Trade offs in large scale and small scale renewablescale ...Energy Units David MacKay, Sustainable...
Transcript of Trade offs in large scale and small scale renewablescale ...Energy Units David MacKay, Sustainable...
Trade offs in large scale and small scale renewablescale renewable energy solutionsAli Shakouri Baskin School of Engineering
energy solutionsBaskin School of EngineeringUniversity of California Santa Cruz
A k l d t ONRAcknowledgement: ONR, DARPA, AFOSR, CEA, NSF, DOE/EFRC, NASA/UCSC, CITRIS
CenSEPS Workshop: The Road to a 100% Renewable Energy System Milpitas, CA; 1 August 2011
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World Marketed Energy Use by Fuel Type 1990-2035 13TW 2050: 25 30TWFuel Type 1990 2035 13TW 2050: 25-30TW
1 Quad = 1.055 x 1018J
2US Department of Energy; Energy Information Administration (2010)
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100% Renewable Energies by 2050A scenarioA scenario
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WWF International, Ecofys, & Office for Metropolitan Architecture (2011)
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Felix’s forecasts of US energy consumption
Nuclear
consumption in year 2000 (early 1970’s)
Natural gas
Vaclav Smil,Coal
Oil
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,Energy at the Crossroads, 2005
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All Renewables Are Diffuse
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Energy Units
6David MacKay, Sustainable Energy –Without the Hot Air
David MacKay Sustainable Energy without the Hot Air
A. Shakouri 8/1/2011Efficiency vs. Size (Conventional Engines)
7Contradiction Chains, Darrell Mann, Univ. of Bath, UK
A. Shakouri 8/1/2011Wind Turbine Evolution
20092009 average turbine size in US: 1.74MW
Boeing 747 Airbus A380
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Trend toward bigger turbine sizesCA-Denmark Summer Program 2008; Helge Aagaard Madsen, DTU Riso
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Installed project costs are on the rise after a long period of decline.rise after a long period of decline.
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2009 Wind Technologies Market Report, US Department of Energy
A. Shakouri 8/1/2011Learning Curves
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“Learning by Doing” cost reductions versus installed capacity for various electricity generating technologies (IEA, 2000)
A. Shakouri 8/1/2011Wind Turbine Installation
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A. Shakouri 8/1/2011Intermittency of Renewables
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C t iCapturing Solar Energy in space(Peter Glaser et al., 1970s)( )
Global SuperconductingTransmission GridTransmission Grid(Buckminster Fuller,1970s)
Visionary Technology Systems that could Enable a Gl b l E P d b R bl E
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Global Economy Powered by Renewable Energy.Marty Hoffert
A. Shakouri 8/1/2011Desertec
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ffi i 31%Energy Use = 99 2 Quad = 105 EJ → Power ~3.3 TW
US Energy Flow 2008
RejectedEnergy 61%
1.3TW
efficiency ~31% RejectedEnergy 58%
1.3TW
efficiency ~32%Nucl 8 45
Energy Use 99.2 Quad 105 EJ → Power 3.3 TW
Solar 0.09Electricity Generation efficiency 32%
Hydro 2.45
Nucl. 8.45
Wind 0.51
Geo R id ti l11.48
Generation39.97
Natural Gas 23.84
Geo 0.35 Residential
Commercial8.58
Coal22.42
Biomass Industrial
23.94
25%Petroleum37.13
Biomass 3.88
27.86
15http://eed.llnl.gov/flow
20%TransportationQuads
A. Shakouri 8/1/2011US Energy Flow 1950
EnergySources
Energy Consumption
Hydroelectric
Electrical Generation 4.0
RejectedEnergy 49%
efficiency~25%Natural Gas 6.1
Hydroelectric0.4
Residential & Commercial
Coal13.6
Industrial
26%Petroleum11.9
Total: 33.9 Quad → 1.13TWPopulation: 161M
Transportation
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Population: 161M
Lawrence Livermore National Lab., http://eed.llnl.gov/flow
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Denmark: From Centralized to Decentralized Power ProductionDecentralized Power Production
17A.G. Holmsgaard
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Electricity- Hot Water Cogeneration
Sun Irradiation
(optional: Tracking incident angle)80%
100%
W/W
]
total Z=0.001 total Z=0.003heat Z=0.001 heat Z=0.003elec Z=0.001 elec Z=0.003pump Z=0.001 pump Z=0.003
Total Efficiency(optional: Tracking incident angle)
Concentrator e g Fresnel lens
Tank
<80oC40%
60%
y ef
ficie
ncy [
W
Hot Water
0~60oC
80oCe.g. Fresnel lens
TE
Water cooling(Heat sink)water reservoir
Hot water supplyAir conditioning
0%
20%
Ove
rall e
nerg
Electricity
Pumping power0~60oC ( )
Pump0~60oC-40%
-20%
1 10 100 1000
Pumping power
Thermoelectric Device
1 10 100 1000Concentrate ratio (C>1)
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K. Yazawa, A. Shakouri, "System optimization of hot water concentrated solar thermoelectric generation,“ Proc. Thermal Issues in Emerging Technologies (ThETA 3), Dec 19-22, Cairo, Egypt, pp. 283-290, 2010.
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P l ti
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Population
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Large Scale vs. Small Scale Renewable Energy Solutions?gy• Renewable energies are dilute (distributed
generation makes sense)generation makes sense)• Large scale energy storage is a key
challengechallenge• There are opportunities for local co-
generation and the optimization of the energy system
• Solutions for developed and developing countries could be different
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