of knowledge. Actuaries work under a code of ethics that covers their communications and work products (ASB 2013), but their clients may not adhere to those same standards when interpreting the data or using it within different kinds of businesses.

Non-traditional employment[edit]

As an outgrowth of their more traditional roles, actuaries also work in the fields of risk management and enterprise risk management for both financial and non-financial corporations (D'arcy 2005). Actuaries in traditional roles study and use the tools and data previously in the domain of finance (Feldblum 2001, p. 8). The Basel II accord for financial institutions (2004), and its analogue, the Solvency II accord for insurance companies (to come into effect in 2016), require institutions to account for operational risk separately, and in addition to, credit, reserve, asset, and insolvency risk. Actuarial skills are well suited to this environment because of their training in analyzing various forms of risk, and judging the potential for upside gain, as well as downside loss associated with these forms of risk (D'arcy 2005).

Actuaries are also involved in investment advice, asset management , general business managers, and financial officers (Mungan 2002, Stefan 2010). They analyze business prospects with their financial skills in valuing or discounting risky future cash flows, and apply their pricing expertise from insurance to other lines of business. For example, insurance securitization requires both the actuarial and finance skills (Krutov 2006). Actuaries also act as expert witnesses by applying their analysis in court trials to estimate the economic value of losses such as lost profits or lost wages (Wagner 2006).

Remuneration[edit]

As there are relatively few actuaries in the world compared to other professions, actuaries are in high demand, and are highly paid for the services they render (Hennessy 2003, Kurtz 2013). As of 2014[update], in the United States, newly credentialed actuaries on average earn around $100,000 per year, while more experienced actuaries can earn over $150,000 per year (Ezra Penland 2014). Similarly, a 2014[update] survey in the United Kingdom indicated a starting salary for a newly credentialed actuary of about GBP £50,000; actuaries with more experience can earn well in excess of £100,000 (Crail 2014).

Credentialing and exams[edit]

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Main article: Actuarial credentialing and exams

Becoming a fully credentialed actuary requires passing a rigorous series of professional examinations, usually taking several years. In some countries, such as Denmark, most study takes place in a university setting (Norberg 1990, p. 407). In others, such as the US, most study takes place during employment through a series of examinations (SOA 2015, CAS 2015). In the UK, and countries based on its process, there is a hybrid university-exam structure (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2011a).

Exam support[edit]

As these qualifying exams are extremely rigorous, support is usually available to people progressing through the exams. Often, employers provide paid on-the-job study time and paid attendance at seminars designed for the exams (BeAnActuary 2011d). Also, many companies which employ actuaries have automatic pay raises or promotions when exams are passed. As a result, actuarial students have strong incentives for devoting adequate study time during off-work hours. A common rule of thumb for exam students is that, for the Society of Actuaries examinations, roughly 400 hours of study time are necessary for each four-hour exam (Sieger 1998). Thus, thousands of hours of study time should be anticipated over several years, assuming no failures (Feldblum 2001, p. 6).

Pass marks and pass rates[edit]

Historically, the actuarial profession has been reluctant to specify the pass marks for its examinations (Muckart 2010,Prevosto 2000). To address concerns that there are pre-existing pass/fail quotas, a former Chairman of the Board of Examiners of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries stated that "[a]lthough students find it hard to believe, the Board of Examiners does not have fail quotas to achieve. Accordingly pass rates are free to vary (and do). They are determined by the quality of the candidates sitting the examination and in particular how well prepared they are. Fitness to pass is the criterion, not whether you can achieve a mark in the top 40% of candidates sitting." (Muckart 2010). In 2000, the CAS decided to start releasing pass marks for the exams it offers (Prevosto 2000). The CAS's policy is also not to grade to specific pass ratios, which was affirmed by the CAS board in 2001, which stated that "[t]he Board further affirms that the CAS shall use no predetermined pass ratio as a guideline for setting the pass mark for any examination. If the CAS determines that 70% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then those 70% should pass. Similarly, if the CAS determines that only 30% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then only those 30% should pass."(CAS 2001).

Notable actuaries[edit]

Nathaniel Bowditch Early American mathematician remembered for his work on ocean navigation. In 1804, Bowditch became what was probably the United States of America's second insurance actuary as president of the Essex Fire and Marine Insurance Company in Salem, Massachusetts (Seltzer & Alin 1969).

Harald Cramér Swedish actuary and probabilist notable for his contributions in the area mathematical statistics, such as the Cramér–Rao inequality (Cramér 1946). Professor Cramér was an Honorary President of the Swedish Actuarial Society (Kendall 1983).

James Dodson Head of the Royal Mathematical School, and Stone's School, Dodson built on the statistical mortality tables developed by Edmund Halley in 1693 (Lewin 2007, p. 38).

Edmond Halley While Halley actually predated much of what is now considered the start of the actuarial profession, he was the first to mathematically and statistically rigorously calculate premiums for a life insurance policy (Halley 1693).

James C. Hickman Notable American actuarial educator, researcher, and author (Chaptman 2006).

David X. Li Canadian qualified actuary who in the first decade of the 21st century pioneered the use of Gaussian copula models for the pricing of collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) (Salmon 2009).

Edward Rowe Mores First person to use the title 'actuary' with respect to a business position (Ogborn 1956).

William Morgan Morgan was the appointed Actuary of the Society for Equitable Assurances in 1775. He expanded on Mores's and Dodson's work, and may be considered the father of the actuarial profession in that his title became applied to the field as a whole (Ogborn 1973).

Frank Redington British actuary who developed the Redington Immunization Theory (The Actuary 2003).

Isaac M. Rubinow Founder and first president of the Casualty Actuarial Society (CASF 2008).

Elizur Wright American actuary and abolitionist, professor of mathematics at Western Reserve College (Ohio). He campaigned for laws that required life insurance companies to hold sufficient reserves to guarantee that policies would be paid (Stearns 1905).

Fictional actuaries[edit]

Main article: Fictional actuaries

The 2002 movie, About Schmidt, represented actuaries as "math–obsessed, socially disconnected individuals with shockingly bad comb–overs." Many actuaries were unhappy with this stereotypical portrayal, expressing concern that the movie badly misrepresented actuaries. Others, though, have claimed that the portrayal, while somewhat exaggerated, is representative of a sizeable cohort of actuaries (Coleman 2003).

See also[edit]

Category:Actuarial associations

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References[edit]

Actuarial Standards Board (March 2013). Introductory Actuarial Standard of Practice (PDF) (Report). Retrieved April 27, 2015. "The Greatest British Actuary ever®". The Actuary (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries). 2003. Retrieved May 1, 2015. American Insurance Association (2014). Property-Casualty Insurance Basics (PDF) (Report). Retrieved April 29, 2015. Bader, Lawrence N.; Gold, Jeremy (2003). "Reinventing Pension Actuarial Science" (PDF). Pension Forum 14 (2). pp. 1–39. Retrieved September 14, 2008. "What Do We Do?". BeAnActuary. 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2015. "The Problems Actuaries Solve". BeAnActuary. 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2015. "What is an Actuary?". BeAnActuary. 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2015. "About Actuarial Examinations". BeAnActuary. 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2015. Bühlmann, Hans (November 1997). "The actuary: The role and limitations of the profession since the mid-19th century" (PDF). ASTIN Bulletin 27 (2): 165–171. doi:10.2143/ast.27.2.542046. Retrieved June 28, 2006. "Actuaries". Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2014-15 Edition. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. January 8, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2015. CareerCast (2014). "Best Jobs of 2014: 4. Actuary". CareerCast. Retrieved April 26, 2015. CareerCast (2015). "The Best Jobs of 2015: No. 1 Actuary". CareerCast. Retrieved April 27, 2015. "Policy For Setting Pass Marks". Exams & Admissions. Casualty Actuarial Society. March 2, 2001. Retrieved June 12, 2013. "History". CAS Overview. Casualty Actuarial Society. 2008. Retrieved August 14, 2011. "Syllabus of Basic Education". Exams & Admissions. Casualty Actuarial Society. 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2015. Chaptman, Dennis (September 13, 2006). "James C. Hickman, former business school dean, dies". News. University of Wisconsin–Madison. Retrieved January 11, 2008. Coleman, Lynn G. (Spring 2003). "Was "About Schmidt" about actuaries?". The Future Actuary 12 (1). Archived from the original on 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2006. Crail, Mark (2014). "What can an actuary earn?". Institute and Faculty of Actuaries. Retrieved April 26, 2015. Cramér, Harald (1946). Mathematical Methods of Statistics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. ISBN 0-691-08004-6. OCLC 185436716. D'arcy, Stephen P. (May 1989). "On Becoming An Actuary of the Third Kind" (PDF). Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society. LXXVI (145): 45–76. Retrieved June 28, 2006. D'arcy, Stephen P. (November 2005). "On Becoming An Actuary of the Fourth Kind" (PDF). Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society XCII (177): 745–754. Retrieved July 5, 2007. "Actuarial Salary Surveys". Ezra Penland. 2014. Retrieved April 26, 2015. Feldblum, Sholom (2001) [1990]. "Introduction". In Robert F. Lowe (ed.). Foundations of Casualty Actuarial Science (4th ed.). Arlington, Virginia: Casualty Actuarial Society. ISBN 0-9624762-2-6. LCCN 2001088378. "U.S. charitable giving estimated to be $307.65 billion in 2008" (PDF). Giving USA. Giving USA Foundation. June 10, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015. Retrieved August 4, 2011. Government Accountability Office (February 26, 1980). An Actuarial and Economic Analysis of State and Local Government Pension Plans (Report) (PAD-80-1). Retrieved April 29, 2015. Government Accountability Office (July 10, 2008). State and Local Government Pension Plans: Current Structure and Funded Status (Report) (GAO-08-983T). Retrieved April 29, 2015. "About us". Government Actuary's Department. Gov.uk. 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2015. Halley, Edmond (1693). "An Estimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind, Drawn from Curious Tables of the Births and Funerals at the City of Breslaw; With an Attempt to Ascertain the Price of Annuities upon Lives" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 17 (192–206): 596–610. doi:10.1098/rstl.1693.0007. Retrieved June 21, 2006. Hennessy, Kathleen (February 16, 2003). "Actuaries". Wage slaves: careers profiled. The Guardian. Retrieved May 4, 2015. Heywood, Geoffrey (1985). "Edmond Halley: astronomer and actuary" (PDF). Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries) 112 (2): 279–301. doi:10.1017/S002026810004213X. Retrieved April 29, 2015. Hickman, James (2004). "History of Actuarial Profession" (PDF). Encyclopedia of Actuarial Science. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 4, 2004. Retrieved 2006-06-28. "Our qualifications". Student. Institute and Faculty of Actuaries. 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2012. "Actuaries in Risk Management Actuarial Profession Survey 2010/2011" (PDF). Institute and Faculty of Actuaries. May 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2012. "Practice areas" (PDF). The official guide to Becoming an Actuary (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries). September 26, 2014. Retrieved 2015-04-27. Johnston, Harold Whetstone (1932) [1903]. "Burial places and funeral ceremonies". The Private Life of the Romans. Revised by Mary Johnston. Chicago, Atlanta: Scott, Foresman and Company. pp. §475–§476. ISBN 0-8154-0453-0. LCCN 32007692. Retrieved June 26, 2006. Early in the Empire, associations were formed for the purpose of meeting the funeral expenses of their members, whether the remains were to be buried or cremated, or for the purpose of building columbāria, or for both….If the members had provided places for the disposal of their bodies after death, they now provided for the necessary funeral expenses by paying into the common fund weekly a small fixed sum, easily within the reach of the poorest of them. When a member died, a stated sum was drawn from the treasury for his funeral …. If the purpose of the society was the building of a columbārium, the cost was first determined and the sum total divided into what we should call shares (sortēs virīlēs), each member taking as many as he could afford and paying their value into the treasury. Kendall, David (1983). "A Tribute to Harald Cramer". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General) (Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishing) 146 (3): 211–212. ISSN 0035-9238. JSTOR 2981652. Krutov, Alex (2006). "Insurance Linked Securities". Financial Engineering News magazine (48). Retrieved November 30, 2006. Kurtz, Annalyn (April 25, 2013). "The best job you never thought of". Money. CNN. Retrieved May 4, 2015. Lewin, Chris (June 14, 2007). "Actuarial History". Institute and Faculty of Actuaries. Retrieved February 27, 2012. Loan, Albert (Winter 1991–1992). "Institutional Bases of the Spontaneous Order: Surety and Assurance". Humane Studies Review 7 (1). Retrieved June 26, 2006. MacGinnitie, James (November 1980). "The Actuary and his Profession: Growth, Development, Promise" (PDF). Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society. LXVII (127): 49–56. Retrieved June 28, 2006. Michelbacher, Gustav F. (1920). "The Technique of Rate Making as Illustrated by the 1920 National Revision of Workmen's Compensations Insurance Rates" (PDF). Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society VI (14): 201–249. Retrieved June 28, 2006. Muckart, Richard (2010). "Q&A: Making the grade". The Actuary. Retrieved June 13, 2013. Mungan, Kenneth P. (2002). "The Practicing Investment Actuary" (PDF). The Record (Society of Actuaries) 28 (3): 1–27. Retrieved May 4, 2015. Needleman, Sarah E. (January 5, 2010). "The Best and Worst Jobs". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 7, 2010. Nemko, Marty (2006). "Best Careers 2007". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved 2008-09-14. Norberg, Ragnar (1990). Actuarial Statistics — The European Perspective (PDF). International Conference on the Teaching of Statistics 3, Dunedin, New Zealand (Auckland, New Zealand: International Association for Statistical Education): 405–410. Retrieved February 27, 2012. Ogborn, M.E. (December 1956). "The Professional Name of Actuary" (PDF). Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (Faculty and Institute of Actuaries) 82: 233–246. Retrieved April 27, 2011. Ogborn, M.E. (July 1973). "Catalogue of an exhibition illustrating the history of actuarial science in the United Kingdom" (PDF). Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (Faculty and Institute of Actuaries) 100: 7–8. Retrieved April 27, 2011. Perkins, Judith (August 25, 1995). The Suffering Self; Pain and Narrative Representation in the Early Christian Era. London, England: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-11363-6. LCCN 94042650. Prevosto, Virgnia R. (December 2000). "CAS Board of Directors Approves New Pass Mark Disclosure Policy" (PDF). Future Fellows (Casualty Actuarial Society). Retrieved May 4, 2015. Salmon, Felix (March 2009). "Recipe for Disaster: The Formula That Killed Wall Street". Wired Magazine 17 (3). Retrieved May 1, 2015. Seltzer, Frederic; Alin, Steven I. (1969). "The First American Actuary" (PDF). The Actuary (Society of Actuaries) 3 (8). Retrieved May 1, 2015. Sieger, Richard (March 1998). "What is an Actuary?". Future Fellows 4 (1). Retrieved June 22, 2006.

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Slud, Eric V. (2006) [2001]. "6: Commutation Functions, Reserves & Select Mortality" (PDF). Actuarial Mathematics and Life-Table Statistics (PDF). pp. 149–150. Retrieved June 28, 2006. The Commutation Functions are a computational device to ensure that net single premiums ... can all be obtained from a single table lookup. Historically, this idea has been very important in saving calculational labor when arriving at premium quotes. Even now...company employees without quantitative training could calculate premiums in a spreadsheet format with the aid of a life table. "Admission Requirements to the SOA". Education & Exams. Society of Actuaries. 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2015. Stearns, Frank Preston (1905). "Elizur Wright". Cambridge sketches (TEXT) (1st ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. B. Lippincott Company. LCCN 05011051. Retrieved January 15, 2007. This danger could only be averted by placing their rates of insurance on a scientific basis, which should be the same and unalterable for all companies. ... After two or three interviews with Elizur Wright the presidents of the companies came to the conclusion that he was exactly the man that they wanted, and they commissioned him to draw up a revised set of tables and rates which could serve them for a uniform standard. Stefan, Michael (2010). "Careers: Breaking the actuarial ceiling". The Actuary (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries). Retrieved April 27, 2015. Sweeting, Paul (2011). Financial Enterprise Risk Management. International Series on Actuarial Science. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11164-5. LCCN 2011025050. Thomas, David (2012). "Be happy: Become an actuary". Retrieved April 18, 2012. Thucydides (2009) [c. 431 BCE]. "VI — Funeral Oration of Pericles". The History of the Peloponnesian War. Translated by Richard Crawley. Greece. ISBN 0-525-26035-8. Retrieved October 28, 2014. My task is now finished. ... those who are here interred have received part of their honours already, and for the rest, their children will be brought up till manhood at the public expense: the state thus offers a valuable prize, as the garland of victory in this race of valour, for the reward both of those who have fallen and their survivors. Tolley, H. Dennis; Hickman, James C.; Lew, Edward A. (2012). "Actuarial and Demographic Forecasting Methods". In Manton, Kenneth G.; Singer, Burton; Suzman, Richard M. Forecasting the Health of Elderly Populations. Springer Series in Statistics. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 42. ISBN 9781461393320. LCCN 92048819. Trowbridge, Charles L. (1989). "Fundamental Concepts of Actuarial Science" (PDF). Revised Edition. Actuarial Education and Research Fund. Retrieved June 28, 2006. Wagner, Darryl G. (2006). "Is Serving as an Expert Witness in Your Future? You be the Judge". Society of Actuaries. Retrieved April 26, 2015. Whelan, Shane (December 2002). "Actuaries' contributions to financial economics". The Actuary (Staple Inn Actuarial Society). pp. 34–35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015. Retrieved June 28, 2006. Weber, Lauren (2013). "Dust Off Your Math Skills: Actuary Is Best Job of 2013". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 24, 2013.

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Damage from Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Actuaries need to estimate long-term levels of such damage in order to accurately price property insurance, set appropriate reserves, and design appropriate reinsurance and capital management strategies.

ActuaryProfessionInsurance, Reinsurance, Pension plans, Social welfare programs

Mathematics, finance, analytical skills, business knowledgeSee Credentialing and examsUnderwriter

An actuary is a business professional who deals with the measurement and management of risk and uncertainty (BeAnActuary 2011a). Actuaries provide assessments of financial security systems, with a focus on their complexity, their mathematics, and their mechanisms (Trowbridge 1989, p. 7). The name of the corresponding profession is actuarial science. Since many events, such as death, cannot be avoided, it is helpful to take measures to minimize their financial impact when they occur. These risks can affect both sides of the balance sheet, and require asset management, liability management, and valuation skills (BeAnActuary 2011b). Analytical skills, business knowledge, and understanding of human behavior and the vagaries of information systems are required to design and manage programs that control risk (BeAnActuary 2011c).

The profession has consistently ranked as one of the most desirable (Nemko 2006). The annual CareerCast study, which uses five key criteria to rank jobs—environment, income, employment outlook, physical demands, and stress—has had actuary ranked number one at least three times since 2010 (Needleman 2010, Thomas 2012, Weber 2013, CareerCast 2014, CareerCast 2015).

While the actual steps needed to become an actuary are usually country-specific, almost all processes share a rigorous schooling or examination structure and take many years to complete (Feldblum 2001, p. 6, Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2014).

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Life actuaries, which include health and pension actuaries, primarily deal with mortality risk, morbidity risk, and investment risk. Products prominent in their work include life insurance, annuities, pensions, short and long term disability, health insurance, health savings accounts, and long-term care insurance (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015). In addition to these risks, social insurance programs are influenced by public opinion, politics, budget constraints, changing demographics, and other factors such as medical technology, inflation, and cost of living considerations (GAO 1980, GAO 2008).

Non-life actuaries, also known as property and casualty or general insurance actuaries, deal with both physical and legal risks that affect people or their property. Products prominent in their work include auto insurance, homeowners insurance, commercial property insurance, workers' compensation, malpractice insurance, product liability insurance, marine insurance, terrorism insurance, and other types of liability insurance (AIA 2014).

Actuaries are also called upon for their expertise in enterprise risk management (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015). This can involve dynamic financial analysis, stress testing, the formulation of corporate risk policy, and the setting up and running of corporate risk departments (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2011b). Actuaries are also involved in other areas of the financial services industry, such as analysing securities offerings or market research (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015).

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The basic requirements of communal interests gave rise to risk sharing since the dawn of civilization. For example, people who lived their entire lives in a camp had the risk of fire, which would leave their band or family without shelter. After barter came into existence, more complex risks emerged and new forms of risk manifested. Merchants embarking on trade journeys bore the risk of losing goods entrusted to them, their own possessions, or even their lives. Intermediaries developed to warehouse and trade goods, which exposed them to financial risk. The primary providers in extended families or households ran the risk of premature death, disability or infirmity, which could leave their dependents to starve. Credit procurement was difficult if the creditor worried about repayment in the event of the borrower's death or infirmity. Alternatively, people sometimes lived too long from a financial perspective, exhausting their savings, if any, or becoming a burden on others in the extended family or society (Lewin 2007, p. 3).

In the ancient world there was not always room for the sick, suffering, disabled, aged, or the poor—these were often not part of the cultural consciousness of societies (Perkins 1995). Early methods of protection, aside from the normal support of the extended family, involved charity;religious organizations or neighbors would collect for the destitute and needy. By the middle of the 3rd century, 1,500 suffering people were being supported by charitable operations in Rome (Perkins 1995). Charitable protection remains an active form of support in the modern era (GivingUSA 2009), but receiving charity is uncertain and is often accompanied by social stigma. Elementary mutual aid agreements and pensions did arise in antiquity (Thucydides). Early in the Roman empire, associations were formed to meet the expenses of burial, cremation, and monuments—precursors to burial insurance and friendly societies. A small sum was paid into a communal fund on a weekly basis, and upon the death of a member, the fund would cover the expenses of rites and burial. These societies sometimes sold shares in the building of columbāria, or burial vaults, owned by the fund—the precursor to mutual insurance companies (Johnston 1903, §475–§476). Other early examples of mutual surety and assurance pacts can be traced back to various forms of fellowship within the Saxon clans of England and their Germanic forbears, and to Celtic society (Loan 1992).

Non-life insurance started as a hedge against loss of cargo during sea travel. Anecdotal reports of such guarantees occur in the writings of Demosthenes, who lived in the 4th century BCE (Lewin 2007, pp. 3–4). The earliest records of an official non-life insurance policy come from Sicily, where there is record of a 14th century contract to insure a shipment of wheat (Sweeting 2011, p. 14). In 1350, Lenardo Cattaneo assumed "all risks from act of God, or of man, and from perils of the sea" that may occur to a shipment of wheat from Sicily to Tunis up to a maximum of 300 florins. For this he was paid a premium of 18% (Lewin 2007, p. 4).

During the 17th century, a more scientific basis for risk management was being developed. In 1662, a London draper named John Graunt showed that there were predictable patterns of longevity and death in a defined group, or cohort, of people, despite the uncertainty about the future longevity or mortality of any one individual. This study became the basis for the original life table. Combining this idea with that of compound interest and annuity valuation, it became possible to set up an insurance scheme to provide life insurance or pensions for a group of people, and to calculate with some degree of accuracy each member's necessary contributions to a common fund, assuming a fixed rate of interest. The first person to correctly calculate these values was Edmond Halley (Heywood 1985). In his work, Halley demonstrated a method of using his life table to calculate the premium someone of a given age should pay to purchase a life-annuity (Halley 1693).

James Dodson's pioneering work on the level premium system led to the formation of the Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorship (now commonly known as Equitable Life) in London in 1762. This was the first life insurance company to use premium rates which were calculated scientifically for long-term life policies, using Dodson's work. After Dodson's death in 1757, Edward Rowe Mores took over the leadership of the group that eventually became the Society for Equitable Assurances. It was he who specified that the chief official should be called an actuary (Ogborn 1956, p. 235). Previously, the use of the term had been restricted to an official who recorded the decisions, or acts, of ecclesiastical courts, in ancient times originally the secretary of the Roman senate, responsible for compiling the Acta Senatus (Ogborn 1956, p. 233). Other companies which did not originally use such mathematical and scientific methods most often failed or were forced to adopt the methods pioneered by Equitable (Bühlmann 1997, p. 166).

In the 18th and 19th centuries, computational complexity was limited to manual calculations. The actual calculations required to compute fair insurance premiums are complex. The actuaries of that time developed methods to construct easily used tables, using sophisticated approximations called commutation functions, to facilitate timely, accurate, manual calculations of premiums (Slud 2006). Over time, actuarial organizations were founded to support and further both actuaries and actuarial science, and to protect the public interest by ensuring competency and ethical standards (Hickman 2004, p. 4). Since calculations were cumbersome, actuarial shortcuts were commonplace.

Non-life actuaries followed in the footsteps of their life compatriots in the early 20th century. In the United States, the 1920 revision to workers' compensation rates took over two months of around-the-clock work by day and night teams of actuaries (Michelbacher 1920, pp. 224, 230). In the 1930s and 1940s, rigorous mathematical foundations for stochastic processes were developed (Bühlmann 1997, p. 168). Actuaries began to forecast losses using models of random events instead of deterministic methods. Computers further revolutionized the actuarial profession. From pencil-and-paper to punchcards to microcomputers, the modeling and forecasting ability of the actuary has grown exponentially (MacGinnitie 1980, pp. 50–51).

Another modern development is the convergence of modern financial theory with actuarial science (Bühlmann 1997, pp. 169–171). In the early 20th century, actuaries were developing techniques that can be found in modern financial theory, but for various historical reasons, these developments did not achieve much recognition (Whelan 2002). In the late 1980s and early 1990s, there was a distinct effort for actuaries to combine financial theory and stochastic methods into their established models (D'arcy 1989). In the 21st century, the profession, both in practice and in the educational syllabi of many actuarial organizations, combines tables, loss models, stochastic methods, and financial theory (Feldblum 2001, pp. 8–9), but is still not completely aligned with modern financial economics (Bader & Gold 2003).

