Towards Ubiquitous Networks - MOTORADIOmotoradio.co.kr/edm/111222/UBIQ.pdf · ·...

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

Towards Ubiquitous Networks

Myung Jong Lee @ CUNY

[email protected]

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

This Talk

• IT development in view of Entropy

• Toward Ubiquitous Networks (aka IoT)

• What next

• Summary

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

• Extrapolation

– Past historical samples

– 2nd law of thermodynamics

Entropy

NBT ?

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

Entropy (1)

– In thermodynamics:

• Definition: S=q/T (joules/degree)

– Tendency of spontaneous energy becoming diffused

and spread out

– In isolated systems, the entropy ever increases

– In a dictionary• Degree of freedom or degree of chaos, randomness, degradation

– In Information Theory

• Pi: the probability of event I

• Maximum Entropy when Pi „s are equal. Uniform distribution

)/1log( ii

i ppH

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

Entropy(2)

Natural and socio-political phenomena – Wind blows, ice melts, mountain lowers and valley rises,

– Berlin wall torn down,

– Demise of dictators, Tahir square, Libya

– Equal Right’s movements (minority, women, etc)

Entropy works also for IT/Communication

developments

In short, Leveling Force is the core of the

entropy law!

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

Entropy Drivers

• Decentralization, distribution

• Personalization, user-centric

• Flexibility

• Business interest Horizontal market

– Blurred distinction between computer and

communications

• Stove pipe disciplines Cross cutting

disciplines

– 知彼知己百戰不殆 (know yourself and your

competitor, then, no problem!) Look beyond

RFID/USN !

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

Quntum Jumps in Entropy

1. Centralized system to distributed system

2. Circuit Switching to Packet Switching

3. Wired to Wireless

4. Infrastructure to Infrastructureless

5. Toward Ubiquitous Networks Internet of

Things

Recent Entropy boosters

For IT/Commuications (ICT)

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

1. Centralized to distributed

Eniac,

1940’s

John Von

NewmanUNIVAC,

IBM,1950’sPDP 1970’s

First PC:

Altair, 1980’s

Intel chip

IBM PC,

Intel8080

Today: iPad, Galaxy

tab, etc

Wireless function

Tomorrow

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

2. Circuit to Packet

Dedicated Resources bet. users

Circuit Switching

Shared Resources bet. users

Packet Switching

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

2. Circuit to Packet

• Circuit switching serves well for voice service for over 100 years

• Dedicated services to shared services

• Demands for flexibility, multimedia (voice, video, data), personalization lead to packet switching

Packet switched Internet -> VOIP, IPTV, etc

No technology without problems! Quality of Service!!

Quality? vs Flexibility & Efficiency

Increased degree of randomnessDiverse QoS’s for multimedia, Congestion, etc

Myung. J. Lee CUNY


Evolution of Cellphones

First Cellphone, 1973,

Martin Cooper, Dyna Tac

(Motorola)

Myung. J. Lee CUNY


• People as well as machine long to be untethered

• Evolution of wireless communications– 1st generation: analog

• AMPS

– 2nd generation: digital (voice+data)• IS-95, GSM, CDPD for data

– 3rd generation: digital (voice+data+low rate video)• IMT-2000 (3GPP, 3GPP2), Cdma 2000, GSM (wider bandwidth)

• WBMA (IEEE 802.16, 20), WLAN (IEEE802.11), WPAN (IEEE 802.15, ZigBee), WBAN (IEEE 802.15 IG)

– 4th generation: Network convergence• WiMax, LTE, multimedia (HDTV), IMT-Advanced (ITU-R)

Challenge: Bandwidth vs Mobility

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

4. Infrastructure to infrastructureless

Ex: Dictator-Proofing, the InternetWireless mesh, Open Technology Initiative

For Tahir square, Egypt.

Newsweek, Feb. 14, 2011

Infrastructure

Infrastructurel

ess

(C)

(D)

4G Offloading:

Content

sharing, App

downloading

V2V,

P2P

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

4. Infrastructure to infrastructureless

• Wireless Communication infrastructure

– Base station or Access point based

• WWAN “last mile” wireless

• WLAN (WiFi) “last 100m” wireless

• WPAN “last 10m” wireless

• WBAN “last 2m” wireless

• Or, Macrocell, Microcell, Nanocell, Femtocell

• Infrastructureless or Wireless Ad hoc networks

– Peer-to-peer mesh communications without BS or AP

• No “last x” wireless

• MANET, Wireless Mesh networks, WSN, WBAN

• Vehicle-to-Vehicle

– Offloading : With 3G or 4G BS,

• traffic offloading

– content sharing, app. sharing

– Terminal Relay

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

Applications for ad hoc networks

• Emergency networks– Search-and-rescue, firefighting, policing

• Civilian environments– Gaming, meeting room, stadium, social networking

• WPAN, WBAN– Cell phone, PDA, earphone, wrist watch

• V2V, V2I (vehicular to vehicular, vehicular to infra)

• Military

• Wireless sensor/ mesh networks– Wireless Broadband networks for rural area

– Smart Grid communications

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

5. Ubiquitous Networking

• Key capability to maximally

satisfy personalized

requirements-user-centric

• ―Awareness‖ or Ambient Intelligence, Cognitive tech.

