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Transcript of Trabalho human rights
Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King
Index
Introduction ……………………………………………………………… 2
Biography of Martin Luther King ……………………………………….. 3
The declaration of human rights ………………………………………. 5
Biography of Rosa Parks …………………………………………………11
Conclusion …………………………………………………………………13
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………14
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Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King
IntroductionAlthough ideas of rights and liberty have existed for much of human
history, it is unclear to what degree such concepts can be described as "human
rights" in the modern sense. The concept of rights certainly existed in pre-
modern cultures; ancient philosophers such as Aristotle wrote extensively on
the rights (to dikaion in ancient Greek, roughly a 'just claim') of citizens to
property and participation in public affairs. However, neither the Greeks nor the
Romans had any concept of universal human rights; slavery, for instance, was
justified in both ancient and modern times as a natural condition. Medieval
charters of liberty such as the English Magna Carta were not charters of human
rights, let alone general charters of rights: they instead constituted a form of
limited political and legal agreement to address specific political circumstances,
in the case of Magna Carta later being mythologized in the course of early
modern debates about rights.
Human rights are "rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled."
Proponents of the concept usually assert that everyone is endowed with certain
entitlements merely by reason of being human. Human rights are thus
conceived in a universalist and egalitarian fashion. Such entitlements can exist
as shared norms of actual human moralities, as justified moral norms or natural
rights supported by strong reasons, or as legal rights either at a national level or
within international law. However, there is no consensus as to the precise
nature of what in particular should or should not be regarded as a human right
in any of the preceding senses, and the abstract concept of human rights has
been a subject of intense philosophical debate and criticism.
There were many activists that “fight” for equality between blacks and
whites but there were two that attract the people’s attention and achieved their
goals: equality
I’m talking about Rosa parks and Martin Luther King that motivate the
“negroes” for a huge “battle” –fight for freedom.
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Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King
Martin Luther King
artin Luther King, Jr.,was born Michael Luther King, Jr., but
later had his name changed to Martin. He was born on January
15, 1929 and died on April 4, 1968. His grandfather began the
family's long tenure as pastors of the Ebenezer Baptist Church
in Atlanta, serving from 1914 to 1931; his father has served from then until the
present, and from 1960 until his death Martin Luther acted as co-pastor. Martin
Luther attended segregated public schools in Georgia, graduating from high
school at the age of fifteen; he received the B. A. degree in 1948 from
Morehouse College, a distinguished Negro institution of Atlanta from which both
his father and grandfather had graduated. After three years of theological study
at Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania where he was elected
president of a predominantly white senior class, he was awarded the B.D. in
1951. With a fellowship won at Crozer, he enrolled in graduate studies at
Boston University, completing his residence for the doctorate in 1953 and
receiving the degree in 1955. In Boston he met and married Coretta Scott, a
young woman of uncommon intellectual and artistic attainments. Two sons and
two daughters were born into the family.
M
In 1954, Martin Luther King became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist
Church in Montgomery, Alabama. Always a strong worker for civil rights for
members of his race, King was, by this time, a member of the executive
committee of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People,
the leading organization of its kind in the nation. He was ready, then, early in
December, 1955, to accept the leadership of the first great Negro nonviolent
demonstration of contemporary times in the United States, the bus boycott
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Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King
described by Gunnar Jahn in his presentation speech in honor of the laureate.
The boycott lasted 382 days. On December 21, 1956, after the Supreme
Court of the United States had declared unconstitutional the laws requiring
segregation on buses, Negroes and whites rode the buses as equals. During
these days of boycott, King was arrested, his home was bombed, he was
subjected to personal abuse, but at the same time he emerged as a Negro
leader of the first rank.