Actuaries use skills primarily in mathematics, particularly calculus-based probability and mathematical statistics, but also economics, computer science, finance, and business. For this reason, actuaries are essential to the insurance and reinsurance industry, either as staff employees or as consultants; to other businesses, including sponsors of pension plans; and to government agencies such as the Government Actuary's Department in the United Kingdom or the Social Security Administration in the United States of America. Actuaries assemble and analyze data to estimate the probability and likely cost of the occurrence of an event such as death, sickness, injury, disability, or loss of property. Actuaries also address financial questions, including those involving the level of pension contributions required to produce a certain retirement income and the way in which a company should invest resources to maximize its return on investments in light of potential risk. Using their broad knowledge, actuaries help design and price insurance policies, pension plans, and other financial strategies in a manner which will help ensure that the plans are maintained on a sound financial basis (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015, Government Actuary's Department 2015).

On both the life and casualty sides, the classical function of actuaries is to calculate premiums and reserves for insurance policies covering various risks (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2014). On the casualty side, this analysis often involves quantifying the probability of a loss event, called the frequency, and the size of that loss event, called the severity. The amount of time that occurs before the loss event is important, as the insurer will not have to pay anything until after the event has occurred. On the life side, the analysis often involves quantifying how much a potential sum of money or a financial liability will be worth at different points in the future. Since neither of these kinds of analysis are purely deterministic processes, stochastic models are often used to determine frequency and severity distributions and the parameters of these distributions. Forecasting interest yields and currency movements also plays a role in determining future costs, especially on the life side (Tolley, Hickman & Lew 2012).

Actuaries do not always attempt to predict aggregate future events. Often, their work may relate to determining the cost of financial liabilities that have already occurred, called retrospective reinsurance, or the development or re-pricing of new products.

Actuaries also design and maintain products and systems. They are involved in financial reporting of companies' assets and liabilities. They must communicate complex concepts to clients who may not share their language or depth of knowledge. Actuaries work under a code of ethics that covers their communications and work products (ASB 2013), but their clients may not adhere to those same standards when interpreting the data or using it within different kinds of businesses.

As an outgrowth of their more traditional roles, actuaries also work in the fields of risk management and enterprise risk management for both financial and non-financial corporations (D'arcy 2005). Actuaries in traditional roles study and use the tools and data previously in the domain of finance (Feldblum 2001, p. 8). The Basel II accord for financial institutions (2004), and its analogue, the Solvency II accord for insurance companies (to come into effect in 2016), require institutions to account for operational risk separately, and in addition to, credit, reserve, asset, and insolvency risk. Actuarial skills are well suited to this environment because of their training in analyzing various forms of risk, and judging the potential for upside gain, as well as downside loss associated with these forms of risk (D'arcy 2005).

Actuaries are also involved in investment advice, asset management , general business managers, and financial officers (Mungan 2002, Stefan 2010). They analyze business prospects with their financial skills in valuing or discounting risky future cash flows, and apply their pricing expertise from insurance to other lines of business. For example, insurance securitization requires both the actuarial and finance skills (Krutov 2006). Actuaries also act as expert witnesses by applying their analysis in court trials to estimate the economic value of losses such as lost profits or lost wages (Wagner 2006).

As there are relatively few actuaries in the world compared to other professions, actuaries are in high demand, and are highly paid for the services they render (Hennessy 2003, Kurtz 2013). As of 2014[update], in the United States, newly credentialed actuaries on average earn around $100,000 per year, while more experienced actuaries can earn over $150,000 per year (Ezra Penland 2014). Similarly, a 2014[update] survey in the United Kingdom indicated a starting salary for a newly credentialed actuary of about GBP £50,000; actuaries with more experience can earn well in excess of £100,000 (Crail 2014).

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Becoming a fully credentialed actuary requires passing a rigorous series of professional examinations, usually taking several years. In some countries, such as Denmark, most study takes place in a university setting (Norberg 1990, p. 407). In others, such as the US, most study takes place during employment through a series of examinations (SOA 2015, CAS 2015). In the UK, and countries based on its process, there is a hybrid university-exam structure (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2011a).

As these qualifying exams are extremely rigorous, support is usually available to people progressing through the exams. Often, employers provide paid on-the-job study time and paid attendance at seminars designed for the exams (BeAnActuary 2011d). Also, many companies which employ actuaries have automatic pay raises or promotions when exams are passed. As a result, actuarial students have strong incentives for devoting adequate study time during off-work hours. A common rule of thumb for exam students is that, for the Society of Actuaries examinations, roughly 400 hours of study time are necessary for each four-hour exam (Sieger 1998). Thus, thousands of hours of study time should be anticipated over several years, assuming no failures (Feldblum 2001, p. 6).

Historically, the actuarial profession has been reluctant to specify the pass marks for its examinations (Muckart 2010,Prevosto 2000). To address concerns that there are pre-existing pass/fail quotas, a former Chairman of the Board of Examiners of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries stated that "[a]lthough students find it hard to believe, the Board of Examiners does not have fail quotas to achieve. Accordingly pass rates are free to vary (and do). They are determined by the quality of the candidates sitting the examination and in particular how well prepared they are. Fitness to pass is the criterion, not whether you can achieve a mark in the top 40% of candidates sitting." (Muckart 2010). In 2000, the CAS decided to start releasing pass marks for the exams it offers (Prevosto 2000). The CAS's policy is also not to grade to specific pass ratios, which was affirmed by the CAS board in 2001, which stated that "[t]he Board further affirms that the CAS shall use no predetermined pass ratio as a guideline for setting the pass mark for any examination. If the CAS determines that 70% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then those 70% should pass. Similarly, if the CAS determines that only 30% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then only those 30% should pass."(CAS 2001).

Early American mathematician remembered for his work on ocean navigation. In 1804, Bowditch became what was probably the United States of America's second insurance actuary as president of the Essex Fire and Marine Insurance Company in Salem, Massachusetts (Seltzer & Alin 1969).

Swedish actuary and probabilist notable for his contributions in the area mathematical statistics, such as the Cramér–Rao inequality (Cramér 1946). Professor Cramér was an Honorary President of the Swedish Actuarial Society (Kendall 1983).

Head of the Royal Mathematical School, and Stone's School, Dodson built on the statistical mortality tables developed by Edmund Halley in 1693 (Lewin 2007, p. 38).

While Halley actually predated much of what is now considered the start of the actuarial profession, he was the first to mathematically and statistically rigorously calculate premiums for a life insurance policy (Halley 1693).

Canadian qualified actuary who in the first decade of the 21st century pioneered the use of Gaussian copula models for the pricing of collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) (Salmon 2009).

Morgan was the appointed Actuary of the Society for Equitable Assurances in 1775. He expanded on Mores's and Dodson's work, and may be considered the father of the actuarial profession in that his title became applied to the field as a whole (Ogborn 1973).

American actuary and abolitionist, professor of mathematics at Western Reserve College (Ohio). He campaigned for laws that required life insurance companies to hold sufficient reserves to guarantee that policies would be paid (Stearns 1905).

The 2002 movie, About Schmidt, represented actuaries as "math–obsessed, socially disconnected individuals with shockingly bad comb–overs." Many actuaries were unhappy with this stereotypical portrayal, expressing concern that the movie badly misrepresented actuaries. Others, though, have claimed that the portrayal, while somewhat exaggerated, is representative of a sizeable cohort of actuaries (Coleman 2003).

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Actuarial Standards Board (March 2013). Introductory Actuarial Standard of Practice (PDF) (Report). Retrieved April 27, 2015. "The Greatest British Actuary ever®". The Actuary (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries). 2003. Retrieved May 1, 2015. American Insurance Association (2014). Property-Casualty Insurance Basics (PDF) (Report). Retrieved April 29, 2015. Bader, Lawrence N.; Gold, Jeremy (2003). "Reinventing Pension Actuarial Science" (PDF). Pension Forum 14 (2). pp. 1–39. Retrieved September 14, 2008.

Bühlmann, Hans (November 1997). "The actuary: The role and limitations of the profession since the mid-19th century" (PDF). ASTIN Bulletin 27 (2): 165–171. doi:10.2143/ast.27.2.542046. Retrieved June 28, 2006. "Actuaries". Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2014-15 Edition. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. January 8, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2015.

"Policy For Setting Pass Marks". Exams & Admissions. Casualty Actuarial Society. March 2, 2001. Retrieved June 12, 2013.

"Syllabus of Basic Education". Exams & Admissions. Casualty Actuarial Society. 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2015. Chaptman, Dennis (September 13, 2006). "James C. Hickman, former business school dean, dies". News. University of Wisconsin–Madison. Retrieved January 11, 2008. Coleman, Lynn G. (Spring 2003). "Was "About Schmidt" about actuaries?". The Future Actuary 12 (1). Archived from the original on 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2006. Crail, Mark (2014). "What can an actuary earn?". Institute and Faculty of Actuaries. Retrieved April 26, 2015. Cramér, Harald (1946). Mathematical Methods of Statistics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. ISBN 0-691-08004-6. OCLC 185436716. D'arcy, Stephen P. (May 1989). "On Becoming An Actuary of the Third Kind" (PDF). Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society. LXXVI (145): 45–76. Retrieved June 28, 2006. D'arcy, Stephen P. (November 2005). "On Becoming An Actuary of the Fourth Kind" (PDF). Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society XCII (177): 745–754. Retrieved July 5, 2007.

Feldblum, Sholom (2001) [1990]. "Introduction". In Robert F. Lowe (ed.). Foundations of Casualty Actuarial Science (4th ed.). Arlington, Virginia: Casualty Actuarial Society. ISBN 0-9624762-2-6. LCCN 2001088378. "U.S. charitable giving estimated to be $307.65 billion in 2008" (PDF). Giving USA. Giving USA Foundation. June 10, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015. Retrieved August 4, 2011. Government Accountability Office (February 26, 1980). An Actuarial and Economic Analysis of State and Local Government Pension Plans (Report) (PAD-80-1). Retrieved April 29, 2015. Government Accountability Office (July 10, 2008). State and Local Government Pension Plans: Current Structure and Funded Status (Report) (GAO-08-983T). Retrieved April 29, 2015.

Halley, Edmond (1693). "An Estimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind, Drawn from Curious Tables of the Births and Funerals at the City of Breslaw; With an Attempt to Ascertain the Price of Annuities upon Lives" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 17 (192–206): 596–610. doi:10.1098/rstl.1693.0007. Retrieved June 21, 2006. Hennessy, Kathleen (February 16, 2003). "Actuaries". Wage slaves: careers profiled. The Guardian. Retrieved May 4, 2015. Heywood, Geoffrey (1985). "Edmond Halley: astronomer and actuary" (PDF). Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries) 112 (2): 279–301. doi:10.1017/S002026810004213X. Retrieved April 29, 2015. Hickman, James (2004). "History of Actuarial Profession" (PDF). Encyclopedia of Actuarial Science. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 4, 2004. Retrieved 2006-06-28.

"Actuaries in Risk Management Actuarial Profession Survey 2010/2011" (PDF). Institute and Faculty of Actuaries. May 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2012. "Practice areas" (PDF). The official guide to Becoming an Actuary (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries). September 26, 2014. Retrieved 2015-04-27. Johnston, Harold Whetstone (1932) [1903]. "Burial places and funeral ceremonies". The Private Life of the Romans. Revised by Mary Johnston. Chicago, Atlanta: Scott, Foresman and Company. pp. §475–§476. ISBN 0-8154-0453-0. LCCN 32007692. Retrieved June 26, 2006. Early in the Empire, associations were formed for the purpose of meeting the funeral expenses of their members, whether the remains were to be buried or cremated, or for the purpose of building columbāria, or for both….If the members had provided places for the disposal of their bodies after death, they now provided for the necessary funeral expenses by paying into the common fund weekly a small fixed sum, easily within the reach of the poorest of them. When a member died, a stated sum was drawn from the treasury for his funeral …. If the purpose of the society was the building of a columbārium, the cost was first determined and the sum total divided into what we should call shares (sortēs virīlēs), each member taking as many as he could afford and paying their value into the treasury. Kendall, David (1983). "A Tribute to Harald Cramer". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General) (Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishing) 146 (3): 211–212. ISSN 0035-9238. JSTOR 2981652. Krutov, Alex (2006). "Insurance Linked Securities". Financial Engineering News magazine (48). Retrieved November 30, 2006. Kurtz, Annalyn (April 25, 2013). "The best job you never thought of". Money. CNN. Retrieved May 4, 2015. Lewin, Chris (June 14, 2007). "Actuarial History". Institute and Faculty of Actuaries. Retrieved February 27, 2012. Loan, Albert (Winter 1991–1992). "Institutional Bases of the Spontaneous Order: Surety and Assurance". Humane Studies Review 7 (1). Retrieved June 26, 2006. MacGinnitie, James (November 1980). "The Actuary and his Profession: Growth, Development, Promise" (PDF). Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society. LXVII (127): 49–56. Retrieved June 28, 2006. Michelbacher, Gustav F. (1920). "The Technique of Rate Making as Illustrated by the 1920 National Revision of Workmen's Compensations Insurance Rates" (PDF). Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society VI (14): 201–249. Retrieved June 28, 2006.

Mungan, Kenneth P. (2002). "The Practicing Investment Actuary" (PDF). The Record (Society of Actuaries) 28 (3): 1–27. Retrieved May 4, 2015. Needleman, Sarah E. (January 5, 2010). "The Best and Worst Jobs". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 7, 2010. Nemko, Marty (2006). "Best Careers 2007". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved 2008-09-14. Norberg, Ragnar (1990). Actuarial Statistics — The European Perspective (PDF). International Conference on the Teaching of Statistics 3, Dunedin, New Zealand (Auckland, New Zealand: International Association for Statistical Education): 405–410. Retrieved February 27, 2012. Ogborn, M.E. (December 1956). "The Professional Name of Actuary" (PDF). Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (Faculty and Institute of Actuaries) 82: 233–246. Retrieved April 27, 2011. Ogborn, M.E. (July 1973). "Catalogue of an exhibition illustrating the history of actuarial science in the United Kingdom" (PDF). Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (Faculty and Institute of Actuaries) 100: 7–8. Retrieved April 27, 2011. Perkins, Judith (August 25, 1995). The Suffering Self; Pain and Narrative Representation in the Early Christian Era. London, England: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-11363-6. LCCN 94042650. Prevosto, Virgnia R. (December 2000). "CAS Board of Directors Approves New Pass Mark Disclosure Policy" (PDF). Future Fellows (Casualty Actuarial Society). Retrieved May 4, 2015. Salmon, Felix (March 2009). "Recipe for Disaster: The Formula That Killed Wall Street". Wired Magazine 17 (3). Retrieved May 1, 2015. Seltzer, Frederic; Alin, Steven I. (1969). "The First American Actuary" (PDF). The Actuary (Society of Actuaries) 3 (8). Retrieved May 1, 2015. Sieger, Richard (March 1998). "What is an Actuary?". Future Fellows 4 (1). Retrieved June 22, 2006.

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Slud, Eric V. (2006) [2001]. "6: Commutation Functions, Reserves & Select Mortality" (PDF). Actuarial Mathematics and Life-Table Statistics (PDF). pp. 149–150. Retrieved June 28, 2006. The Commutation Functions are a computational device to ensure that net single premiums ... can all be obtained from a single table lookup. Historically, this idea has been very important in saving calculational labor when arriving at premium quotes. Even now...company employees without quantitative training could calculate premiums in a spreadsheet format with the aid of a life table. "Admission Requirements to the SOA". Education & Exams. Society of Actuaries. 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2015. Stearns, Frank Preston (1905). "Elizur Wright". Cambridge sketches (TEXT) (1st ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. B. Lippincott Company. LCCN 05011051. Retrieved January 15, 2007. This danger could only be averted by placing their rates of insurance on a scientific basis, which should be the same and unalterable for all companies. ... After two or three interviews with Elizur Wright the presidents of the companies came to the conclusion that he was exactly the man that they wanted, and they commissioned him to draw up a revised set of tables and rates which could serve them for a uniform standard. Stefan, Michael (2010). "Careers: Breaking the actuarial ceiling". The Actuary (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries). Retrieved April 27, 2015. Sweeting, Paul (2011). Financial Enterprise Risk Management. International Series on Actuarial Science. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11164-5. LCCN 2011025050.

Thucydides (2009) [c. 431 BCE]. "VI — Funeral Oration of Pericles". The History of the Peloponnesian War. Translated by Richard Crawley. Greece. ISBN 0-525-26035-8. Retrieved October 28, 2014. My task is now finished. ... those who are here interred have received part of their honours already, and for the rest, their children will be brought up till manhood at the public expense: the state thus offers a valuable prize, as the garland of victory in this race of valour, for the reward both of those who have fallen and their survivors. Tolley, H. Dennis; Hickman, James C.; Lew, Edward A. (2012). "Actuarial and Demographic Forecasting Methods". In Manton, Kenneth G.; Singer, Burton; Suzman, Richard M. Forecasting the Health of Elderly Populations. Springer Series in Statistics. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 42. ISBN 9781461393320. LCCN 92048819. Trowbridge, Charles L. (1989). "Fundamental Concepts of Actuarial Science" (PDF). Revised Edition. Actuarial Education and Research Fund. Retrieved June 28, 2006. Wagner, Darryl G. (2006). "Is Serving as an Expert Witness in Your Future? You be the Judge". Society of Actuaries. Retrieved April 26, 2015. Whelan, Shane (December 2002). "Actuaries' contributions to financial economics". The Actuary (Staple Inn Actuarial Society). pp. 34–35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015. Retrieved June 28, 2006. Weber, Lauren (2013). "Dust Off Your Math Skills: Actuary Is Best Job of 2013". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 24, 2013.

Look up actuary in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

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Damage from Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Actuaries need to estimate long-term levels of such damage in order to accurately price property insurance, set appropriate reserves, and design appropriate reinsurance and capital management strategies.

An actuary is a business professional who deals with the measurement and management of risk and uncertainty (BeAnActuary 2011a). Actuaries provide assessments of financial security systems, with a focus on their complexity, their mathematics, and their mechanisms (Trowbridge 1989, p. 7). The name of the corresponding profession is actuarial science. Since many events, such as death, cannot be avoided, it is helpful to take measures to minimize their financial impact when they occur. These risks can affect both sides of the balance sheet, and require asset management, liability management, and valuation skills (BeAnActuary 2011b). Analytical skills, business knowledge, and understanding of human behavior and the vagaries of information systems are required to design and manage programs that control risk (BeAnActuary 2011c).

The profession has consistently ranked as one of the most desirable (Nemko 2006). The annual CareerCast study, which uses five key criteria to rank jobs—environment, income, employment outlook, physical demands, and stress—has had actuary ranked number one at least three times since 2010 (Needleman 2010, Thomas 2012, Weber 2013, CareerCast 2014, CareerCast 2015).

While the actual steps needed to become an actuary are usually country-specific, almost all processes share a rigorous schooling or examination structure and take many years to complete (Feldblum 2001, p. 6, Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2014).

Life actuaries, which include health and pension actuaries, primarily deal with mortality risk, morbidity risk, and investment risk. Products prominent in their work include life insurance, annuities, pensions, short and long term disability, health insurance, health savings accounts, and long-term care insurance (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015). In addition to these risks, social insurance programs are influenced by public opinion, politics, budget constraints, changing demographics, and other factors such as medical technology, inflation, and cost of living considerations (GAO 1980, GAO 2008).

Non-life actuaries, also known as property and casualty or general insurance actuaries, deal with both physical and legal risks that affect people or their property. Products prominent in their work include auto insurance, homeowners insurance, commercial property insurance, workers' compensation, malpractice insurance, product liability insurance, marine insurance, terrorism insurance, and other types of liability insurance (AIA 2014).

Actuaries are also called upon for their expertise in enterprise risk management (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015). This can involve dynamic financial analysis, stress testing, the formulation of corporate risk policy, and the setting up and running of corporate risk departments (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2011b). Actuaries are also involved in other areas of the financial services industry, such as analysing securities offerings or market research (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015).

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The basic requirements of communal interests gave rise to risk sharing since the dawn of civilization. For example, people who lived their entire lives in a camp had the risk of fire, which would leave their band or family without shelter. After barter came into existence, more complex risks emerged and new forms of risk manifested. Merchants embarking on trade journeys bore the risk of losing goods entrusted to them, their own possessions, or even their lives. Intermediaries developed to warehouse and trade goods, which exposed them to financial risk. The primary providers in extended families or households ran the risk of premature death, disability or infirmity, which could leave their dependents to starve. Credit procurement was difficult if the creditor worried about repayment in the event of the borrower's death or infirmity. Alternatively, people sometimes lived too long from a financial perspective, exhausting their savings, if any, or becoming a burden on others in the extended family or society (Lewin 2007, p. 3).

In the ancient world there was not always room for the sick, suffering, disabled, aged, or the poor—these were often not part of the cultural consciousness of societies (Perkins 1995). Early methods of protection, aside from the normal support of the extended family, involved charity;religious organizations or neighbors would collect for the destitute and needy. By the middle of the 3rd century, 1,500 suffering people were being supported by charitable operations in Rome (Perkins 1995). Charitable protection remains an active form of support in the modern era (GivingUSA 2009), but receiving charity is uncertain and is often accompanied by social stigma. Elementary mutual aid agreements and pensions did arise in antiquity (Thucydides). Early in the Roman empire, associations were formed to meet the expenses of burial, cremation, and monuments—precursors to burial insurance and friendly societies. A small sum was paid into a communal fund on a weekly basis, and upon the death of a member, the fund would cover the expenses of rites and burial. These societies sometimes sold shares in the building of columbāria, or burial vaults, owned by the fund—the precursor to mutual insurance companies (Johnston 1903, §475–§476). Other early examples of mutual surety and assurance pacts can be traced back to various forms of fellowship within the Saxon clans of England and their Germanic forbears, and to Celtic society (Loan 1992).

Non-life insurance started as a hedge against loss of cargo during sea travel. Anecdotal reports of such guarantees occur in the writings of Demosthenes, who lived in the 4th century BCE (Lewin 2007, pp. 3–4). The earliest records of an official non-life insurance policy come from Sicily, where there is record of a 14th century contract to insure a shipment of wheat (Sweeting 2011, p. 14). In 1350, Lenardo Cattaneo assumed "all risks from act of God, or of man, and from perils of the sea" that may occur to a shipment of wheat from Sicily to Tunis up to a maximum of 300 florins. For this he was paid a premium of 18% (Lewin 2007, p. 4).

During the 17th century, a more scientific basis for risk management was being developed. In 1662, a London draper named John Graunt showed that there were predictable patterns of longevity and death in a defined group, or cohort, of people, despite the uncertainty about the future longevity or mortality of any one individual. This study became the basis for the original life table. Combining this idea with that of compound interest and annuity valuation, it became possible to set up an insurance scheme to provide life insurance or pensions for a group of people, and to calculate with some degree of accuracy each member's necessary contributions to a common fund, assuming a fixed rate of interest. The first person to correctly calculate these values was Edmond Halley (Heywood 1985). In his work, Halley demonstrated a method of using his life table to calculate the premium someone of a given age should pay to purchase a life-annuity (Halley 1693).

James Dodson's pioneering work on the level premium system led to the formation of the Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorship (now commonly known as Equitable Life) in London in 1762. This was the first life insurance company to use premium rates which were calculated scientifically for long-term life policies, using Dodson's work. After Dodson's death in 1757, Edward Rowe Mores took over the leadership of the group that eventually became the Society for Equitable Assurances. It was he who specified that the chief official should be called an actuary (Ogborn 1956, p. 235). Previously, the use of the term had been restricted to an official who recorded the decisions, or acts, of ecclesiastical courts, in ancient times originally the secretary of the Roman senate, responsible for compiling the Acta Senatus (Ogborn 1956, p. 233). Other companies which did not originally use such mathematical and scientific methods most often failed or were forced to adopt the methods pioneered by Equitable (Bühlmann 1997, p. 166).

In the 18th and 19th centuries, computational complexity was limited to manual calculations. The actual calculations required to compute fair insurance premiums are complex. The actuaries of that time developed methods to construct easily used tables, using sophisticated approximations called commutation functions, to facilitate timely, accurate, manual calculations of premiums (Slud 2006). Over time, actuarial organizations were founded to support and further both actuaries and actuarial science, and to protect the public interest by ensuring competency and ethical standards (Hickman 2004, p. 4). Since calculations were cumbersome, actuarial shortcuts were commonplace.

Non-life actuaries followed in the footsteps of their life compatriots in the early 20th century. In the United States, the 1920 revision to workers' compensation rates took over two months of around-the-clock work by day and night teams of actuaries (Michelbacher 1920, pp. 224, 230). In the 1930s and 1940s, rigorous mathematical foundations for stochastic processes were developed (Bühlmann 1997, p. 168). Actuaries began to forecast losses using models of random events instead of deterministic methods. Computers further revolutionized the actuarial profession. From pencil-and-paper to punchcards to microcomputers, the modeling and forecasting ability of the actuary has grown exponentially (MacGinnitie 1980, pp. 50–51).

Another modern development is the convergence of modern financial theory with actuarial science (Bühlmann 1997, pp. 169–171). In the early 20th century, actuaries were developing techniques that can be found in modern financial theory, but for various historical reasons, these developments did not achieve much recognition (Whelan 2002). In the late 1980s and early 1990s, there was a distinct effort for actuaries to combine financial theory and stochastic methods into their established models (D'arcy 1989). In the 21st century, the profession, both in practice and in the educational syllabi of many actuarial organizations, combines tables, loss models, stochastic methods, and financial theory (Feldblum 2001, pp. 8–9), but is still not completely aligned with modern financial economics (Bader & Gold 2003).

