TP 14726E (01/2009) Sea kayaking safety guide · 2019. 10. 8. · safety guide Sea kayakingSea...

safety guideSea kayakingSea kayaking

TC-1003045

TP 14726E(01/2009)

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Transport Canadawww.boatingsafety.gc.caBoating Safety Infoline: 1-800-267-6687

Canadian Hydrographic ServiceMarine charts and Canadian tide tables: www.charts.gc.caInformation: 1-877-775-0790

Environment CanadaWeather Office: weatheroffice.ec.gc.caVHF Broadcasting on Weatheradio Canada in Vancouver,Toronto, Montreal and Halifax

Parks Canadawww.parkscanada.gc.ca/General Information: 1-800-463-6769

Canadian Wildlife Servicewww.cws-scf.ec.gc.ca

Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society (CPAWS)www.cpaws.org/

Canadian Recreational Canoeing [email protected]

CANADIAN RESOURCES AND REFERENCES

© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Transport (2007).

Permission is granted by Transport Canada to copy and/or reproduce the contents of this publication in whole or in part provided that fullacknowledgement is given to Transport Canada and that the material be accurately reproduced. While use of this material has been authorized,Transport Canada shall not be responsible for the manner in which the information is presented, nor for any interpretations thereof.

Sea Kayaking Safety Guide 2007ISBN: 978-0-662-46433-4Catalogue No. T29-18/2007ETP 14726ETC-1003045

Également disponible en français sous le titre : Kayak de mer guide de sécurité

Welcome to the Sea Kayaking Safety Guide! This guide is one of many tools the Office of Boating Safety (OBS) uses to help educate recreationalboaters about safety. The OBS is Transport Canada’s focal point for the recreational boating community. It delivers prevention-based programsto reduce the safety risks and environmental impacts of boating on Canadian waters.

The success of its programs depends on valued contributions. The Canadian Coast Guard Auxiliary, Fédération québécoise du canot et du kayak,provincial, territorial and federal partners, advisory councils, the Canada Safe Boating Council, training and enforcement organizations,manufacturers, retailers and the Canadian and United States Coast Guard are just a few partners working together for safe boaters, safe boatsand a safe boating environment.

This guide is intended for operators of pleasure craft. If you own or operate a non-pleasure craft (commercial vessel), visit www.tc.gc.ca.

Printed in Canada.

Please direct your comments, orders and inquiries to [email protected]

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TABLE OF CONTENTSIntroduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

The Sport of Kayaking1 Kayaks, equipment and clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Basic techniques and courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Dangers and Regulations3 Dangers inherent to the sport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Canada in a Nutshell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Newfoundland and Labrador region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Atlantic region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Quebec region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3310 Ontario, Prairie and Northern regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3611 Pacific region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

The Excursion12 Planning and preparing the trip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4313 Before setting out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4514 Checklist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4715 Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4816 Ethical code and environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Safety & Rescue17 Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5318 Hypothermia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5519 Communications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Resources and References

S E AK A Y A K I N G S A F E T Y G U I D

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I must go down to the seas again, for the call of the running tideJohn Masefield (1878-1967)

One Sunday morning in July, the phone rang at our sea kayakingoutfitter’s shop. "Hello" the caller said, "This is the Canadian CoastGuard speaking. We’ve received a report that six kayaks, identifiedas belonging to your company, are currently drifting up stream-upwards of the Grande-Pointe1. What should we do?"

We soon traced this back to a small group of friends that had rentedthe kayaks the day before for a weekend excursion. Evidently, thegroup had landed without mooring their kayaks and, surprised by a20 foot tide, had to watch their kayaks drift upstream. Having wantedto save the 40 dollars required for renting a VHF radio from us, thehead of the group had told us before setting out "I know the routevery well. Nothing will happen." With no boats and no telephone, atthe foot of inaccessible cliffs, the group had no means to turn forhelp that morning. Thanks to the vigilance of shoreline residents, theCoast Guard was able to return the kayaks one hour later to thesomewhat wretched group.Is this an isolated incident? No. The Canadian Coast Guard helpsmany dozen pleasure kayakers annually. Often, many of them donot even have a a lifejacket or a personal flotation device (PFD) orother required equipment. In essence, each kayaker is obliged tohave one a lifejacket or a PFD on board and they are advised towear them.

Sometimes, a journey begun in bright sunlight is challenged byquickly densifying fog. This may well inhibit you from seeing thebow of your own kayak. Or, at two or three kilometre’s distance, a

S E A K A Y A K I N GS A F E T Y G U I D E

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INTRODUCTION

1 True story, yet fictitious name

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squall strikes, creating waves of up to two metres in height withinonly a few minutes. Starting off in bathing suits, you hadn’t thoughtto bring warm clothes and you now risk getting hypothermia.These types of incidents always have two causes: lack ofknowledge of the terrain and the sport, and poor judgment.

A sport that is becoming more and more popular, sea kayaking is anexcellent type of boating that allows you to learn and understand theocean, to enjoy great lakes, to experience wildlife and flora, to seeregions, from a different perspective and to unwind in nature.Canada, the largest country in the world and bordered by threeoceans, offers a multitude of possibilities for sea kayaking.

Sea kayaking is not inherently dangerous. However, to keep safeand to avoid accidents, it requires a sound knowledge of theenvironment and of the sport in addition to a good attitude. Theocean and great waters present risks that you are well advised tofamiliarize yourself with before proceeding. How high is the tide ata certain location? What is the speed of the current? The force ofthe wind? And what effect do all of these factors have on kayaking?If you are having difficulty answering these questions, The SeaKayaking Safety Guide is for you.

The Sea Kayaking Safety Guide aims to sensitize you to theinherent difficulties of the sport and to their associated risks. Thesechallenges can only be truly learned through training andexperience. If you have neither, we strongly recommend startingoff with a qualified guide. Qualified guides, if they are members ofaccredited associations, abide to the specific regulations relating toequipment, training and conduct. Finally, be wary of crooked orunknowledgeable outfitters who try to convince you that theirkayaks are perfectly safe. Take the time to locate shops that areacknowledged by a competent association.

The Sea Kayaking Safety Guide is comprised of five sections. In thefirst you will learn of the equipment and the kayak. The secondsection introduces you to the main challenges inherent to marineenvironments. The third section is a very brief overview of all ofCanada, the chosen regions of which correspond to the variouswaterways of the country. In the fourth and fifth section, finally,you will find plenty of advice for preparing a safe trip.

And, remember the two pillars of safety: to understand and toanticipate!


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KAYAKS

The sea kayak has the same general tapered appearance as its Inuitancestor as well as its main qualities: speed and stability. But, that'swhere the comparison ends.

Apart from certain foldable models, the internal structure hascompletely disappeared. Modern kayaks have a rigid, one-piecemoulded hull and deck. This makes it possible to build kayaks longenough to seat two.

Although sea kayaks are available in models ranging from 3.5 to6.7 meters (11' 6" to 22'), a minimum of 4 metres (13') isrecommended for better handling in swells as well as superiortracking control.

Two types of material are used: polyethylene (plastic) andcomposites (fibreglass, Kevlar and carbon fibre).

Moderately priced polyethylene provides excellent impactresistance and average glide, but is quite heavy and has a lowstiffness rating.

Composite materials, on the other hand, provide relatively goodimpact resistance and good glide, are average in weight, and arevery stiff. The high stiffness allows for the construction of moresophisticated models. Composite materials cost more, however,and the price increases when high tech materials and techniquesare used.

Choose a kayak suited to the type of water you expect to use it on.

When capsized, a kayak can float thanks to watertight flotationcompartments or specially designed airbags. Watertight deckhatches provide access to the compartments, which can be usedto store and protect your gear. This ingenious system makes itpossible to bring along all the gear and equipment you need forday outings or multi-day expeditions.


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1 KAYAKS, EQUIPMENT AND CLOTHING


Many sea kayaks are equipped with a rudder. This providesbeginners with good tracking control and allows more experiencedpaddlers to correct drift caused by wind or waves. The rudder canretract upward onto the deck in shallow water or whentransporting the kayak. Rudders are controlled by the feet using asystem of pedals and cables.

Sea kayaks generally have a tapered nose for good cruising speedand a fairly high bow (front) to prevent ploughing in waves.The bow and stern are equipped with lifting toggles. Basic equip-ment generally includes bungee cords to keep safety equipmentand maps close at hand. Kayaks may also be equipped with a life-

line around the edge of the deck. For ocean expeditions, it is impor-tant to add a deck-mounted compass and to know how to use it.

