TRADITION Geographical position Architectural quality Passive Cooling... · Geographical position...
Transcript of TRADITION Geographical position Architectural quality Passive Cooling... · Geographical position...
Variety of climatic conditions
Geographical position
Date of realization
Destination use
Functional quality
Architectural quality
Integration with the site
Energy Saving and environmental quality
4.1
Natural ventilation
Conscious architecture Uuonscious sustainability 1.1
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Design with climate
THE PASSIVE COOLING FROM TRAD ITION TO INNOVATION: WIND TOWER
Passive coolign strategiesPassive and hybrid cooling systems
Techniques for prevention and protection from the heat input
Techniques for extraction of heat from indoor
Techniques for prevention and protection from the heat input
Passive cooling systems among Middle Est and Mediterranean
Elements from urban scale
Elements form building scale
Passive cooling systems in Italian’s traditional architecture
The origin of Wind towers
The wind towers in Iran: Badgir (wind catcher)
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Climatic and architectural context
The history and origin
Constitutive elements
Materials
Cooling modality
Constructive systems
typological classi�cation of Badgir
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The selection criteria
The analysis of speci�cations
TRADITIONINNOVATION
Kingspan Lighthouse - 2007
BedZed, Beddington Zero Energy Development - 2002
Solihull Campus - 2001
New Parliamentary Building (Portcullis House) - 2000
Jubilee Campus - 1999
IGuzzini headquarters - 1998
Building research Establishment (BRE) - 1996
Inland Revenue Center - 1994
Ionica Headquarters Building - 1994
Queens Building, De Montfort University - 1993
Armoury Tower - Unrealized
An experimental building in Catania - Unrealized
TOD
AY
1.2
1.3
1.2.1
Evaporative cooling
Radiative cooling
Ventilative cooling1.2.2.1
1.2.2.21.2.2 1.2.2.3
1.2.2.4
1.2.2.5Ground cooling
Zisa’s palace
Camera dello Scirocco
Sassi di Matera
Dammusi di Pantelleria
Trulli di Puglia
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.4
1.4.1
1.4.21.4.31.4.4
1.4.5
Direct ventilative cooling
Indirect evaporative cooling
Indirect ventilative, evaporative and ground cooling
2.2.6.1
2.2.6.2
2.2.6.3
2.1
2.2
Function modality
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
Denomination and locationDirection of captation of the windGeometryBuilding destination
2.2.7.1
2.2.7.2
2.2.7.3
2.2.7.5
2.2.7.4
Natural ventilation
Ventilative passive and hybrid coolingEvaporative cooling
Ground coolingRadiative cooling
3.1
3.3
3.2
3.3.1
3.3.2.1
3.3.23.3.2.23.3.2.33.3.2.4
4.1
4.2
A
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2.2.6
2.2.7
Traditional and popular architecture Relation between climate and architecture connection between architecture and places1.1
Classi�cation of techniques of passove cooling
- Type of heat conductor (enviornmenta, sky, earth)
- Heat transfer (Convection, evaporation, conduction)
- Climate (dry, wet)
- Storage period (day, week, season)
- Material (water, rock, ecc.)
Building form and orientation Colour and albedo Control of solar radiation Thermal inertia Presence of vegetation
Techniques for extraction of heat from indoor
Archetypal systems of ventilation In�uence of the wind in popular architecture Principals of natural ventilation Natural ventilation techniques according to the movment of air
Courtyard house Patio house Flat roof Dome Double-shelled dome Dome with air vent
Costozza’s villas in Vicenza 1.4.6
Thermal control
Solar control
Natural ventilation
Natural ventilation and night cooling
Ventilative cooling with wind tower
Evaporative cooling
Ground cooling
Night cooling
Ground ventilative cooling
Symbolic meaning of water Presence of fountain and Salsabil
In�uence of the climate in city planning Urban texture
Lybia
Chimney
Peru Afghanistan Pakistan Egypt Iraq Persian Gulf Iran
Technology evolution of 20th centrySustainable architectureSustainable and Bio architectureBioclimatic architectureLife Cycle Assessment
De�nition of Climate and CliamatologyClimatic conditionsCliamtic zonesThermal comfort Micro climate
Di�erence between active and passive systemsDe�nation of passive and Hybrid cooling systemsStrategies of passive and hybrid cooling systems
Building form, morphology and orientationThe colour of buildingsControl of solar radiationControl of thermal inertiaThermal insulation
Bene�ts of passive and hybrid coolingVentilative body coolingVentilative environmental coolingVentilative structure coolingNatural and hybrid ventilation
Site features MORPHOLOGICAL DATA
BUILDING DATA
Type
Orientation
Number of occupants
Dimensional dataNumer of storeys
Floor area
CONSTRUCTION
Structure type
External walls
Internal walls
RoofInternal �oor
Ground �oor
Location
Latitude
Altitude
Architect/s
PatternsClient
Structure engineerEnvironment and planning
Quantity SurveyorPartnerConstruction Management
Destination use
GENERAL DATA
COOLING STRATEGIES
Ventilation strategies
Solar control
Thermal insolation
Thermal inertiaVentilative evaporative cooling
Ventilation systemAir input system
Air output systemAir output system
Control system
Internal solar shading system
External solar shading systemControl system
Windows
WallsFloors
Roof
3.2
3.1
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2.1
1.2.2.3
1.3.1
1.3.2
- Stack e�ect- Ventilation through vertical
- Single-sided ventilation- Ventilation combined wind and stack e�ect
- Ventilation through Horizontal of air
2.2.7.4
2.2.7.3
2.2.7.1
2.2.6.2 2.2.6.3
2.2.6.1
2.2.3
2.1
Thermal inertia
Catgut and chain ShelfCovragePartitions and
channels Decoration
Functional diagram of a wind tower, in the presence of wind, during the night
Badgir's connection to the main rooms through horizontal and wet channels
Badgir's link through a vertical channel with underground water pipes
Functional wind tower only Wind towers with both functional and symbolic validity
Square plan Rectangualr plan Octagonal plan Circular plan Multi - directional
One - directional Two - directional Three-directional Fuor - directional Multi - directional Circular
Esagonal plan
Stalk
CLIMAT DATA
Climate Type
Temperature
Wind speed