Actuaries use skills primarily in mathematics, particularly calculus-based probability and mathematical statistics, but also economics, computer science, finance, and business. For this reason, actuaries are essential to the insurance and reinsurance industry, either as staff employees or as consultants; to other businesses, including sponsors of pension plans; and to government agencies such as the Government Actuary's Department in the United Kingdom or the Social Security Administration in the United States of America. Actuaries assemble and analyze data to estimate the probability and likely cost of the occurrence of an event such as death, sickness, injury, disability, or loss of property. Actuaries also address financial questions, including those involving the level of pension contributions required to produce a certain retirement income and the way in which a company should invest resources to maximize its return on investments in light of potential risk. Using their broad knowledge, actuaries help design and price insurance policies, pension plans, and other financial strategies in a manner which will help ensure that the plans are maintained on a sound financial basis (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015, Government Actuary's Department 2015).

On both the life and casualty sides, the classical function of actuaries is to calculate premiums and reserves for insurance policies covering various risks (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2014). On the casualty side, this analysis often involves quantifying the probability of a loss event, called the frequency, and the size of that loss event, called the severity. The amount of time that occurs before the loss event is important, as the insurer will not have to pay anything until after the event has occurred. On the life side, the analysis often involves quantifying how much a potential sum of money or a financial liability will be worth at different points in the future. Since neither of these kinds of analysis are purely deterministic processes, stochastic models are often used to determine frequency and severity distributions and the parameters of these distributions. Forecasting interest yields and currency movements also plays a role in determining future costs, especially on the life side (Tolley, Hickman & Lew 2012).

Actuaries do not always attempt to predict aggregate future events. Often, their work may relate to determining the cost of financial liabilities that have already occurred, called retrospective reinsurance, or the development or re-pricing of new products.

Actuaries also design and maintain products and systems. They are involved in financial reporting of companies' assets and liabilities. They must communicate complex concepts to clients who may not share their language or depth of knowledge. Actuaries work under a code of ethics that covers their communications and work products (ASB 2013), but their clients may not adhere to those same standards when interpreting the data or using it within different kinds of businesses.

As an outgrowth of their more traditional roles, actuaries also work in the fields of risk management and enterprise risk management for both financial and non-financial corporations (D'arcy 2005). Actuaries in traditional roles study and use the tools and data previously in the domain of finance (Feldblum 2001, p. 8). The Basel II accord for financial institutions (2004), and its analogue, the Solvency II accord for insurance companies (to come into effect in 2016), require institutions to account for operational risk separately, and in addition to, credit, reserve, asset, and insolvency risk. Actuarial skills are well suited to this environment because of their training in analyzing various forms of risk, and judging the potential for upside gain, as well as downside loss associated with these forms of risk (D'arcy 2005).

Actuaries are also involved in investment advice, asset management , general business managers, and financial officers (Mungan 2002, Stefan 2010). They analyze business prospects with their financial skills in valuing or discounting risky future cash flows, and apply their pricing expertise from insurance to other lines of business. For example, insurance securitization requires both the actuarial and finance skills (Krutov 2006). Actuaries also act as expert witnesses by applying their analysis in court trials to estimate the economic value of losses such as lost profits or lost wages (Wagner 2006).

As there are relatively few actuaries in the world compared to other professions, actuaries are in high demand, and are highly paid for the services they render (Hennessy 2003, Kurtz 2013). As of 2014[update], in the United States, newly credentialed actuaries on average earn around $100,000 per year, while more experienced actuaries can earn over $150,000 per year (Ezra Penland 2014). Similarly, a 2014[update] survey in the United Kingdom indicated a starting salary for a newly credentialed actuary of about GBP £50,000; actuaries with more experience can earn well in excess of £100,000 (Crail 2014).

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Becoming a fully credentialed actuary requires passing a rigorous series of professional examinations, usually taking several years. In some countries, such as Denmark, most study takes place in a university setting (Norberg 1990, p. 407). In others, such as the US, most study takes place during employment through a series of examinations (SOA 2015, CAS 2015). In the UK, and countries based on its process, there is a hybrid university-exam structure (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2011a).

As these qualifying exams are extremely rigorous, support is usually available to people progressing through the exams. Often, employers provide paid on-the-job study time and paid attendance at seminars designed for the exams (BeAnActuary 2011d). Also, many companies which employ actuaries have automatic pay raises or promotions when exams are passed. As a result, actuarial students have strong incentives for devoting adequate study time during off-work hours. A common rule of thumb for exam students is that, for the Society of Actuaries examinations, roughly 400 hours of study time are necessary for each four-hour exam (Sieger 1998). Thus, thousands of hours of study time should be anticipated over several years, assuming no failures (Feldblum 2001, p. 6).

Historically, the actuarial profession has been reluctant to specify the pass marks for its examinations (Muckart 2010,Prevosto 2000). To address concerns that there are pre-existing pass/fail quotas, a former Chairman of the Board of Examiners of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries stated that "[a]lthough students find it hard to believe, the Board of Examiners does not have fail quotas to achieve. Accordingly pass rates are free to vary (and do). They are determined by the quality of the candidates sitting the examination and in particular how well prepared they are. Fitness to pass is the criterion, not whether you can achieve a mark in the top 40% of candidates sitting." (Muckart 2010). In 2000, the CAS decided to start releasing pass marks for the exams it offers (Prevosto 2000). The CAS's policy is also not to grade to specific pass ratios, which was affirmed by the CAS board in 2001, which stated that "[t]he Board further affirms that the CAS shall use no predetermined pass ratio as a guideline for setting the pass mark for any examination. If the CAS determines that 70% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then those 70% should pass. Similarly, if the CAS determines that only 30% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then only those 30% should pass."(CAS 2001).

Early American mathematician remembered for his work on ocean navigation. In 1804, Bowditch became what was probably the United States of America's second insurance actuary as president of the Essex Fire and Marine Insurance Company in Salem, Massachusetts (Seltzer & Alin 1969).

Swedish actuary and probabilist notable for his contributions in the area mathematical statistics, such as the Cramér–Rao inequality (Cramér 1946). Professor Cramér was an Honorary President of the Swedish Actuarial Society (Kendall 1983).

While Halley actually predated much of what is now considered the start of the actuarial profession, he was the first to mathematically and statistically rigorously calculate premiums for a life insurance policy (Halley 1693).

Morgan was the appointed Actuary of the Society for Equitable Assurances in 1775. He expanded on Mores's and Dodson's work, and may be considered the father of the actuarial profession in that his title became applied to the field as a whole (Ogborn 1973).

American actuary and abolitionist, professor of mathematics at Western Reserve College (Ohio). He campaigned for laws that required life insurance companies to hold sufficient reserves to guarantee that policies would be paid (Stearns 1905).

The 2002 movie, About Schmidt, represented actuaries as "math–obsessed, socially disconnected individuals with shockingly bad comb–overs." Many actuaries were unhappy with this stereotypical portrayal, expressing concern that the movie badly misrepresented actuaries. Others, though, have claimed that the portrayal, while somewhat exaggerated, is representative of a sizeable cohort of actuaries (Coleman 2003).

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Bühlmann, Hans (November 1997). "The actuary: The role and limitations of the profession since the mid-19th century" (PDF). ASTIN Bulletin 27 (2): 165–171. doi:10.2143/ast.27.2.542046. Retrieved June 28, 2006.

Feldblum, Sholom (2001) [1990]. "Introduction". In Robert F. Lowe (ed.). Foundations of Casualty Actuarial Science (4th ed.). Arlington, Virginia: Casualty Actuarial Society. ISBN 0-9624762-2-6. LCCN 2001088378.

Halley, Edmond (1693). "An Estimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind, Drawn from Curious Tables of the Births and Funerals at the City of Breslaw; With an Attempt to Ascertain the Price of Annuities upon Lives" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 17 (192–206): 596–610. doi:10.1098/rstl.1693.0007. Retrieved June 21, 2006.

Heywood, Geoffrey (1985). "Edmond Halley: astronomer and actuary" (PDF). Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries) 112 (2): 279–301. doi:10.1017/S002026810004213X. Retrieved April 29, 2015. Hickman, James (2004). "History of Actuarial Profession" (PDF). Encyclopedia of Actuarial Science. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 4, 2004. Retrieved 2006-06-28.

Johnston, Harold Whetstone (1932) [1903]. "Burial places and funeral ceremonies". The Private Life of the Romans. Revised by Mary Johnston. Chicago, Atlanta: Scott, Foresman and Company. pp. §475–§476. ISBN 0-8154-0453-0. LCCN 32007692. Retrieved June 26, 2006. Early in the Empire, associations were formed for the purpose of meeting the funeral expenses of their members, whether the remains were to be buried or cremated, or for the purpose of building columbāria, or for both….If the members had provided places for the disposal of their bodies after death, they now provided for the necessary funeral expenses by paying into the common fund weekly a small fixed sum, easily within the reach of the poorest of them. When a member died, a stated sum was drawn from the treasury for his funeral …. If the purpose of the society was the building of a columbārium, the cost was first determined and the sum total divided into what we should call shares (sortēs virīlēs), each member taking as many as he could afford and paying their value into the treasury. Kendall, David (1983). "A Tribute to Harald Cramer". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General) (Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishing) 146 (3): 211–212. ISSN 0035-9238. JSTOR 2981652.

MacGinnitie, James (November 1980). "The Actuary and his Profession: Growth, Development, Promise" (PDF). Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society. LXVII (127): 49–56. Retrieved June 28, 2006. Michelbacher, Gustav F. (1920). "The Technique of Rate Making as Illustrated by the 1920 National Revision of Workmen's Compensations Insurance Rates" (PDF). Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society VI (14): 201–249. Retrieved June 28, 2006.

Norberg, Ragnar (1990). Actuarial Statistics — The European Perspective (PDF). International Conference on the Teaching of Statistics 3, Dunedin, New Zealand (Auckland, New Zealand: International Association for Statistical Education): 405–410. Retrieved February 27, 2012.

Ogborn, M.E. (July 1973). "Catalogue of an exhibition illustrating the history of actuarial science in the United Kingdom" (PDF). Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (Faculty and Institute of Actuaries) 100: 7–8. Retrieved April 27, 2011.

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Slud, Eric V. (2006) [2001]. "6: Commutation Functions, Reserves & Select Mortality" (PDF). Actuarial Mathematics and Life-Table Statistics (PDF). pp. 149–150. Retrieved June 28, 2006. The Commutation Functions are a computational device to ensure that net single premiums ... can all be obtained from a single table lookup. Historically, this idea has been very important in saving calculational labor when arriving at premium quotes. Even now...company employees without quantitative training could calculate premiums in a spreadsheet format with the aid of a life table.

Stearns, Frank Preston (1905). "Elizur Wright". Cambridge sketches (TEXT) (1st ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. B. Lippincott Company. LCCN 05011051. Retrieved January 15, 2007. This danger could only be averted by placing their rates of insurance on a scientific basis, which should be the same and unalterable for all companies. ... After two or three interviews with Elizur Wright the presidents of the companies came to the conclusion that he was exactly the man that they wanted, and they commissioned him to draw up a revised set of tables and rates which could serve them for a uniform standard.

Thucydides (2009) [c. 431 BCE]. "VI — Funeral Oration of Pericles". The History of the Peloponnesian War. Translated by Richard Crawley. Greece. ISBN 0-525-26035-8. Retrieved October 28, 2014. My task is now finished. ... those who are here interred have received part of their honours already, and for the rest, their children will be brought up till manhood at the public expense: the state thus offers a valuable prize, as the garland of victory in this race of valour, for the reward both of those who have fallen and their survivors. Tolley, H. Dennis; Hickman, James C.; Lew, Edward A. (2012). "Actuarial and Demographic Forecasting Methods". In Manton, Kenneth G.; Singer, Burton; Suzman, Richard M. Forecasting the Health of Elderly Populations. Springer Series in Statistics. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 42. ISBN 9781461393320. LCCN 92048819.

Whelan, Shane (December 2002). "Actuaries' contributions to financial economics". The Actuary (Staple Inn Actuarial Society). pp. 34–35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015. Retrieved June 28, 2006.

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An actuary is a business professional who deals with the measurement and management of risk and uncertainty (BeAnActuary 2011a). Actuaries provide assessments of financial security systems, with a focus on their complexity, their mathematics, and their mechanisms (Trowbridge 1989, p. 7). The name of the corresponding profession is actuarial science. Since many events, such as death, cannot be avoided, it is helpful to take measures to minimize their financial impact when they occur. These risks can affect both sides of the balance sheet, and require asset management, liability management, and valuation skills (BeAnActuary 2011b). Analytical skills, business knowledge, and understanding of human behavior and the vagaries of information systems are required to design and manage programs that control risk (BeAnActuary 2011c).

The profession has consistently ranked as one of the most desirable (Nemko 2006). The annual CareerCast study, which uses five key criteria to rank jobs—environment, income, employment outlook, physical demands, and stress—has had actuary ranked number one at least three times since 2010 (Needleman 2010, Thomas 2012, Weber 2013, CareerCast 2014, CareerCast 2015).

Life actuaries, which include health and pension actuaries, primarily deal with mortality risk, morbidity risk, and investment risk. Products prominent in their work include life insurance, annuities, pensions, short and long term disability, health insurance, health savings accounts, and long-term care insurance (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015). In addition to these risks, social insurance programs are influenced by public opinion, politics, budget constraints, changing demographics, and other factors such as medical technology, inflation, and cost of living considerations (GAO 1980, GAO 2008).

Non-life actuaries, also known as property and casualty or general insurance actuaries, deal with both physical and legal risks that affect people or their property. Products prominent in their work include auto insurance, homeowners insurance, commercial property insurance, workers' compensation, malpractice insurance, product liability insurance, marine insurance, terrorism insurance, and other types of liability insurance (AIA 2014).

Actuaries are also called upon for their expertise in enterprise risk management (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015). This can involve dynamic financial analysis, stress testing, the formulation of corporate risk policy, and the setting up and running of corporate risk departments (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2011b). Actuaries are also involved in other areas of the financial services industry, such as analysing securities offerings or market research (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015).

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The basic requirements of communal interests gave rise to risk sharing since the dawn of civilization. For example, people who lived their entire lives in a camp had the risk of fire, which would leave their band or family without shelter. After barter came into existence, more complex risks emerged and new forms of risk manifested. Merchants embarking on trade journeys bore the risk of losing goods entrusted to them, their own possessions, or even their lives. Intermediaries developed to warehouse and trade goods, which exposed them to financial risk. The primary providers in extended families or households ran the risk of premature death, disability or infirmity, which could leave their dependents to starve. Credit procurement was difficult if the creditor worried about repayment in the event of the borrower's death or infirmity. Alternatively, people sometimes lived too long from a financial perspective, exhausting their savings, if any, or becoming a burden on others in the extended family or society (Lewin 2007, p. 3).

In the ancient world there was not always room for the sick, suffering, disabled, aged, or the poor—these were often not part of the cultural consciousness of societies (Perkins 1995). Early methods of protection, aside from the normal support of the extended family, involved charity;religious organizations or neighbors would collect for the destitute and needy. By the middle of the 3rd century, 1,500 suffering people were being supported by charitable operations in Rome (Perkins 1995). Charitable protection remains an active form of support in the modern era (GivingUSA 2009), but receiving charity is uncertain and is often accompanied by social stigma. Elementary mutual aid agreements and pensions did arise in antiquity (Thucydides). Early in the Roman empire, associations were formed to meet the expenses of burial, cremation, and monuments—precursors to burial insurance and friendly societies. A small sum was paid into a communal fund on a weekly basis, and upon the death of a member, the fund would cover the expenses of rites and burial. These societies sometimes sold shares in the building of columbāria, or burial vaults, owned by the fund—the precursor to mutual insurance companies (Johnston 1903, §475–§476). Other early examples of mutual surety and assurance pacts can be traced back to various forms of fellowship within the Saxon clans of England and their Germanic forbears, and to Celtic society (Loan 1992).

Non-life insurance started as a hedge against loss of cargo during sea travel. Anecdotal reports of such guarantees occur in the writings of Demosthenes, who lived in the 4th century BCE (Lewin 2007, pp. 3–4). The earliest records of an official non-life insurance policy come from Sicily, where there is record of a 14th century contract to insure a shipment of wheat (Sweeting 2011, p. 14). In 1350, Lenardo Cattaneo assumed "all risks from act of God, or of man, and from perils of the sea" that may occur to a shipment of wheat from Sicily to Tunis up to a maximum of 300 florins. For this he was paid a premium of 18% (Lewin 2007, p. 4).

During the 17th century, a more scientific basis for risk management was being developed. In 1662, a London draper named John Graunt showed that there were predictable patterns of longevity and death in a defined group, or cohort, of people, despite the uncertainty about the future longevity or mortality of any one individual. This study became the basis for the original life table. Combining this idea with that of compound interest and annuity valuation, it became possible to set up an insurance scheme to provide life insurance or pensions for a group of people, and to calculate with some degree of accuracy each member's necessary contributions to a common fund, assuming a fixed rate of interest. The first person to correctly calculate these values was Edmond Halley (Heywood 1985). In his work, Halley demonstrated a method of using his life table to calculate the premium someone of a given age should pay to purchase a life-annuity (Halley 1693).

James Dodson's pioneering work on the level premium system led to the formation of the Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorship (now commonly known as Equitable Life) in London in 1762. This was the first life insurance company to use premium rates which were calculated scientifically for long-term life policies, using Dodson's work. After Dodson's death in 1757, Edward Rowe Mores took over the leadership of the group that eventually became the Society for Equitable Assurances. It was he who specified that the chief official should be called an actuary (Ogborn 1956, p. 235). Previously, the use of the term had been restricted to an official who recorded the decisions, or acts, of ecclesiastical courts, in ancient times originally the secretary of the Roman senate, responsible for compiling the Acta Senatus (Ogborn 1956, p. 233). Other companies which did not originally use such mathematical and scientific methods most often failed or were forced to adopt the methods pioneered by Equitable (Bühlmann 1997, p. 166).

In the 18th and 19th centuries, computational complexity was limited to manual calculations. The actual calculations required to compute fair insurance premiums are complex. The actuaries of that time developed methods to construct easily used tables, using sophisticated approximations called commutation functions, to facilitate timely, accurate, manual calculations of premiums (Slud 2006). Over time, actuarial organizations were founded to support and further both actuaries and actuarial science, and to protect the public interest by ensuring competency and ethical standards (Hickman 2004, p. 4). Since calculations were cumbersome, actuarial shortcuts were commonplace.

Non-life actuaries followed in the footsteps of their life compatriots in the early 20th century. In the United States, the 1920 revision to workers' compensation rates took over two months of around-the-clock work by day and night teams of actuaries (Michelbacher 1920, pp. 224, 230). In the 1930s and 1940s, rigorous mathematical foundations for stochastic processes were developed (Bühlmann 1997, p. 168). Actuaries began to forecast losses using models of random events instead of deterministic methods. Computers further revolutionized the actuarial profession. From pencil-and-paper to punchcards to microcomputers, the modeling and forecasting ability of the actuary has grown exponentially (MacGinnitie 1980, pp. 50–51).

Another modern development is the convergence of modern financial theory with actuarial science (Bühlmann 1997, pp. 169–171). In the early 20th century, actuaries were developing techniques that can be found in modern financial theory, but for various historical reasons, these developments did not achieve much recognition (Whelan 2002). In the late 1980s and early 1990s, there was a distinct effort for actuaries to combine financial theory and stochastic methods into their established models (D'arcy 1989). In the 21st century, the profession, both in practice and in the educational syllabi of many actuarial organizations, combines tables, loss models, stochastic methods, and financial theory (Feldblum 2001, pp. 8–9), but is still not completely aligned with modern financial economics (Bader & Gold 2003).

Actuaries use skills primarily in mathematics, particularly calculus-based probability and mathematical statistics, but also economics, computer science, finance, and business. For this reason, actuaries are essential to the insurance and reinsurance industry, either as staff employees or as consultants; to other businesses, including sponsors of pension plans; and to government agencies such as the Government Actuary's Department in the United Kingdom or the Social Security Administration in the United States of America. Actuaries assemble and analyze data to estimate the probability and likely cost of the occurrence of an event such as death, sickness, injury, disability, or loss of property. Actuaries also address financial questions, including those involving the level of pension contributions required to produce a certain retirement income and the way in which a company should invest resources to maximize its return on investments in light of potential risk. Using their broad knowledge, actuaries help design and price insurance policies, pension plans, and other financial strategies in a manner which will help ensure that the plans are maintained on a sound financial basis (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015, Government Actuary's Department 2015).

On both the life and casualty sides, the classical function of actuaries is to calculate premiums and reserves for insurance policies covering various risks (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2014). On the casualty side, this analysis often involves quantifying the probability of a loss event, called the frequency, and the size of that loss event, called the severity. The amount of time that occurs before the loss event is important, as the insurer will not have to pay anything until after the event has occurred. On the life side, the analysis often involves quantifying how much a potential sum of money or a financial liability will be worth at different points in the future. Since neither of these kinds of analysis are purely deterministic processes, stochastic models are often used to determine frequency and severity distributions and the parameters of these distributions. Forecasting interest yields and currency movements also plays a role in determining future costs, especially on the life side (Tolley, Hickman & Lew 2012).

Actuaries also design and maintain products and systems. They are involved in financial reporting of companies' assets and liabilities. They must communicate complex concepts to clients who may not share their language or depth of knowledge. Actuaries work under a code of ethics that covers their communications and work products (ASB 2013), but their clients may not adhere to those same standards when interpreting the data or using it within different kinds of businesses.

As an outgrowth of their more traditional roles, actuaries also work in the fields of risk management and enterprise risk management for both financial and non-financial corporations (D'arcy 2005). Actuaries in traditional roles study and use the tools and data previously in the domain of finance (Feldblum 2001, p. 8). The Basel II accord for financial institutions (2004), and its analogue, the Solvency II accord for insurance companies (to come into effect in 2016), require institutions to account for operational risk separately, and in addition to, credit, reserve, asset, and insolvency risk. Actuarial skills are well suited to this environment because of their training in analyzing various forms of risk, and judging the potential for upside gain, as well as downside loss associated with these forms of risk (D'arcy 2005).

Actuaries are also involved in investment advice, asset management , general business managers, and financial officers (Mungan 2002, Stefan 2010). They analyze business prospects with their financial skills in valuing or discounting risky future cash flows, and apply their pricing expertise from insurance to other lines of business. For example, insurance securitization requires both the actuarial and finance skills (Krutov 2006). Actuaries also act as expert witnesses by applying their analysis in court trials to estimate the economic value of losses such as lost profits or lost wages (Wagner 2006).

As there are relatively few actuaries in the world compared to other professions, actuaries are in high demand, and are highly paid for the services they render (Hennessy 2003, Kurtz 2013). As of 2014[update], in the United States, newly credentialed actuaries on average earn around $100,000 per year, while more experienced actuaries can earn over $150,000 per year (Ezra Penland 2014). Similarly, a 2014[update] survey in the United Kingdom indicated a starting salary for a newly credentialed actuary of about GBP £50,000; actuaries with more experience can earn well in excess of £100,000 (Crail 2014).

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Becoming a fully credentialed actuary requires passing a rigorous series of professional examinations, usually taking several years. In some countries, such as Denmark, most study takes place in a university setting (Norberg 1990, p. 407). In others, such as the US, most study takes place during employment through a series of examinations (SOA 2015, CAS 2015). In the UK, and countries based on its process, there is a hybrid university-exam structure (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2011a).

As these qualifying exams are extremely rigorous, support is usually available to people progressing through the exams. Often, employers provide paid on-the-job study time and paid attendance at seminars designed for the exams (BeAnActuary 2011d). Also, many companies which employ actuaries have automatic pay raises or promotions when exams are passed. As a result, actuarial students have strong incentives for devoting adequate study time during off-work hours. A common rule of thumb for exam students is that, for the Society of Actuaries examinations, roughly 400 hours of study time are necessary for each four-hour exam (Sieger 1998). Thus, thousands of hours of study time should be anticipated over several years, assuming no failures (Feldblum 2001, p. 6).

Historically, the actuarial profession has been reluctant to specify the pass marks for its examinations (Muckart 2010,Prevosto 2000). To address concerns that there are pre-existing pass/fail quotas, a former Chairman of the Board of Examiners of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries stated that "[a]lthough students find it hard to believe, the Board of Examiners does not have fail quotas to achieve. Accordingly pass rates are free to vary (and do). They are determined by the quality of the candidates sitting the examination and in particular how well prepared they are. Fitness to pass is the criterion, not whether you can achieve a mark in the top 40% of candidates sitting." (Muckart 2010). In 2000, the CAS decided to start releasing pass marks for the exams it offers (Prevosto 2000). The CAS's policy is also not to grade to specific pass ratios, which was affirmed by the CAS board in 2001, which stated that "[t]he Board further affirms that the CAS shall use no predetermined pass ratio as a guideline for setting the pass mark for any examination. If the CAS determines that 70% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then those 70% should pass. Similarly, if the CAS determines that only 30% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then only those 30% should pass."(CAS 2001).

The 2002 movie, About Schmidt, represented actuaries as "math–obsessed, socially disconnected individuals with shockingly bad comb–overs." Many actuaries were unhappy with this stereotypical portrayal, expressing concern that the movie badly misrepresented actuaries. Others, though, have claimed that the portrayal, while somewhat exaggerated, is representative of a sizeable cohort of actuaries (Coleman 2003).

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Halley, Edmond (1693). "An Estimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind, Drawn from Curious Tables of the Births and Funerals at the City of Breslaw; With an Attempt to Ascertain the Price of Annuities upon Lives" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 17 (192–206): 596–610. doi:10.1098/rstl.1693.0007. Retrieved June 21, 2006.