Kayak stability is directly linked to three things: the centre of gravity,the cross-section, and the width or beam.• Since the seat almost touches the bottom of the kayak, the

centre of gravity is very low, which ensures excellentstability. The weight of baggage stowed in the watertightcompartments increases stability.

• Generally speaking, the wider the kayak the more stable it is.The cross-section or shape of the sides and bottom affectskayak stability and speed. Given the wide variety of models


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cockpitcoaminglifting

toggle

forwardwatertight hatch

compass

forwarddeck bungies

paddle leash

aft deckbungies

emergencypaddle

aft watertighthatch

rudder

rudder controlcable

life line rudder cockingline

seat

paddle bladehand heldbilge pump

cockpit

thigh brace

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on the market, the only way to choose one that suits you isto try them out and to ask for advice from a specialist.

EQUIPMENTMandatory equipmentSea kayaks are subject to the Small Vessel Regulations. Theequipment to be carried on board depends on the length of thekayak. See Chapter 5, Regulations.

ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENTThe sprayskirt provides a watertight seal around the kayaker,

preventing water from getting in the kayak. Sprayskirts aremade out of coated nylon and/or neoprene and must bewell fitted on the cockpit rim and around your waist. Certainmodels come with a mesh storage pocket.

A paddle bladder or float is a very important piece of safetyequipment. After a capsize, it enables you to get back intoyour kayak without help. The floater has a bladder that fitsover a paddle blade. By resting the other blade on the deck,the kayaker can use the paddle as a brace to climb back intothe cockpit. This manoeuvre is fairly straightforwardbut requires some practice.

A spare paddle. A two-piece take-apart paddle is perfect. Storeit on deck for easy access. Make sure you have at least onespare paddle for your group (1 for every 4 people).

A chart or topographic map of the area being visited is yourmost reliable guide. Learn how to read and orient it. Atransparent, watertight chart case will let you consult iteasily. Select a model with eyeholes so it can be attached tothe deck bungee cords.

A chart ruler Or a spare/second compass with a transparent baseplate designed to assist in the direction determination can beused as a course protractor with the map. Use it to determine aheading or bearing when planning your trip or en route.

A first aid kit suitable for the group should be brought alongand stored in a waterproof container.

RECOMMENDED EQUIPMENTWaterproof gear bags provide additional protection in the

event water gets into a compartment. They are made ofsoft, vinyl-coated nylon so as to fit into any of the variouscompartments of a kayak.


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Rigid, waterproof barrels and cases are well suited for storingfragile items (camera equipment, binoculars, etc.).

Binoculars are extremely useful. Waterproof 7 x 50 models area popular choice for water sports.

A spherical glass marine compass is more suitable for navigat-ing than a conventional hiker’s compass. The compass roseis equipped with a magnet and floats freely in a sphere;and a lubber line lets you keep track of your heading at alltimes.If the kayak is not equipped with a spherical compass, aconventional hiker’s compass can be helpful if you stayclose to shore. Be careful with objects containing iron; theycan disrupt compass readings if stored too close.

A VHF radio is one of the best ways of communicating withother ships and Canadian Coast Guard stations. Kayakmodels have a range of several kilometres and also receiveweather channels. Choose a watertight model.VHF radio operators must hold a restricted marineradiotelephony operator's certificate (lifetime certificate).See Chapter 5, Regulations.

Cellular phones are not an adequate substitute for VHFradios. Even though they may work near large urban centres,you have to know the local emergency number (911, *16,etc.). On large lakes and remote reservoirs as well as in the farNorth (Zone 4), use a radio satellite link or an Emergency Posi-tion Indicating Radiobeacon (EPIRB) in place of a VHF radio.

Radar reflectors. Since kayaks (non-metallic) are invisible toradar, a radar reflector is required to avoid collisions infoggy weather or when there is heavy shipping traffic.Effective lightweight models are available in plastic coveredwith an aluminium film. To be detected, the reflector must


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be installed as high as possible (1.8 m or more). You canuse a guyed tent pole as a mast.

A GPS (Global Positioning System) will give your position towithin 100 metres or so at all times. Despite its usefulness,it is a complex electronic device that can break down. Itcannot replace your map or compass, but can be a veryhandy piece of additional equipment.

On sunny days, flashes from an emergency mirror are visiblefor several kilometres.

A smoke flare (Type D) will produce a thick cloud of orangesmoke for several minutes and can only be seen during daylight hours. A container of fluorescent dye will produce afluorescent green spot. These two signalling devices must onlybe used when rescuers are in sight to help them spot you.

CLOTHINGShould you choose clothing based on air or watertemperature?A compromise between the two is best. Take into considerationweather conditions, your skill level and the type of kayak. Determine

the consequences of a capsize (time spent in water, proximity to theshore, outside help, etc.) when making your choice.Kayakers often get wet (waves, spray, splashing). Cotton clothing,which does not retain heat and dries slowly, should be avoided.Instead, opt for synthetic fibres (polyester, polypropylene), whichdry quickly, or wool, which retains heat even when wet. In coldtemperatures, a wetsuit is strongly recommended. Opt for slimfitting models that hug the chest and hips.

Dressing appropriately for sea kayaking requires constantadjustment. Multiple layers of thin clothing give you the flexibilityyou need to confront wide variations in temperature and weather.A waterproof anorak or a good windbreaker should always bepart of your gear. Don't forget to cover your head, whether toprotect yourself from the sun or to keep yourself warm.

Always wear your lifejacket or PFD. It will also help keep youwarm. Sunglasses are often indispensable. Use a lanyard so youwon't forget or lose them.

You should always bring along a change of dry clothing in awatertight container.


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Designed to remain stable, a kayak does not easily tip over.However, while floating on calm waters may not seemthreatening, keeping control of the kayak on rough waters may wellpose a challenge. Waves, poorly adjusted or inadequate equipment,and fatigue are all elements that can provoke capsizing.

Before launching onto the water, take the time to feel comfortablein your position, to become accustomed with the movement of thekayak and to make all the required adjustments. The following tipswill help you to make sure that you are ready to start out. However,we caution that THIS CHAPTER IS NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR ACOURSE.

Begin by adjusting the rudder pedals to the length of your legs.When you are comfortably seated with a straight back, yourfeet on the pedals and knees braced under the deck, you becomeone with the kayak. Beginners often have the uncomfortablesensation of being "trapped" in the kayak. The first step is toget in and out of the kayak several times (on the water) to see if

you can get out in the event of a capsize. If conditions allow, trycapsizing with the assistance of someone who can help you ifneed be. This exercise should always be done at least once withthe sprayskirt in place. It is important to test your ability to get outof a capsized kayak.

The next step involves getting back into the kayak on your own.Get used to using the paddle bladder or float (see Chapter 1,Kayak, Equipment and Clothing). Practicing this technique will help


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2 BASIC TECHNIQUES AND COURSES


you better understand the consequences of capsizing far fromshore and being in cold water for extended periods of time. It isalso a reflection of reality—you must learn how to get backinto your kayak without assistance.

Once you have practiced these techniques, you are ready to go.However, getting to know a few other simple techniques willsave you a lot of energy and greatly increase yourenjoyment. The main techniques you should be familiar with areforward strokes, sweep strokes, draw strokes, paddle bracing,Eskimo rolls, and rescue techniques.

Remember, nothing can replace a course given by aqualified individual or accredited organization. However anumber of excellent technical manuals are available forreference purposes.

COURSES

Sea kayaking associations exist in most Canadian regions. Oftenrepresenting both kayaking and canoeing clubs, their mandate is tolink the various kayaking clubs and to offer courses as well asinformation on places to kayak. Aside from these associations andclubs, kayakers can consult specialists from tour guide associations,outfitters, companies, as well as independent guides. Especiallywhen exploring a region you have never been to before,professionals advice from these different fields can prove veryhelpful for planning a safe trip. When searching for these contacts,do not hesitate to consult your provincial tourism office that will behappy to orient you to your resources. Our chapter on each regionwill also provide you with references in this regard.

Excellent technique manuals also exist in addition to guidebookson specific regions.


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Safety starts with knowledge. Many factors related to themarine environment and the climate of large watersincrease the risk of sea kayaking. These factors pose difficulties thatkayakers must understand, be able to identify, and above all, learnto foresee in order to avoid accidents. The following are the mainguidelines.

Coastline topographyThe form and shape of a coastline influences the facility oflaunching and landing. Sometimes a coast consists only ofinaccessible cliffs, prohibiting any kind of landing. Other times thelow tide leaves behind extensive muddy stretches in which it isuncomfortable to wade before launching. Islands, capes, bays, andfjords can also complicate navigation both on the ocean and onlarge lakes. Having a good map at hand is thus a basic essential.

