Town Building

8/11/2019 Town Building

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TOWN BUILDING


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INTRODUCTION

Town Planning through the ages

Putrajaya


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What is a town?

In many areas the term town and city are interchangeable, as size and cultural history

determined which name is applied;

Town: Small communities with populations below 50, 000

City : larger population

Villages: population less that 500


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Ancient World EGYPT

The ancient world principles and urban planning is a cause of inspiration that inspired the Neo-Egyption style of the

1930s and then Post Modernism

In town planning and architecture style of the ancient civilization, Egypt showed the strengthening of the elites

Power and rule from the Priests and Pharaoh with the construction of temples and massive castles and pyramids

(Mumford, 1965)

The use of mythical reasoning that is neutral in planning for use of both ideological and political

Egyptian towns in Thebes had wide roads that were planned in geometric form for religious purposes and for

Governance celebrations

Town planning had no social benefits and not democratic or caused of social justice

Most building settles were built near water sources, good linkages and land cultivation for community use

Rivers are the ideal location for towns to develop where bridges can be built to link towns.


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Classical World GREEK

The Greek civilization is the source of idea and philosophy of the Western world.

The classical style of 3 capital columns; Doric, Ionic and Corinthian is thought as the true architecture style

Doric Ionic Corinthian

The Greeks were the early city planning theorists and the planning are seen in their city state within their

constituency

Most road in the Greek era used the Grid System to link each road to places and interlock with roads thatfollow the sites context such as the building of amphitheaters on hill sides.


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The Greek town characters: centered Agora (market), Stoa (public buildings), systematic drainage system, watersystem and general cleanliness


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The quality of a civilization is recognize by how the society treats its waste Lewis Mumford 1965

Athens architecture has influenced many architects for generations

The Parthenon is Agrapolis (Centre of the city) Harmony, Hierarchy and Perfect proportion

Many European towns replicates the architectural styles that is though as classical elegance

Greek Parthenon


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Classical World ROMAN

The Roman architecture and planning has greatly influenced architecture for many decades after

The Roman style perfected the classical era by changing to decorative extravagance while its architecture are

clean and simple

The Roman empire built city planning from the use of its army which includes city planners, civil engineers and

architects

The Roman town were more organized than the Greeks where Towns are organized in Grid with the city center

known as Forum, with city amenities like Public Baths, laterines and Arenas

The exist zoning in the city where land use were based on

nobility and civilians job from shop keepers to

industrial land and the slaves

Roman achitectural feat : Arches, Domes

Coliseum in Rome is an example of arch construction

Coliseum


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ROME TOWN CHARACTER:

The aqueduct and viaduct use spread to whole of Europe and North Africa with clean water supplies, great

plumbing system and systematic road network

Roman urban planning is an empires tool where the city is administrative governance to control the people

The Roman town and its road system each linking to one another is the foundation for land use and

loci for Britain town and city planning


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MEDIEVAL TOWN

Medieval rise

After Rome left Britain, the community moved back to the villages and the town functions as administrative

and market place and not part of the Roman empire.

The Norman Empire rose in Britain by William Conqueror in 1066, and had impacted the land use there

The British class structure also change and establishing he feudal system in the community.

The Church became more powerful in governing the nation, government and people.

Constructions of abbeys, churches and cathedrals grew rampant with opening of new markets and squares that

became a part of the Church authority


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MEDIEVAL TOWN

Paris Town


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MEDIEVAL TOWN

Other amenities such as carpenters home, dwellings, stables and markets were built near a well of water and

junction

Road follows walkable routes and had no organization and grids like the famed Roman cities.

Without planning, the town and cities sprouted organically to suit its needs and does not benifit the people in town

withoutstructure.

Example: a town is set up next to a river and small paths follows and develope into roads that meets a bridge where

the people will build houses along the road.


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Middle ages RENAISSANCE TOWN

The Churchs influence in city states slowly decrease especially in Italy where business thrives and merchants

gain more control in the city.