Johnston, Harold Whetstone (1932) [1903]. "Burial places and funeral ceremonies". The Private Life of the Romans. Revised by Mary Johnston. Chicago, Atlanta: Scott, Foresman and Company. pp. §475–§476. ISBN 0-8154-0453-0. LCCN 32007692. Retrieved June 26, 2006. Early in the Empire, associations were formed for the purpose of meeting the funeral expenses of their members, whether the remains were to be buried or cremated, or for the purpose of building columbāria, or for both….If the members had provided places for the disposal of their bodies after death, they now provided for the necessary funeral expenses by paying into the common fund weekly a small fixed sum, easily within the reach of the poorest of them. When a member died, a stated sum was drawn from the treasury for his funeral …. If the purpose of the society was the building of a columbārium, the cost was first determined and the sum total divided into what we should call shares (sortēs virīlēs), each member taking as many as he could afford and paying their value into the treasury.

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Slud, Eric V. (2006) [2001]. "6: Commutation Functions, Reserves & Select Mortality" (PDF). Actuarial Mathematics and Life-Table Statistics (PDF). pp. 149–150. Retrieved June 28, 2006. The Commutation Functions are a computational device to ensure that net single premiums ... can all be obtained from a single table lookup. Historically, this idea has been very important in saving calculational labor when arriving at premium quotes. Even now...company employees without quantitative training could calculate premiums in a spreadsheet format with the aid of a life table.

Stearns, Frank Preston (1905). "Elizur Wright". Cambridge sketches (TEXT) (1st ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. B. Lippincott Company. LCCN 05011051. Retrieved January 15, 2007. This danger could only be averted by placing their rates of insurance on a scientific basis, which should be the same and unalterable for all companies. ... After two or three interviews with Elizur Wright the presidents of the companies came to the conclusion that he was exactly the man that they wanted, and they commissioned him to draw up a revised set of tables and rates which could serve them for a uniform standard.

Thucydides (2009) [c. 431 BCE]. "VI — Funeral Oration of Pericles". The History of the Peloponnesian War. Translated by Richard Crawley. Greece. ISBN 0-525-26035-8. Retrieved October 28, 2014. My task is now finished. ... those who are here interred have received part of their honours already, and for the rest, their children will be brought up till manhood at the public expense: the state thus offers a valuable prize, as the garland of victory in this race of valour, for the reward both of those who have fallen and their survivors. Tolley, H. Dennis; Hickman, James C.; Lew, Edward A. (2012). "Actuarial and Demographic Forecasting Methods". In Manton, Kenneth G.; Singer, Burton; Suzman, Richard M. Forecasting the Health of Elderly Populations. Springer Series in Statistics. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 42. ISBN 9781461393320. LCCN 92048819.

Page 88: Training Excel Sheet

An actuary is a business professional who deals with the measurement and management of risk and uncertainty (BeAnActuary 2011a). Actuaries provide assessments of financial security systems, with a focus on their complexity, their mathematics, and their mechanisms (Trowbridge 1989, p. 7). The name of the corresponding profession is actuarial science. Since many events, such as death, cannot be avoided, it is helpful to take measures to minimize their financial impact when they occur. These risks can affect both sides of the balance sheet, and require asset management, liability management, and valuation skills (BeAnActuary 2011b). Analytical skills, business knowledge, and understanding of human behavior and the vagaries of information systems are required to design and manage programs that control risk (BeAnActuary 2011c).

Life actuaries, which include health and pension actuaries, primarily deal with mortality risk, morbidity risk, and investment risk. Products prominent in their work include life insurance, annuities, pensions, short and long term disability, health insurance, health savings accounts, and long-term care insurance (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015). In addition to these risks, social insurance programs are influenced by public opinion, politics, budget constraints, changing demographics, and other factors such as medical technology, inflation, and cost of living considerations (GAO 1980, GAO 2008).

Non-life actuaries, also known as property and casualty or general insurance actuaries, deal with both physical and legal risks that affect people or their property. Products prominent in their work include auto insurance, homeowners insurance, commercial property insurance, workers' compensation, malpractice insurance, product liability insurance, marine insurance, terrorism insurance, and other types of liability insurance (AIA 2014).

Actuaries are also called upon for their expertise in enterprise risk management (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015). This can involve dynamic financial analysis, stress testing, the formulation of corporate risk policy, and the setting up and running of corporate risk departments (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2011b). Actuaries are also involved in other areas of the financial services industry, such as analysing securities offerings or market research (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015).

Page 89: Training Excel Sheet

The basic requirements of communal interests gave rise to risk sharing since the dawn of civilization. For example, people who lived their entire lives in a camp had the risk of fire, which would leave their band or family without shelter. After barter came into existence, more complex risks emerged and new forms of risk manifested. Merchants embarking on trade journeys bore the risk of losing goods entrusted to them, their own possessions, or even their lives. Intermediaries developed to warehouse and trade goods, which exposed them to financial risk. The primary providers in extended families or households ran the risk of premature death, disability or infirmity, which could leave their dependents to starve. Credit procurement was difficult if the creditor worried about repayment in the event of the borrower's death or infirmity. Alternatively, people sometimes lived too long from a financial perspective, exhausting their savings, if any, or becoming a burden on others in the extended family or society (Lewin 2007, p. 3).

In the ancient world there was not always room for the sick, suffering, disabled, aged, or the poor—these were often not part of the cultural consciousness of societies (Perkins 1995). Early methods of protection, aside from the normal support of the extended family, involved charity;religious organizations or neighbors would collect for the destitute and needy. By the middle of the 3rd century, 1,500 suffering people were being supported by charitable operations in Rome (Perkins 1995). Charitable protection remains an active form of support in the modern era (GivingUSA 2009), but receiving charity is uncertain and is often accompanied by social stigma. Elementary mutual aid agreements and pensions did arise in antiquity (Thucydides). Early in the Roman empire, associations were formed to meet the expenses of burial, cremation, and monuments—precursors to burial insurance and friendly societies. A small sum was paid into a communal fund on a weekly basis, and upon the death of a member, the fund would cover the expenses of rites and burial. These societies sometimes sold shares in the building of columbāria, or burial vaults, owned by the fund—the precursor to mutual insurance companies (Johnston 1903, §475–§476). Other early examples of mutual surety and assurance pacts can be traced back to various forms of fellowship within the Saxon clans of England and their Germanic forbears, and to Celtic society (Loan 1992).

Non-life insurance started as a hedge against loss of cargo during sea travel. Anecdotal reports of such guarantees occur in the writings of Demosthenes, who lived in the 4th century BCE (Lewin 2007, pp. 3–4). The earliest records of an official non-life insurance policy come from Sicily, where there is record of a 14th century contract to insure a shipment of wheat (Sweeting 2011, p. 14). In 1350, Lenardo Cattaneo assumed "all risks from act of God, or of man, and from perils of the sea" that may occur to a shipment of wheat from Sicily to Tunis up to a maximum of 300 florins. For this he was paid a premium of 18% (Lewin 2007, p. 4).

During the 17th century, a more scientific basis for risk management was being developed. In 1662, a London draper named John Graunt showed that there were predictable patterns of longevity and death in a defined group, or cohort, of people, despite the uncertainty about the future longevity or mortality of any one individual. This study became the basis for the original life table. Combining this idea with that of compound interest and annuity valuation, it became possible to set up an insurance scheme to provide life insurance or pensions for a group of people, and to calculate with some degree of accuracy each member's necessary contributions to a common fund, assuming a fixed rate of interest. The first person to correctly calculate these values was Edmond Halley (Heywood 1985). In his work, Halley demonstrated a method of using his life table to calculate the premium someone of a given age should pay to purchase a life-annuity (Halley 1693).

James Dodson's pioneering work on the level premium system led to the formation of the Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorship (now commonly known as Equitable Life) in London in 1762. This was the first life insurance company to use premium rates which were calculated scientifically for long-term life policies, using Dodson's work. After Dodson's death in 1757, Edward Rowe Mores took over the leadership of the group that eventually became the Society for Equitable Assurances. It was he who specified that the chief official should be called an actuary (Ogborn 1956, p. 235). Previously, the use of the term had been restricted to an official who recorded the decisions, or acts, of ecclesiastical courts, in ancient times originally the secretary of the Roman senate, responsible for compiling the Acta Senatus (Ogborn 1956, p. 233). Other companies which did not originally use such mathematical and scientific methods most often failed or were forced to adopt the methods pioneered by Equitable (Bühlmann 1997, p. 166).

In the 18th and 19th centuries, computational complexity was limited to manual calculations. The actual calculations required to compute fair insurance premiums are complex. The actuaries of that time developed methods to construct easily used tables, using sophisticated approximations called commutation functions, to facilitate timely, accurate, manual calculations of premiums (Slud 2006). Over time, actuarial organizations were founded to support and further both actuaries and actuarial science, and to protect the public interest by ensuring competency and ethical standards (Hickman 2004, p. 4). Since calculations were cumbersome, actuarial shortcuts were commonplace.

Non-life actuaries followed in the footsteps of their life compatriots in the early 20th century. In the United States, the 1920 revision to workers' compensation rates took over two months of around-the-clock work by day and night teams of actuaries (Michelbacher 1920, pp. 224, 230). In the 1930s and 1940s, rigorous mathematical foundations for stochastic processes were developed (Bühlmann 1997, p. 168). Actuaries began to forecast losses using models of random events instead of deterministic methods. Computers further revolutionized the actuarial profession. From pencil-and-paper to punchcards to microcomputers, the modeling and forecasting ability of the actuary has grown exponentially (MacGinnitie 1980, pp. 50–51).

Another modern development is the convergence of modern financial theory with actuarial science (Bühlmann 1997, pp. 169–171). In the early 20th century, actuaries were developing techniques that can be found in modern financial theory, but for various historical reasons, these developments did not achieve much recognition (Whelan 2002). In the late 1980s and early 1990s, there was a distinct effort for actuaries to combine financial theory and stochastic methods into their established models (D'arcy 1989). In the 21st century, the profession, both in practice and in the educational syllabi of many actuarial organizations, combines tables, loss models, stochastic methods, and financial theory (Feldblum 2001, pp. 8–9), but is still not completely aligned with modern financial economics (Bader & Gold 2003).

Actuaries use skills primarily in mathematics, particularly calculus-based probability and mathematical statistics, but also economics, computer science, finance, and business. For this reason, actuaries are essential to the insurance and reinsurance industry, either as staff employees or as consultants; to other businesses, including sponsors of pension plans; and to government agencies such as the Government Actuary's Department in the United Kingdom or the Social Security Administration in the United States of America. Actuaries assemble and analyze data to estimate the probability and likely cost of the occurrence of an event such as death, sickness, injury, disability, or loss of property. Actuaries also address financial questions, including those involving the level of pension contributions required to produce a certain retirement income and the way in which a company should invest resources to maximize its return on investments in light of potential risk. Using their broad knowledge, actuaries help design and price insurance policies, pension plans, and other financial strategies in a manner which will help ensure that the plans are maintained on a sound financial basis (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015, Government Actuary's Department 2015).

On both the life and casualty sides, the classical function of actuaries is to calculate premiums and reserves for insurance policies covering various risks (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2014). On the casualty side, this analysis often involves quantifying the probability of a loss event, called the frequency, and the size of that loss event, called the severity. The amount of time that occurs before the loss event is important, as the insurer will not have to pay anything until after the event has occurred. On the life side, the analysis often involves quantifying how much a potential sum of money or a financial liability will be worth at different points in the future. Since neither of these kinds of analysis are purely deterministic processes, stochastic models are often used to determine frequency and severity distributions and the parameters of these distributions. Forecasting interest yields and currency movements also plays a role in determining future costs, especially on the life side (Tolley, Hickman & Lew 2012).

Actuaries also design and maintain products and systems. They are involved in financial reporting of companies' assets and liabilities. They must communicate complex concepts to clients who may not share their language or depth of knowledge. Actuaries work under a code of ethics that covers their communications and work products (ASB 2013), but their clients may not adhere to those same standards when interpreting the data or using it within different kinds of businesses.

As an outgrowth of their more traditional roles, actuaries also work in the fields of risk management and enterprise risk management for both financial and non-financial corporations (D'arcy 2005). Actuaries in traditional roles study and use the tools and data previously in the domain of finance (Feldblum 2001, p. 8). The Basel II accord for financial institutions (2004), and its analogue, the Solvency II accord for insurance companies (to come into effect in 2016), require institutions to account for operational risk separately, and in addition to, credit, reserve, asset, and insolvency risk. Actuarial skills are well suited to this environment because of their training in analyzing various forms of risk, and judging the potential for upside gain, as well as downside loss associated with these forms of risk (D'arcy 2005).

Actuaries are also involved in investment advice, asset management , general business managers, and financial officers (Mungan 2002, Stefan 2010). They analyze business prospects with their financial skills in valuing or discounting risky future cash flows, and apply their pricing expertise from insurance to other lines of business. For example, insurance securitization requires both the actuarial and finance skills (Krutov 2006). Actuaries also act as expert witnesses by applying their analysis in court trials to estimate the economic value of losses such as lost profits or lost wages (Wagner 2006).

As there are relatively few actuaries in the world compared to other professions, actuaries are in high demand, and are highly paid for the services they render (Hennessy 2003, Kurtz 2013). As of 2014[update], in the United States, newly credentialed actuaries on average earn around $100,000 per year, while more experienced actuaries can earn over $150,000 per year (Ezra Penland 2014). Similarly, a 2014[update] survey in the United Kingdom indicated a starting salary for a newly credentialed actuary of about GBP £50,000; actuaries with more experience can earn well in excess of £100,000 (Crail 2014).

Page 90: Training Excel Sheet

Becoming a fully credentialed actuary requires passing a rigorous series of professional examinations, usually taking several years. In some countries, such as Denmark, most study takes place in a university setting (Norberg 1990, p. 407). In others, such as the US, most study takes place during employment through a series of examinations (SOA 2015, CAS 2015). In the UK, and countries based on its process, there is a hybrid university-exam structure (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2011a).

As these qualifying exams are extremely rigorous, support is usually available to people progressing through the exams. Often, employers provide paid on-the-job study time and paid attendance at seminars designed for the exams (BeAnActuary 2011d). Also, many companies which employ actuaries have automatic pay raises or promotions when exams are passed. As a result, actuarial students have strong incentives for devoting adequate study time during off-work hours. A common rule of thumb for exam students is that, for the Society of Actuaries examinations, roughly 400 hours of study time are necessary for each four-hour exam (Sieger 1998). Thus, thousands of hours of study time should be anticipated over several years, assuming no failures (Feldblum 2001, p. 6).

Historically, the actuarial profession has been reluctant to specify the pass marks for its examinations (Muckart 2010,Prevosto 2000). To address concerns that there are pre-existing pass/fail quotas, a former Chairman of the Board of Examiners of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries stated that "[a]lthough students find it hard to believe, the Board of Examiners does not have fail quotas to achieve. Accordingly pass rates are free to vary (and do). They are determined by the quality of the candidates sitting the examination and in particular how well prepared they are. Fitness to pass is the criterion, not whether you can achieve a mark in the top 40% of candidates sitting." (Muckart 2010). In 2000, the CAS decided to start releasing pass marks for the exams it offers (Prevosto 2000). The CAS's policy is also not to grade to specific pass ratios, which was affirmed by the CAS board in 2001, which stated that "[t]he Board further affirms that the CAS shall use no predetermined pass ratio as a guideline for setting the pass mark for any examination. If the CAS determines that 70% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then those 70% should pass. Similarly, if the CAS determines that only 30% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then only those 30% should pass."(CAS 2001).

Page 91: Training Excel Sheet

Johnston, Harold Whetstone (1932) [1903]. "Burial places and funeral ceremonies". The Private Life of the Romans. Revised by Mary Johnston. Chicago, Atlanta: Scott, Foresman and Company. pp. §475–§476. ISBN 0-8154-0453-0. LCCN 32007692. Retrieved June 26, 2006. Early in the Empire, associations were formed for the purpose of meeting the funeral expenses of their members, whether the remains were to be buried or cremated, or for the purpose of building columbāria, or for both….If the members had provided places for the disposal of their bodies after death, they now provided for the necessary funeral expenses by paying into the common fund weekly a small fixed sum, easily within the reach of the poorest of them. When a member died, a stated sum was drawn from the treasury for his funeral …. If the purpose of the society was the building of a columbārium, the cost was first determined and the sum total divided into what we should call shares (sortēs virīlēs), each member taking as many as he could afford and paying their value into the treasury.

Page 92: Training Excel Sheet

Slud, Eric V. (2006) [2001]. "6: Commutation Functions, Reserves & Select Mortality" (PDF). Actuarial Mathematics and Life-Table Statistics (PDF). pp. 149–150. Retrieved June 28, 2006. The Commutation Functions are a computational device to ensure that net single premiums ... can all be obtained from a single table lookup. Historically, this idea has been very important in saving calculational labor when arriving at premium quotes. Even now...company employees without quantitative training could calculate premiums in a spreadsheet format with the aid of a life table.

Stearns, Frank Preston (1905). "Elizur Wright". Cambridge sketches (TEXT) (1st ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. B. Lippincott Company. LCCN 05011051. Retrieved January 15, 2007. This danger could only be averted by placing their rates of insurance on a scientific basis, which should be the same and unalterable for all companies. ... After two or three interviews with Elizur Wright the presidents of the companies came to the conclusion that he was exactly the man that they wanted, and they commissioned him to draw up a revised set of tables and rates which could serve them for a uniform standard.

Thucydides (2009) [c. 431 BCE]. "VI — Funeral Oration of Pericles". The History of the Peloponnesian War. Translated by Richard Crawley. Greece. ISBN 0-525-26035-8. Retrieved October 28, 2014. My task is now finished. ... those who are here interred have received part of their honours already, and for the rest, their children will be brought up till manhood at the public expense: the state thus offers a valuable prize, as the garland of victory in this race of valour, for the reward both of those who have fallen and their survivors.

Page 93: Training Excel Sheet

An actuary is a business professional who deals with the measurement and management of risk and uncertainty (BeAnActuary 2011a). Actuaries provide assessments of financial security systems, with a focus on their complexity, their mathematics, and their mechanisms (Trowbridge 1989, p. 7). The name of the corresponding profession is actuarial science. Since many events, such as death, cannot be avoided, it is helpful to take measures to minimize their financial impact when they occur. These risks can affect both sides of the balance sheet, and require asset management, liability management, and valuation skills (BeAnActuary 2011b). Analytical skills, business knowledge, and understanding of human behavior and the vagaries of information systems are required to design and manage programs that control risk (BeAnActuary 2011c).

Life actuaries, which include health and pension actuaries, primarily deal with mortality risk, morbidity risk, and investment risk. Products prominent in their work include life insurance, annuities, pensions, short and long term disability, health insurance, health savings accounts, and long-term care insurance (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015). In addition to these risks, social insurance programs are influenced by public opinion, politics, budget constraints, changing demographics, and other factors such as medical technology, inflation, and cost of living considerations (GAO 1980, GAO 2008).

Page 94: Training Excel Sheet

The basic requirements of communal interests gave rise to risk sharing since the dawn of civilization. For example, people who lived their entire lives in a camp had the risk of fire, which would leave their band or family without shelter. After barter came into existence, more complex risks emerged and new forms of risk manifested. Merchants embarking on trade journeys bore the risk of losing goods entrusted to them, their own possessions, or even their lives. Intermediaries developed to warehouse and trade goods, which exposed them to financial risk. The primary providers in extended families or households ran the risk of premature death, disability or infirmity, which could leave their dependents to starve. Credit procurement was difficult if the creditor worried about repayment in the event of the borrower's death or infirmity. Alternatively, people sometimes lived too long from a financial perspective, exhausting their savings, if any, or becoming a burden on others in the extended family or society (Lewin 2007, p. 3).

In the ancient world there was not always room for the sick, suffering, disabled, aged, or the poor—these were often not part of the cultural consciousness of societies (Perkins 1995). Early methods of protection, aside from the normal support of the extended family, involved charity;religious organizations or neighbors would collect for the destitute and needy. By the middle of the 3rd century, 1,500 suffering people were being supported by charitable operations in Rome (Perkins 1995). Charitable protection remains an active form of support in the modern era (GivingUSA 2009), but receiving charity is uncertain and is often accompanied by social stigma. Elementary mutual aid agreements and pensions did arise in antiquity (Thucydides). Early in the Roman empire, associations were formed to meet the expenses of burial, cremation, and monuments—precursors to burial insurance and friendly societies. A small sum was paid into a communal fund on a weekly basis, and upon the death of a member, the fund would cover the expenses of rites and burial. These societies sometimes sold shares in the building of columbāria, or burial vaults, owned by the fund—the precursor to mutual insurance companies (Johnston 1903, §475–§476). Other early examples of mutual surety and assurance pacts can be traced back to various forms of fellowship within the Saxon clans of England and their Germanic forbears, and to Celtic society (Loan 1992).

Non-life insurance started as a hedge against loss of cargo during sea travel. Anecdotal reports of such guarantees occur in the writings of Demosthenes, who lived in the 4th century BCE (Lewin 2007, pp. 3–4). The earliest records of an official non-life insurance policy come from Sicily, where there is record of a 14th century contract to insure a shipment of wheat (Sweeting 2011, p. 14). In 1350, Lenardo Cattaneo assumed "all risks from act of God, or of man, and from perils of the sea" that may occur to a shipment of wheat from Sicily to Tunis up to a maximum of 300 florins. For this he was paid a premium of 18% (Lewin 2007, p. 4).

During the 17th century, a more scientific basis for risk management was being developed. In 1662, a London draper named John Graunt showed that there were predictable patterns of longevity and death in a defined group, or cohort, of people, despite the uncertainty about the future longevity or mortality of any one individual. This study became the basis for the original life table. Combining this idea with that of compound interest and annuity valuation, it became possible to set up an insurance scheme to provide life insurance or pensions for a group of people, and to calculate with some degree of accuracy each member's necessary contributions to a common fund, assuming a fixed rate of interest. The first person to correctly calculate these values was Edmond Halley (Heywood 1985). In his work, Halley demonstrated a method of using his life table to calculate the premium someone of a given age should pay to purchase a life-annuity (Halley 1693).

James Dodson's pioneering work on the level premium system led to the formation of the Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorship (now commonly known as Equitable Life) in London in 1762. This was the first life insurance company to use premium rates which were calculated scientifically for long-term life policies, using Dodson's work. After Dodson's death in 1757, Edward Rowe Mores took over the leadership of the group that eventually became the Society for Equitable Assurances. It was he who specified that the chief official should be called an actuary (Ogborn 1956, p. 235). Previously, the use of the term had been restricted to an official who recorded the decisions, or acts, of ecclesiastical courts, in ancient times originally the secretary of the Roman senate, responsible for compiling the Acta Senatus (Ogborn 1956, p. 233). Other companies which did not originally use such mathematical and scientific methods most often failed or were forced to adopt the methods pioneered by Equitable (Bühlmann 1997, p. 166).

In the 18th and 19th centuries, computational complexity was limited to manual calculations. The actual calculations required to compute fair insurance premiums are complex. The actuaries of that time developed methods to construct easily used tables, using sophisticated approximations called commutation functions, to facilitate timely, accurate, manual calculations of premiums (Slud 2006). Over time, actuarial organizations were founded to support and further both actuaries and actuarial science, and to protect the public interest by ensuring competency and ethical standards (Hickman 2004, p. 4). Since calculations were cumbersome, actuarial shortcuts were commonplace.

Non-life actuaries followed in the footsteps of their life compatriots in the early 20th century. In the United States, the 1920 revision to workers' compensation rates took over two months of around-the-clock work by day and night teams of actuaries (Michelbacher 1920, pp. 224, 230). In the 1930s and 1940s, rigorous mathematical foundations for stochastic processes were developed (Bühlmann 1997, p. 168). Actuaries began to forecast losses using models of random events instead of deterministic methods. Computers further revolutionized the actuarial profession. From pencil-and-paper to punchcards to microcomputers, the modeling and forecasting ability of the actuary has grown exponentially (MacGinnitie 1980, pp. 50–51).

Another modern development is the convergence of modern financial theory with actuarial science (Bühlmann 1997, pp. 169–171). In the early 20th century, actuaries were developing techniques that can be found in modern financial theory, but for various historical reasons, these developments did not achieve much recognition (Whelan 2002). In the late 1980s and early 1990s, there was a distinct effort for actuaries to combine financial theory and stochastic methods into their established models (D'arcy 1989). In the 21st century, the profession, both in practice and in the educational syllabi of many actuarial organizations, combines tables, loss models, stochastic methods, and financial theory (Feldblum 2001, pp. 8–9), but is still not completely aligned with modern financial economics (Bader & Gold 2003).

Actuaries use skills primarily in mathematics, particularly calculus-based probability and mathematical statistics, but also economics, computer science, finance, and business. For this reason, actuaries are essential to the insurance and reinsurance industry, either as staff employees or as consultants; to other businesses, including sponsors of pension plans; and to government agencies such as the Government Actuary's Department in the United Kingdom or the Social Security Administration in the United States of America. Actuaries assemble and analyze data to estimate the probability and likely cost of the occurrence of an event such as death, sickness, injury, disability, or loss of property. Actuaries also address financial questions, including those involving the level of pension contributions required to produce a certain retirement income and the way in which a company should invest resources to maximize its return on investments in light of potential risk. Using their broad knowledge, actuaries help design and price insurance policies, pension plans, and other financial strategies in a manner which will help ensure that the plans are maintained on a sound financial basis (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015, Government Actuary's Department 2015).

On both the life and casualty sides, the classical function of actuaries is to calculate premiums and reserves for insurance policies covering various risks (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2014). On the casualty side, this analysis often involves quantifying the probability of a loss event, called the frequency, and the size of that loss event, called the severity. The amount of time that occurs before the loss event is important, as the insurer will not have to pay anything until after the event has occurred. On the life side, the analysis often involves quantifying how much a potential sum of money or a financial liability will be worth at different points in the future. Since neither of these kinds of analysis are purely deterministic processes, stochastic models are often used to determine frequency and severity distributions and the parameters of these distributions. Forecasting interest yields and currency movements also plays a role in determining future costs, especially on the life side (Tolley, Hickman & Lew 2012).