The marine environment• Cold water: 8°C is the critical threshold. Swimming in water

between 8 and 15°C is, though uncomfortable, tolerable. Aforced plunge in water below 8°C can provoke hypothermia

within minutes, and if below 5°C, can pose a major threat tolife.

• Tides and currents: though invisible, the current has greatimpact on kayaking. On the ocean, the current changesdirection subsequent to the tides. This can either slow youdown and/or cause you to drift far from your itinerary. Theamplitude of tides can sometimes rise above 6 metres. Greatcaution is also to be taken in some regions with tides of oneor less metres, as these can cause very dangerous currents.Recreational kayakers can maintain on average a speed to 2 to3 knots* (3.5 to 5.5 km/h). Currents between 1 to 4 knotsare then regarded as average, while currents above 4knots are significant.

• Wind: some regions have prevailing and constant winds thatcan be easily forecasted. Wind has a drift effect similar to thecurrent and can also rapidly decrease its ambient temperature.Sudden windblasts provoke strong, sometimes breakingwaves and can cause you to drift very far from the banks. In


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3 DANGERS INHERENT TO THE SPORT

* (Knot: unit of speed corresponding to one nautical mile per hour, theequivalent of 1.85 km/h).


its weather forecasts, Environment Canada applies itsterminology as follows: light wind – below 15 knots(28 km/h); moderate – 15 -19 knots (28 to 35 km/h); strong- 20-33 knots (35 to 60 km/h). Small craft warnings areissued when sustained wind speeds are expected in the rangeof 20-33 knots. Sea kayaking specialists, however, refer to lightwinds as being below 15 km/h, to moderate winds as below25 km/h, and to strong winds as above 25 km/h. Great care isthus to be taken when interpreting weather forecasts.

• Fetch: Fetch means the distance without obstacle on whichwind can accelerate, favouring waves to build up. The largerthis distance, the stronger the wind will be.

Maritime traffic• Cargo ships, fishing vessels and pleasure boats:

traffic can be dense on large, navigable channels and alongcertain coastlines. Cargo ships in these areas are obliged toadhere to exact routes, leaving them with no room tomanoeuvre around you. It is your responsibility to steer outof their way. The crew of these huge ships cannot detectyou on their radar, cannot spot you when beyond adistance of two miles (and that in clear weather), and lose

sight of you again when you are closer than a half mile totheir ship.

• Know your rights and obligations as a pleasure boater andrespect the navigational regulations in order to avoidcollisions. Make sure that you are well seen and heard. To thiseffect, the colour of your kayak and your PFD can play animportant role. Yellow, orange and red are the colours thatare the most visible on water. Signalling devices shouldalways be within hand’s reach.

CommunicationTravelling in more inhabited regions means that it will be easier foryou to get emergency help and to launch, if necessary, search andrescue procedures. For Québec and the Atlantic Provinces, allzones above the 51st parallel are designated as remote areas, cutoff from any resources.

• The natural environment in which an excursion takesplace should not be taken lightly. Camping conditions, thepresence of animals, evenness of terrain, and its remotenesscan each trigger or influence minor incidents that could takeon catastrophic dimensions.


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• Capacity and reliability of communication: verify whichmedium of communication is most suitable for the region.Remember also that cellular telephones cannot be trusted tofunction reliably everywhere.

Weather conditionsWeather conditions on water are often very different from, andusually more difficult than, those encountered on land. Make sureto familiarize yourself with and to understand these – and, preparefor the worst.

• Waters are not spared by thunderstorms. A sudden squallcan disrupt a body of water within minutes. If lightning hitswater, it always seeks contact with the highest element. Do notstay in gravitational water when a thunderstorm builds up. Fogusually dissipates quickly on lakes; however it can appearquite suddenly and can stay several days in maritime zones.

Prevention will always be your closest ally. Kayakers wishing tomake multi-day excursions should be very knowledgeable ofweather patterns, map reading, radio communication, as well asemergency procedures. In addition, they should have solidnavigational skills.

Always begin your journey together with at least one other kayakand leave a copy of your trip plan with a reliable person. Shouldthis person not hear from you within a certain time, he or she willinitiate search procedures.

When planning your itinerary, make allowances for potentialdangers and make sure you have the necessary skills andequipment to deal with them.


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Modern life has left us out of touch with the weather. Weno longer pay it proper respect or know how to read itssigns. Yet respecting and understanding weather is essential foroutdoor activities, especially sea kayaking. Large bodies ofwater are susceptible to highly variable weather conditions that canhave a considerable and rapid impact on boating conditions (wind,waves, tides, lightning, fog, etc.).

There are several ways to get a good idea of upcoming weatherconditions. None of them are infallible, but in combination youshould get fairly reliable information.

WEATHER FORECASTS

Forecasts issued by mainstream media outlets cover large areasand only give a general idea of weather conditions over land. Formarine forecasts, you should listen to the weather reportsbroadcast on Weatheradio covering the southern part of thecountry. They are updated four times a day and can be received

using low-cost, pre-tuned receivers, VHF radios or scanners (seeChapter 19 for radio frequencies).

The Canadian Coast Guard also broadcasts continuous weatherreports on the VHF band featuring general forecasts, forecasts forcoastal areas, and notices to mariners.

BASIC KNOWLEDGE

It only takes a basic grasp of meteorological knowledge to interpretforecasts and adapt them to local conditions. Caution:Weather conditions over water can be very different fromthose on land. Listen to marine weather forecasts regularly(see Resources, and References).

Since the terminology used in forecasts is standardized, youshould know your basic terms: units used for wind speed (km/h,knots, Beaufort), pressure (millibars or hectoPascals [hPa]), andwind direction. If you understand the forecast you'll be in a


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4 WEATHER


better position to anticipate potentialproblems.

The arrival of a warm front generallymeans a progressive change (24 to 48hours) that brings widespread rain. Coldfronts move rapidly and are accom-panied by strong winds, storms, andsqualls. Squalls are characterized byviolent and sudden gusts of wind causingheavy swell. They can last up to 15minutes and are a major danger forkayakers.

STAY ALERT

A good sense of observation will help you keep track of changes inlocal weather conditions over the short term: changes in cloudcover, sharp variations in temperature, lay of the land, and localprevailing winds.

Wind speed, for example, can double in narrows,creating strong waves. In encased valleys, wind may blowfrom an unexpected direction and increase in intensity.Wind can also whip up the seas at the base of cliffsbecause of localized turbulence.


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Weatherconditionson the watercan bevery differentto thoseon land.

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Although sea kayaking is a perfect way to get away from it all, it isalso governed by certain laws and regulations that you must knowand observe:

• Small Vessel Regulations• Collision Regulations• VHF Radiotelephony Practices and Procedures Regulations

Under the Canada Shipping Act, 2001 Transport Canada is thegovernment department responsible for pleasure boating. Seakayak is subject to the Small Vessel Regulations under the Act. Twocategories of sea kayaks are targeted by the regulations: pleasurecrafts not over 6 metres in length and pleasure crafts over 6 metresin length but not over 8 metres in length.

SMALL VESSEL REGULATIONS:

In order to abide by the regulations, you should keep the followingequipment on board:

Boats 6 metres long and less1. Personal flotation devices (PFD) or lifejackets

approved for use in Canada and of a suitable size foreach person on board. PFDs must be comfortable andfunctional enough to be worn at all times. Highly visible,short models with pockets for distress flares, radio, andwhistle are preferable.

2. A buoyant heaving line at least 15 metres long (floatingthrowline or throwbag).

3. A manual propulsion device. The paddle is thepropulsion device and must be carefully selected. It may bemade of wood, aluminium, plastic, or composite materials.The blades may be unfeathered or feathered. Two-piecetake-apart paddles are also available in all three materials


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5 REGULATIONS


and are good emergency paddles. There are models forevery budget and taste, so try them before buying.

4. A bailer or manual water pump for removing water. Apump is more efficient. A large sponge can be used toremove remaining water. Don't forget to tie them down.

5. A sound-signalling device. You can use a whistle, afoghorn or compressed air foghorn.

6. Navigation lights. Between sundown and sunrise or whenvisibility is reduced, a white light visible over 360° ispreferable, but a watertight flashlight is acceptable.

Boats between 6 and 8 metres long (26' 3"):1. All that is required for boats 6 metres and less2. A waterproof flashlight3. Six Type A, B or C flares. (See Chapter 3: Specific Dangers,

and Chapter 19: Communication).

