Toxicity of CCl4, CO, Beta-blockers
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Transcript of Toxicity of CCl4, CO, Beta-blockers
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Rañola, Monica AnnRecibe, Chelsea Leigh
Reyes, JanineRivera, Rein Casey
Rocha, JestoniSabater, Kristine
Silva, KateSimora, Mary Erzebeth
BSP-4K
CCl4, CO, Beta-blockers
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Tetrachloromethane, carbon tet, carbona, tetrasol, carbon chloride
Clear, colorless, nonflammable, heavy liquid that evaporates easily, producing a sweet odor and very stable chlorinated hydrocarbon
One of the most potent hepatotoxins
Can synthesize new productsAdd your procedure here
Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)
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Intermediate in chemical manufacturing
Therapeutic use (former):Principal anthelmintic use is in the treatment of fascioliasis (for veterinary purposes)
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Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)- USES
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ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION:InhalationIngestion (per-oral)Skin absorption
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Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)
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Toxic Doses more than 0.1 µg/kg/day from inhalation exposure and 0.01 µg/kg/day from ingesting drinking water
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Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)
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TOXICOKINETICSInhalation of its vapor can depress central nervous system
activity and cause degeneration of the liver and kidneysAnaerobic metabolism: CO, chloroform, hexachloromethaneAerobic metabolism: Trichloromethanol- phosgene (COCl2)
Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)
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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMSAcute inhalation and
Oral exposure (rapid CNS depression)HeadacheWeaknessLethargyN&V
Acute exposure to higher levels and chronic inhalation or oral exposureLiver damage (hepatitis)Kidney damage
Clinical Presentation- CCl4
Classification 10 min
30 min 1 h 4 h 8 h End Point (Reference)
AEGL-1 (Nondisabling)
N.R.a N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. —
AEGL-2b
(Disabling)420 ppm (480 mg/m3)
150 ppm (170 mg/m3)
83 ppm (95 mg/m3)
33 ppm (38 mg/m3)
27 ppm (31 mg/m3)
Cardiac effects in humans with coronary artery disease (Allred et al. 1989a, 1991)
AEGL-3c
(Lethal)1700 ppm (1900 mg/m3)
600 ppm (690 mg/m3)
330 ppm (380 mg/m3)
150 ppm (170 mg/m3)
130 ppm (150 mg/m3)
Lethal poisoning was associated with a COHb ≥40% in most lethal poisoning cases reported by Nelson (2006a); no severe or life-threatening effects in healthy humans at a COHb of 34-56% (Haldane 1895; Henderson et al. 1921; Chiodi et al. 1941)
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Lab/ Diagnostic testsDirect Biologic IndicatorsGas chromatography in
blood and adipose tissueIndirect Biologic IndicatorsLiver and kidney function
test, chest x-ray, ECG
Clinical Presentation- CCl4
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AntidotesAcetylcysteinHyperbaric oxygen (pressurized O2)
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Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)- MANAGEMENT
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Poisonous, colorless, odorless, non-irritating, tasteless gas
Incomplete combustion of organic matter which is carbon containing materials
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
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Industry usesFuels and fuels additivesIntermediatesProcessing aids
Consumer usesBuilding/construction materials
not covered elsewhereFabric, textile, and leather
products not covered elsewhereFuels and related products
Carbon Monoxide (CO)- USES
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ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION:Inhalation
Toxic dose:100ppm or at levels
around 10%.
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
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TOXICOKINETICSCarbon monoxide combines
with hemoglobin to form “carboxyhemoglobin”IrreversibleNo oxygen carrying capacity
Asphyxiation Promotes hypoxiaOxygen deprivation
Inhibition of cellular respiration
hypoxiaAdd your procedure here
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
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Lab/ Diagnostic TestsDepressed S-T
segment of ECGdecreased pulse
and respiratory
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMSInhalation
CNS damageheadachedizzinessratesunconsciousnessdeathCherry-red skin Manifestation of toxicity
during post poisoning analysis
Clinical Presentation- CO
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Antidoteshyperbaric oxygen therapy
(pressurized O2)Goal: adjust attachment of
CO + Hg within 23minsThe half-life of
carboxyhemoglobin is 6hrs at room air, 1.5hrs with 100% oxygen, and 23mins at 3 atmospheres of pressure.
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Carbon Monoxide (CO)- MANAGEMENT
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For cardiovascular condition (Metoprolol and Propanolol)
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Beta-blockers
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Therapeutic UsesAnti-arrhythmia agentsAntihypertensive
agentsSympatholyitcs
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Beta-blockers -USES
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ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION:Ingestion (per-oral)
TOXIC DOSE: more than 60mg/day
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Beta-blockers
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TOXICOKINETICSCritical signs of overdose can
appear 20mins post ingestion but are commonly observed within 1-2 hours
Half life is 2-12 hoursIntermediate toxicity results
in a moderate drop in BP (systolic BP >80) or bradycardia (heart rate <60 bpm)
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Beta-blockers
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Lab/ Diagnostic Testssystolic BP < 80 mm
Hg, heart rate < 60 bpm
prolongation of the QRS complex
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMSCardiovascular
(Bradycardia, Arrhythmias, AV block, Hypotension CHF)
CNS (sedation)Bronchoconstrictionhypoglycemia
Clinical Presentation- Beta blockers
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AntidotesGlucagon
to counteract hypoglycemiaincrease blood glucose level
IsoproterenolActivates beta receptors
(nonselective beta agonist)EpinephrineNew phosphodiesterase
inhibitorsAdd your procedure here
Beta Blockers- MANAGEMENT