Renaissance period was birthed from the idea of Greek and Roman revivalism instead of mythical believe that

controlled the peoples living.

High use of classical architecture in the building of public buildings and castles to symbolize the business feat.

City planning grew in Italian town and cities with rebuilding city centers.

Squares was built and became informal centers and gathering

Mont S. Michel, France, 13th Century and later


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Most Mediterranean planning follows this function of

squares as place and node of gathering like outdoor

licing rooms for the people

Town and city planning in Renaissance Italy was

designed for military security purposes.Renaissance ideal cities inspired by Vitruvius

(15th-16th c.)

1. Filarete,

2. 2. Fra Giocondo,

3. 3. Girolamo Maggi,

4. 4. Giorgio Vasari,

5. 5. Antonio Lupicini,

6. 6. Daniele Barbaro,

7. 7. Pietro Cattaneo,

8. 8/9 di Giorgio Martini.

Courtesy of Marten Kuilman


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City centers became public squares, use of military marches and fiesta; religious march and fiesta

Perspective art techniques for articulating spaces and depth in art pieces are adapated in town planning.

Narrow streets are created with statues and townscape feature are placed strategically to indicate the vanishing

point in the 3 dimension perception of space.

St Peter's Basilica


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VENICE PLANNING became the exemplar of planning design for modern town

Character:

Piazza planning with seperation grid of walkable street and mobile street where there exists mostly canals.

In the beginning, Venice was a network of swarms and small islands that was built into canal straight.

These small islands has central wells in the piazza, where fresh water are extracted from the ground.

Neighborhoods are developed centralized upon the well. This theory of community development became the model

theory

for town planner and theorist for centuries after it.

Architectural styles consists of classical, gothic and Islamic Mediterranean.

Venice style is replicated in the Victorian age where the Byzantine architecture was adapted in Britains Bristol.

In Rome, the Renaissance period greatly influnced the town planning and Renaissance architecture which later

followed by Baroque and Rococo

Many spaces in squares and between building uses Baroque planning and architecture

The obelisk is placed in the middle of a square as the center for avenues and radial planning.


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VENICE PLANNING

Palmanova, in the area of Venice


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There exists no consideration for poor people or industrial plot within this type of planning. Nor does it solve

traffic problems.

The Renaissance outlook then became the model throughout Europe that exemplifies strength and stability of the

government.

Most of Europe was frequently redeveloped with boulevard, squares, fountains, statues, triumphal arches toexentuate the Rennaissance character.

Town Planning/Urban Planning is an art form that aspiration of the merchant class as well as the Bourgeoisie

that existed in thatperiod (conclusion of town planning in Europe within the

16th-19th century)

Source: Greed, C. (1985), Introduction Town Planning, Longman

Arc de Triomphe


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GEORGIAN, VICTORIAN & MODERN MOVEMENT

Georgian

Georgian planning and architecture was developed through Renaissance era in Europe

Georgian style mixes the Renaissance influence with other Northern European styles especiallyduring King George the 1st.

The Dutch developed this style in domestic dwellings due to the savings, cleanliness and puritanical

Style of symmetry, evident in the houses in Amsterdam.


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Georgian

England:

Expensive stones in Britain, only big houses use this style as stones had to be imported fromHolland and Belgium.

After the great London fire in 1666, the town could be developed systematically with this style as

theme.

Townhouses sprouted in London with Dutch, Classical styles with emphasis on symmetry, shashedWindows, triangles pediments and columns
http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/greatfire.htmhttp://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/greatfire.htm


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Georgian

The garden in Georgian style was influenced by piazzas in Italy, where the house has a front lawn with

plastered path thought to be the same as village house so they developed the courtyard back garden.

(The BEGINNING OF GARDEN CITY)


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Georgian + Victorian

London prospered and progressed during the Georgian era and became the capital of Britain in the 19 th

century.

The overall town was developed in Georgian and Victorian style where slowly town planning takes shape.

John Nash design town houses in Regents park formerly land belonging to King George IV.