Note: Boats are not required to be equipped with flares if they areused on rivers, canals or lakes in which they can at no time bemore than one mile from shore.

COLLISION REGULATIONS

The Collision Regulations are part of the Canada Shipping Act,which is under the jurisdiction of Transport Canada and alsoapplies to sea kayaks. It is important to follow the law to the


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letter when kayaking in areas used by other pleasure craft orcommercial shipping.

The Collision Regulations state, "Every vessel shall use all availablemeans to avoid collisions." They describe passing procedures,distances to respect, maximum speeds, and the use of light andsound-signalling devices.

Various types of navigational aids (buoys) are used to help get yourbearings and identify channels, isolated dangers, and special areas(diving sites, anchorage, swimming areas, etc.). It is thus essentialthat you be able to recognize them.

WHEN SEA KAYAKING, PUT YOURSELF IN THE POSITION OF OTHERUSERS

Remember, for example, that even in bright, calm conditions akayak isn't visible more than two nautical miles away, the distancea large vessel covers in four minutes.

Keep in mind that powerboat operators and the crews of cargovessels riding high on the water can't see anything on the waterless than half a mile in front of them because their view isobstructed by the bow of the boat.

Understand that even though a sea kayak allows you tomanoeuvre and change direction quickly, other users can't beexpected to anticipate your actions or know how skilled you are.

Complying with the Collision Regulations is like com-plying with the Highway Code. It's a win-win situation.


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Kayakers will be able to enjoy their sport in safetywhile earning the respect of the marine community.

VHF RADIOTELEPHONY REGULATIONS

The Radiotelephone Regulations are administered by IndustryCanada. All radio operators must hold an operator's certificate(lifetime issue). If you go kayaking in coastal waters on a regularbasis, a radiotelephone should be part of your basic equipment..

In addition to the regulations

MAINTAIN VISIBILITY ON THE WATER

A kayak is small in comparison with sailboats or other motorizedpleasure crafts, fishing boats or with commercial vessels.Moreover, kayakers should maintain a preventive attitude andavoid putting themselves in situations where they cannot be seenby other boats.

The kayaker must be aware that his or her craft is very difficult tosee on the water - and in any type of weather. When the kayak isin the hollow of a wave it becomes almost entirely invisible.

A kayak has very little speed and should therefore not be taken onchannels or waterways. When crossing through large bodies ofwater, particularly at river mouths where sea traffic is heavy,extreme care is advised. The safest place for kayaking is along theshoreline.

If an approaching boat does not seem to recognize the kayak, thekayaker should signal his/her presence using sound (horn orwhistle) or visual signals. The paddle is without doubt the piece ofequipment with which the kayaker can best draw attention tohim/herself.

Clothing and PFDs should have very bright colours. Even if newcolours have been approved, orange is still the colour that is themost visible on the water in all conditions. Other ways ofattracting attention in emergency situations are: a flag mountedon a branch, visual distress signals, flags, horns, and signallingmirrors.


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Aside from the coastline, sea kayaking is also done onfreshwater, on small and large lakes, and on sections ofrivers where the water is calm. Possibilities for kayaking in Canadaare thus immense and could hardly be listed in a few pages.

Yet rather than a field guide, this brochure focuses on safety andaims to draw the readers’ attention to conditions that are specificto each region in Canada. To establish his/her itinerary, the kayaker

will have to consult maps andguidebooks of the region inaddition to asking accreditedassociations for expert advice.

Boundaries here taken fordemarcating Canadian terri-tory correspond to therealities dictated by the oceanand by the great waterways ofthe country.

To help the reader assess a region’s level of difficulty with moreaccuracy, we apply the concept of "zones". A particular zonerefers to the difficulties that can generally be expected in this typeof region. In the following pages you will be familiarized with thedangers specific to a particular region.

There are no zones that are free of difficulties. It is in your bestinterest to get informed about the difficulties of a given zone andto learn how to evaluate and anticipate the risks that it presents.This means that you should set up an itinerary that is in keepingwith your level of technique, the difficulty of the territory, andanticipated weather conditions.

Above all, never overestimate your capacities nor underestimatethe difficulty of an area, especially if you’ve never been therebefore. And, remember that when kayaking with others, thegroup has to adapt the level of difficulty to the least experiencedkayaker.


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This chapter describes the specific characteristics of an areathat present difficulty for kayaking. A very brief overview, thischapter cannot replace a deeper understanding of these difficul-ties, nor the command of techniques required to challenge them.

A zone, as conceived for the purposes of this brochure, is an areacharacterized by a certain number of difficulties. The morenumerous and the greater these difficulties, the higher the level ofthe zone and the higher the risks associated with it. Rememberthat the risk level can only be reduced through knowledge of thearea, through command of techniques, and through professionaltraining where applicable.

An area includes those characteristics that are generally constant orpredictable: size of the body of water, water temperature, speed ofthe current, height of the tides, and possibilities to find shelterquickly. These elements, among others, determine the level ofdifficulty of a zone.

Weather conditions constitute a further factor for determiningdifficulty. As weather is unpredictable, however, we will treat itseparately for each zone. An identified level of difficulty is only validfor its defined weather conditions. A kayaker should know


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current weather conditions, be informed about weather forecastsbefore starting the trip, and be attentive to weather conditionsthroughout the entire trip. When weather conditions surpass thosedefined in the zone, the trip should be postponed or anotherregion for kayaking should be chosen.

The level of difficulty assigned to each zone applies to the summerseason, meaning generally the months of June through August.

Outside of this period, changing conditions make for a higher levelof difficulty.

The classification of areas into four zones of difficulty is a commonapproach and practiced worldwide. However, other organizationsor guidebooks may well have different scales for measuringdifficulty. In any case, zones should be studied with care todetermine if your level of knowledge and mastery of techniquecorrespond to the difficulty of the area in question. When in doubt,contact local sources of the area you wish to explore.

In conclusion, one word on itineraries: An itinerary represents yourchoice of the journey and a somewhat subjective slicing-up of anarea. The level of difficulty of an itinerary is not related to the areabut rather to your personal choices. If you foresee to cover a fewkilometres in one afternoon, calculating for time to rest, we aredealing with an easy itinerary. However, if you plan for 30-kilometre sections or sections lasting 8 hours or longer, we aredealing with a very challenging itinerary.

A medium pace for recreational sea kayaking is considered to bearound 3 kilometres per hour. We advise to plan for five-hour days,


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allowing you to cover 15 kilometres per day. Naturally, this alsodepends on your physical condition, your level of technique, andthe level of your chosen zone.

ZONE I - LOW level of difficulty

Small lake or a stream of water with a low flow-rate. Topographydoes not present obstacles for orientation. Many possibilities tofind shelter. Easy landing: numerous and easy sites, beaches.

Freshwater body of water. Water temperature is acceptable,generally above 18°C and even higher during summer. Currentvaries from 0 to 2 knots. As the area is usually sheltered, the fetchis limited and the wind rarely causes problems.

Civilization/isolation, assistance: easy access to refresh supplies,communication, emergency care or other help.

Corresponding weather conditions: light wind (less than 15 km/h),perfect visibility, no precipitation.

ZONE II - MODERATE level of difficulty

Large freshwater lakes and reservoirs. Numerous islands and bays:difficult orientation.

Possibility of wind blasts. Coast exposed to average wind yet withmany possibilities to find shelter: islands, bays, ports. Ease oflanding: numerous and generally easy sites.

Saltwater. Water temperature: cold, on average between 12 and18°C. Tide below 1.5 metres. Consistent winds and a currentbetween 2 and 4 knots.

Civilisation/isolation, assistance: relatively populated, inconsistentlevels of assistance. Means of communication other than VHF(cellular telephones) are less reliable.Maritime recreational boating.

Corresponding weather conditions: Surface or ocean calm andlight winds below 15 km/h.


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ZONE III – HIGH level of difficulty

Coastline exposed to wind: very few places to find shelter. Oceancurrents complicated by the tides. Considerable fetch can generatesurges and surf zones that make landing difficult. Rough ocean:waves, choppy sea, surges, spray, surf. Ease of landing: sufficientyet sometimes difficult, beaches, pebbles and rocks.

Water temperature: on average between 8 and 12°C. Water ispermanently very cold and can be life-threatening in case ofcapsizing. Currents above 4 knots.

Civilization/isolation, assistance: coastal region not very populated.Help in case of an emergency may take a certain amount of timeeven if VHF radio communication functions. Presence of maritimepleasure boating. Considerable presence of commercial vessels.