As an outgrowth of their more traditional roles, actuaries also work in the fields of risk management and enterprise risk management for both financial and non-financial corporations (D'arcy 2005). Actuaries in traditional roles study and use the tools and data previously in the domain of finance (Feldblum 2001, p. 8). The Basel II accord for financial institutions (2004), and its analogue, the Solvency II accord for insurance companies (to come into effect in 2016), require institutions to account for operational risk separately, and in addition to, credit, reserve, asset, and insolvency risk. Actuarial skills are well suited to this environment because of their training in analyzing various forms of risk, and judging the potential for upside gain, as well as downside loss associated with these forms of risk (D'arcy 2005).

Actuaries are also involved in investment advice, asset management , general business managers, and financial officers (Mungan 2002, Stefan 2010). They analyze business prospects with their financial skills in valuing or discounting risky future cash flows, and apply their pricing expertise from insurance to other lines of business. For example, insurance securitization requires both the actuarial and finance skills (Krutov 2006). Actuaries also act as expert witnesses by applying their analysis in court trials to estimate the economic value of losses such as lost profits or lost wages (Wagner 2006).

As there are relatively few actuaries in the world compared to other professions, actuaries are in high demand, and are highly paid for the services they render (Hennessy 2003, Kurtz 2013). As of 2014[update], in the United States, newly credentialed actuaries on average earn around $100,000 per year, while more experienced actuaries can earn over $150,000 per year (Ezra Penland 2014). Similarly, a 2014[update] survey in the United Kingdom indicated a starting salary for a newly credentialed actuary of about GBP £50,000; actuaries with more experience can earn well in excess of £100,000 (Crail 2014).

Page 95: Training Excel Sheet

As these qualifying exams are extremely rigorous, support is usually available to people progressing through the exams. Often, employers provide paid on-the-job study time and paid attendance at seminars designed for the exams (BeAnActuary 2011d). Also, many companies which employ actuaries have automatic pay raises or promotions when exams are passed. As a result, actuarial students have strong incentives for devoting adequate study time during off-work hours. A common rule of thumb for exam students is that, for the Society of Actuaries examinations, roughly 400 hours of study time are necessary for each four-hour exam (Sieger 1998). Thus, thousands of hours of study time should be anticipated over several years, assuming no failures (Feldblum 2001, p. 6).

Historically, the actuarial profession has been reluctant to specify the pass marks for its examinations (Muckart 2010,Prevosto 2000). To address concerns that there are pre-existing pass/fail quotas, a former Chairman of the Board of Examiners of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries stated that "[a]lthough students find it hard to believe, the Board of Examiners does not have fail quotas to achieve. Accordingly pass rates are free to vary (and do). They are determined by the quality of the candidates sitting the examination and in particular how well prepared they are. Fitness to pass is the criterion, not whether you can achieve a mark in the top 40% of candidates sitting." (Muckart 2010). In 2000, the CAS decided to start releasing pass marks for the exams it offers (Prevosto 2000). The CAS's policy is also not to grade to specific pass ratios, which was affirmed by the CAS board in 2001, which stated that "[t]he Board further affirms that the CAS shall use no predetermined pass ratio as a guideline for setting the pass mark for any examination. If the CAS determines that 70% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then those 70% should pass. Similarly, if the CAS determines that only 30% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then only those 30% should pass."(CAS 2001).

Page 96: Training Excel Sheet

Johnston, Harold Whetstone (1932) [1903]. "Burial places and funeral ceremonies". The Private Life of the Romans. Revised by Mary Johnston. Chicago, Atlanta: Scott, Foresman and Company. pp. §475–§476. ISBN 0-8154-0453-0. LCCN 32007692. Retrieved June 26, 2006. Early in the Empire, associations were formed for the purpose of meeting the funeral expenses of their members, whether the remains were to be buried or cremated, or for the purpose of building columbāria, or for both….If the members had provided places for the disposal of their bodies after death, they now provided for the necessary funeral expenses by paying into the common fund weekly a small fixed sum, easily within the reach of the poorest of them. When a member died, a stated sum was drawn from the treasury for his funeral …. If the purpose of the society was the building of a columbārium, the cost was first determined and the sum total divided into what we should call shares (sortēs virīlēs), each member taking as many as he could afford and paying their value into the treasury.

Page 97: Training Excel Sheet

Slud, Eric V. (2006) [2001]. "6: Commutation Functions, Reserves & Select Mortality" (PDF). Actuarial Mathematics and Life-Table Statistics (PDF). pp. 149–150. Retrieved June 28, 2006. The Commutation Functions are a computational device to ensure that net single premiums ... can all be obtained from a single table lookup. Historically, this idea has been very important in saving calculational labor when arriving at premium quotes. Even now...company employees without quantitative training could calculate premiums in a spreadsheet format with the aid of a life table.

Stearns, Frank Preston (1905). "Elizur Wright". Cambridge sketches (TEXT) (1st ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. B. Lippincott Company. LCCN 05011051. Retrieved January 15, 2007. This danger could only be averted by placing their rates of insurance on a scientific basis, which should be the same and unalterable for all companies. ... After two or three interviews with Elizur Wright the presidents of the companies came to the conclusion that he was exactly the man that they wanted, and they commissioned him to draw up a revised set of tables and rates which could serve them for a uniform standard.

Thucydides (2009) [c. 431 BCE]. "VI — Funeral Oration of Pericles". The History of the Peloponnesian War. Translated by Richard Crawley. Greece. ISBN 0-525-26035-8. Retrieved October 28, 2014. My task is now finished. ... those who are here interred have received part of their honours already, and for the rest, their children will be brought up till manhood at the public expense: the state thus offers a valuable prize, as the garland of victory in this race of valour, for the reward both of those who have fallen and their survivors.

Page 98: Training Excel Sheet

An actuary is a business professional who deals with the measurement and management of risk and uncertainty (BeAnActuary 2011a). Actuaries provide assessments of financial security systems, with a focus on their complexity, their mathematics, and their mechanisms (Trowbridge 1989, p. 7). The name of the corresponding profession is actuarial science. Since many events, such as death, cannot be avoided, it is helpful to take measures to minimize their financial impact when they occur. These risks can affect both sides of the balance sheet, and require asset management, liability management, and valuation skills (BeAnActuary 2011b). Analytical skills, business knowledge, and understanding of human behavior and the vagaries of information systems are required to design and manage programs that control risk (BeAnActuary 2011c).

Page 99: Training Excel Sheet

The basic requirements of communal interests gave rise to risk sharing since the dawn of civilization. For example, people who lived their entire lives in a camp had the risk of fire, which would leave their band or family without shelter. After barter came into existence, more complex risks emerged and new forms of risk manifested. Merchants embarking on trade journeys bore the risk of losing goods entrusted to them, their own possessions, or even their lives. Intermediaries developed to warehouse and trade goods, which exposed them to financial risk. The primary providers in extended families or households ran the risk of premature death, disability or infirmity, which could leave their dependents to starve. Credit procurement was difficult if the creditor worried about repayment in the event of the borrower's death or infirmity. Alternatively, people sometimes lived too long from a financial perspective, exhausting their savings, if any, or becoming a burden on others in the extended family or society (Lewin 2007, p. 3).

In the ancient world there was not always room for the sick, suffering, disabled, aged, or the poor—these were often not part of the cultural consciousness of societies (Perkins 1995). Early methods of protection, aside from the normal support of the extended family, involved charity;religious organizations or neighbors would collect for the destitute and needy. By the middle of the 3rd century, 1,500 suffering people were being supported by charitable operations in Rome (Perkins 1995). Charitable protection remains an active form of support in the modern era (GivingUSA 2009), but receiving charity is uncertain and is often accompanied by social stigma. Elementary mutual aid agreements and pensions did arise in antiquity (Thucydides). Early in the Roman empire, associations were formed to meet the expenses of burial, cremation, and monuments—precursors to burial insurance and friendly societies. A small sum was paid into a communal fund on a weekly basis, and upon the death of a member, the fund would cover the expenses of rites and burial. These societies sometimes sold shares in the building of columbāria, or burial vaults, owned by the fund—the precursor to mutual insurance companies (Johnston 1903, §475–§476). Other early examples of mutual surety and assurance pacts can be traced back to various forms of fellowship within the Saxon clans of England and their Germanic forbears, and to Celtic society (Loan 1992).

Non-life insurance started as a hedge against loss of cargo during sea travel. Anecdotal reports of such guarantees occur in the writings of Demosthenes, who lived in the 4th century BCE (Lewin 2007, pp. 3–4). The earliest records of an official non-life insurance policy come from Sicily, where there is record of a 14th century contract to insure a shipment of wheat (Sweeting 2011, p. 14). In 1350, Lenardo Cattaneo assumed "all risks from act of God, or of man, and from perils of the sea" that may occur to a shipment of wheat from Sicily to Tunis up to a maximum of 300 florins. For this he was paid a premium of 18% (Lewin 2007, p. 4).

During the 17th century, a more scientific basis for risk management was being developed. In 1662, a London draper named John Graunt showed that there were predictable patterns of longevity and death in a defined group, or cohort, of people, despite the uncertainty about the future longevity or mortality of any one individual. This study became the basis for the original life table. Combining this idea with that of compound interest and annuity valuation, it became possible to set up an insurance scheme to provide life insurance or pensions for a group of people, and to calculate with some degree of accuracy each member's necessary contributions to a common fund, assuming a fixed rate of interest. The first person to correctly calculate these values was Edmond Halley (Heywood 1985). In his work, Halley demonstrated a method of using his life table to calculate the premium someone of a given age should pay to purchase a life-annuity (Halley 1693).

James Dodson's pioneering work on the level premium system led to the formation of the Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorship (now commonly known as Equitable Life) in London in 1762. This was the first life insurance company to use premium rates which were calculated scientifically for long-term life policies, using Dodson's work. After Dodson's death in 1757, Edward Rowe Mores took over the leadership of the group that eventually became the Society for Equitable Assurances. It was he who specified that the chief official should be called an actuary (Ogborn 1956, p. 235). Previously, the use of the term had been restricted to an official who recorded the decisions, or acts, of ecclesiastical courts, in ancient times originally the secretary of the Roman senate, responsible for compiling the Acta Senatus (Ogborn 1956, p. 233). Other companies which did not originally use such mathematical and scientific methods most often failed or were forced to adopt the methods pioneered by Equitable (Bühlmann 1997, p. 166).

In the 18th and 19th centuries, computational complexity was limited to manual calculations. The actual calculations required to compute fair insurance premiums are complex. The actuaries of that time developed methods to construct easily used tables, using sophisticated approximations called commutation functions, to facilitate timely, accurate, manual calculations of premiums (Slud 2006). Over time, actuarial organizations were founded to support and further both actuaries and actuarial science, and to protect the public interest by ensuring competency and ethical standards (Hickman 2004, p. 4). Since calculations were cumbersome, actuarial shortcuts were commonplace.

Non-life actuaries followed in the footsteps of their life compatriots in the early 20th century. In the United States, the 1920 revision to workers' compensation rates took over two months of around-the-clock work by day and night teams of actuaries (Michelbacher 1920, pp. 224, 230). In the 1930s and 1940s, rigorous mathematical foundations for stochastic processes were developed (Bühlmann 1997, p. 168). Actuaries began to forecast losses using models of random events instead of deterministic methods. Computers further revolutionized the actuarial profession. From pencil-and-paper to punchcards to microcomputers, the modeling and forecasting ability of the actuary has grown exponentially (MacGinnitie 1980, pp. 50–51).

Another modern development is the convergence of modern financial theory with actuarial science (Bühlmann 1997, pp. 169–171). In the early 20th century, actuaries were developing techniques that can be found in modern financial theory, but for various historical reasons, these developments did not achieve much recognition (Whelan 2002). In the late 1980s and early 1990s, there was a distinct effort for actuaries to combine financial theory and stochastic methods into their established models (D'arcy 1989). In the 21st century, the profession, both in practice and in the educational syllabi of many actuarial organizations, combines tables, loss models, stochastic methods, and financial theory (Feldblum 2001, pp. 8–9), but is still not completely aligned with modern financial economics (Bader & Gold 2003).

Actuaries use skills primarily in mathematics, particularly calculus-based probability and mathematical statistics, but also economics, computer science, finance, and business. For this reason, actuaries are essential to the insurance and reinsurance industry, either as staff employees or as consultants; to other businesses, including sponsors of pension plans; and to government agencies such as the Government Actuary's Department in the United Kingdom or the Social Security Administration in the United States of America. Actuaries assemble and analyze data to estimate the probability and likely cost of the occurrence of an event such as death, sickness, injury, disability, or loss of property. Actuaries also address financial questions, including those involving the level of pension contributions required to produce a certain retirement income and the way in which a company should invest resources to maximize its return on investments in light of potential risk. Using their broad knowledge, actuaries help design and price insurance policies, pension plans, and other financial strategies in a manner which will help ensure that the plans are maintained on a sound financial basis (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015, Government Actuary's Department 2015).

On both the life and casualty sides, the classical function of actuaries is to calculate premiums and reserves for insurance policies covering various risks (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2014). On the casualty side, this analysis often involves quantifying the probability of a loss event, called the frequency, and the size of that loss event, called the severity. The amount of time that occurs before the loss event is important, as the insurer will not have to pay anything until after the event has occurred. On the life side, the analysis often involves quantifying how much a potential sum of money or a financial liability will be worth at different points in the future. Since neither of these kinds of analysis are purely deterministic processes, stochastic models are often used to determine frequency and severity distributions and the parameters of these distributions. Forecasting interest yields and currency movements also plays a role in determining future costs, especially on the life side (Tolley, Hickman & Lew 2012).

As an outgrowth of their more traditional roles, actuaries also work in the fields of risk management and enterprise risk management for both financial and non-financial corporations (D'arcy 2005). Actuaries in traditional roles study and use the tools and data previously in the domain of finance (Feldblum 2001, p. 8). The Basel II accord for financial institutions (2004), and its analogue, the Solvency II accord for insurance companies (to come into effect in 2016), require institutions to account for operational risk separately, and in addition to, credit, reserve, asset, and insolvency risk. Actuarial skills are well suited to this environment because of their training in analyzing various forms of risk, and judging the potential for upside gain, as well as downside loss associated with these forms of risk (D'arcy 2005).

Page 100: Training Excel Sheet

As these qualifying exams are extremely rigorous, support is usually available to people progressing through the exams. Often, employers provide paid on-the-job study time and paid attendance at seminars designed for the exams (BeAnActuary 2011d). Also, many companies which employ actuaries have automatic pay raises or promotions when exams are passed. As a result, actuarial students have strong incentives for devoting adequate study time during off-work hours. A common rule of thumb for exam students is that, for the Society of Actuaries examinations, roughly 400 hours of study time are necessary for each four-hour exam (Sieger 1998). Thus, thousands of hours of study time should be anticipated over several years, assuming no failures (Feldblum 2001, p. 6).

Historically, the actuarial profession has been reluctant to specify the pass marks for its examinations (Muckart 2010,Prevosto 2000). To address concerns that there are pre-existing pass/fail quotas, a former Chairman of the Board of Examiners of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries stated that "[a]lthough students find it hard to believe, the Board of Examiners does not have fail quotas to achieve. Accordingly pass rates are free to vary (and do). They are determined by the quality of the candidates sitting the examination and in particular how well prepared they are. Fitness to pass is the criterion, not whether you can achieve a mark in the top 40% of candidates sitting." (Muckart 2010). In 2000, the CAS decided to start releasing pass marks for the exams it offers (Prevosto 2000). The CAS's policy is also not to grade to specific pass ratios, which was affirmed by the CAS board in 2001, which stated that "[t]he Board further affirms that the CAS shall use no predetermined pass ratio as a guideline for setting the pass mark for any examination. If the CAS determines that 70% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then those 70% should pass. Similarly, if the CAS determines that only 30% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then only those 30% should pass."(CAS 2001).

Page 101: Training Excel Sheet

Johnston, Harold Whetstone (1932) [1903]. "Burial places and funeral ceremonies". The Private Life of the Romans. Revised by Mary Johnston. Chicago, Atlanta: Scott, Foresman and Company. pp. §475–§476. ISBN 0-8154-0453-0. LCCN 32007692. Retrieved June 26, 2006. Early in the Empire, associations were formed for the purpose of meeting the funeral expenses of their members, whether the remains were to be buried or cremated, or for the purpose of building columbāria, or for both….If the members had provided places for the disposal of their bodies after death, they now provided for the necessary funeral expenses by paying into the common fund weekly a small fixed sum, easily within the reach of the poorest of them. When a member died, a stated sum was drawn from the treasury for his funeral …. If the purpose of the society was the building of a columbārium, the cost was first determined and the sum total divided into what we should call shares (sortēs virīlēs), each member taking as many as he could afford and paying their value into the treasury.

Page 102: Training Excel Sheet

An actuary is a business professional who deals with the measurement and management of risk and uncertainty (BeAnActuary 2011a). Actuaries provide assessments of financial security systems, with a focus on their complexity, their mathematics, and their mechanisms (Trowbridge 1989, p. 7). The name of the corresponding profession is actuarial science. Since many events, such as death, cannot be avoided, it is helpful to take measures to minimize their financial impact when they occur. These risks can affect both sides of the balance sheet, and require asset management, liability management, and valuation skills (BeAnActuary 2011b). Analytical skills, business knowledge, and understanding of human behavior and the vagaries of information systems are required to design and manage programs that control risk (BeAnActuary 2011c).

Page 103: Training Excel Sheet

The basic requirements of communal interests gave rise to risk sharing since the dawn of civilization. For example, people who lived their entire lives in a camp had the risk of fire, which would leave their band or family without shelter. After barter came into existence, more complex risks emerged and new forms of risk manifested. Merchants embarking on trade journeys bore the risk of losing goods entrusted to them, their own possessions, or even their lives. Intermediaries developed to warehouse and trade goods, which exposed them to financial risk. The primary providers in extended families or households ran the risk of premature death, disability or infirmity, which could leave their dependents to starve. Credit procurement was difficult if the creditor worried about repayment in the event of the borrower's death or infirmity. Alternatively, people sometimes lived too long from a financial perspective, exhausting their savings, if any, or becoming a burden on others in the extended family or society (Lewin 2007, p. 3).

In the ancient world there was not always room for the sick, suffering, disabled, aged, or the poor—these were often not part of the cultural consciousness of societies (Perkins 1995). Early methods of protection, aside from the normal support of the extended family, involved charity;religious organizations or neighbors would collect for the destitute and needy. By the middle of the 3rd century, 1,500 suffering people were being supported by charitable operations in Rome (Perkins 1995). Charitable protection remains an active form of support in the modern era (GivingUSA 2009), but receiving charity is uncertain and is often accompanied by social stigma. Elementary mutual aid agreements and pensions did arise in antiquity (Thucydides). Early in the Roman empire, associations were formed to meet the expenses of burial, cremation, and monuments—precursors to burial insurance and friendly societies. A small sum was paid into a communal fund on a weekly basis, and upon the death of a member, the fund would cover the expenses of rites and burial. These societies sometimes sold shares in the building of columbāria, or burial vaults, owned by the fund—the precursor to mutual insurance companies (Johnston 1903, §475–§476). Other early examples of mutual surety and assurance pacts can be traced back to various forms of fellowship within the Saxon clans of England and their Germanic forbears, and to Celtic society (Loan 1992).

During the 17th century, a more scientific basis for risk management was being developed. In 1662, a London draper named John Graunt showed that there were predictable patterns of longevity and death in a defined group, or cohort, of people, despite the uncertainty about the future longevity or mortality of any one individual. This study became the basis for the original life table. Combining this idea with that of compound interest and annuity valuation, it became possible to set up an insurance scheme to provide life insurance or pensions for a group of people, and to calculate with some degree of accuracy each member's necessary contributions to a common fund, assuming a fixed rate of interest. The first person to correctly calculate these values was Edmond Halley (Heywood 1985). In his work, Halley demonstrated a method of using his life table to calculate the premium someone of a given age should pay to purchase a life-annuity (Halley 1693).

James Dodson's pioneering work on the level premium system led to the formation of the Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorship (now commonly known as Equitable Life) in London in 1762. This was the first life insurance company to use premium rates which were calculated scientifically for long-term life policies, using Dodson's work. After Dodson's death in 1757, Edward Rowe Mores took over the leadership of the group that eventually became the Society for Equitable Assurances. It was he who specified that the chief official should be called an actuary (Ogborn 1956, p. 235). Previously, the use of the term had been restricted to an official who recorded the decisions, or acts, of ecclesiastical courts, in ancient times originally the secretary of the Roman senate, responsible for compiling the Acta Senatus (Ogborn 1956, p. 233). Other companies which did not originally use such mathematical and scientific methods most often failed or were forced to adopt the methods pioneered by Equitable (Bühlmann 1997, p. 166).

Another modern development is the convergence of modern financial theory with actuarial science (Bühlmann 1997, pp. 169–171). In the early 20th century, actuaries were developing techniques that can be found in modern financial theory, but for various historical reasons, these developments did not achieve much recognition (Whelan 2002). In the late 1980s and early 1990s, there was a distinct effort for actuaries to combine financial theory and stochastic methods into their established models (D'arcy 1989). In the 21st century, the profession, both in practice and in the educational syllabi of many actuarial organizations, combines tables, loss models, stochastic methods, and financial theory (Feldblum 2001, pp. 8–9), but is still not completely aligned with modern financial economics (Bader & Gold 2003).

Actuaries use skills primarily in mathematics, particularly calculus-based probability and mathematical statistics, but also economics, computer science, finance, and business. For this reason, actuaries are essential to the insurance and reinsurance industry, either as staff employees or as consultants; to other businesses, including sponsors of pension plans; and to government agencies such as the Government Actuary's Department in the United Kingdom or the Social Security Administration in the United States of America. Actuaries assemble and analyze data to estimate the probability and likely cost of the occurrence of an event such as death, sickness, injury, disability, or loss of property. Actuaries also address financial questions, including those involving the level of pension contributions required to produce a certain retirement income and the way in which a company should invest resources to maximize its return on investments in light of potential risk. Using their broad knowledge, actuaries help design and price insurance policies, pension plans, and other financial strategies in a manner which will help ensure that the plans are maintained on a sound financial basis (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015, Government Actuary's Department 2015).

On both the life and casualty sides, the classical function of actuaries is to calculate premiums and reserves for insurance policies covering various risks (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2014). On the casualty side, this analysis often involves quantifying the probability of a loss event, called the frequency, and the size of that loss event, called the severity. The amount of time that occurs before the loss event is important, as the insurer will not have to pay anything until after the event has occurred. On the life side, the analysis often involves quantifying how much a potential sum of money or a financial liability will be worth at different points in the future. Since neither of these kinds of analysis are purely deterministic processes, stochastic models are often used to determine frequency and severity distributions and the parameters of these distributions. Forecasting interest yields and currency movements also plays a role in determining future costs, especially on the life side (Tolley, Hickman & Lew 2012).

As an outgrowth of their more traditional roles, actuaries also work in the fields of risk management and enterprise risk management for both financial and non-financial corporations (D'arcy 2005). Actuaries in traditional roles study and use the tools and data previously in the domain of finance (Feldblum 2001, p. 8). The Basel II accord for financial institutions (2004), and its analogue, the Solvency II accord for insurance companies (to come into effect in 2016), require institutions to account for operational risk separately, and in addition to, credit, reserve, asset, and insolvency risk. Actuarial skills are well suited to this environment because of their training in analyzing various forms of risk, and judging the potential for upside gain, as well as downside loss associated with these forms of risk (D'arcy 2005).

Page 104: Training Excel Sheet

As these qualifying exams are extremely rigorous, support is usually available to people progressing through the exams. Often, employers provide paid on-the-job study time and paid attendance at seminars designed for the exams (BeAnActuary 2011d). Also, many companies which employ actuaries have automatic pay raises or promotions when exams are passed. As a result, actuarial students have strong incentives for devoting adequate study time during off-work hours. A common rule of thumb for exam students is that, for the Society of Actuaries examinations, roughly 400 hours of study time are necessary for each four-hour exam (Sieger 1998). Thus, thousands of hours of study time should be anticipated over several years, assuming no failures (Feldblum 2001, p. 6).

Historically, the actuarial profession has been reluctant to specify the pass marks for its examinations (Muckart 2010,Prevosto 2000). To address concerns that there are pre-existing pass/fail quotas, a former Chairman of the Board of Examiners of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries stated that "[a]lthough students find it hard to believe, the Board of Examiners does not have fail quotas to achieve. Accordingly pass rates are free to vary (and do). They are determined by the quality of the candidates sitting the examination and in particular how well prepared they are. Fitness to pass is the criterion, not whether you can achieve a mark in the top 40% of candidates sitting." (Muckart 2010). In 2000, the CAS decided to start releasing pass marks for the exams it offers (Prevosto 2000). The CAS's policy is also not to grade to specific pass ratios, which was affirmed by the CAS board in 2001, which stated that "[t]he Board further affirms that the CAS shall use no predetermined pass ratio as a guideline for setting the pass mark for any examination. If the CAS determines that 70% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then those 70% should pass. Similarly, if the CAS determines that only 30% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then only those 30% should pass."(CAS 2001).

Page 105: Training Excel Sheet

Johnston, Harold Whetstone (1932) [1903]. "Burial places and funeral ceremonies". The Private Life of the Romans. Revised by Mary Johnston. Chicago, Atlanta: Scott, Foresman and Company. pp. §475–§476. ISBN 0-8154-0453-0. LCCN 32007692. Retrieved June 26, 2006. Early in the Empire, associations were formed for the purpose of meeting the funeral expenses of their members, whether the remains were to be buried or cremated, or for the purpose of building columbāria, or for both….If the members had provided places for the disposal of their bodies after death, they now provided for the necessary funeral expenses by paying into the common fund weekly a small fixed sum, easily within the reach of the poorest of them. When a member died, a stated sum was drawn from the treasury for his funeral …. If the purpose of the society was the building of a columbārium, the cost was first determined and the sum total divided into what we should call shares (sortēs virīlēs), each member taking as many as he could afford and paying their value into the treasury.

