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Traditional

Preparations forDiabetes Mellitusand Their Effectiveness

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Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia)

Active principle:

charantin polypeptide-p vicine

MOA: Acts mainly through AMP-activated protein kinase, PPA-! and PPA-"

path#ays$

%timulates insulin secretion from & cells, improves distri'ution of !, &, anin the islets of )angerhans

*nhi'it the activity of fructose-+,-diphosphatase and glucose--phospha %timulate the action of glucose--phosphatase dehydrogenase %timulate peripheral glucose uptake

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Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia)

linical efficacy:

Animal and 'iochemical studies sho#s hypoglycaemic properties .o#ever, clinical studies are lacking /se #ith caution and only as supplement to therapy

Adverse effect and contraindication: .ypoglycaemic comas in children after drinking 'itter gourd tea %eed contains lectin 0 inhi'it protein synthesis in intestinal #alls of anima

.o#ever, produces no gastrointestinal symptoms in human, e1cept for aheadache$ %eed may induce favism in people #ith 2P3 deficiency *n animal model, lead to depressed fertility, and induce a'ortions

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Ginseng (Panax)

Active principle: ginsenosides 4saponin-glycosides5

MOA: h6 increases &-endorphin secretion, activation of opioid 7-receptor resu

increased e1pression of 2)/T8 transporter in adipose and muscle tissue

hence decreases insulin resistance educe &-cell apoptosis 'y enhancing cell protective 9el-6 protein levels Enhances ATP production and in turn increase insulin secretion 3ecreases mitochondrial uncoupling protein /P-6, #hich negatively reg

insulin secretion Possesses antio1idant activities #hich deto1ify e1cessive free radicals p

in dia'etic environments

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Ginseng (Panax)

linical efficacy:

As #ith 'itter gourd, clinical studies are sparse$

Adverse effects and contraindications: Potentially teratogenic$ Avoid #hen pregnant$ %afety profile unclear for 'reastfeeding ot safe in children$ Activates immune system, hence might #orsen autoimmune diseases such as rhe

arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, etc$ Avoid in organ trans

*nsomnia Avoid in schi;ophrenics as they cause agitation and trou'le sleeping Tachycardia isk of severe hypoglycaemia Avoid in clotting disorder or #hen taking 'lood thinner 2insenoside can have oestrogen-like activity$ Avoid in hormone-sensitive condition

ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, 'reast cancer, endometriosis, uterine fi'roids$