Corresponding weather conditions: moderate wind below25 km/h. Abrupt change of weather possible.

ZONE IV – VERY HIGH level of difficulty

Isolated region, subjected to severe climate. Tumultuous sea with

very strong currents. Zone likely to get very powerful winds thatgenerate a considerable surge and obliging to surf in order toreach land or to start off. Currents above 4 knots, choppy sea,standing waves, etc.

Ease of landing: very few possibilities, uneven coast that is difficultto access. Cliffs.

Water temperature: below 5°C, a major risk heightened by thepossible presence of icebergs or floating ice.

Civilization/isolation, assistance: almost non-existent outside help.Uninhabited coastal region. Only satellite communication isreliable. Presence of maritime pleasure boating. Almost nomaritime traffic.

Corresponding weather conditions: Expect the worst!

The following is a very general presentation of zones of variouslevels as they occur within regions throughout Canada. As theterritory covered within one zone is vast, some parts of this zonemay be less difficult. This is why it is important to obtain solidinformation from local sources.


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Befitting a place with its very own time zone, Newfoundland andLabrador offers something out of the ordinary. Carved by glaciers thatretreated about 10,000 years ago, the land continues to be shaped byocean waves; sea ice, the weather characteristic of maritime climate.With almost 10,000 km of coastline, the Island offers endless opportu-nity for novice and expert paddlers alike. The coast of Labrador addsanother 7,000 km for the more proficient kayaker. From sea stacks tosecluded coves, from whale pods to bird colonies expect a drama ofvaried scenery and marine life from this rugged coastline.

And come prepared. Surface water temperatures in summer average12ºC inshore on the Atlantic side, and are only marginally warmer onthe Gulf side. Newfoundland’s large lakes, such as the Grand, RedIndian, and Gander, are ocean-like bodies of water and are also verycold even in summer. Sea kayakers should have appropriate thermalprotection – either wet or dry suits – for all paddling excursions.

Other factors also unite to produce paddling environment which inmany areas of the province qualifies as a Zone III or IV. These includea sparse population, rugged landforms, and changeable weather. The

prevailing winds are westerlies, but squalls can come unexpectedlyfrom any direction. Characteristically strong winds can create roughocean conditions and impede landing opportunities. Fjords andsounds are subject to wind funneling. Tidal currents seldom achieverates greater than about 1 knot/h in Newfoundland waters, althoughrates up to about 4 knots/h occur in certain conditions among islands.

Paddlers should choose areas that do not exceed skill level. Noviceand intermediate paddlers should consider sheltered bays andarchipelagos. Long stretches of exposed coastline should only beexplored by advanced paddlers. Local advice on landing sites,navigational hazards, weather forecasts, and communications (cellphone, VHF coverage) should be obtained by all paddlersconsidering an unfamiliar coastline.

Finally, because of the nature of the coastline and localweather, the paddler can encounter Zones I through IV inany one of the regions listed below. Paddlers should beaware that within one area, all Zones might beencountered. One such popular kayaking destination is Cape


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7 NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR REGION


Broyle. Protected from all but easterly winds, the novice may enjoy aZone I paddle at the head of the bay, within reach of the communityand easy landings. Paddling toward the mouth of the bay, conditionscould deteriorate to a Zone IV: few landing options, steep cliffs withrebound waves, significant swells, and hazardous offshore winds.

Zones III and IVEast CoastBonavista Bay and the north shore of Trinity Bay offer a diversity ofshort and multi-day paddling trips. Both are sparsely inhabited.Bonavista Bay has considerable pleasure boat traffic. It is studdedwith islands, which present navigational challenges. Its channels areexposed to open seas and rough conditions with strong easterlies.Newman Sound, in Terra Nova National Park, can be subject to

strong southwesterly winds but numerous coves offer shelter,warmer water temperatures, and backcountry campsites. Rough seascan develop nearer the open ocean from strong northeasterlies.

The relatively populated south shore of Trinity Bay is exposed to anextended westerly fetch. Conception Bay is the most populatedwithin the area and offers shelter, particularly at the head. Moderateswells and choppy conditions can result from strong northeasterlies.

The East Coast of the Avalon Peninsula offers the possibility of calminner harbours, such as Cape Broyle, Aquaforte, and Calvert. Severaloutfitters operate along this coastline. Sea caves can be dangerousand should be explored only under ideal conditions, avoid heavyswells. Numerous whales can be seen feeding and must be granteda respectful distance. However, the exposed coastline open to theNorth Atlantic should be explored by advanced paddlers only, as anyeasterly winds bring potentially dangerous conditions: swells, choppyseas and rebound near cliffs. Overall the areas are comprised ofsteep cliffs with few landing sites, and are practically uninhabited.

North CoastNotre Dame Bay offers hundreds of islands to explore. The area isaccessible by many side roads, has numerous landing spots and


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small outports. Some shallow waterways are warm enough topermit swimming comfortably. Winds from the north and south-west can create whitecaps between islands and choppy paddlingconditions within moments. Northern tips of some larger islandscan be subject to rebound waves. Outer reaches in particular areexposed to the glacial Labrador Current and open to swells. Sea icemay linger through June in the western part and are often presentuntil late June in the inner Bay of Exploits. It should be noted by allthat at this stage, icebergs are unstable and can roll without warning.

A steeply sloped, thickly forested and uninhabited coastline with upto 20 km between landing sites characterizes the East Coast of theNorthern Peninsula.

South CoastWest of the Burin Peninsula, the area is remote, has steep cliffs withlong stretches between landing sites, and is exposed to prevailingsouthwesterlies. Numerous Fjords offer shelter, but theirconfiguration often creates a wind-funneling hazard.

Fog is more common along this coast. Although the fog is accom-panied by strong winds, it is frequently too dense and widespreadfor winds to have much clearing effect. The Burgeo archipelago

presents an exception. Accessible by road, the multiple island andsandy beach complex offers a haven for paddlers during big seas.

The inner reaches of St. Mary’s Bay and Placentia Bay, as well as theMerasheen archipelago, offer good paddling. Waters are exposed tostrong southerly and easterly winds with associated fetch and roughseas. While landing spots are numerous, the areas are largelyuninhabited. Fog can be a serious problem in summer.

West CoastThe Bay of Islands and Bonne Bay (within Gros Morne NationalPark) offer paddling variety. The outer coastline has continuous ver-tical cliffs exposed to the prevailing southwesterlies which frequent-ly create very chaotic seas near shore. The Inner Arms, withnumerous landing sites and small outports, is recommended forthe novice. In both bays, sudden winds and funneling can createlarge waves. Katabatic winds can funnel down from the mountainsproducing immediate paddling hazards. The West Coast of theNorthern Peninsula is a mainly low-lying rocky shore fully exposedto the prevailing winds. Ice may still be present in Strait of Belle Islein early July. The frequency of fog during humid southwesterlyairstreams increases along this Strait, and in the Bay St. George areato the south.


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Labrador CoastCompared to the mountainous, isolated and near inaccessiblenorth coast, the south coast offers a scattering of communitiesalong rolling, barren shores. The entire coastline is subject tosudden storms and very high winds. Winds channeling throughbays and fjords can be particularly hazardous. Polar bears andicebergs present additional hazards. These elements, together withthe frigid waters of the Labrador Sea, demand detailed planning;preparation and prudence by experienced kayakers.

GENERAL INFORMATION ONNEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR REGION

The Department of Tourism, Culture and Recreationwww.gov.nf.ca • [email protected] or 1-800-563-NFLD

Hospitality Newfoundland and Labradorwww.hospitality.nf.ca or 1-800-230-3693

Adventure Tourism Association of Newfoundland and Labrador1-709-722-2000

Kayak Newfoundland and Labrador (KNL)www.kayakers.nf.ca/

Canoe Newfoundlandwww.canoenfld.ca

Guide BooksJim Price, Kevin Redmond and Dan Murphy, Canyons, Coves andCoastal Waters, Breakwater Books, 1996

Kevin Redmond, Dan Murphy, Sea Kayaking Newfoundland andLabrador, Nimbus Publishers, 2003

WEATHERChannels 21B, 25B and 83B.