Relative humidity
Precipitation
Degree days for coolingDegree days for heating
Collocation of porous pottery jars inside Badgir
Of two or more �oors Badkesh (wind scape)
Functional diagram of a wind tower, in the presence of wind, during the day
Functional diagram of a wind tower, in the absence of wind, during the night
Functional diagram of a wind tower, in the absence of wind, during the day
The main current trend that requires an air conditional system in a building is in great contradiction with the most elementary rules of energy saving and protecting the planet from further environmental pollution.A conscious architecture is the result of a conscious architectural design, where it is required an interdisciplinary jointed approach, in a systemic vision that is able to understand various aspects of a building, considering both the formal and structural as well as the qualitative and technical devices. The solutions o�ered form traditional architecture can o�er, even today, concrete answers to some of the energetic and construction challenges, without the need of large energy consumption, but of a better exploita-tion of natural resources. Through the use of rules and examples of the past, it is possible to pro-duce a new sustainable and bio-climatic architecture that is mainly
based on the synthesis of ancient rules and modern technologies. In this new trend, it is possible to insert wind towers, known in persian as ‘Badgir’ that literally means “one who captures the wind”.The sustainability elements in the traditional and vernacular buildings are more or less deliberately designed, however, we consider that they have been designed unconsciously. The principle of sustainabi-lity, and the phrases such as sustainable architecture, green architecture belong to the contemporary world and certainly not to the past. Wind tower is a typical element of Middle East archi-tecture. It is a system of multidirectional collection and extraction of winds, that plays a dual role: it cap-tures air from the outside and lowers the internal temperature (over 20° from 40÷45 °C usually present in the Eastern territories) by exploiting the mass of the structure, which has a high thermal inertia, and transforming the system into a thermal �ywheel.
In the past man gained considerable knowledge in respecting nature and the environment in the way they built, using only renewable energy sources and materials adapted to local climate and the various latitudes, demonstrating the ability to create extra-ordinary examples of understanding of nature, through a direct relationship with the surrounding environment. The industrialization culture based on individual wel-fare, non observance of the environmental ecosystem and of excessive consumption of non renewable energy sources have produced a building model based on energy dissipation.Nowadays, changes in climatic conditions increase the responsibility of architects and engineers in designing new sustainable cities and buildings even though it becomes more and more di�cult to ensure the standards of comfort required by our society.
The aim of the research was exploring the potential of using passive cooling systems and natural ventilation with special attention on wind towers.The work presented is a result of a study focused on traditional passive cooling strategies. More particularly, the most common types of wind towers were analyzed in relation to di�erent aspects: from the typology analysis to the dimensional one, from materials to systems and construction processes, from “live welfare” to energy e�ciency. In parallel, it was conducted analysis on modern passive cooling systems to produce a methodological document that could be useful to builders for the design of technological solutions towards energy e�ciency.All the analysis will create a basic knowledge on these ancient passive cooling system that can be often joined in a modern building plan in a contemporary and more e�cient view.
Title of thesis: The passive cooling from tradition to innovation: wind Tower Topic and aim of the research The work presented is a scheme that shows a synthesis of a PhD Research concluded in March 2011. The aim of the research was exploring the potential of using passive cooling systems and natural ventilation with special attention on wind towers. The study was focused on traditional passive cooling strategies which had been used in Middle East and Mediterranean areas. More particularly, the most common types of wind towers were analyzed in relation to different aspects: from the typology analysis to the dimensional one, from materials to systems and construction processes, from “live welfare” to energy efficiency. In parallel, it was conducted analysis on modern passive cooling systems to produce a methodological document that could be useful to builders for the design of technological solutions towards energy efficiency. Methodological approach and fields of investigation 1) Cognitive and cultural area - Diffusion of the issues on the conventional air conditioners and their environmental impact. - Create a base knowledge of important and ancient "passive systems" that exploit the available resources of the area. - Knowledge of strategies and techniques of passive cooling, which are used in traditional Middle Eastern and Mediterranean, as well as in contemporary buildings. - Knowledge and elaboration of an important technology of the traditional Middle Eastern architecture, especially Iranian, in relation to the state of the art of literature in that field, referencing texts in the farsi language as well. - Derive from study cases of contemporary architecture which are employing the wind towers’ technology, principles and useful criteria for passive cooling. - Compare passive cooling traditional technologies and systems, used in the Middle East and the Mediterranean. 2) Technological and architectural area - Typological analysis - Analysis of construction and material. - Analysis and performance evaluation. 3) Energetic area - Energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources. - Energy and economic saving - Individual well-being without sacrificing the aesthetic values and in respect of resources and environmental balance.