• Wireless sensor and Actuator networks (WSAN)

– Monitoring and control of ―things‖ from cradle to grave

• Machine-to-Machine communications (M2M)

• Internet of things@IEEE Wireless Communication Magazine Dec. 2010

@ PicoCast

MobilePhone

WiMAX

IPTV

RFIDUSN

DMB

Mobile

VoIP

WSD

LTE

Space

User

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

Some Statistics

• 50 Billion connected devices by 2020 (Ericson)

– One trillion internet connected devices by 2015 (IBM)

– One trillion internet connected devices by 2014 (Cisco)

• 14-15 Billion connected devices by 2014 (Gartner)

• Half of world population cellular phones (2011)

• Over 200 Million smart meters by 2012 (ABI Research)

• 2.4 B RFID (2010) + many more sensor networks

• Three to five years, 100% of new cars will be connected

• ―Big Data‖ ―Data Center‖ By 2020, 220 Exabyte storage

(220x10^18)

• Mobile Data growth 75 Exabyte by 2015

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

Internet of Things

• ―Internet‖ of ―things‖

– Two words: ―Internet‖ and ―things‖

– ―Things‖: could be defined as a real/physical or

digital/virtual entity that exisits and move in space and

time and is capable of being identified.

• A short definition of IoT: ―A world-wide network of interconnected

objects uniquely addressable, based on standard communication

protocols.‖ [1]

• Vision ―IoT will become a reality over the next 20 years; with

ominpresent smart devices wirelessly communicating over hybrid

and ad-hoc networks of devices, sensors, and actuators working

in synergy to improve the quality of our lives and consistently

reducing the ecological impact of mankind on the planet‖[2]

[1] Internet of Things in 2020, Roadmap for the Future,

1670 Version 1.1, 27 May 2008. European Commission Information

[2] IoT workshop report, 2010

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

Any “Things” connected

Internet of things: Strategic Research Roadmap, 2009

http://europa.eu/information_society

Physical, Cyber,

Social domains

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

Convergence of “Many” Perspectives

Luigi Atzori a, Antonio Iera b, Giacomo Morabito c,* The Internet of

Things: A survey Computer Networks 54 (2010) 2787–2805

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

IoT-A Reference Model

• Many domain specific architectures exist

– RFID, WSN,

• IoT-A group proposes a reference model for IoT

compliant architectures

Internet of things Architecture group: IoT-A

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

Enablers of IoT

• Architectures

– Scalable to handle trillion of ―heterogeneous‖ things

– Seamless end-to-end interoperability

– Clean slate desirable, but incremental and integration

approach

• Energy

– Energy havesting, low power chipsets

• Intelligence

– Context aware, location aware, emotion aware, M2M

• Communications/Networking

– ID technology, Discovery, Network management,

– New multi-band transceiver and antenna

– Location aware (current Internet prob.)

– QoS (BW, e2e delay, current IP can’t handle. ).

• Security and Privacy: efficient and reliable, wireless difficult

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

Enablers of IoT

• Hardware

– autonomous circuits, reconfigurable ckts

– System in Package (SiP)

– Energy harvesting, Low power devices, Wireless power

– Disappearing tech (miniaturization)

• Software

– Open middleware— mediating bet. physical things and

applications

– energy efficient micro-OS,

– Self-X technologies (X=configuration, optimization,

healing, etc)

– Algorithms

• Standardization

– End-to-end interoperability

– Domain specific standards toward global standards

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

An IoT middleware reference model

Luigi Atzori a, Antonio Iera b, Giacomo Morabito c,* The Internet of

Things: A survey Computer Networks 54, 2010

SOA-based

architecture for

IoT Middleware

SOA: Service Oriented

Architecture

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

IoT Application Domains

• Social networking

• Telecommunications

• Automotive

• E-health/Medical/Assisted living

• Supply chain management/Retail

• Product life cycle monitoring

• Safety, security

• Environment monitoring

• Smart Grid

• Transportation

• Agriculture

All applications on earth

**@IEEE Wireless Communication Magazine Dec. 2010

waveglider

**

http://www.open-silicon.com/Sites/opensilicon/section.cfm?id=1

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

IoT Standardization

The key is the interoperability among all entities of IoT

– Consortia

• EPC global, uID, ZigBee, IPSO, Wireless Hart

– International standards

• ETSI TC M2M 2009 –smart metering and many others

• IEEE 802.15.4 (4e: industrial, 4g: SUN, 4k: LECIM, SG-PTC

(Positive Train Comm) 15.5 (WPAN mesh), SG-PAC (Peer

Aware Comm), 15.6 WBAN

• 3GPP Tech Report on MTC (machine type communication)

• ITU-T: 2009 MOC (machine oriented communication)

• ITU-T: 2011, GS1 for IoT established for various SG activities

• IETF, 6lowpan, Roll

• W3C: SSN (Semantic Sensor Web, Web.3.0, HTML5)

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

Add titleOn the HorizonIPv6 Convergence driven by IETF

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

Conversion still needed!