Environment CanadaNewfoundland Marine Forecastwww.weatheroffice.gc.ca/marine/index_e.html

Transport Canada, Marine SafetyOffice of Boating Safety: 1-800-230-3693www.boatingsafety.gc.ca/

Canadian Coast GuardMarine Pollution Reporting: 1-800-230-3693

MARINE/AIR SEARCH AND RESCUE (SAR)1-800-230-3693 1-709-772-5151


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NOVA SCOTIA, NEW BRUNSWICK ANDPRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

The entire coastline of the Maritime Provinces is very accessiblethrough roads and a vast network of ferries. Through ConfederationBridge, the longest bridge in the world that stretches over saltwater,Prince Edward Island is now linked with New Brunswick.

Zone 1Inland waters of New BrunswickWaters feeding the head of the Saint John River form a lake systemlinked by portages that are very accessible and suitable for familyoutings. The Saint John River, feeding into the ocean, is long andlarge: beginning in northwestern New Brunswick, where itfunctions as the border to the United-States, it ends in the Bay ofFundy. For those not thrown off by the idea of portaging at eachweir, the river lends itself to a one-week trip. The sections betweenthe weirs allow for one-day excursions. New Brunswick also has anumber of lake systems as well as rivers with rising tides. Thebeginning of the St Croix River also leads to a lake system.

The Miramichi River is known for poling and for salmon fishing.The area by the mouth of the river, close to the town of Miramichi,is very suitable for sea kayaking.

Zone 2The Baie des ChaleursThe northern coastline of New Brunswick is very inhabited andoffers many services. A series of splendid beaches await in the bayof the Nepisiguit River. The region of Miscou Island is somewhatmore exposed to winds and the water there is colder.

Northumberland Strait and the northern coast of PrinceEdward IslandThis region includes coastlines of each of the three MaritimeProvinces and is known for its extremely mild maritime climate.With water temperatures rising above 20°C at some shelteredpoints, the area is professed to have the warmest waters on theeast coast north of the Carolinas. The coastline offers endlessbeaches and sand dunes and is not very foggy. While clearly at theocean, the region receives heat from the mainland through


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8 ATLANTIC REGION


prevailing southwest winds. Tidesstay below one metre. In theNorthumberland Strait, a weakcurrent flows from west to east.The region is very inhabited.

Though more exposed to the gulfwind, the northern coast of PrinceEdward Island does not presentmore difficulty for kayakers.

Bras d’Or LakeSituated on mainland Cape Breton, this immense saltwater lake isprotected from the fog and storms of the Atlantic Ocean.Nevertheless, due to its great size, it can be subjected to verystrong winds. We may think of Bras d’Or Lake as an inland oceanwith numerous channels that link it to the sea. On the coastlines ofits warm waters we find many towns, marinas, and a rurallandscape. The region is very inhabited.

Grand Lake and Spednic Lake in New Brunswick are also of interestto kayakers, though these should be wary of the winds that mayappear abruptly on the lakes’ relatively shallow waters.

Nova Scotia's Kejimkujik NationalPark region also offers greatopportunity for lake kayaking andalso has a very interesting coastline.

Zone 3Eastern and southerncoastlineThe eastern and southern coastlineof Nova Scotia is very exposed toAtlantic winds. However, along the

entire stretch of this coastline kayakers can find numerous ports,creeks, islets and islands that offer refuge in case of difficulty. Thewater is warm enough for bathing in the summer, though still toocold for longer swims. This is the region of the Maritimes with themost frequent fog, especially from May through July. Prevailingwinds are from east to southwest wind and storms are short. Tidesvary from 1.5 to 2.5 m and the current is negligible.

The southern part of the coastline up until Shelburne is influencedby the Bay of Fundy, meaning that tides can reach 4 m, followedby considerable currents. This region is also very foggy and watertemperature varies from 13 to 18°C.


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Cape BretonThe northern part of Cape Breton is continually exposed to heavywinds (NW and SE). Not very many islands line the shore. Shoals,sandbars as well as strong currents are common and make fordifficult access to the ports. There are not many good places toland. Water temperature often rises above 16°C in summer andthe region is not very foggy. Tides vary from 1 m on the gulf sideto 2 m on the Atlantic side.

The coastline is savage and not very inhabited. Yet the landscape isoverwhelming, offering views to astonishing heights. People arewelcoming and outside help is accessible.

Zone 4The Bay of FundyThe first advice to a kayaker venturing into this region is to purchase atide table for the Bay of Fundy. Varying from 6m (Grand Manan Island)to 18 m (Minas Basin), these tides hold the world record for amplitudeand result in strong currents that can reach up to 8 knots. Moreover,the ocean is often deceptive. Feeling assured upon leaving shore athigh tide when everything is calm, you may come to feel as if in a giantwhirlpool only three hours later. Long stretches of mud whirled up afterat low tide are also very unappealing. Or, glitchy pebbles hidden under

the grass may complicate landing or setting camp.

Wind may rise abruptly within minutes, and when counter-current, maycreate standing waves that make it difficult to manoeuvre. Moreover,this inhospitable coast has the highest cliffs of the Maritime coastline. Ingeneral, there is no place to find shelter. However, the Bay ofPassamaquoddy and its islands are protected from the Atlantic windsand present one of the most beautiful wildlife areas of the Maritimes.

Water in this region is also very cold, rising rarely above 13°C. Evenin summer, campers have to wear hats and mittens. Fog is often sodense that kayakers cannot see the tip of their own kayak. (People ofthe region say that the fog is so dense that you can lean against it).

Sea traffic is very dense at the entrance and exits of ports andcommercial fishing vessels move very quickly.

The water movement, however, whirls up many nutrients, makingfor a rich environment for marine and bird wildlife.

We conclude with advice to all kayakers who plan to visit thesewaters for a first time: make use of services offered by experiencedguides.


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GENERAL INFORMATION ON MARITIMES REGION

Nova ScotiaCanoe Kayak Nova [email protected]

Nova Scotia Tourismwww.gov.ns.ca/tourism.htm

Nova Scotia Adventure Tourism Associationwww.adventurenovascotia.com

New BrunswickCanoe New [email protected]

New Brunswick Tourismwww.tourismnewbrunswick.ca

Prince Edward IslandPrince Edward Island Information Centrewww.gov.pe.ca

Tourism Industry Association of Prince Edward Islandwww.tiapei.pe.ca • [email protected]

Guide booksScott Cunningham, Sea Kayaking in Nova Scotia, Nimbus Publishing,1996Alison Hughes, Paddling in Paradise, Goose Lane Editions, 2002

WEATHERChannels 21B, 25B and 83B.

Transport Canada, Marine SafetyOffice of Boating Safety : 1-800-387-4999www.boatingsafety.gc.ca/




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THE PROVINCE OF QUÉBEC

The province of Québec has abundant sea kayaking possibilities forall levels of difficulty. These include closed inland lakes, fromsmaller lakes to huge reservoirs, certain longer and calmerstretches of rivers, as well as the maritime and coastal portions inSaguenay, the St. Lawrence River and the Gulf.

Zone 1Inland lakes: small and medium-size lakes, rivers withlow currentsThe entire province is dotted with small lakes, the water of whichis not cold in summer. The lake systems are linked by portagepaths, allowing for longer excursions. Although these portagepaths usually do not present major difficulties, we point out thatsea kayaks are not designed to be carried or transported on one’sback over long distances.

Some rivers have longer calm sections and low currents such as theOttawa, the Richelieu and the Saint-Maurice rivers. Lakes and parts

of rivers may belong to regulated zones such as parks, wildlifereserves and Zones d’exploitation contrôlée, ZEC (controlledharvesting zones). Kayakers should thus get information aboutregulations and fees that may apply to their chosen area.

Zone 2Great lakes and reservoirs, such as the Cabonga and GouinReservoirs, Lake Champlain, Lake Memphremagog, LakeSaint-JeanGreat bodies of water, either natural lakes or artificially createdreservoirs, are dispersed throughout the territory of Québec. Withno tides and currents, with warmer water in summer, and strewnwith a multitude of islands, these waters make for exceptionalkayaking. They also lend themselves to multi-day excursions andhave yet to be fully exploited to this effect. The many islands anddeep bays, however, are bound to challenge your navigationalskills. On the larger waters, long stretches without obstacles favourwind acceleration (fetch), which can create enormous waves withinminutes, causing the kayak to drift very far from the shore.

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Large medium-current streamsThe St. Lawrence River upstream from Québec and the SaguenayRiver-Fjord (with the exception of the river mouth).

The main difficulty in this region arises from high-traffic pleasureboating, especially during summer. Kayakers should know andfollow the navigation regulations in effect. Many shores are private,reducing possibilities for landing and camping.