Page 106: Training Excel Sheet

The basic requirements of communal interests gave rise to risk sharing since the dawn of civilization. For example, people who lived their entire lives in a camp had the risk of fire, which would leave their band or family without shelter. After barter came into existence, more complex risks emerged and new forms of risk manifested. Merchants embarking on trade journeys bore the risk of losing goods entrusted to them, their own possessions, or even their lives. Intermediaries developed to warehouse and trade goods, which exposed them to financial risk. The primary providers in extended families or households ran the risk of premature death, disability or infirmity, which could leave their dependents to starve. Credit procurement was difficult if the creditor worried about repayment in the event of the borrower's death or infirmity. Alternatively, people sometimes lived too long from a financial perspective, exhausting their savings, if any, or becoming a burden on others in the extended family or society (Lewin 2007, p. 3).

In the ancient world there was not always room for the sick, suffering, disabled, aged, or the poor—these were often not part of the cultural consciousness of societies (Perkins 1995). Early methods of protection, aside from the normal support of the extended family, involved charity;religious organizations or neighbors would collect for the destitute and needy. By the middle of the 3rd century, 1,500 suffering people were being supported by charitable operations in Rome (Perkins 1995). Charitable protection remains an active form of support in the modern era (GivingUSA 2009), but receiving charity is uncertain and is often accompanied by social stigma. Elementary mutual aid agreements and pensions did arise in antiquity (Thucydides). Early in the Roman empire, associations were formed to meet the expenses of burial, cremation, and monuments—precursors to burial insurance and friendly societies. A small sum was paid into a communal fund on a weekly basis, and upon the death of a member, the fund would cover the expenses of rites and burial. These societies sometimes sold shares in the building of columbāria, or burial vaults, owned by the fund—the precursor to mutual insurance companies (Johnston 1903, §475–§476). Other early examples of mutual surety and assurance pacts can be traced back to various forms of fellowship within the Saxon clans of England and their Germanic forbears, and to Celtic society (Loan 1992).

During the 17th century, a more scientific basis for risk management was being developed. In 1662, a London draper named John Graunt showed that there were predictable patterns of longevity and death in a defined group, or cohort, of people, despite the uncertainty about the future longevity or mortality of any one individual. This study became the basis for the original life table. Combining this idea with that of compound interest and annuity valuation, it became possible to set up an insurance scheme to provide life insurance or pensions for a group of people, and to calculate with some degree of accuracy each member's necessary contributions to a common fund, assuming a fixed rate of interest. The first person to correctly calculate these values was Edmond Halley (Heywood 1985). In his work, Halley demonstrated a method of using his life table to calculate the premium someone of a given age should pay to purchase a life-annuity (Halley 1693).

James Dodson's pioneering work on the level premium system led to the formation of the Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorship (now commonly known as Equitable Life) in London in 1762. This was the first life insurance company to use premium rates which were calculated scientifically for long-term life policies, using Dodson's work. After Dodson's death in 1757, Edward Rowe Mores took over the leadership of the group that eventually became the Society for Equitable Assurances. It was he who specified that the chief official should be called an actuary (Ogborn 1956, p. 235). Previously, the use of the term had been restricted to an official who recorded the decisions, or acts, of ecclesiastical courts, in ancient times originally the secretary of the Roman senate, responsible for compiling the Acta Senatus (Ogborn 1956, p. 233). Other companies which did not originally use such mathematical and scientific methods most often failed or were forced to adopt the methods pioneered by Equitable (Bühlmann 1997, p. 166).

Actuaries use skills primarily in mathematics, particularly calculus-based probability and mathematical statistics, but also economics, computer science, finance, and business. For this reason, actuaries are essential to the insurance and reinsurance industry, either as staff employees or as consultants; to other businesses, including sponsors of pension plans; and to government agencies such as the Government Actuary's Department in the United Kingdom or the Social Security Administration in the United States of America. Actuaries assemble and analyze data to estimate the probability and likely cost of the occurrence of an event such as death, sickness, injury, disability, or loss of property. Actuaries also address financial questions, including those involving the level of pension contributions required to produce a certain retirement income and the way in which a company should invest resources to maximize its return on investments in light of potential risk. Using their broad knowledge, actuaries help design and price insurance policies, pension plans, and other financial strategies in a manner which will help ensure that the plans are maintained on a sound financial basis (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015, Government Actuary's Department 2015).

On both the life and casualty sides, the classical function of actuaries is to calculate premiums and reserves for insurance policies covering various risks (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2014). On the casualty side, this analysis often involves quantifying the probability of a loss event, called the frequency, and the size of that loss event, called the severity. The amount of time that occurs before the loss event is important, as the insurer will not have to pay anything until after the event has occurred. On the life side, the analysis often involves quantifying how much a potential sum of money or a financial liability will be worth at different points in the future. Since neither of these kinds of analysis are purely deterministic processes, stochastic models are often used to determine frequency and severity distributions and the parameters of these distributions. Forecasting interest yields and currency movements also plays a role in determining future costs, especially on the life side (Tolley, Hickman & Lew 2012).

Page 107: Training Excel Sheet

Historically, the actuarial profession has been reluctant to specify the pass marks for its examinations (Muckart 2010,Prevosto 2000). To address concerns that there are pre-existing pass/fail quotas, a former Chairman of the Board of Examiners of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries stated that "[a]lthough students find it hard to believe, the Board of Examiners does not have fail quotas to achieve. Accordingly pass rates are free to vary (and do). They are determined by the quality of the candidates sitting the examination and in particular how well prepared they are. Fitness to pass is the criterion, not whether you can achieve a mark in the top 40% of candidates sitting." (Muckart 2010). In 2000, the CAS decided to start releasing pass marks for the exams it offers (Prevosto 2000). The CAS's policy is also not to grade to specific pass ratios, which was affirmed by the CAS board in 2001, which stated that "[t]he Board further affirms that the CAS shall use no predetermined pass ratio as a guideline for setting the pass mark for any examination. If the CAS determines that 70% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then those 70% should pass. Similarly, if the CAS determines that only 30% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then only those 30% should pass."(CAS 2001).

Page 108: Training Excel Sheet

Johnston, Harold Whetstone (1932) [1903]. "Burial places and funeral ceremonies". The Private Life of the Romans. Revised by Mary Johnston. Chicago, Atlanta: Scott, Foresman and Company. pp. §475–§476. ISBN 0-8154-0453-0. LCCN 32007692. Retrieved June 26, 2006. Early in the Empire, associations were formed for the purpose of meeting the funeral expenses of their members, whether the remains were to be buried or cremated, or for the purpose of building columbāria, or for both….If the members had provided places for the disposal of their bodies after death, they now provided for the necessary funeral expenses by paying into the common fund weekly a small fixed sum, easily within the reach of the poorest of them. When a member died, a stated sum was drawn from the treasury for his funeral …. If the purpose of the society was the building of a columbārium, the cost was first determined and the sum total divided into what we should call shares (sortēs virīlēs), each member taking as many as he could afford and paying their value into the treasury.

Page 109: Training Excel Sheet

The basic requirements of communal interests gave rise to risk sharing since the dawn of civilization. For example, people who lived their entire lives in a camp had the risk of fire, which would leave their band or family without shelter. After barter came into existence, more complex risks emerged and new forms of risk manifested. Merchants embarking on trade journeys bore the risk of losing goods entrusted to them, their own possessions, or even their lives. Intermediaries developed to warehouse and trade goods, which exposed them to financial risk. The primary providers in extended families or households ran the risk of premature death, disability or infirmity, which could leave their dependents to starve. Credit procurement was difficult if the creditor worried about repayment in the event of the borrower's death or infirmity. Alternatively, people sometimes lived too long from a financial perspective, exhausting their savings, if any, or becoming a burden on others in the extended family or society (Lewin 2007, p. 3).

In the ancient world there was not always room for the sick, suffering, disabled, aged, or the poor—these were often not part of the cultural consciousness of societies (Perkins 1995). Early methods of protection, aside from the normal support of the extended family, involved charity;religious organizations or neighbors would collect for the destitute and needy. By the middle of the 3rd century, 1,500 suffering people were being supported by charitable operations in Rome (Perkins 1995). Charitable protection remains an active form of support in the modern era (GivingUSA 2009), but receiving charity is uncertain and is often accompanied by social stigma. Elementary mutual aid agreements and pensions did arise in antiquity (Thucydides). Early in the Roman empire, associations were formed to meet the expenses of burial, cremation, and monuments—precursors to burial insurance and friendly societies. A small sum was paid into a communal fund on a weekly basis, and upon the death of a member, the fund would cover the expenses of rites and burial. These societies sometimes sold shares in the building of columbāria, or burial vaults, owned by the fund—the precursor to mutual insurance companies (Johnston 1903, §475–§476). Other early examples of mutual surety and assurance pacts can be traced back to various forms of fellowship within the Saxon clans of England and their Germanic forbears, and to Celtic society (Loan 1992).

James Dodson's pioneering work on the level premium system led to the formation of the Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorship (now commonly known as Equitable Life) in London in 1762. This was the first life insurance company to use premium rates which were calculated scientifically for long-term life policies, using Dodson's work. After Dodson's death in 1757, Edward Rowe Mores took over the leadership of the group that eventually became the Society for Equitable Assurances. It was he who specified that the chief official should be called an actuary (Ogborn 1956, p. 235). Previously, the use of the term had been restricted to an official who recorded the decisions, or acts, of ecclesiastical courts, in ancient times originally the secretary of the Roman senate, responsible for compiling the Acta Senatus (Ogborn 1956, p. 233). Other companies which did not originally use such mathematical and scientific methods most often failed or were forced to adopt the methods pioneered by Equitable (Bühlmann 1997, p. 166).

Actuaries use skills primarily in mathematics, particularly calculus-based probability and mathematical statistics, but also economics, computer science, finance, and business. For this reason, actuaries are essential to the insurance and reinsurance industry, either as staff employees or as consultants; to other businesses, including sponsors of pension plans; and to government agencies such as the Government Actuary's Department in the United Kingdom or the Social Security Administration in the United States of America. Actuaries assemble and analyze data to estimate the probability and likely cost of the occurrence of an event such as death, sickness, injury, disability, or loss of property. Actuaries also address financial questions, including those involving the level of pension contributions required to produce a certain retirement income and the way in which a company should invest resources to maximize its return on investments in light of potential risk. Using their broad knowledge, actuaries help design and price insurance policies, pension plans, and other financial strategies in a manner which will help ensure that the plans are maintained on a sound financial basis (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015, Government Actuary's Department 2015).

On both the life and casualty sides, the classical function of actuaries is to calculate premiums and reserves for insurance policies covering various risks (Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2014). On the casualty side, this analysis often involves quantifying the probability of a loss event, called the frequency, and the size of that loss event, called the severity. The amount of time that occurs before the loss event is important, as the insurer will not have to pay anything until after the event has occurred. On the life side, the analysis often involves quantifying how much a potential sum of money or a financial liability will be worth at different points in the future. Since neither of these kinds of analysis are purely deterministic processes, stochastic models are often used to determine frequency and severity distributions and the parameters of these distributions. Forecasting interest yields and currency movements also plays a role in determining future costs, especially on the life side (Tolley, Hickman & Lew 2012).

Page 110: Training Excel Sheet

Historically, the actuarial profession has been reluctant to specify the pass marks for its examinations (Muckart 2010,Prevosto 2000). To address concerns that there are pre-existing pass/fail quotas, a former Chairman of the Board of Examiners of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries stated that "[a]lthough students find it hard to believe, the Board of Examiners does not have fail quotas to achieve. Accordingly pass rates are free to vary (and do). They are determined by the quality of the candidates sitting the examination and in particular how well prepared they are. Fitness to pass is the criterion, not whether you can achieve a mark in the top 40% of candidates sitting." (Muckart 2010). In 2000, the CAS decided to start releasing pass marks for the exams it offers (Prevosto 2000). The CAS's policy is also not to grade to specific pass ratios, which was affirmed by the CAS board in 2001, which stated that "[t]he Board further affirms that the CAS shall use no predetermined pass ratio as a guideline for setting the pass mark for any examination. If the CAS determines that 70% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then those 70% should pass. Similarly, if the CAS determines that only 30% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then only those 30% should pass."(CAS 2001).

Page 111: Training Excel Sheet

Johnston, Harold Whetstone (1932) [1903]. "Burial places and funeral ceremonies". The Private Life of the Romans. Revised by Mary Johnston. Chicago, Atlanta: Scott, Foresman and Company. pp. §475–§476. ISBN 0-8154-0453-0. LCCN 32007692. Retrieved June 26, 2006. Early in the Empire, associations were formed for the purpose of meeting the funeral expenses of their members, whether the remains were to be buried or cremated, or for the purpose of building columbāria, or for both….If the members had provided places for the disposal of their bodies after death, they now provided for the necessary funeral expenses by paying into the common fund weekly a small fixed sum, easily within the reach of the poorest of them. When a member died, a stated sum was drawn from the treasury for his funeral …. If the purpose of the society was the building of a columbārium, the cost was first determined and the sum total divided into what we should call shares (sortēs virīlēs), each member taking as many as he could afford and paying their value into the treasury.

Page 112: Training Excel Sheet

In the ancient world there was not always room for the sick, suffering, disabled, aged, or the poor—these were often not part of the cultural consciousness of societies (Perkins 1995). Early methods of protection, aside from the normal support of the extended family, involved charity;religious organizations or neighbors would collect for the destitute and needy. By the middle of the 3rd century, 1,500 suffering people were being supported by charitable operations in Rome (Perkins 1995). Charitable protection remains an active form of support in the modern era (GivingUSA 2009), but receiving charity is uncertain and is often accompanied by social stigma. Elementary mutual aid agreements and pensions did arise in antiquity (Thucydides). Early in the Roman empire, associations were formed to meet the expenses of burial, cremation, and monuments—precursors to burial insurance and friendly societies. A small sum was paid into a communal fund on a weekly basis, and upon the death of a member, the fund would cover the expenses of rites and burial. These societies sometimes sold shares in the building of columbāria, or burial vaults, owned by the fund—the precursor to mutual insurance companies (Johnston 1903, §475–§476). Other early examples of mutual surety and assurance pacts can be traced back to various forms of fellowship within the Saxon clans of England and their Germanic forbears, and to Celtic society (Loan 1992).

Actuaries use skills primarily in mathematics, particularly calculus-based probability and mathematical statistics, but also economics, computer science, finance, and business. For this reason, actuaries are essential to the insurance and reinsurance industry, either as staff employees or as consultants; to other businesses, including sponsors of pension plans; and to government agencies such as the Government Actuary's Department in the United Kingdom or the Social Security Administration in the United States of America. Actuaries assemble and analyze data to estimate the probability and likely cost of the occurrence of an event such as death, sickness, injury, disability, or loss of property. Actuaries also address financial questions, including those involving the level of pension contributions required to produce a certain retirement income and the way in which a company should invest resources to maximize its return on investments in light of potential risk. Using their broad knowledge, actuaries help design and price insurance policies, pension plans, and other financial strategies in a manner which will help ensure that the plans are maintained on a sound financial basis (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015, Government Actuary's Department 2015).

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Historically, the actuarial profession has been reluctant to specify the pass marks for its examinations (Muckart 2010,Prevosto 2000). To address concerns that there are pre-existing pass/fail quotas, a former Chairman of the Board of Examiners of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries stated that "[a]lthough students find it hard to believe, the Board of Examiners does not have fail quotas to achieve. Accordingly pass rates are free to vary (and do). They are determined by the quality of the candidates sitting the examination and in particular how well prepared they are. Fitness to pass is the criterion, not whether you can achieve a mark in the top 40% of candidates sitting." (Muckart 2010). In 2000, the CAS decided to start releasing pass marks for the exams it offers (Prevosto 2000). The CAS's policy is also not to grade to specific pass ratios, which was affirmed by the CAS board in 2001, which stated that "[t]he Board further affirms that the CAS shall use no predetermined pass ratio as a guideline for setting the pass mark for any examination. If the CAS determines that 70% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then those 70% should pass. Similarly, if the CAS determines that only 30% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then only those 30% should pass."(CAS 2001).

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Johnston, Harold Whetstone (1932) [1903]. "Burial places and funeral ceremonies". The Private Life of the Romans. Revised by Mary Johnston. Chicago, Atlanta: Scott, Foresman and Company. pp. §475–§476. ISBN 0-8154-0453-0. LCCN 32007692. Retrieved June 26, 2006. Early in the Empire, associations were formed for the purpose of meeting the funeral expenses of their members, whether the remains were to be buried or cremated, or for the purpose of building columbāria, or for both….If the members had provided places for the disposal of their bodies after death, they now provided for the necessary funeral expenses by paying into the common fund weekly a small fixed sum, easily within the reach of the poorest of them. When a member died, a stated sum was drawn from the treasury for his funeral …. If the purpose of the society was the building of a columbārium, the cost was first determined and the sum total divided into what we should call shares (sortēs virīlēs), each member taking as many as he could afford and paying their value into the treasury.

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In the ancient world there was not always room for the sick, suffering, disabled, aged, or the poor—these were often not part of the cultural consciousness of societies (Perkins 1995). Early methods of protection, aside from the normal support of the extended family, involved charity;religious organizations or neighbors would collect for the destitute and needy. By the middle of the 3rd century, 1,500 suffering people were being supported by charitable operations in Rome (Perkins 1995). Charitable protection remains an active form of support in the modern era (GivingUSA 2009), but receiving charity is uncertain and is often accompanied by social stigma. Elementary mutual aid agreements and pensions did arise in antiquity (Thucydides). Early in the Roman empire, associations were formed to meet the expenses of burial, cremation, and monuments—precursors to burial insurance and friendly societies. A small sum was paid into a communal fund on a weekly basis, and upon the death of a member, the fund would cover the expenses of rites and burial. These societies sometimes sold shares in the building of columbāria, or burial vaults, owned by the fund—the precursor to mutual insurance companies (Johnston 1903, §475–§476). Other early examples of mutual surety and assurance pacts can be traced back to various forms of fellowship within the Saxon clans of England and their Germanic forbears, and to Celtic society (Loan 1992).

Actuaries use skills primarily in mathematics, particularly calculus-based probability and mathematical statistics, but also economics, computer science, finance, and business. For this reason, actuaries are essential to the insurance and reinsurance industry, either as staff employees or as consultants; to other businesses, including sponsors of pension plans; and to government agencies such as the Government Actuary's Department in the United Kingdom or the Social Security Administration in the United States of America. Actuaries assemble and analyze data to estimate the probability and likely cost of the occurrence of an event such as death, sickness, injury, disability, or loss of property. Actuaries also address financial questions, including those involving the level of pension contributions required to produce a certain retirement income and the way in which a company should invest resources to maximize its return on investments in light of potential risk. Using their broad knowledge, actuaries help design and price insurance policies, pension plans, and other financial strategies in a manner which will help ensure that the plans are maintained on a sound financial basis (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015, Government Actuary's Department 2015).

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Historically, the actuarial profession has been reluctant to specify the pass marks for its examinations (Muckart 2010,Prevosto 2000). To address concerns that there are pre-existing pass/fail quotas, a former Chairman of the Board of Examiners of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries stated that "[a]lthough students find it hard to believe, the Board of Examiners does not have fail quotas to achieve. Accordingly pass rates are free to vary (and do). They are determined by the quality of the candidates sitting the examination and in particular how well prepared they are. Fitness to pass is the criterion, not whether you can achieve a mark in the top 40% of candidates sitting." (Muckart 2010). In 2000, the CAS decided to start releasing pass marks for the exams it offers (Prevosto 2000). The CAS's policy is also not to grade to specific pass ratios, which was affirmed by the CAS board in 2001, which stated that "[t]he Board further affirms that the CAS shall use no predetermined pass ratio as a guideline for setting the pass mark for any examination. If the CAS determines that 70% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then those 70% should pass. Similarly, if the CAS determines that only 30% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then only those 30% should pass."(CAS 2001).

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In the ancient world there was not always room for the sick, suffering, disabled, aged, or the poor—these were often not part of the cultural consciousness of societies (Perkins 1995). Early methods of protection, aside from the normal support of the extended family, involved charity;religious organizations or neighbors would collect for the destitute and needy. By the middle of the 3rd century, 1,500 suffering people were being supported by charitable operations in Rome (Perkins 1995). Charitable protection remains an active form of support in the modern era (GivingUSA 2009), but receiving charity is uncertain and is often accompanied by social stigma. Elementary mutual aid agreements and pensions did arise in antiquity (Thucydides). Early in the Roman empire, associations were formed to meet the expenses of burial, cremation, and monuments—precursors to burial insurance and friendly societies. A small sum was paid into a communal fund on a weekly basis, and upon the death of a member, the fund would cover the expenses of rites and burial. These societies sometimes sold shares in the building of columbāria, or burial vaults, owned by the fund—the precursor to mutual insurance companies (Johnston 1903, §475–§476). Other early examples of mutual surety and assurance pacts can be traced back to various forms of fellowship within the Saxon clans of England and their Germanic forbears, and to Celtic society (Loan 1992).

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Historically, the actuarial profession has been reluctant to specify the pass marks for its examinations (Muckart 2010,Prevosto 2000). To address concerns that there are pre-existing pass/fail quotas, a former Chairman of the Board of Examiners of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries stated that "[a]lthough students find it hard to believe, the Board of Examiners does not have fail quotas to achieve. Accordingly pass rates are free to vary (and do). They are determined by the quality of the candidates sitting the examination and in particular how well prepared they are. Fitness to pass is the criterion, not whether you can achieve a mark in the top 40% of candidates sitting." (Muckart 2010). In 2000, the CAS decided to start releasing pass marks for the exams it offers (Prevosto 2000). The CAS's policy is also not to grade to specific pass ratios, which was affirmed by the CAS board in 2001, which stated that "[t]he Board further affirms that the CAS shall use no predetermined pass ratio as a guideline for setting the pass mark for any examination. If the CAS determines that 70% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then those 70% should pass. Similarly, if the CAS determines that only 30% of all candidates have demonstrated sufficient grasp of the syllabus material, then only those 30% should pass."(CAS 2001).

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In the ancient world there was not always room for the sick, suffering, disabled, aged, or the poor—these were often not part of the cultural consciousness of societies (Perkins 1995). Early methods of protection, aside from the normal support of the extended family, involved charity;religious organizations or neighbors would collect for the destitute and needy. By the middle of the 3rd century, 1,500 suffering people were being supported by charitable operations in Rome (Perkins 1995). Charitable protection remains an active form of support in the modern era (GivingUSA 2009), but receiving charity is uncertain and is often accompanied by social stigma. Elementary mutual aid agreements and pensions did arise in antiquity (Thucydides). Early in the Roman empire, associations were formed to meet the expenses of burial, cremation, and monuments—precursors to burial insurance and friendly societies. A small sum was paid into a communal fund on a weekly basis, and upon the death of a member, the fund would cover the expenses of rites and burial. These societies sometimes sold shares in the building of columbāria, or burial vaults, owned by the fund—the precursor to mutual insurance companies (Johnston 1903, §475–§476). Other early examples of mutual surety and assurance pacts can be traced back to various forms of fellowship within the Saxon clans of England and their Germanic forbears, and to Celtic society (Loan 1992).