Later developments The Grand Design: Clarence House, Soho, Mayfair, Traflgar Square, the Mall, Piccadily Circus,Oxford Circus and Bukingham palace.


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Then swimming became fashionable for high class citizens where amusements parks are built : Regency Pavilion

in Brighton

With the creation of Trains, these places were made available for working class Londoners and others where

the high-class all gather in South of France

Regency Pavilion in Brighton


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Georgian

Bath was a famous Spa Town, a town first developed for tourist attraction.

Famed after Queen Ann healed her rheumatism ther in 1720

Character

Bath has row townhouse with gardens and crescent in Georgian style and classical styles


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Victorian

CHARACTER:

Victorian style is eclectic drawing in historical precedence of Gothic, Classical, but with empires

influence from India, Orientalist, and Egyptian

This style was rejected after the development of modern movement where the architecture is more

pure, fucntional and truth.

During this era, the style had significantly planned the urban fabric :

Villas

Town houses

Heated houses

Dwelling for working class

The industrial revolution also developed rapidly the town planning. Mayors use the benefits of

industrialization and revolutionized Manchester, Leeds and Liverpool with Public Halls, Library and

galleries.


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VICTORIAN

During this era, the community segregated in social and economic classes where high class, middle class and

Working class use different routes to go to work etc. For example: a wool weaver will never meet a high class

lord because she/he does not enter the Commerce Distric. Even if the low class enters this area, they are not

permited into an art gallery etc.

Many Victorian style came out during the industrialization era : train station, public building, workers quaters

with ornemental and embellished designed facades


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VICTORIAN

Trains stations was designed like a cathedral to placate peoples fear by making them feel safe like in

a church

Slowly there is a distinct rejection of Victorial extravagant style as compared to Georgian styles

Midland Grand 1865


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MODERN MOVEMENT

Near the 20th century, architects rejected the heavy ornamentation, eclecticism of the town and

reach a purer architecture.

During this era, there were many other styles Art Noveau, Neo-Georgian, neo-Egyptian dan art deco,

Tudor etc.

After the World War 2 Functionality and Utility became fashionable where architects sought morepurer form.

Continuous of shortage of resources make Functional Modern widely accepted.

Prefab was also widely used to house temporary houses

60s saw the Real Estate rose and land price increases due to Land Control laws repelledeasing the reconstruction and restructuring of towns, office blocks and public housing systems.

saw the architecture movement making people accept traditional architecture and inspirations.


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MODERN MOVEMENT

70s Bton brut: Architectural concrete left unfinished or roughly-finished after pouring and leftexposed visually. It flourished as a part of the brutalist architecture of the 60s and 70s and influenced

to create structural expressionism as steel structures became more advanced and practical.

Typified by pure geometrical forms clad with sleek curtain- an articulated structure that

expressed the internal functions of the buildings in rugged, cantilevered concrete

forms. Hovering over the broad brick plaza, the City Hall was designed to create anopen and accessible place for the city's government. The architects sought to create a

bold statement of modern civic democracy- which was, at that time, in desperate need

of reinvention, investment, and vision. (Wikipedia)

Boston City Hall, Massachusetts

(December 2011)


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MODERN MOVEMENT

80s+ 90s architecture was known as the contemporary period withConservative

Neo Georgian

was adapted for office and housing blocks.

High-tech was also contemporary modern

Pom idou Center Paris b Richard Ro ersLloyds Building London, Norman Foster


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MODERN MOVEMENT

Zoning is also introduced in planning where High-Tech building are zoned for city/urban centers and

administrative areas, science centers to protect the image of smaller towns.

During this period there was also the Post Modernist movement that added character to town/city

architecture.

TOMORROWS MOVEMENT?

SUSTAINIBILTY + GREEN

SCARCITY


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Urban Pattern 6th Edition. Simon Eisner. Arthur Gallion and Stanley Eisner

Source: Greed, C. (1985), Introduction Town Planning, Longman

http://www.spur.org/publications/article/2012-11-09/grand-reductions-10-diagrams-

changed-city-planning

REFERENCES

Town Building

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