In 1957 he was elected president of the Southern Christian Leadership
Conference, an organization formed to provide new leadership for the now
burgeoning civil rights movement. The ideals for this organization he took from
Christianity; its operational techniques from Gandhi. In the eleven-year period
between 1957 and 1968, King traveled over six million miles and spoke over
twenty-five hundred times, appearing wherever there was injustice, protest, and
action; and meanwhile he wrote five books as well as numerous articles. In
these years, he led a massive protest in Birmingham, Alabama, that caught the
attention of the entire world, providing what he called a coalition of conscience.
and inspiring his "Letter from a Birmingham Jail", a manifesto of the Negro
revolution; he planned the drives in Alabama for the registration of Negroes as
voters; he directed the peaceful march on Washington, D.C., of 250,000 people
to whom he delivered his address, "l Have a Dream", he conferred with
President John F. Kennedy and campaigned for President Lyndon B. Johnson;
he was arrested upwards of twenty times and assaulted at least four times; he
was awarded five honorary degrees; was named Man of the Year
by Time magazine in 1963; and became not only the symbolic leader of
American blacks but also a world figure.
At the age of thirty-five, Martin Luther King, Jr., was the youngest man to
have received the Nobel Peace Prize. When notified of his selection, he
announced that he would turn over the prize money of $54,123 to the
furtherance of the civil rights movement.
On the evening of April 4, 1968, while standing on the balcony of his
motel room in Memphis, Tennessee, where he was to lead a protest march in
sympathy with striking garbage workers of that city, he was assassinated.
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The declaration of human rights
Article 1.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.They are
endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in
a spirit of brotherhood.
Article 2.
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this
Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex,
language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin,
property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on
the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or
territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-
self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.
Article 3.
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
Article 4.
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade
shall be prohibited in all their forms.
Article 5.
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading
treatment or punishment.
Article 6.
Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the
law.
Article 7.
All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to
equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any
discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to
such discrimination.
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Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King
Article 8.
Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national
tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the
constitution or by law.
Article 9.
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.
Article 10.
Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an
independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and
obligations and of any criminal charge against him.
Article 11.
(1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed
innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has
had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.
(2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or
omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or
international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier
penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal
offence was committed.
Article 12.
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family,
home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation.
Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference
or attacks.
Article 13.
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the
borders of each state.
(2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to
return to his country.
Article 14.
(1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum
from persecution.
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(2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely
arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and
principles of the United Nations.
Article 15.
(1) Everyone has the right to a nationality.
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right
to change his nationality.
Article 16.
(1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality
or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to
equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.
(2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the
intending spouses.
(3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is
entitled to protection by society and the State.
Article 17.
(1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association
with others.
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.
Article 18.
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this
right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either
alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his
religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.
Article 19.
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right
includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive
and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of
frontiers.
Article 20.
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.
(2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association.
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Article 21.
(1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country,
directly or through freely chosen representatives.
(2) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country.
(3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government;
this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be
by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by
equivalent free voting procedures.
Article 22.
Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is
entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation
and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the
economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free
development of his personality.
Article 23.
(1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and
favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.
(2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal
work.
(3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration
ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity,
and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection.
(4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection
of his interests.
Article 24.
Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of
working hours and periodic holidays with pay.
Article 25.
(1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and
well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and
medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the
event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other
lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.
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(2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All
children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social
protection.
Article 26.
(1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in
the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be
compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally
available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis
of merit.
(2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human
personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and
fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and
friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the
activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.
(3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be
given to their children.
Article 27.
(1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the
community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its
benefits.
(2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material
interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which
he is the author.
Article 28.
Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights
and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.
Article 29.
(1) Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full
development of his personality is possible.
(2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only
to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of
securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others
and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the
general welfare in a democratic society.
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(3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the
purposes and principles of the United Nations.
Article 30.
Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State,
group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act
aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.
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Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King
Rosa Parks
osa Louise McCauley Parks was born on February 4, 1913 in
Tuskegee, Alabama, to James McCauley and Leona Edwards and
she died on October 24, 2005.RIn December 1943, she joined the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP (National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People) as secretary becoming an
active in the Civil Rights Movement. Later, he was denied the right to vote to
Rosa Parks which left her angry and two years later got to get the right to vote.