PHY

802MAC

IPv6

Transp A

PHY

15.4 MAC

PHY

15.4 MAC

Simple Net

Transp B

Application

Sensor NodeGateway

IPv6 Simple Net

PHY

802.11MAC

Application

Internet Node

Protocol

Conversion

• IPv6 convergence is actively sought within IETF

• IP weakness: QoS, Sleeping devices, Overhead for tiny devices,

etc. Ex. IEEE 802.15.4e for e2e delay

• In principle, one size doesn’t fit all. Conversion Gateway

Approach (not all need to speak in English!!)

• Often WSANs designed domain specific applications work

best and Gateways provide internet connection –Resource

Hungry IoT nodes

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

QoS Endeaver: An example MAC Protocol

• WSAN for Industrial Applications (IEEE 802.15.4e)

• Extended industrial applications: factory automation, process

automation, healthcare, and smart grid

– Deterministic delay, reliability, robust, scalability

• IEEE 802.15.4 GTS is a good approach but limited.

– Limited number of slots (7 slots in a superframe)

– Limited to star topology

– Limited to single channel

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

DSME (Deterministic Synchronized Multichannel

Extension)

• One of the operation modes (DSME, TSCH)

• Robust and reliable communication

– Multi-channel support for GTS (Guaranteed Time Slot).

– Co-channel interference avoidance (DSME three-way

handshake).

– Adjacent channel interference avoidance (Passive RSSI

monitoring).

• Dynamic channel diversity

– Detection of bad channel condition and reallocation of the slot to

a better channel.

– Channel hopping and channel adaptation

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

DSME Frame structure

The number of superframes in a multi-superframe: N = 2(MO – SO)

Multi-superframe Duration: MD = aBaseSuperframeDuration*2MO symbols

MO ≥ SO

CAP0

Superframe

Beacon slot

(Beacon)

Beacon Interval

CAP

Multi-Superframe Multi-Superframe

Beacon slot

(Beacon)

CAP3 CAP

CAP

CAP

CAP

CAP

CAP

CAP

CAP

CAP

CAP

CAP

CAP

CAP

EGTS Slots

…

Channels

CH0

CH1

CH2

Example: BO = 6, SO = 3, MO = 5

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

AdaptiveTime and channel

• Dynamic Channel Conditions in time and channel

• IEEE 802.4e has the provision for dynamic allocation of time

and channel

• Performance enhancement, QoS

doc.: IEEE 802. 15-11-0161-00-0sru

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

DSME Allocation Example (from node 3)

2. DSME reply, broadcastPayload :

Dst addr (3)new allocated ABT sub-block

{00000000000000000000100000000000

…

0000000000000000}

1. DSME request, unicastPayload :

Number of slotsABT sub-block

{00000000001000000000000000000000

…

0000000000000000}

Assuming slot (9,21) is

already assigned from node 4

for transmitting frames to node 3

Slot = tuple (time slot, channel)

MO = SO Node 1 assigns slot (10,15) for Node 3

Every node that hears the broadcasts

updates its allocation bitmap table

(ABT)

3. DSME notify, broadcastPayload :

Dst addr (1)new allocated ABT sub-block

{00000000000000000000100000000000

…

0000000000000000}

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

What next?

Smartphones

-intermediary, human centered

Real-time Multi-sensors

(location, acoustic, accel,

video, etc)

IoT

-Resource hungry

-Numerous

CloudResource Rich

-XaaS (X=Software,

Platform, Infra,

Network, Appl,

Hardware, Everything)

Virtual, cyber world physical world

Mobile Cloud

IssuesBW, Platform

independence, Optimum

partitioning

standard interface,

service convergence, etc

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

In summary,

• Entropy shows that USN/RFID is a right track!

• Further boundaries among technologies and society will be lowered. fusion technologies

• Harmonization among IoT, mobile, cloud computing, future internet will accelerate.

• In need of Interoperability by global standards

All these for human welfare, not anything else!!

Myung. J. Lee CUNY

Towards Ubiquitous Networks - MOTORADIOmotoradio.co.kr/edm/111222/UBIQ.pdf · ·...

Documents

Transcript of Towards Ubiquitous Networks - MOTORADIOmotoradio.co.kr/edm/111222/UBIQ.pdf · ·...