TRAINING COURSE ON X-RAY FOR GP Venue: ESSET, Bangi Date: 4-9 th April.
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Transcript of TRAINING COURSE ON X-RAY FOR GP Venue: ESSET, Bangi Date: 4-9 th April.
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TRAINING COURSE ON X-TRAINING COURSE ON X-RAY FOR GPRAY FOR GP Venue: ESSET, BangiVenue: ESSET, Bangi
Date: 4-9Date: 4-9thth April April
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INTRODUCTION:
X ray was firstly discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen , a German physicist on 8th Nov 1895
1) Defination:Radiation – a form of energy emitted from a source and
propogated through a space either as a wave or particles
a. ionizing eg. X ray, gamma ray, beta ray b. non ionizing eg. Microwave, video, visible light2) The equal absorbed dose of radiation by medium
causing harm known as dose equivalent (Sv)
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• After 2 years discovered, 69 cases of skin injury reported due to overexposed to radiation
• In 1900, found radiation cause sterility, reduced WCC, illness and death.
• Comprehensive data obtained from victims of atomic bomb of Nagasaki and Hiroshima
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Effect/hazard of radiation:Effect/hazard of radiation:
• Biological damage: - cell may die - cell changes abnormal cell divisions - genetic materials of cell may change and passed on to new cell1)Deterministic effect2)Stochastic effect
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a) Stochastic effect: -sometimes effect of radiation is to alter the cee and not affect the
cell significantly so no observable effect however might affect the control system divide than normal eg. Ca -No threshold ie dose level causing probability of occurrence ( amt of radiation do not change with severity of ca)
b) Deterministic effect: - more to effect on the specific organ -severity in individual depend on ionizing radiation dose -Has threshold dose (severity increase with dose) -Effective dose of 50 mSv/yr will cause clinical symptoms - 1shot of xray produces 0.002mSv/xray - x ray operator exposed 2mSv/ year ( limit 2.4mSv/ year)
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- eg.: erythema or skin reddening
dose below threshold – no symptoms
if the dose is increased just above threshold will cause reddening , if dose increased further will cause blister, higher dose will cause death of skin tissue and ulceration
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The sensitivity of different type of The sensitivity of different type of cells in different ordercells in different order
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Effects of acute whole body Effects of acute whole body exposure to radiationexposure to radiation
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Effects of acute exposure to Effects of acute exposure to specific organspecific organ
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Skin effectSkin effect
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Effect on eyeEffect on eye
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Radiation protection conceptRadiation protection concept
Radiation Protection -objective : to prevent sources of radiation from causing
deterministic effect and reduce stochastic effect as much as possible
- Effect depend on the dose, age, part of body- The effect cant be terminated but can control and limit to
acceptable level by enforcement of rule and law a) Establish Regulatory Agency for Enforcement : AELB (industry) Ministry of Health (medical)-
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b) Adopt Radiation Protection Standard Basic Safety Standard (BSS Act 304) c) Local rule
3 basic principles of RP:
1) Justification : no practice shall be adopted unless it process benefit eg medical c/up
2) Dose limitation : dose exposure shall not exceed appropriate circumctance recommended by BSS
3) Optimization : exposure shall be kept as low as reasonable achievable (ALARA) – clothing, monitoring, equipment
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Optimisation technique:
a) personel protective clothing – lead apron l, lead skirt , thyroid shield, gonad shield
b) monitoring – monitored monthly basis .
eg film badge, thermoluminescent badge or ring (TLD) , pocket dosimeter
administrative control eg local rule, warning sign / light
c) choice of technique and working procedure
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Radiation protection concept:Radiation protection concept:
Exposure:
1) Occupational exposure – radiation recieved by radiation worker
2) medical exposure – radiation received by patient
- no dose limit only has guidance level
- Dr will determine whether xray is justify
3) Public exposure – radiation received by operator , dr , public
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Radiation effect on pregnancy staffRadiation effect on pregnancy staff
female staff: -embryo is radiation sensitive - Once pregnant should notify to licensee ASAP - limit dose to abdomen 2mSv to ensure fetus not
affected ( M’sia dose to feotal <10mSv ) - If the dose restriction is achieved, no special
administrative arrangement for the worker is needed - Pregnancy shall no be considered a reason to exclude a female worker from duty
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- pregnant patient xray should be avoided unless for certain reason
- procedure when patient is found to be pregnant after xray examination:
a) estimate absorbed dose to fetus b) consult patient patient about risk - very rare for dose to be large enough to advise
patient to consider termination of pregnancy - fetoel dose below 100mGy should not be
considered a reason for termination
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Measures to minimize hazard:
a ) keeping amount of radiation dose required to minimum eg by increase kV , good cassette, 3 phase generator
b) choosing the safest and practicable procedure , equipment and cloth (apron , gonad shield)
c) only handled by trained staff
d) reduce radiation level outside control area
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Safety measure in exposure Safety measure in exposure roomroom1) Person2) Room- must be approved by the licensing authority specified in
the MS838 (1985) a) location and dimension - preferably sited at the ground floor b) material – 2mm lead equivalent, 13mm brick - exposure outside the room < 2.58mSv/week c) window and other opening preferably sliding type - window and aircondition at least 2m above tha floor
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d) position of apparatus - do not direct to control panel , dark
room, door, window or adjacent occupied area - control panel at least 2 m in Ht and 2m
away from table e) warning light - must functiion properly f) dark room - properly ventilated - light tight: should not see outside light at
least 5min dark adaptation
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EquipmentEquipment
• X ray system:
- an asseblage of component for the the controlled production of xray
-includes: generator , control panel, tube assembly, beam lighting device and bucky
Generator:
power supply (TNB): 240 volt, 13A , AC
power need (X ray ): 20 – 150 k V ,100mA , DC
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Life expectancy lost due to different Life expectancy lost due to different causescauses
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Comparison of risk; radiation Comparison of risk; radiation smoking and drivingsmoking and driving
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