Zone 3The reservoirs of the Manicouagan-Outarde ecological com-plex and Lake Mistassini. The river mouth of the SaguenayRiver, and the St. Lawrence River between Québec and Pointe-des-Monts (north shore) and Québec and Matane (south shore)

This maritime region influenced by the tides corresponds to theSt. Lawrence River downstream from the Québec Bridge, toSaguenay and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Though it is the largestaccessible area, it may also pose the greatest difficulties.

The apparent proximity of the banks often gives a false impressionof security. An unexpected, forced swim in cold water or thesudden appearance of strong waves remind us that these spots arenot meant for beginners. On the larger waters, long stretcheswithout obstacles favour wind acceleration (fetch), which cancreate enormous waves within minutes, causing the kayak to driftvery far from shore.

Zone 4The North Shore from Pointe-des-Monts to Natashquan,the Gaspé Peninsula of Matane at the Chaleurs Bay,James Bay, Hudson Bay and the entire territory above the51st parallelThe Gulf of St. Lawrence is known worldwide for its rigorousclimate and its navigational challenges. Cold currents and tidesprevail and warm and cold winds can collide to provoke stormsthat are as sudden as they are violent. Fog can arise at any momentand traffic of large tankers and vessels is also very intense.


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GENERAL INFORMATION ON QUEBEC REGION

Fédération québécoise du canot et du kayak1-514-252-3001 ou [email protected]

Guide bookGuide des parcours canotables, tomes I et II, pour les plans d’eauintérieurs et rivières.

Parcs CanadaInformation: 1-800-463-6769

Sépaq : parcs et réserves du QuébecInformation: 1-800-665-6527 or www.sepaq.com

Tourisme Quebec - Quebec Tourism Informationhttp://www.tourisme.gouv.qc.caInformation: 1-877-266-5687

WEATHEREnvironnement CanadaWetheradio: (162,475 Mhz, 162,55 Mhz or 162,40Mhz)VHF Radio: Channels 21B (161,65 Mhz), 83B (161,775 Mhz) and25B (161,85 Mhz)http://lavoieverte.qc.ec.gc.ca/meteo/Information: 1-800-463-4311


Canadian Coast GuardMarine Pollution Reporting: 1-800-363- 4735


SÛRETE DU QUÉBECInland WatersTelephone: 911, cellular * 4141


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ONTARIO, MANITOBA, SASKATCHEWAN, ALBERTA,NORTHWEST TERRITORIES AND NUNAVUT

Central Canada, which covers four provinces and two territories,may not seem very suitable for sea kayaking apart from the GreatLakes region and some other large waters. We forget, however,that Central Canada borders an ocean, namely the Arctic Ocean.Naturally, this ocean calls for extraordinary precautions due to thechallenges it presents.

Zone 1Typical rivers of the prairies and small lake systems in theplainsThe prairies have many large rivers that flow pleasantly through terrainsthat are sometimes inhabited, sometimes barren. The Lower Red DeerRiver and the Milk River, for example, strike almost as lakes in their calm-ness and pose few technical difficulties apart from certain sections thatcan be very rocky. Some other rivers have a higher flow and demanda more developed command of kayaking techniques. Wave trains canalso be encountered. The water of these rivers is generally cold.

Zone 2Georgian BayThe Georgian Bay is a very large body of water and thus subjectedto winds. The east part of the bay has many islands and is relativelysheltered. The prevailing wind goes towards the shore and thewater is warm in summer. Pleasure boat traffic in this area is quiteheavy.

Mountain lakesThe water of the mountain lakes is very cold and does not favourswimming, even in summer. These lakes are often situated at thebase of deep valleys into which forceful winds culminate. Weathercan change very rapidly, provoking storms.

Zone 3Great LakesThe North Channel and the western part of the Bruce Peninsulaare more exposed to strong winds. The east coast of the BrucePeninsula and the southern part of the bay, although moreprotected, have few islands and few sheltered landing sites. Their


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rocky shores are very difficult for landing, especially when thewind blows toward the shore, producing strong waves.

Other very large lakes: Lake Winnipeg, Reindeer Lake,Lake AthabaskaEven though these lakes are not always very cold, their large sizemakes them vulnerable to violent storms. Navigation is difficult;often their shores are not very inhabited and immediateassistance is almost non-existent.

Lake of the Woods at Kenora has a complex network of bays thatare dotted with thousands of islands. Winds can be very violentat the larger mouths and navigation is difficult due to the greatnumber of channels. Heavy maritime traffic.

Zone 4Great Slave Lake, Great Bear LakeWater temperature is very cold and weather conditions are harsh.

Lake SuperiorLake Superior is as vast as an ocean and its water is equally cold.It is essentially an ocean without the tide. Its surface is veryexposed and in fall, waves often reach 6 metres or more. Theeastern shoreline is more populated than the other shores.

Hudson Bay and James BayOn these shores, tides spread lengthwise rather than upward. Atlow tide, long stretches of muddy water sometimes force kayakersto distance themselves up to 15 kilometres from the coast beforebeing able to paddle with ease. Polar bears can be spotted on thewest coast of the bay and further north, toward the NorthwestTerritories, temperature becomes extremely cold. Moreover,landing can be difficult.

MacKenzie RiverThis very long river reaches the Arctic Ocean. Heavy commercialtraffic and abundant floating debris make navigation hazardous.Very cold water.

The Sub-arctic and ArcticNorthwest Territories, Nunavut(These aspects also apply to Labrador and to northern British Columbia)Many kayakers arrive in the Great North and, though equipped witharms and gear, are not adequately prepared for tackling the glacialwaters of the Arctic. This territory, also referred to as "the North", isan isolated region. Communication networks, whether VHF, e-mail orlandline telephones, are limited and do not always function. Flood-lights will be of little help as there is generally no one to see them.


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The cold is another factor that few travellers from warmer climatesare capable of coping with. Some travellers arrive at the airportdressed inappropriately for the cold weather conditions. Withwater temperatures averaging at 5ºC even in the middle ofsummer (in the southern part of the NWT), an immersion of onlyfour minutes can cause severe hypothermia. People who are verysensitive to the cold have been witnessed to suffer strokes merelyby putting their feet in the water. Additional replacement clothinghas to be planned for and kept in watertight bags. A combinationof protective measures as well as PFDs with increased protectionagainst the cold should also be arranged for.

Wildlife, terrestrial as well as marine, also present an elevated riskfactor. Campers must therefore keep in mind: a polar bear is apredator that attacks humans. Food odours can attract bears,wolves and foxes, even over long distances. Walruses, especiallysolitary ones, are known to be aggressive and do not hesitate toattack humans in order to protect their territory and their offspring.Whales are curious and pose a major threat when they come tooclose to the kayaks.

These breathtaking regions should only be explored under theguidance of experts who take charge of all aspects from equipment


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to navigation. When choosing a tour operator, make sure theirguides know the region you wish to visit and that they have therequired safety equipment.

GENERAL INFORMATION ON ONTARIO,PRAIRIE AND NORTHERN REGIONS

OntarioOntario Recreational Canoeing [email protected] • www.orca.on.ca

ManitobaManitoba Recreational Canoeing Associationwww.paddle.mb.ca

SaskatchewanSaskatchewan Canoe Association1870 Lorne St, Regina SK S4P 2L7

AlbertaAlberta Recreational Canoeing Associationwww.abcanoekayak.org • [email protected]

NUNAVUTNunavut Paddling [email protected]

Sport Northwww.sportnorth.com

WEATHERGreat Lakes: channels 21B, 25B and 83B.

Transport Canada, Marine SafetyOffice of Boating Safety:• Ontario 1-877-281-8824• Prairie and Northern 1-888-463-0521

www.boatingsafety.gc.ca




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BRITISH COLUMBIA AND YUKON

In British Columbia, the ocean is easily accessible and sea kayakingfigures as a good way of discovering the natural and culturalattractions of the coastline. Eager to explore these numerous, close-by points of interest, many kayakers tend to underestimate theregion’s difficulties. Powerful currents, strong winds and cold waterare the main risk factors. Some pleasure boaters, having traded theirmotorboat for a sea kayak, forget that they have no recourse anymoreto a motor for their return trip or for when storms strike.

On the west coat, kayakers can go out to sea almost throughoutthe entire year. The following zone rankings, however, apply onlyto the summer season, meaning the beginning of May through theend of September. At any other time during the year, the level ofdifficulty for these areas rises by one rank; for example, a zone 2becomes a zone 3. Here as elsewhere, knowledge of the area anda sense of respect for the ocean are the chief safety guards.