Ten years after Rosa Parks met Martin Luther King Jr. Rosa Parks was tired of
the situation of always being ignored and treated like an animal just for being
black. She decided to find the courage and at one day decided not to give her
place in the front seat of a bus to a white person. At that time this was a great
lack of respect for the normal was the blacks sit in the back seat for the front
seats were available for whites. Given the persistence of
the Rosa Parks bus driver was forced to call the police and Rosa was arrested.
Raymond parks, her husband, were seeking to arrest her and she told how she
had been discriminated against.
In late December 1955 Rosa Parks with Martin Luther King, JoAnn Robinson
and lots of negros joined for a boycott of the buses.
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Sometime after entering the Rosa Parks bus is very happy to read a card that
said that people could sit wherever they wanted and bus drivers would have to
comply with all passengers. The boycott was over.
During a 1956 radio interview with Sydney Rogers in West Oakland
several months after her arrest, when asked why she had decided not to vacate
her bus seat, Parks said, "I would have to know for once and for all what rights I
had as a human being and a citizen."
Rosa lost her job and was unable to get another one in Montgomery. She
and Raymond moved to Virginia. During her lifetime she was awarded many
honors for her courageous stand.
In 1992, Parks published Rosa Parks: My Story, an autobiography aimed at
younger readers which details her life leading up to her decision not to give up
her seat. There she said: “People always say that I didn't give up my seat
because I was tired, but that isn't true. I was not tired physically, or no more
tired than I usually was at the end of a working day. I was not old, although
some people have an image of me as being old then. I was forty-two. No, the
only tired I was, was tired of giving in.”. In 1995, she published her memoirs,
titled Quiet Strength, which focuses on the role that her faith had played in her
life.
There was the Rosa Parks Peace Prize in 1994, the Presidential Medal
of Freedom in 1996, and the Congressional Gold Medal in 1999. A library and
museum is dedicated to her in Montgomery, Alabama.
Nowadays Rosa Parks is known as "the first lady of civil rights" and "the
mother of the freedom movement." It is well known for always fought against
the discrimination that used to be so noticeable. Rosa Parks never agreed with
how they treated blacks and then decided to counteract all those ideas that
people had. Rosa Parks was able to show the world that it is not because
people have a different skin color that will be different at other levels. It showed
that we are all equal and we must also all be treated the same way.
Today people of all color can sit wherever they wisk on buses troughout
the nation due to the courage and determination of one woman, Rosa Parks.
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Conclusion
In 1964 Dr. King became the youngest person to receive a Nobel Peace
Prize for his work to end racial segregation and racial discrimination through
civil disobedience and nonviolence. Since his assassination in 1968, his legacy
has inspired public service initiatives throughout the United States.
In 1979, Rosa Parks received the Spingarn Medal. In 1980, at the 25th
anniversary celebration of the bus boycott, Parks was awarded the Martin
Luther King, Jr. Non-violent Peace Prize. In 1984, she was given the Eleanor
Roosevelt Woman of Courage Award.
Rosa Parks is known as a national hero and as a shy girl who stood up against
racism and fought for freedom.
These two persons show us that if we want a thing and we still persistent,
we can achieve anything and in that situation change the “rules of history” and
put the name of that persons in history.
With this work we can conclude that among other people, these two in
particular had a great contribute in the “proclamation” of the same rights to
everyone.
When this work begins we said to ourselves and I quote ”It is gonna be
easy”, but when we really saw what we could say about these subject, we
almost “cried of happiness”, because there is so much information that we can
almost write a small book.
After the hard work we all agree that this work contribute to improve our
knowledge about human rights.
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Bibliography
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-bio.html
http://gardenofpraise.com/ibdrosa.htm
http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml
http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/par0bio-1
http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.
Adler, David A. Martin Luther King, Jr.: Free at Last. Illustrated by Robert
Casilla. Holiday, 1986. A biography of the Baptist minister who worked
unceasingly for his dream of a world without hate, prejudice, or violence.
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