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Salesman Region Product No. Custo Net Sales Profit / Loss Jan-07 Joseph North FastCar 8 1,592 563 Jan-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 8 1,088 397 Jan-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 8 1,680 753 Jan-07 Joseph West FastCar 9 2,133 923 Jan-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 10 1,610 579 Jan-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 10 1,540 570 Jan-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 1,316 428 Jan-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 7 1,799 709 Jan-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 8 1,624 621 Jan-07 Lawrence North FastCar 6 726 236 Jan-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 9 2,277 966 Jan-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 6 714 221 Jan-07 Lawrence West FastCar 9 2,682 1,023 Jan-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 6 1,500 634 Jan-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 7 917 403 Jan-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 7 1,939 760 Jan-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 984 314 Jan-07 Maria North SuperGlue 9 981 372 Jan-07 Maria North FastCar 10 1,520 476 Jan-07 Maria North RapidZoo 6 966 330 Jan-07 Maria West SuperGlue 10 2,800 903 Jan-07 Maria West FastCar 6 1,536 572 Jan-07 Maria West RapidZoo 8 816 291 Jan-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 9 2,547 781 Jan-07 Maria Middle FastCar 10 1,810 664 Jan-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 2,223 771 Jan-07 Matt North SuperGlue 9 1,377 415 Jan-07 Matt North FastCar 7 903 315 Jan-07 Matt North RapidZoo 9 2,232 828 Jan-07 Matt West SuperGlue 10 2,070 903 Jan-07 Matt West FastCar 10 2,170 832 Jan-07 Matt West RapidZoo 9 2,610 1,090 Jan-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 8 2,312 1,000 Jan-07 Matt Middle FastCar 6 1,020 308 Jan-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 8 872 331 Feb-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 10 2,030 857 Feb-07 Joseph North FastCar 7 966 321 Feb-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 6 1,608 710 Feb-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 8 2,136 669 Feb-07 Joseph West FastCar 7 1,561 676 Feb-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 7 1,869 745 Feb-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 8 1,352 410 Feb-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 1,820 732 Feb-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 756 334 Feb-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 7 1,463 564 Feb-07 Lawrence North FastCar 8 1,536 492 Feb-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 10 1,220 368

Month

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Feb-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 8 1,264 460 Feb-07 Lawrence West FastCar 10 2,980 985 Feb-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 6 996 390 Feb-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 1,386 467 Feb-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 6 1,608 693 Feb-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 7 931 296 Feb-07 Maria North SuperGlue 8 1,344 514 Feb-07 Maria North FastCar 9 2,538 1,053 Feb-07 Maria North RapidZoo 6 828 361 Feb-07 Maria West SuperGlue 10 2,820 939 Feb-07 Maria West FastCar 7 1,491 607 Feb-07 Maria West RapidZoo 8 1,904 695 Feb-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 8 968 306 Feb-07 Maria Middle FastCar 9 1,080 383 Feb-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 936 375 Feb-07 Matt North SuperGlue 10 2,120 675 Feb-07 Matt North FastCar 6 1,740 702 Feb-07 Matt North RapidZoo 6 1,470 496 Feb-07 Matt West SuperGlue 9 1,683 690 Feb-07 Matt West FastCar 9 1,890 779 Feb-07 Matt West RapidZoo 8 1,704 628 Feb-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 6 1,644 556 Feb-07 Matt Middle FastCar 9 2,457 1,021 Feb-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 7 1,785 566 Mar-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 7 973 405 Mar-07 Joseph North FastCar 6 1,644 606 Mar-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 10 2,110 845 Mar-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 1,179 435 Mar-07 Joseph West FastCar 10 1,340 429 Mar-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 8 984 350 Mar-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 9 1,971 649 Mar-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 6 1,392 549 Mar-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 7 1,099 460 Mar-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 9 1,836 799 Mar-07 Lawrence North FastCar 6 732 312 Mar-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 9 2,637 984 Mar-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 6 1,134 485 Mar-07 Lawrence West FastCar 9 1,062 469 Mar-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 1,320 591 Mar-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 10 1,140 352 Mar-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 9 2,205 936 Mar-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 9 2,583 943 Mar-07 Maria North SuperGlue 7 1,827 744 Mar-07 Maria North FastCar 6 1,488 575 Mar-07 Maria North RapidZoo 6 1,260 483 Mar-07 Maria West SuperGlue 7 931 352 Mar-07 Maria West FastCar 7 742 324 Mar-07 Maria West RapidZoo 10 1,110 480

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Mar-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 9 1,980 708 Mar-07 Maria Middle FastCar 10 2,180 979 Mar-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 1,215 406 Mar-07 Matt North SuperGlue 8 1,832 729 Mar-07 Matt North FastCar 6 1,176 448 Mar-07 Matt North RapidZoo 6 1,044 315 Mar-07 Matt West SuperGlue 9 981 336 Mar-07 Matt West FastCar 10 1,350 416 Mar-07 Matt West RapidZoo 9 1,926 838 Mar-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 10 1,260 483 Mar-07 Matt Middle FastCar 8 888 296 Mar-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 1,090 382 Apr-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 10 2,940 1,210 Apr-07 Joseph North FastCar 8 1,336 405 Apr-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 6 1,392 432 Apr-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 10 1,090 331 Apr-07 Joseph West FastCar 6 1,350 512 Apr-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 8 1,568 682 Apr-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 7 1,925 814 Apr-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 1,358 544 Apr-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 888 359 Apr-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 9 1,845 594 Apr-07 Lawrence North FastCar 7 1,232 403 Apr-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 9 2,232 670 Apr-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 7 2,079 720 Apr-07 Lawrence West FastCar 8 1,640 701 Apr-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 2,890 952 Apr-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 8 800 289 Apr-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 10 2,460 828 Apr-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 8 1,872 702 Apr-07 Maria North SuperGlue 7 833 267 Apr-07 Maria North FastCar 7 728 231 Apr-07 Maria North RapidZoo 7 2,100 831 Apr-07 Maria West SuperGlue 9 2,367 1,018 Apr-07 Maria West FastCar 10 2,110 700 Apr-07 Maria West RapidZoo 8 2,072 879 Apr-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 8 1,816 746 Apr-07 Maria Middle FastCar 8 2,152 780 Apr-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 6 1,110 493 Apr-07 Matt North SuperGlue 7 1,064 436 Apr-07 Matt North FastCar 7 805 261 Apr-07 Matt North RapidZoo 8 1,192 422 Apr-07 Matt West SuperGlue 7 1,085 396 Apr-07 Matt West FastCar 10 2,790 1,056 Apr-07 Matt West RapidZoo 6 1,026 366 Apr-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 8 2,256 680 Apr-07 Matt Middle FastCar 10 1,590 584 Apr-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 6 1,788 629

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May-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 10 2,500 821 May-07 Joseph North FastCar 7 707 295 May-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 8 1,808 608 May-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 2,322 912 May-07 Joseph West FastCar 9 1,197 452 May-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 9 2,106 909 May-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 10 2,610 987 May-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 1,239 443 May-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 9 2,574 926 May-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 10 3,000 1,313 May-07 Lawrence North FastCar 8 1,944 725 May-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 10 2,760 864 May-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 9 2,610 1,143 May-07 Lawrence West FastCar 10 1,500 508 May-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 6 618 237 May-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 7 1,043 346 May-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 8 1,896 680 May-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 10 1,030 355 May-07 Maria North SuperGlue 7 1,911 724 May-07 Maria North FastCar 9 2,547 906 May-07 Maria North RapidZoo 6 780 305 May-07 Maria West SuperGlue 9 1,305 400 May-07 Maria West FastCar 7 1,820 733 May-07 Maria West RapidZoo 8 1,904 644 May-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 9 1,512 503 May-07 Maria Middle FastCar 10 1,640 612 May-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 7 763 333 May-07 Matt North SuperGlue 10 1,120 408 May-07 Matt North FastCar 6 1,056 362 May-07 Matt North RapidZoo 9 1,314 451 May-07 Matt West SuperGlue 10 2,410 778 May-07 Matt West FastCar 10 1,940 820 May-07 Matt West RapidZoo 9 2,268 972 May-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 7 903 324 May-07 Matt Middle FastCar 6 1,596 491 May-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 2,240 722 Jun-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 7 1,134 480 Jun-07 Joseph North FastCar 10 1,600 565 Jun-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 2,646 1,161 Jun-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 7 1,470 559 Jun-07 Joseph West FastCar 10 2,960 1,198 Jun-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 8 1,512 607 Jun-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 10 2,520 867 Jun-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 9 1,026 435 Jun-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 8 1,320 432 Jun-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 10 2,840 1,113 Jun-07 Lawrence North FastCar 8 1,280 546 Jun-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 7 1,666 525

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Jun-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 7 1,435 442 Jun-07 Lawrence West FastCar 6 942 406 Jun-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 9 1,764 635 Jun-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 10 2,750 1,006 Jun-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 8 1,552 661 Jun-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 10 1,740 596 Jun-07 Maria North SuperGlue 7 868 298 Jun-07 Maria North FastCar 10 2,960 1,092 Jun-07 Maria North RapidZoo 8 1,736 667 Jun-07 Maria West SuperGlue 8 1,200 459 Jun-07 Maria West FastCar 10 1,590 563 Jun-07 Maria West RapidZoo 9 1,485 642 Jun-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 8 2,080 692 Jun-07 Maria Middle FastCar 10 2,710 1,109 Jun-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 8 2,096 764 Jun-07 Matt North SuperGlue 10 1,070 395 Jun-07 Matt North FastCar 9 2,007 894 Jun-07 Matt North RapidZoo 10 1,420 574 Jun-07 Matt West SuperGlue 6 738 312 Jun-07 Matt West FastCar 9 2,007 669 Jun-07 Matt West RapidZoo 8 1,304 506 Jun-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 8 1,880 698 Jun-07 Matt Middle FastCar 8 984 426 Jun-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 7 2,065 811 Jul-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 10 1,110 357 Jul-07 Joseph North FastCar 9 1,854 684 Jul-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 10 1,870 833 Jul-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 1,674 518 Jul-07 Joseph West FastCar 6 714 306 Jul-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 9 1,485 483 Jul-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 882 303 Jul-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 1,960 789 Jul-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 7 1,827 650 Jul-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 9 2,646 1,023 Jul-07 Lawrence North FastCar 8 2,088 628 Jul-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 8 2,352 828 Jul-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 6 1,662 595 Jul-07 Lawrence West FastCar 6 1,350 410 Jul-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 1,316 482 Jul-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 6 1,110 410 Jul-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 10 2,020 691 Jul-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 7 1,267 418 Jul-07 Maria North SuperGlue 8 1,856 652 Jul-07 Maria North FastCar 8 1,176 411 Jul-07 Maria North RapidZoo 10 1,090 427 Jul-07 Maria West SuperGlue 10 1,320 533 Jul-07 Maria West FastCar 10 2,280 993 Jul-07 Maria West RapidZoo 7 777 334

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Jul-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 6 1,056 421 Jul-07 Maria Middle FastCar 6 1,530 565 Jul-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 963 396 Jul-07 Matt North SuperGlue 9 1,926 586 Jul-07 Matt North FastCar 9 2,457 780 Jul-07 Matt North RapidZoo 6 792 269 Jul-07 Matt West SuperGlue 9 1,908 790 Jul-07 Matt West FastCar 6 1,308 515 Jul-07 Matt West RapidZoo 9 2,493 1,116 Jul-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 7 1,596 523 Jul-07 Matt Middle FastCar 8 1,032 456 Jul-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 6 1,302 487 Aug-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 7 1,169 486 Aug-07 Joseph North FastCar 9 1,332 584 Aug-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 1,440 585 Aug-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 6 684 225 Aug-07 Joseph West FastCar 9 2,286 878 Aug-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 10 2,520 793 Aug-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 10 1,840 793 Aug-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 9 1,836 595 Aug-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 8 2,232 969 Aug-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 8 2,264 907 Aug-07 Lawrence North FastCar 6 774 284 Aug-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 7 1,288 573 Aug-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 10 1,500 581 Aug-07 Lawrence West FastCar 6 906 392 Aug-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 6 786 264 Aug-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 10 2,260 900 Aug-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 7 1,904 653 Aug-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 8 1,968 793 Aug-07 Maria North SuperGlue 6 1,128 465 Aug-07 Maria North FastCar 6 1,116 493 Aug-07 Maria North RapidZoo 10 2,720 986 Aug-07 Maria West SuperGlue 7 1,673 573 Aug-07 Maria West FastCar 7 770 334 Aug-07 Maria West RapidZoo 9 2,340 830 Aug-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 10 2,740 935 Aug-07 Maria Middle FastCar 7 721 266 Aug-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 6 1,626 635 Aug-07 Matt North SuperGlue 8 1,992 882 Aug-07 Matt North FastCar 8 1,840 563 Aug-07 Matt North RapidZoo 6 918 362 Aug-07 Matt West SuperGlue 8 1,784 536 Aug-07 Matt West FastCar 9 2,070 663 Aug-07 Matt West RapidZoo 7 1,477 637 Aug-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 7 1,603 566 Aug-07 Matt Middle FastCar 10 1,200 508 Aug-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 8 1,712 618

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Sep-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 9 1,620 695 Sep-07 Joseph North FastCar 10 2,540 1,007 Sep-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 7 931 417 Sep-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 10 1,140 381 Sep-07 Joseph West FastCar 7 1,715 628 Sep-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 7 1,687 538 Sep-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 1,476 582 Sep-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 1,960 705 Sep-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 9 2,646 812 Sep-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 6 942 296 Sep-07 Lawrence North FastCar 9 2,619 851 Sep-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 7 1,274 560 Sep-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 10 2,720 1,162 Sep-07 Lawrence West FastCar 8 960 402 Sep-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 9 2,421 795 Sep-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 6 810 304 Sep-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 8 1,032 331 Sep-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 954 403 Sep-07 Maria North SuperGlue 7 1,673 513 Sep-07 Maria North FastCar 6 1,404 483 Sep-07 Maria North RapidZoo 10 2,120 716 Sep-07 Maria West SuperGlue 6 948 296 Sep-07 Maria West FastCar 10 1,610 713 Sep-07 Maria West RapidZoo 9 1,035 337 Sep-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 6 1,434 631 Sep-07 Maria Middle FastCar 6 642 288 Sep-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 6 1,272 403 Sep-07 Matt North SuperGlue 9 2,619 991 Sep-07 Matt North FastCar 7 1,155 469 Sep-07 Matt North RapidZoo 8 1,384 454 Sep-07 Matt West SuperGlue 7 1,848 577 Sep-07 Matt West FastCar 6 1,230 517 Sep-07 Matt West RapidZoo 9 2,529 1,084 Sep-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 8 2,336 863 Sep-07 Matt Middle FastCar 6 1,614 556 Sep-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 8 928 308 Oct-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 10 1,410 483 Oct-07 Joseph North FastCar 9 1,521 607 Oct-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 1,494 664 Oct-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 10 2,050 627 Oct-07 Joseph West FastCar 8 1,448 497 Oct-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 10 1,170 432 Oct-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 1,626 616 Oct-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 9 2,295 989 Oct-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 8 2,304 696 Oct-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 8 1,160 508 Oct-07 Lawrence North FastCar 10 2,470 817 Oct-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 9 2,322 841

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Oct-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 9 2,520 810 Oct-07 Lawrence West FastCar 10 1,130 401 Oct-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 1,827 620 Oct-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 1,818 724 Oct-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 7 1,645 686 Oct-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 1,626 562 Oct-07 Maria North SuperGlue 7 1,617 722 Oct-07 Maria North FastCar 6 1,344 440 Oct-07 Maria North RapidZoo 9 2,403 1,069 Oct-07 Maria West SuperGlue 9 2,358 830 Oct-07 Maria West FastCar 9 2,223 893 Oct-07 Maria West RapidZoo 6 774 257 Oct-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 6 918 330 Oct-07 Maria Middle FastCar 6 624 206 Oct-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 7 1,043 347 Oct-07 Matt North SuperGlue 8 1,848 660 Oct-07 Matt North FastCar 10 2,910 1,169 Oct-07 Matt North RapidZoo 6 1,134 505 Oct-07 Matt West SuperGlue 10 2,620 900 Oct-07 Matt West FastCar 8 1,216 464 Oct-07 Matt West RapidZoo 9 1,278 465 Oct-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 6 720 260 Oct-07 Matt Middle FastCar 9 1,089 394 Oct-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 8 1,552 599 Nov-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 9 1,026 432 Nov-07 Joseph North FastCar 7 1,155 481 Nov-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 1,935 689 Nov-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 7 1,911 633 Nov-07 Joseph West FastCar 6 1,386 513 Nov-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 9 2,646 994 Nov-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 1,362 449 Nov-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 6 1,326 490 Nov-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 9 1,863 797 Nov-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 8 2,032 723 Nov-07 Lawrence North FastCar 8 1,208 489 Nov-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 6 1,290 425 Nov-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 7 1,904 783 Nov-07 Lawrence West FastCar 10 1,390 420 Nov-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 1,480 641 Nov-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 2,682 970 Nov-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 6 1,782 664 Nov-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 7 1,085 459 Nov-07 Maria North SuperGlue 6 864 378 Nov-07 Maria North FastCar 9 2,349 984 Nov-07 Maria North RapidZoo 9 1,827 613 Nov-07 Maria West SuperGlue 10 1,200 469 Nov-07 Maria West FastCar 9 2,610 964 Nov-07 Maria West RapidZoo 8 1,864 692

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Nov-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 6 1,326 479 Nov-07 Maria Middle FastCar 9 1,827 560 Nov-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 7 1,358 600 Nov-07 Matt North SuperGlue 9 1,674 751 Nov-07 Matt North FastCar 6 750 253 Nov-07 Matt North RapidZoo 10 1,170 455 Nov-07 Matt West SuperGlue 9 1,953 771 Nov-07 Matt West FastCar 7 924 383 Nov-07 Matt West RapidZoo 6 972 311 Nov-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 7 1,505 524 Nov-07 Matt Middle FastCar 9 2,439 1,083 Nov-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 9 2,295 982 Dec-07 Joseph North SuperGlue 7 1,169 384 Dec-07 Joseph North FastCar 9 1,206 448 Dec-07 Joseph North RapidZoo 7 749 257 Dec-07 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 2,565 790 Dec-07 Joseph West FastCar 9 1,962 594 Dec-07 Joseph West RapidZoo 7 1,246 519 Dec-07 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 8 1,376 452 Dec-07 Joseph Middle FastCar 8 968 324 Dec-07 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 8 1,984 693 Dec-07 Lawrence North SuperGlue 8 1,576 658 Dec-07 Lawrence North FastCar 9 2,466 875 Dec-07 Lawrence North RapidZoo 10 2,040 710 Dec-07 Lawrence West SuperGlue 6 894 296 Dec-07 Lawrence West FastCar 9 1,017 426 Dec-07 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 2,090 901 Dec-07 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 8 1,168 391 Dec-07 Lawrence Middle FastCar 8 952 355 Dec-07 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 8 2,328 729 Dec-07 Maria North SuperGlue 6 1,446 553 Dec-07 Maria North FastCar 10 2,340 898 Dec-07 Maria North RapidZoo 6 648 287 Dec-07 Maria West SuperGlue 9 2,358 970 Dec-07 Maria West FastCar 8 2,144 868 Dec-07 Maria West RapidZoo 9 1,863 709 Dec-07 Maria Middle SuperGlue 7 1,554 556 Dec-07 Maria Middle FastCar 8 2,400 741 Dec-07 Maria Middle RapidZoo 10 2,150 929 Dec-07 Matt North SuperGlue 6 744 254 Dec-07 Matt North FastCar 7 1,911 707 Dec-07 Matt North RapidZoo 10 2,100 714 Dec-07 Matt West SuperGlue 6 852 268 Dec-07 Matt West FastCar 7 1,736 760 Dec-07 Matt West RapidZoo 6 1,542 565 Dec-07 Matt Middle SuperGlue 9 2,592 857 Dec-07 Matt Middle FastCar 8 1,448 447 Dec-07 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 1,810 579

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Jan-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 9 1,323 539 Jan-08 Joseph North FastCar 9 2,529 889 Jan-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 8 1,992 776 Jan-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 10 1,840 604 Jan-08 Joseph West FastCar 8 936 320 Jan-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 8 1,320 417 Jan-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 9 2,511 985 Jan-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 8 1,048 456 Jan-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 10 1,670 639 Jan-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 10 2,070 706 Jan-08 Lawrence North FastCar 9 1,881 637 Jan-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 10 2,460 893 Jan-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 7 1,288 559 Jan-08 Lawrence West FastCar 10 2,820 1,039 Jan-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 1,960 722 Jan-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 6 1,074 447 Jan-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 7 910 382 Jan-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 8 1,800 734 Jan-08 Maria North SuperGlue 9 1,152 389 Jan-08 Maria North FastCar 7 2,002 885 Jan-08 Maria North RapidZoo 6 822 290 Jan-08 Maria West SuperGlue 10 2,030 739 Jan-08 Maria West FastCar 9 2,511 1,127 Jan-08 Maria West RapidZoo 6 1,302 392 Jan-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 6 660 272 Jan-08 Maria Middle FastCar 10 1,700 732 Jan-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 6 1,398 581 Jan-08 Matt North SuperGlue 7 784 326 Jan-08 Matt North FastCar 7 1,960 723 Jan-08 Matt North RapidZoo 6 1,392 540 Jan-08 Matt West SuperGlue 8 1,128 389 Jan-08 Matt West FastCar 8 1,192 397 Jan-08 Matt West RapidZoo 8 1,848 572 Jan-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 6 1,248 481 Jan-08 Matt Middle FastCar 6 750 256 Jan-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 1,760 725 Feb-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 8 1,528 574 Feb-08 Joseph North FastCar 7 1,022 445 Feb-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 7 2,030 771 Feb-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 7 798 351 Feb-08 Joseph West FastCar 10 2,600 1,051 Feb-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 10 1,530 625 Feb-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 10 1,360 600 Feb-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 6 924 391 Feb-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 1,782 593 Feb-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 9 2,268 903 Feb-08 Lawrence North FastCar 9 2,178 836 Feb-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 8 936 402

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Feb-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 8 1,128 344 Feb-08 Lawrence West FastCar 8 808 347 Feb-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 2,030 631 Feb-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 1,728 666 Feb-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 9 1,989 616 Feb-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 1,194 440 Feb-08 Maria North SuperGlue 7 1,435 500 Feb-08 Maria North FastCar 10 1,160 419 Feb-08 Maria North RapidZoo 6 810 287 Feb-08 Maria West SuperGlue 7 840 305 Feb-08 Maria West FastCar 8 1,064 454 Feb-08 Maria West RapidZoo 6 1,398 593 Feb-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 10 1,920 602 Feb-08 Maria Middle FastCar 10 2,610 893 Feb-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 10 1,960 601 Feb-08 Matt North SuperGlue 6 684 228 Feb-08 Matt North FastCar 6 630 242 Feb-08 Matt North RapidZoo 8 1,176 510 Feb-08 Matt West SuperGlue 9 2,169 660 Feb-08 Matt West FastCar 6 1,176 374 Feb-08 Matt West RapidZoo 6 810 332 Feb-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 6 1,680 723 Feb-08 Matt Middle FastCar 6 774 239 Feb-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 2,850 1,177 Mar-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 8 1,136 379 Mar-08 Joseph North FastCar 10 1,600 713 Mar-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 1,350 567 Mar-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 8 1,976 593 Mar-08 Joseph West FastCar 10 2,940 1,076 Mar-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 8 1,536 538 Mar-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 1,296 465 Mar-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 10 2,500 969 Mar-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 792 348 Mar-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 6 1,032 456 Mar-08 Lawrence North FastCar 7 784 240 Mar-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 6 1,644 580 Mar-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 10 1,090 435 Mar-08 Lawrence West FastCar 7 1,085 389 Mar-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 1,869 775 Mar-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 6 924 388 Mar-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 8 1,440 480 Mar-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 1,650 695 Mar-08 Maria North SuperGlue 6 1,050 434 Mar-08 Maria North FastCar 10 2,890 874 Mar-08 Maria North RapidZoo 10 1,140 437 Mar-08 Maria West SuperGlue 8 2,064 818 Mar-08 Maria West FastCar 6 1,182 391 Mar-08 Maria West RapidZoo 7 812 247

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Mar-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 9 1,035 387 Mar-08 Maria Middle FastCar 7 1,757 786 Mar-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 1,089 331 Mar-08 Matt North SuperGlue 9 1,062 475 Mar-08 Matt North FastCar 10 1,540 541 Mar-08 Matt North RapidZoo 6 1,704 685 Mar-08 Matt West SuperGlue 7 1,904 700 Mar-08 Matt West FastCar 7 2,093 672 Mar-08 Matt West RapidZoo 9 1,908 680 Mar-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 9 1,098 333 Mar-08 Matt Middle FastCar 7 896 354 Mar-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 7 1,120 472 Apr-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 7 1,155 460 Apr-08 Joseph North FastCar 10 1,250 432 Apr-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 2,331 826 Apr-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 2,385 824 Apr-08 Joseph West FastCar 10 2,280 720 Apr-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 7 714 261 Apr-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 8 1,712 724 Apr-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 735 250 Apr-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 8 2,160 936 Apr-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 8 1,104 462 Apr-08 Lawrence North FastCar 6 1,446 469 Apr-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 6 1,488 669 Apr-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 7 1,141 388 Apr-08 Lawrence West FastCar 10 2,200 812 Apr-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 1,617 635 Apr-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 10 2,740 1,168 Apr-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 7 1,456 442 Apr-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 1,506 476 Apr-08 Maria North SuperGlue 7 1,113 439 Apr-08 Maria North FastCar 8 1,248 454 Apr-08 Maria North RapidZoo 8 2,240 865 Apr-08 Maria West SuperGlue 6 1,176 487 Apr-08 Maria West FastCar 6 1,638 554 Apr-08 Maria West RapidZoo 8 2,176 770 Apr-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 10 2,000 624 Apr-08 Maria Middle FastCar 10 1,800 716 Apr-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 8 2,248 842 Apr-08 Matt North SuperGlue 6 1,482 481 Apr-08 Matt North FastCar 9 2,214 786 Apr-08 Matt North RapidZoo 8 856 268 Apr-08 Matt West SuperGlue 8 1,488 585 Apr-08 Matt West FastCar 8 1,880 660 Apr-08 Matt West RapidZoo 10 1,090 409 Apr-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 8 2,304 802 Apr-08 Matt Middle FastCar 10 1,270 412 Apr-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 1,990 699

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May-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 7 1,120 488 May-08 Joseph North FastCar 7 1,484 656 May-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 2,205 955 May-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 6 1,014 341 May-08 Joseph West FastCar 10 2,190 939 May-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 8 1,272 566 May-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 1,530 582 May-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 6 750 292 May-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 9 1,791 756 May-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 10 1,010 386 May-08 Lawrence North FastCar 9 1,665 608 May-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 7 1,603 697 May-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 7 749 305 May-08 Lawrence West FastCar 8 1,008 437 May-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 1,720 695 May-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 7 1,862 714 May-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 6 1,638 621 May-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 10 1,710 646 May-08 Maria North SuperGlue 10 2,210 993 May-08 Maria North FastCar 6 1,254 514 May-08 Maria North RapidZoo 10 1,220 444 May-08 Maria West SuperGlue 10 2,080 716 May-08 Maria West FastCar 8 1,472 469 May-08 Maria West RapidZoo 8 1,664 671 May-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 9 2,331 861 May-08 Maria Middle FastCar 8 1,280 475 May-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 1,566 581 May-08 Matt North SuperGlue 10 2,660 841 May-08 Matt North FastCar 10 1,880 680 May-08 Matt North RapidZoo 9 2,277 970 May-08 Matt West SuperGlue 9 1,737 530 May-08 Matt West FastCar 7 1,610 483 May-08 Matt West RapidZoo 9 2,196 852 May-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 7 903 326 May-08 Matt Middle FastCar 10 1,980 681 May-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 1,520 660 Jun-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 7 2,023 733 Jun-08 Joseph North FastCar 10 2,270 872 Jun-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 7 1,043 458 Jun-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 10 1,860 813 Jun-08 Joseph West FastCar 8 2,016 621 Jun-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 10 2,900 1,036 Jun-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 9 2,511 954 Jun-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 10 2,770 838 Jun-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 9 2,646 892 Jun-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 9 2,376 881 Jun-08 Lawrence North FastCar 6 696 301 Jun-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 9 1,296 558

