Trade of Sudanese Natural Trade of Sudanese Natural Medicininals and their role in Medicininals and their role in Human and Wildlife Health Human and Wildlife Health

Care Care

H. S.Khalid H. S.Khalid 11, H. H. Elkamali , H. H. Elkamali 22 and A. M. Atta and A. M. Atta Elmanan Elmanan 33

Presented by Presented by

Pharmacist Pharmacist

H.S. Khalid H.S. Khalid

Ph. D. PharmacognosyPh. D. Pharmacognosy

IntroductioIntroductionn

   This variation in climate, rainfall and soils has a This variation in climate, rainfall and soils has a

direct impact on the immense diversity and direct impact on the immense diversity and variation in the vegetation of this country. variation in the vegetation of this country. Based on this variation of climate, Wickens Based on this variation of climate, Wickens (1991) has divided Sudan into eight vegetation (1991) has divided Sudan into eight vegetation belts. belts.

It is estimated that Sudan encompasses more It is estimated that Sudan encompasses more than 3156 species belonging to 1137 genera than 3156 species belonging to 1137 genera and 170 families (Broun & Massay 1929, and 170 families (Broun & Massay 1929, Andrews, 1950, 1952, and 1956, and El Amin Andrews, 1950, 1952, and 1956, and El Amin 1990).1990).

Name of Plant Part Used Product Price US$

Acacia nilotica * Fruits Tannins 300

Acacia senegal Exudate Gum 1100

Acacia seyal * Woods Tannins 2100

Adonsonia digitata * Fruit bulb Carbohydrates 1000

Aloe sankitana * Leaves juice Aloin  

Azadirachta indica * Fruits Fixed Oil 250

Balanites aegyptiaca Fruit kernel Disogenins 700

Boswellia papyrifera Exudate Oleoresin 1500-400

Carcica papaya ** Fruit Juice Papin  

Cimunum cyminum Fruits Essential Oil 1200

Senna acutifolia Fruits & Pods Sennasoides 1100

Citrullus colynthis * Fruits & Seeds Oleoresin  

Cymbopogen proximus * Leaves Essential Oil “Proxamol”  

Hibiscus sabdriffa Flower Dried Flower 1000

Hyphanena thebacia * Fruits Tanins  

Haoplophylum tuberculatum Aerial Parts Aerial parts  

Grewia tenax Fruits Carbohydrates  

Lawsonia inermis Leaves Lawsone “Dye” 400

Ocimum basilicum ** O. santicum Whole Plant Essential Oil  

Phoenix dactyylifera Fruits Carbohydrates 350

Salvadora persica Stems   2500

Senna acutifolia Leaves &Pods Anthraquinone 1100

Solnostemma argel Leaves Bitter 600

Ricinus communis** Seeds Fixed Oil  

Tamarindus indica Fruit bulb Carbohydrates 1000

Termanalia brownii Fresen Wood Tannins 4000

Waltheria indica * Roots    

Local Trade Structure: -Local Trade Structure: -

Plant products are collected from the Plant products are collected from the wildly grown plants by villagers and wildly grown plants by villagers and brought to a designated “local markets” in brought to a designated “local markets” in the various provincial regions. Their the various provincial regions. Their business assets are transportation mean business assets are transportation mean and some cash to pay in order to purchase and some cash to pay in order to purchase collected plants from villagers. Brokers collected plants from villagers. Brokers on the spot usually purchase large volumes on the spot usually purchase large volumes of these botanicals. of these botanicals.

CollectorsCollectors

Collectors of wild medicinal Collectors of wild medicinal plants may be either those plants may be either those who collect few species in a who collect few species in a large quantities for export large quantities for export purpose or those who collect purpose or those who collect many assorted items in small many assorted items in small quantities for the local quantities for the local market. market.

Vendors Vendors Most vendors of traditional Most vendors of traditional

medicine, within Khartoum area are medicine, within Khartoum area are of local inhabitants who have well-of local inhabitants who have well-established retail or whole sale established retail or whole sale outlets known as Atareen. The most outlets known as Atareen. The most outstanding and nationally outstanding and nationally recognised house of expertise in recognised house of expertise in Sudan is known as Timan. They are Sudan is known as Timan. They are usually providing counselling to the usually providing counselling to the patients in addition to dispensing patients in addition to dispensing these herbal preparations. these herbal preparations.

Export Sector Export Sector Senna acutifolia,Senna acutifolia, Hibiscus sabdariffaHibiscus sabdariffa, , Lawsonia inermisLawsonia inermis, , Boswellia papyriferaBoswellia papyrifera, , Cuminmum cyminumCuminmum cyminum, , Capsicum frutiscenceCapsicum frutiscence,, Nigella sativaNigella sativa,, Allium sativumAllium sativum Coriandeum sativumCoriandeum sativum. .

Price in thousand USD.