Zone 1Inland waters in central and southern British ColumbiaSmall lakes and gentle rivers not greatly affected by wind, and

protected bays. The areas are generally inhabited. Examples: WoodLake, Elk Lake and Williams Lake.

Zone 2 (with exceptions)Mountain lakes and large riversLarge lakes and rivers located throughout British Columbia and theYukon. The main challenge of these waters is caused by high windsrushing into precipitous valleys, provoking steep waves of up to1 metre on the large lakes. Some of these zones have very cold water,strong currents, low reliability communication channels, and some-times considerable commercial shipping. Among these are OkanaganLake, Kamloops Lake, Columbia River and Thompson River.

Inside Passage: between Vancouver Island and the mainlandThe east coast of Vancouver Island, from Victoria to Port Hardy; andthe west coast of British Columbia, from Vancouver to theBroughton Islands.

This is the region where most kayakers take their first lessons,conditions there being good throughout the summer season.However, water temperature stays between 7 and 11°C even insummer, as the turbulent current pushes cold water from the depths


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11 PACIFIC REGION


of the waters up to the surface. Moreover, wind generally blowsagainst the current, making for a rough sea. The greatest challenge ofthis zone rests in the very strong currents that can exceed 10 knots.

Inside Passage: exceptionsEven though this region is largely a zone 2, some sites qualify as azone 3. Among these exceptions are: Skoukumchuck, where thecurrent reaches 12 knots; and Seymour Narrows, which, with acurrent above 16 knots, is known for having the second fastest tide inthe world. At some other spots, such as Discovery Passage, the tidecreates very violent currents (these are well known and well-markedon the navigational charts). These moving masses of water can ruth-lessly propel a kayak 1 kilometre away within only a few minutes; theirforce should thus never be underestimated! The Johnstone Straight isalso a difficult region due to its strong and variable winds. Close toVictoria, the region of Southern Gulf Island also has many currents.

Zone 3 (with exceptions)The West Coast of Vancouver IslandAlthough numerous fjords and coves offer shelter, this coastline is veryexposed to winds that create surf, steep waves and a large swell.Significant maritime traffic in some areas, cold water and fog also char-acterize this coastline that has limited starting and landing sites. As theregion is in large part uninhabited, services, search and rescue resources,

and communication channels are limited, if not non-existent.

One outfitter tells of a six-day excursion having lasted ten days. Thegroup was forced to remain in one place longer than planned dueto poor weather conditions. They arrived at shore in dire need offood and several had missed their return flights home.

Exceptions: very few, select sites on the west coast ofVancouver IslandAlthough this coast is in large part a zone 3, certain places qualifyas a zone 4. Among these are the north of the island from PortHardy to Brooks Peninsula, surroundings of Pachena Point, NootkaIsland, Estevan Point, Tatchu Point, and the stretch from Victoria toBamfield. These sites are exposed to surf and are almostinaccessible for landing.

Zone 4The central part of the coast of British ColombiaFROM BELLA BELLA TO PRINCE-RUPERT.This region is very isolated, offers few possibilities for landing, andVHF communication is unreliable and random. The coast is veryexposed and often inaccessible. Currents of numerous channelsreach 3 to 6 knots. The Hecate Straight is a very shallow body ofwater; when the wind rises, the sea becomes rough very quickly.


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The west coast and east coast of the Queen CharlotteArchipelagoThe coast of the Queen Charlotte Archipelago is unforgiving, remotefrom all services, exposed, and offers few landing sites because thecontinental shelf protrudes directly into the ocean. Considerable surfzones. Kayakers venturing into these corners must be veryindependent and experienced outdoor enthusiasts. Although betterprotected than some other sites, the coastline is also very isolated.

GENERAL INFORMATION ON PACIFIC REGION

British ColumbiaRecreational Canoeing Association of British Columbiawww.bccanoe.ca • [email protected] Columbia Tourismwww.hellobc.com • www.britishcolumbia.com

YukonYukon Paddling Association Yukon [email protected] www.yukonweb.com/tourism

Guide BooksMcGee, Pete Ed. Kayak Routes of the Pacific Northwest Coast,Greystone Books, Vancouver, 1998.Snowden, Maryann. Island Paddling: A Paddlers Guide to the GulfIslands and Barkley Sound. Orca Book Publishers, Victoria, 1997

WEATHERChannels 21B and Wx1, 2, 3.





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Sea kayaking is the ideal sport for getting off the beatentrack. However, your choice of destination could take youto a remote location exposed to high winds, rapidly changingweather conditions or water that stays icy cold all year round. Insuch areas, the consequences of an oversight or accident can becompounded tenfold. So whether you are just going out for a shortpaddle or off on an expedition that will last many days, carefulplanning and preparation is essential. It could make all thedifference in ensuring an enjoyable and memorable trip.

THREE-STEP PLANNING

1. Assessing your needs and deciding on a destination• What are your requirements?

•• Experience and number of kayakers’ skill level of leastexperienced member of group

•• Type of route agreeable to everyone in the group (lake,river, large body of water, coastal waters, environment,length, duration) and taking the least experienced into

account. An average of 10 nautical miles per day isreasonable for a group

•• Rental of required equipment•• Transportation required•• Choosing a destination•• Time of year•• Remoteness•• Specific tourist region•• Service centre (parks, reserves, rentals, transportation)

2. Finding information and resources• What documents and information do you need?

•• Charts, topographical maps, indexed maps•• Tide table and sailing directions•• Service centre business hours•• Required authorizations, reservations, and/or contracts•• Camping and accommodations•• Equipment and gear needed•• Personal gear (individual and group)


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12 PLANNING AND PREPARING THE TRIP


•• Rental equipment and gear• How much food and water do you need?

•• Drawing up a menu (food allergies, vegetarians)•• Assessing nutritional value per weight and volume•• Carrying and keeping food

• Do you need to be accompanied?•• Finding a qualified guide or outfitter

3. Putting it all together• Leave your trip plan with someone at home and a copy in

a vahicle left behind.• Plan a route and possible alternatives• Draw up a contingency plan• Select a group leader• Draw up a list of equipment required• Draw up a list of equipment available• Assign tasks

PREPARATION REQUIRES CLEARLY IDENTIFIED TASKS

• Food: purchase, divide up, wrap, label and protect. Don'tforget drinking water.

• Group gear and equipment: equipment available,

equip ment required (purchase or rental) and checkcondition of equipment

• Personal gear: as per checklist• Kayaks and accessories: equipment available, load capacity,

rental equipment, check condition of equipment• Navigation and safety equipment: maps, spherical or

conventional compass, tide and current table, chart ruler,radio, flares, foghorn, first aid kid, repair kit, GPS

• Transportation, authorizations, contracts: transporting akayak measuring 6 metres (19' 8") or longer requirescertain equipment and preparation. Entry fees and/orreservations are required in parks and wildlife reserves. Ifyou are dealing with a third party (guide or outfitter), checkthe guide's qualifications, the services offered, and theinsurance coverage provided

• Information specific to the chosen location: local weather,direction and strength of prevailing winds, currents andtides, coastal geography, shipping traffic, distance betweenpossible put-ins, availability of drinking water, campsites,and applicable regulations.


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Whether you are setting out for a few hours or a few daysor more, preparation is essential. It can make all thedifference between an enjoyable trip and a perilous exercise insurvival. Chapter 12 (Planning and Preparing an Excursion)lists the steps for planning and preparing an excursion.

On a longer trip, you often need to be completely self-sufficient.Make sure you haven't forgotten anything before setting out.Mother Nature can be very unpredictable!

The checklist should help you avoid forgetting anythingimportant.

The following list will help you ensure that everything is in goodworking order.

• Check the following before setting out:•• Kayak: Watertightness of hull and compartments.

Watertightness of compartment hatches. Lifting

toggles at bow and stern. Throwbag and/or floatingthrow line at least 15 metres long. Rudder orcentreboard in good condition. Screws and bolts tight.Sprayskirt and pedals adjusted. PFD WORN

•• Pump well attached•• Spare paddle in good condition (it's like a spare tire for

your group)•• Paddle float functional and within easy reach•• Compass well attached (removable models)•• Map and watertight case within easy reach and well

attached•• Foghorn in good condition (new gas cartridge and/or

spare cartridge if necessary) or a second whistle•• Small watertight sack with extra clothing and paddle

food within easy reach•• Radio in good working order (ne

TP 14726E (01/2009) Sea kayaking safety guide · 2019. 10. 8. · safety guide Sea kayakingSea...

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Transcript of TP 14726E (01/2009) Sea kayaking safety guide · 2019. 10. 8. · safety guide Sea kayakingSea...