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Jun-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 6 780 242 Jun-08 Lawrence West FastCar 7 1,295 526 Jun-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 2,009 773 Jun-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 10 1,850 821 Jun-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 7 1,659 734 Jun-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 7 1,750 617 Jun-08 Maria North SuperGlue 9 1,998 750 Jun-08 Maria North FastCar 10 1,860 725 Jun-08 Maria North RapidZoo 6 672 203 Jun-08 Maria West SuperGlue 10 1,870 616 Jun-08 Maria West FastCar 6 978 406 Jun-08 Maria West RapidZoo 8 1,944 834 Jun-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 6 1,182 497 Jun-08 Maria Middle FastCar 10 2,860 1,139 Jun-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 1,368 421 Jun-08 Matt North SuperGlue 6 1,218 442 Jun-08 Matt North FastCar 10 2,460 775 Jun-08 Matt North RapidZoo 9 2,610 806 Jun-08 Matt West SuperGlue 9 1,863 799 Jun-08 Matt West FastCar 7 1,610 497 Jun-08 Matt West RapidZoo 6 612 237 Jun-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 7 1,610 593 Jun-08 Matt Middle FastCar 8 1,552 615 Jun-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 1,010 401 Jul-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 6 1,434 614 Jul-08 Joseph North FastCar 9 1,908 801 Jul-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 7 735 254 Jul-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 1,629 513 Jul-08 Joseph West FastCar 9 1,287 442 Jul-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 8 936 326 Jul-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 9 2,106 828 Jul-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 8 2,040 793 Jul-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 1,578 657 Jul-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 9 1,449 575 Jul-08 Lawrence North FastCar 9 1,170 420 Jul-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 8 1,040 325 Jul-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 8 1,736 599 Jul-08 Lawrence West FastCar 7 2,100 634 Jul-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 2,660 954 Jul-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 6 1,104 453 Jul-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 9 2,358 805 Jul-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 852 368 Jul-08 Maria North SuperGlue 9 1,233 486 Jul-08 Maria North FastCar 7 917 300 Jul-08 Maria North RapidZoo 6 1,176 460 Jul-08 Maria West SuperGlue 8 864 260 Jul-08 Maria West FastCar 8 1,232 485 Jul-08 Maria West RapidZoo 9 1,917 610

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Jul-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 10 2,280 848 Jul-08 Maria Middle FastCar 10 1,290 546 Jul-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 8 1,416 628 Jul-08 Matt North SuperGlue 10 2,560 785 Jul-08 Matt North FastCar 10 1,560 491 Jul-08 Matt North RapidZoo 8 2,256 819 Jul-08 Matt West SuperGlue 10 2,120 938 Jul-08 Matt West FastCar 10 1,160 405 Jul-08 Matt West RapidZoo 7 994 370 Jul-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 9 2,034 671 Jul-08 Matt Middle FastCar 6 1,668 649 Jul-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 6 1,194 362 Aug-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 8 1,520 639 Aug-08 Joseph North FastCar 8 896 308 Aug-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 10 1,870 645 Aug-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 1,395 594 Aug-08 Joseph West FastCar 6 1,668 556 Aug-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 8 944 356 Aug-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 9 1,881 789 Aug-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 9 1,674 504 Aug-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 7 1,316 451 Aug-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 8 2,304 795 Aug-08 Lawrence North FastCar 7 1,267 423 Aug-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 10 1,200 465 Aug-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 6 948 374 Aug-08 Lawrence West FastCar 6 1,194 510 Aug-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 1,630 536 Aug-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 7 1,302 499 Aug-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 6 1,368 505 Aug-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 720 272 Aug-08 Maria North SuperGlue 6 822 353 Aug-08 Maria North FastCar 8 1,616 508 Aug-08 Maria North RapidZoo 6 684 269 Aug-08 Maria West SuperGlue 7 980 308 Aug-08 Maria West FastCar 10 1,090 410 Aug-08 Maria West RapidZoo 10 1,090 421 Aug-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 7 861 385 Aug-08 Maria Middle FastCar 9 2,079 919 Aug-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 10 2,220 890 Aug-08 Matt North SuperGlue 8 1,024 458 Aug-08 Matt North FastCar 10 1,650 706 Aug-08 Matt North RapidZoo 6 678 214 Aug-08 Matt West SuperGlue 6 1,764 768 Aug-08 Matt West FastCar 9 2,259 688 Aug-08 Matt West RapidZoo 9 1,899 684 Aug-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 7 889 291 Aug-08 Matt Middle FastCar 6 804 295 Aug-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 7 1,064 413

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Sep-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 10 1,150 361 Sep-08 Joseph North FastCar 10 2,040 764 Sep-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 8 1,984 780 Sep-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 1,539 651 Sep-08 Joseph West FastCar 9 2,277 1,024 Sep-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 9 1,305 517 Sep-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 9 1,710 559 Sep-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 6 852 311 Sep-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 996 391 Sep-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 7 1,008 336 Sep-08 Lawrence North FastCar 6 1,194 537 Sep-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 8 1,736 718 Sep-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 6 1,170 395 Sep-08 Lawrence West FastCar 8 1,320 469 Sep-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 6 1,050 377 Sep-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 909 396 Sep-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 7 1,036 404 Sep-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 9 1,647 699 Sep-08 Maria North SuperGlue 10 2,220 993 Sep-08 Maria North FastCar 6 1,776 659 Sep-08 Maria North RapidZoo 7 1,246 394 Sep-08 Maria West SuperGlue 10 1,590 558 Sep-08 Maria West FastCar 9 945 312 Sep-08 Maria West RapidZoo 6 978 384 Sep-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 7 1,330 458 Sep-08 Maria Middle FastCar 7 826 328 Sep-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 7 1,127 439 Sep-08 Matt North SuperGlue 6 1,572 549 Sep-08 Matt North FastCar 9 2,610 1,099 Sep-08 Matt North RapidZoo 7 1,540 658 Sep-08 Matt West SuperGlue 8 1,624 626 Sep-08 Matt West FastCar 8 1,008 364 Sep-08 Matt West RapidZoo 7 1,596 513 Sep-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 7 1,743 728 Sep-08 Matt Middle FastCar 8 1,368 433 Sep-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 8 2,248 819 Oct-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 10 1,940 695 Oct-08 Joseph North FastCar 8 2,088 732 Oct-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 8 1,416 584 Oct-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 1,143 489 Oct-08 Joseph West FastCar 10 1,760 679 Oct-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 9 1,431 643 Oct-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 7 1,197 538 Oct-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 6 1,632 545 Oct-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 1,674 583 Oct-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 6 1,206 512 Oct-08 Lawrence North FastCar 9 1,881 707 Oct-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 6 1,158 417

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Oct-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 7 1,379 605 Oct-08 Lawrence West FastCar 6 1,650 689 Oct-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 6 654 203 Oct-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 1,971 818 Oct-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 9 2,637 1,097 Oct-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 1,158 355 Oct-08 Maria North SuperGlue 6 744 256 Oct-08 Maria North FastCar 10 2,610 877 Oct-08 Maria North RapidZoo 7 1,869 736 Oct-08 Maria West SuperGlue 8 1,056 446 Oct-08 Maria West FastCar 7 1,848 582 Oct-08 Maria West RapidZoo 6 1,152 475 Oct-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 10 1,670 613 Oct-08 Maria Middle FastCar 6 1,428 532 Oct-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 927 373 Oct-08 Matt North SuperGlue 9 981 371 Oct-08 Matt North FastCar 6 1,146 390 Oct-08 Matt North RapidZoo 8 1,856 572 Oct-08 Matt West SuperGlue 8 1,624 603 Oct-08 Matt West FastCar 10 2,890 959 Oct-08 Matt West RapidZoo 8 1,680 649 Oct-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 8 1,352 543 Oct-08 Matt Middle FastCar 9 2,529 1,095 Oct-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 9 1,710 703 Nov-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 9 1,197 536 Nov-08 Joseph North FastCar 6 1,488 496 Nov-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 1,782 742 Nov-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 7 987 437 Nov-08 Joseph West FastCar 6 1,248 548 Nov-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 6 1,632 684 Nov-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 1,278 475 Nov-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 8 2,280 738 Nov-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 8 2,024 856 Nov-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 9 2,043 913 Nov-08 Lawrence North FastCar 10 1,360 432 Nov-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 9 2,349 733 Nov-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 10 1,880 781 Nov-08 Lawrence West FastCar 7 707 230 Nov-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 1,960 813 Nov-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 10 2,090 853 Nov-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 9 1,161 446 Nov-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 10 1,390 548 Nov-08 Maria North SuperGlue 9 2,511 964 Nov-08 Maria North FastCar 9 1,557 654 Nov-08 Maria North RapidZoo 9 945 287 Nov-08 Maria West SuperGlue 9 1,098 423 Nov-08 Maria West FastCar 8 1,592 658 Nov-08 Maria West RapidZoo 6 1,098 393

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Nov-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 9 1,962 594 Nov-08 Maria Middle FastCar 8 1,016 394 Nov-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 10 1,210 369 Nov-08 Matt North SuperGlue 9 1,305 466 Nov-08 Matt North FastCar 8 1,872 758 Nov-08 Matt North RapidZoo 8 1,032 424 Nov-08 Matt West SuperGlue 8 1,184 464 Nov-08 Matt West FastCar 10 1,430 586 Nov-08 Matt West RapidZoo 8 2,368 771 Nov-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 10 2,540 835 Nov-08 Matt Middle FastCar 7 994 418 Nov-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 1,220 548 Dec-08 Joseph North SuperGlue 7 2,016 888 Dec-08 Joseph North FastCar 10 1,630 618 Dec-08 Joseph North RapidZoo 10 1,180 369 Dec-08 Joseph West SuperGlue 6 1,302 444 Dec-08 Joseph West FastCar 10 1,730 739 Dec-08 Joseph West RapidZoo 9 2,646 1,057 Dec-08 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 7 1,190 367 Dec-08 Joseph Middle FastCar 10 2,310 944 Dec-08 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 882 333 Dec-08 Lawrence North SuperGlue 6 1,776 736 Dec-08 Lawrence North FastCar 9 2,286 991 Dec-08 Lawrence North RapidZoo 6 1,206 540 Dec-08 Lawrence West SuperGlue 9 945 398 Dec-08 Lawrence West FastCar 8 1,840 635 Dec-08 Lawrence West RapidZoo 10 2,250 1,012 Dec-08 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 2,007 632 Dec-08 Lawrence Middle FastCar 8 1,976 795 Dec-08 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 8 1,864 604 Dec-08 Maria North SuperGlue 7 1,988 867 Dec-08 Maria North FastCar 8 1,352 523 Dec-08 Maria North RapidZoo 10 1,020 353 Dec-08 Maria West SuperGlue 9 2,142 893 Dec-08 Maria West FastCar 6 1,638 733 Dec-08 Maria West RapidZoo 7 1,113 358 Dec-08 Maria Middle SuperGlue 8 1,784 724 Dec-08 Maria Middle FastCar 9 2,322 1,006 Dec-08 Maria Middle RapidZoo 7 1,302 491 Dec-08 Matt North SuperGlue 9 900 281 Dec-08 Matt North FastCar 8 1,384 428 Dec-08 Matt North RapidZoo 6 852 369 Dec-08 Matt West SuperGlue 8 1,168 444 Dec-08 Matt West FastCar 6 1,140 378 Dec-08 Matt West RapidZoo 10 1,250 483 Dec-08 Matt Middle SuperGlue 9 2,097 724 Dec-08 Matt Middle FastCar 7 1,729 664 Dec-08 Matt Middle RapidZoo 9 1,953 719

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Jan-09 Joseph North SuperGlue 10 1,560 610 Jan-09 Joseph North FastCar 9 2,439 733 Jan-09 Joseph North RapidZoo 7 812 261 Jan-09 Joseph West SuperGlue 6 1,164 392 Jan-09 Joseph West FastCar 8 1,680 513 Jan-09 Joseph West RapidZoo 7 1,736 645 Jan-09 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 1,650 691 Jan-09 Joseph Middle FastCar 10 1,980 610 Jan-09 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 10 1,770 622 Jan-09 Lawrence North SuperGlue 7 1,799 619 Jan-09 Lawrence North FastCar 7 1,155 406 Jan-09 Lawrence North RapidZoo 9 2,178 703 Jan-09 Lawrence West SuperGlue 10 1,330 464 Jan-09 Lawrence West FastCar 9 1,413 621 Jan-09 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 896 391 Jan-09 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 7 2,072 750 Jan-09 Lawrence Middle FastCar 9 2,034 869 Jan-09 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 10 1,430 534 Jan-09 Maria North SuperGlue 6 1,242 497 Jan-09 Maria North FastCar 8 1,024 440 Jan-09 Maria North RapidZoo 8 2,232 869 Jan-09 Maria West SuperGlue 8 1,048 351 Jan-09 Maria West FastCar 10 1,110 438 Jan-09 Maria West RapidZoo 8 1,136 354 Jan-09 Maria Middle SuperGlue 10 2,440 799 Jan-09 Maria Middle FastCar 8 2,216 723 Jan-09 Maria Middle RapidZoo 7 1,484 494 Jan-09 Matt North SuperGlue 6 1,032 437 Jan-09 Matt North FastCar 7 1,820 596 Jan-09 Matt North RapidZoo 6 1,560 600 Jan-09 Matt West SuperGlue 8 2,040 688 Jan-09 Matt West FastCar 6 1,740 550 Jan-09 Matt West RapidZoo 6 636 239 Jan-09 Matt Middle SuperGlue 9 2,358 1,009 Jan-09 Matt Middle FastCar 6 1,470 585 Jan-09 Matt Middle RapidZoo 9 1,053 458 Feb-09 Joseph North SuperGlue 6 1,200 516 Feb-09 Joseph North FastCar 9 1,980 615 Feb-09 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 1,548 581 Feb-09 Joseph West SuperGlue 9 1,278 479 Feb-09 Joseph West FastCar 7 1,162 350 Feb-09 Joseph West RapidZoo 7 1,638 529 Feb-09 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 10 2,140 910 Feb-09 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 1,813 711 Feb-09 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 9 1,890 656 Feb-09 Lawrence North SuperGlue 7 1,113 431 Feb-09 Lawrence North FastCar 10 2,850 921 Feb-09 Lawrence North RapidZoo 7 1,827 582

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Feb-09 Lawrence West SuperGlue 10 2,900 1,265 Feb-09 Lawrence West FastCar 8 1,112 372 Feb-09 Lawrence West RapidZoo 9 2,043 729 Feb-09 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 6 768 329 Feb-09 Lawrence Middle FastCar 7 882 352 Feb-09 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 9 1,773 656 Feb-09 Maria North SuperGlue 8 1,888 674 Feb-09 Maria North FastCar 7 2,100 873 Feb-09 Maria North RapidZoo 10 1,660 645 Feb-09 Maria West SuperGlue 9 1,197 412 Feb-09 Maria West FastCar 10 1,350 567 Feb-09 Maria West RapidZoo 8 2,296 785 Feb-09 Maria Middle SuperGlue 10 1,470 444 Feb-09 Maria Middle FastCar 9 2,169 935 Feb-09 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 1,008 347 Feb-09 Matt North SuperGlue 7 1,407 578 Feb-09 Matt North FastCar 7 1,785 737 Feb-09 Matt North RapidZoo 9 1,206 364 Feb-09 Matt West SuperGlue 8 2,312 985 Feb-09 Matt West FastCar 9 1,179 484 Feb-09 Matt West RapidZoo 10 1,280 460 Feb-09 Matt Middle SuperGlue 9 1,278 462 Feb-09 Matt Middle FastCar 7 1,064 423 Feb-09 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 2,250 799 Mar-09 Joseph North SuperGlue 9 2,151 647 Mar-09 Joseph North FastCar 8 2,392 1,070 Mar-09 Joseph North RapidZoo 6 870 377 Mar-09 Joseph West SuperGlue 6 846 308 Mar-09 Joseph West FastCar 6 1,032 368 Mar-09 Joseph West RapidZoo 10 1,490 487 Mar-09 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 8 1,872 842 Mar-09 Joseph Middle FastCar 10 2,530 986 Mar-09 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 6 660 277 Mar-09 Lawrence North SuperGlue 10 2,020 726 Mar-09 Lawrence North FastCar 10 2,070 684 Mar-09 Lawrence North RapidZoo 9 2,277 853 Mar-09 Lawrence West SuperGlue 6 642 209 Mar-09 Lawrence West FastCar 8 1,448 456 Mar-09 Lawrence West RapidZoo 6 1,014 316 Mar-09 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 2,502 754 Mar-09 Lawrence Middle FastCar 9 1,422 579 Mar-09 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 9 2,673 1,151 Mar-09 Maria North SuperGlue 8 984 320 Mar-09 Maria North FastCar 7 1,904 584 Mar-09 Maria North RapidZoo 7 1,925 696 Mar-09 Maria West SuperGlue 8 2,400 740 Mar-09 Maria West FastCar 10 1,130 497 Mar-09 Maria West RapidZoo 7 1,190 427

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Mar-09 Maria Middle SuperGlue 6 696 261 Mar-09 Maria Middle FastCar 8 1,072 367 Mar-09 Maria Middle RapidZoo 10 2,060 919 Mar-09 Matt North SuperGlue 6 1,452 637 Mar-09 Matt North FastCar 6 1,464 618 Mar-09 Matt North RapidZoo 10 1,420 457 Mar-09 Matt West SuperGlue 9 2,610 1,041 Mar-09 Matt West FastCar 6 1,734 560 Mar-09 Matt West RapidZoo 9 2,475 780 Mar-09 Matt Middle SuperGlue 10 1,740 636 Mar-09 Matt Middle FastCar 8 2,392 835 Mar-09 Matt Middle RapidZoo 10 2,650 1,114 Apr-09 Joseph North SuperGlue 9 1,665 719 Apr-09 Joseph North FastCar 9 972 374 Apr-09 Joseph North RapidZoo 7 1,638 608 Apr-09 Joseph West SuperGlue 8 2,112 916 Apr-09 Joseph West FastCar 7 1,421 482 Apr-09 Joseph West RapidZoo 7 1,015 406 Apr-09 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 648 291 Apr-09 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 826 314 Apr-09 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 8 1,736 690 Apr-09 Lawrence North SuperGlue 6 984 400 Apr-09 Lawrence North FastCar 6 984 433 Apr-09 Lawrence North RapidZoo 8 1,208 386 Apr-09 Lawrence West SuperGlue 7 1,232 497 Apr-09 Lawrence West FastCar 8 2,344 1,008 Apr-09 Lawrence West RapidZoo 6 816 261 Apr-09 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 9 1,098 417 Apr-09 Lawrence Middle FastCar 8 1,672 575 Apr-09 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 7 1,022 449 Apr-09 Maria North SuperGlue 6 1,146 509 Apr-09 Maria North FastCar 9 2,079 923 Apr-09 Maria North RapidZoo 9 1,980 849 Apr-09 Maria West SuperGlue 7 2,044 671 Apr-09 Maria West FastCar 10 2,930 1,014 Apr-09 Maria West RapidZoo 8 984 418 Apr-09 Maria Middle SuperGlue 6 1,680 653 Apr-09 Maria Middle FastCar 8 1,208 427 Apr-09 Maria Middle RapidZoo 8 1,504 656 Apr-09 Matt North SuperGlue 10 2,060 813 Apr-09 Matt North FastCar 7 966 374 Apr-09 Matt North RapidZoo 6 954 401 Apr-09 Matt West SuperGlue 8 1,608 536 Apr-09 Matt West FastCar 8 2,128 674 Apr-09 Matt West RapidZoo 8 1,240 379 Apr-09 Matt Middle SuperGlue 6 1,188 479 Apr-09 Matt Middle FastCar 6 1,608 651 Apr-09 Matt Middle RapidZoo 8 1,992 778

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May-09 Joseph North SuperGlue 8 1,168 505 May-09 Joseph North FastCar 8 1,784 699 May-09 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 1,512 660 May-09 Joseph West SuperGlue 6 1,170 394 May-09 Joseph West FastCar 10 2,100 812 May-09 Joseph West RapidZoo 6 1,650 503 May-09 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 8 1,392 591 May-09 Joseph Middle FastCar 8 1,704 723 May-09 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 9 1,251 520 May-09 Lawrence North SuperGlue 9 1,233 501 May-09 Lawrence North FastCar 7 924 303 May-09 Lawrence North RapidZoo 8 1,176 412 May-09 Lawrence West SuperGlue 8 1,192 517 May-09 Lawrence West FastCar 8 1,896 641 May-09 Lawrence West RapidZoo 9 2,691 1,055 May-09 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 7 756 318 May-09 Lawrence Middle FastCar 9 2,511 759 May-09 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 6 1,536 596 May-09 Maria North SuperGlue 8 1,320 475 May-09 Maria North FastCar 6 1,176 381 May-09 Maria North RapidZoo 6 1,722 697 May-09 Maria West SuperGlue 8 1,696 513 May-09 Maria West FastCar 8 1,112 445 May-09 Maria West RapidZoo 8 1,744 731 May-09 Maria Middle SuperGlue 8 2,048 846 May-09 Maria Middle FastCar 8 1,408 437 May-09 Maria Middle RapidZoo 7 882 394 May-09 Matt North SuperGlue 9 2,466 878 May-09 Matt North FastCar 9 2,385 777 May-09 Matt North RapidZoo 7 1,827 624 May-09 Matt West SuperGlue 6 1,680 623 May-09 Matt West FastCar 9 2,160 938 May-09 Matt West RapidZoo 10 1,440 640 May-09 Matt Middle SuperGlue 6 984 313 May-09 Matt Middle FastCar 6 642 235 May-09 Matt Middle RapidZoo 6 1,644 656 Jun-09 Joseph North SuperGlue 8 1,968 880 Jun-09 Joseph North FastCar 6 960 319 Jun-09 Joseph North RapidZoo 9 1,125 462 Jun-09 Joseph West SuperGlue 6 1,602 640 Jun-09 Joseph West FastCar 9 2,088 909 Jun-09 Joseph West RapidZoo 6 1,020 426 Jun-09 Joseph Middle SuperGlue 6 1,434 556 Jun-09 Joseph Middle FastCar 7 1,316 448 Jun-09 Joseph Middle RapidZoo 7 2,079 817 Jun-09 Lawrence North SuperGlue 10 1,490 561 Jun-09 Lawrence North FastCar 10 2,930 1,187 Jun-09 Lawrence North RapidZoo 10 1,890 603

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Jun-09 Lawrence West SuperGlue 8 2,080 737 Jun-09 Lawrence West FastCar 9 1,071 421 Jun-09 Lawrence West RapidZoo 7 861 386 Jun-09 Lawrence Middle SuperGlue 8 1,296 444 Jun-09 Lawrence Middle FastCar 6 714 229 Jun-09 Lawrence Middle RapidZoo 10 1,660 544 Jun-09 Maria North SuperGlue 8 1,672 717 Jun-09 Maria North FastCar 10 1,510 592 Jun-09 Maria North RapidZoo 8 1,656 583 Jun-09 Maria West SuperGlue 8 1,656 607 Jun-09 Maria West FastCar 8 928 417 Jun-09 Maria West RapidZoo 6 1,698 580 Jun-09 Maria Middle SuperGlue 7 1,575 493 Jun-09 Maria Middle FastCar 7 1,666 680 Jun-09 Maria Middle RapidZoo 9 1,611 484 Jun-09 Matt North SuperGlue 8 1,584 547 Jun-09 Matt North FastCar 9 2,628 1,054 Jun-09 Matt North RapidZoo 8 1,600 651 Jun-09 Matt West SuperGlue 7 1,512 552 Jun-09 Matt West FastCar 6 1,590 651 Jun-09 Matt West RapidZoo 10 2,660 1,008 Jun-09 Matt Middle SuperGlue 9 2,097 868 Jun-09 Matt Middle FastCar 7 1,015 340 Jun-09 Matt Middle RapidZoo 9 945 302

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DataRegion Profit/loss Sum of Profit / LossMiddle 214,612 33.41%North 213,572 33.25%West 214,103 33.33%Total Result 642,286 100.00%

This shape represents a slicer. Slicers are supported in Excel 2010 or later.

If the shape was modified in an earlier version of Excel, or if the workbook was saved in Excel 2003 or earlier, the slicer cannot be used.

Region Middle North West213000

213200

213400

213600

213800

214000

214200

214400

214600

214800

Column CData

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Region Middle North West213000

213200

213400

213600

213800

214000

214200

214400

214600

214800

Column CData

Page 145: Training Excel Sheet

NorthWest

MiddleNorth

West

MiddleNorth

NorthWest

MiddleNorth

North

MiddleNorth

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Regional Sales

Region

Sales

8 88

107

7

8

66

77

691097

986

8

10

76

87

6 7 8

Customer Base

FastCar RapidZoo SuperGlue SuperGlue FastCar RapidZoo SuperGlueFastCar RapidZoo SuperGlue FastCar RapidZoo SuperGlue FastCarSuperGlue FastCar RapidZoo SuperGlue FastCar RapidZoo SuperGlueFastCar RapidZoo SuperGlue FastCar RapidZoo SuperGlue FastCar

Page 146: Training Excel Sheet

8 88

107

7

8

66

77

691097

986

8

10

76

87

6 7 8

Customer Base

FastCar RapidZoo SuperGlue SuperGlue FastCar RapidZoo SuperGlueFastCar RapidZoo SuperGlue FastCar RapidZoo SuperGlue FastCarSuperGlue FastCar RapidZoo SuperGlue FastCar RapidZoo SuperGlueFastCar RapidZoo SuperGlue FastCar RapidZoo SuperGlue FastCar

Page 147: Training Excel Sheet

SUM CAL LIST1 15 52345