56%

2%0%

39%

0%2% 0%0%1%0%0%

A.senegal B.papyrifera C. papaya H.sabdriffa H.thebacina L.inermis

L.termis P. dactylifera S.alexandrina N. rustica T. indica

Identified Imported Identified Imported Species Species

Latin Name

Part used Quantity in Tons

Value in $

Main Imported Countries

Carum carvi Fruits 10 17,000 Egypt

Pimpinella anisum Fruits 15 30,000 Egypt

Zingber officinalis Rhizomes 90 75,000 China

Albinia officinalis Rhizomes 120 10000 Tanzania China

Peper nigrum Fruits 300 400,000 America - India

Syzygium aromaticum   120 10,000 China

Cinnamomum verum Barks 80 150,000 India

Elettaria cardmomum Fruits 60 145,000 America & Guatimala

Artimisia absinthium Seeds 12 15,000 Egypt

Maticaria chamomila Flowers Cartons 50,000 Egypt

Total   852 472000  

Fruits

Priority list of Threatened Priority list of Threatened Medicinal plants.Medicinal plants.

Boswelia papyrifera. Boswelia papyrifera. This tree forms pure stands on This tree forms pure stands on crests of basement complex hills or on stony soils of crests of basement complex hills or on stony soils of clay plain in the high Rainfall Savannah . The stem clay plain in the high Rainfall Savannah . The stem barks of a large number of trees are greatly damaged barks of a large number of trees are greatly damaged by the repeated unskilled incision to collect the gum.by the repeated unskilled incision to collect the gum.

Balanites aegyptiaca. Balanites aegyptiaca. This tree is widely distributed This tree is widely distributed through Low rainfall Savannah and Semi-desert through Low rainfall Savannah and Semi-desert Vegetation Type. It dominate drier upper terrace soil Vegetation Type. It dominate drier upper terrace soil of major wadis. The stems are widely used for of major wadis. The stems are widely used for furnitures. In times of famine the leaves are boiled to furnitures. In times of famine the leaves are boiled to remove the bitter taste and eaten as a vegetable.remove the bitter taste and eaten as a vegetable.

Acacia seyal. Acacia seyal. It occurs in dark grey clay soil in It occurs in dark grey clay soil in Lowland plains of Low Rainfall Savannah . This Lowland plains of Low Rainfall Savannah . This is avaluable timber tree and also widely used as a is avaluable timber tree and also widely used as a fumagent either for body decoration or as a fumagent either for body decoration or as a medicine.medicine.

Terminalia brownii. Terminalia brownii. It occurs in Lowland Plains It occurs in Lowland Plains in Low Rainfall Savannah . It is a valuable in Low Rainfall Savannah . It is a valuable timber tree and is widely used as a fumagent timber tree and is widely used as a fumagent either for body decoration or as a medicine.either for body decoration or as a medicine.

Adansonia digitata.Adansonia digitata. It occurs in Lowland plains, stream It occurs in Lowland plains, stream banks and foothills in the Low Rainfall Savannah . The banks and foothills in the Low Rainfall Savannah . The bark are used as cordage, young leaves eaten as a bark are used as cordage, young leaves eaten as a vegetable whereas the seeds and pulp are edible.vegetable whereas the seeds and pulp are edible.

   Acacia senegal. Acacia senegal. It is abundant on better drained stony It is abundant on better drained stony

Basement Complex Soil in the High Rainfall Savannah . Basement Complex Soil in the High Rainfall Savannah . The stem bark are widely exploited by the repeated The stem bark are widely exploited by the repeated incision to collect the gum which is highly demanded for incision to collect the gum which is highly demanded for export. Inaddition, the gum is mixed with soot and used export. Inaddition, the gum is mixed with soot and used for brush hedges, the wood is used as sticks.for brush hedges, the wood is used as sticks.

Khaya senegalensis. Khaya senegalensis. It occurs in lowland plains in High It occurs in lowland plains in High Rainfall Savannah . It is a valuable timber tree used Rainfall Savannah . It is a valuable timber tree used commonly in expensive furnitures. Also, the peeling practice commonly in expensive furnitures. Also, the peeling practice of the stem barks led to the lost of tremendous number of of the stem barks led to the lost of tremendous number of trees.trees.

  Aloe sinkatana. Aloe sinkatana. It occurs in sandy lowland plains and khor It occurs in sandy lowland plains and khor beds in Semi-desert Vegetation Type. This xerophytic plant beds in Semi-desert Vegetation Type. This xerophytic plant is increasingly decreasing due to its extensive use as is increasingly decreasing due to its extensive use as ornamental where it is planted in gardens.ornamental where it is planted in gardens.

Salvadora persicaSalvadora persica. . It occurs in sandy Lowland plains in It occurs in sandy Lowland plains in Semi-desert Vegetation Type. The stems and even the roots Semi-desert Vegetation Type. The stems and even the roots are widely used as tooth-brush by a wide array of people.are widely used as tooth-brush by a wide array of people.   

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Research Institute National Research Institute National Centre for Research & Ministry of Centre for Research & Ministry of Science and Technology. Science and Technology.

The generous funding of The generous funding of Amipharma Laboratories. Amipharma Laboratories.

ThankThankss