Towards optimum energy performance measures …...of the country’s budget [10]. 4 Energy...

Towards optimum energy performance measures for existing hotels in Egypt

A. Aladassy1, G. Mosaad1 & K. Tarabieh2 1 Department of Architectural Engineering and Environmental Design, AAST, Egypt 2The American University in Cairo, Egypt

Abstract

Energy efficiency and renewable energy hold the key to sustainable energy and sustainable tourism development and is the key for energy balance in the hospitality sector of Egypt. Energy cut-offs due to demand exceeding supply in 2014 caused a decline in hotels’ revenue of more than 20%. Moreover, electricity prices increased in 2014 by 40% as a step towards the total removal of electricity subsidies during the following 5 years, representing a threat to the future of the hospitality sector in Egypt. As a result, the hospitality sector in Egypt requires a set of energy efficiency strategies in addition to the diversification of energy supply coupled with continuous and stable prices of other alternatives such as renewable resources. This research proposes a set of strategies that can help the private hospitality sector in Egypt with the proper scenario in utilizing energy resources more efficiently and to integrate renewable energy resources within the existing hotels. A literature review was conducted to define the hospitality sector of Egypt, energy requirements and the market potential of both energy efficiency and renewable energy opportunities focusing on the city of Sharm El Sheikh. The research describes the needed measures that could be used to advance energy efficiency initiatives in the existing hotels of Egypt. Using case studies in the city of Sharm El Sheikh, the research conducted an in depth analysis on different examples, and applied the resulting guidelines on a case study hotel in the same city. The outcome of the research concludes the most effective measures which will eventually help the hotel industry in Egypt to achieve optimum, continuous and stable energy performance in addition to a reduction in carbon emissions. Keywords: sustainable tourism, sustainable energy, energy efficiency, renewable energy, developing existing hotels, Egyptian tourism.

www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3541 (on-line) WIT Transactions on Ecology and The Environment, Vol 201, © 2016 WIT Press

doi:10.2495/ST160161

This paper is part of the Proceedings of the 7 International Conference th

on Sustainable Tourism (ST 2016) www.witconferences.com

1 Introduction

“What we need to do is really improve energy efficiency standards, develop in full scale renewable and alternative energy and use the one resource we have in abundance, our creativity [1].”

The growth of carbon dioxide concentrations in the earth’s atmosphere with attendant global warming from fossil fuel combustion to produce energy makes the transition to non-carbon energy resources and energy efficiency more urgent. Since buildings contribute about 40% of the world’s carbon dioxide emissions the focus of carbon reduction policies, programs, and actions must necessarily be in the build environment [2]. Egypt faces a major challenge in providing a sufficient amount of electricity. Primary non-renewable energy resources contribute to 90% of the total energy resources needed for generating electricity in Egypt [3]. While energy cut-offs due to demand exceeding supply in 2014 caused a decline in hotels’ revenue of more than 20%, the running costs of generators and maintenance work increased by 15%. On the other hand, electricity prices increased in 2014 by 40% as a step towards the total removal of subsidies for electricity during the next 5 years [4]. Moreover, energy efficiency practices can help reduce costs, open up new markets, and improve the company reputation. Beyond savings in energy expenses, the real gains in energy efficient transformation lie in the “soft” benefits such as improvements in health, comfort, productivity of hotels’ occupants, enhanced marketing and public relations, risk mitigation, improved recruitment, and greater employee morale while promoting environmental restoration, economic prosperity, social welfare, and equity [2].

2 The hospitality sector of Egypt

In Egypt, recreational tourism has grown rapidly over the past 30 years in particular locations such as Sharm El Sheikh, Hurghada, Safaga, Taba, Marsa Alam and other places in the Sinai and Red Sea areas, reaching from 274 hotels with 22,756 rooms in 1984 to 945 hotels with 178,799 rooms in 2014 with different categories (fig. 1). 23% of the hotels in Egypt are categorized 3* representing 20% of the total room number, while 5* hotels represent 12% of hotels in Egypt with 35% of the total room number. European countries are the main source of tourism in Egypt with about 74.2% followed by the Middle East countries with 13.6%. However, after the “Egyptian revolution” in 2011, the number of visitors has decreased notably causing an economical crisis in the hospitality sector in Egypt [5]. Tourism in Egypt is recognized to be one of the largest contributors to Egypt’s economic growth, representing a second source of national income with 11.5% of GDP, offering 19.5% of the foreign currency, and offering 12.6% of the total working labor [6].

2.1 The City of Sharm El Sheikh

Lying at the southern flank of the Peninsula where both Aqaba and Suez gulfs meet with the Red Sea; the city of Sharm El Sheikh stands as the biggest and

190 Sustainable Tourism VII


Figure 1: Egypt’s hospitality room capacity in the past 30 years.

Figure 2: South Sinai’s category segmentation.

Figure 3: South Sinai hotel segmentation.

most important city of the South Sinai Government, considered as the most famous seaside resort in the area with all room categories (fig. 2). South Sinai has 283 hotels that can be found in South Sinai concentrated mainly in the city of Sharm El Sheikh with 194 hotels in Sharm El Sheikh, 30 hotels in Dahab, 23 in Taba and 17 in Nuweiba, with a total capacity of 62,796 rooms which represents more than 35% of Egypt’s total room number [4] (fig. 3).

1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014

Rooms 22765 36707 47214 75489 122515 170055 178799

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

40%

34%

15%

5%1% 5%

5 Stars

4 Stars

3 Stars

2 Stars

1 Star

Unclassified

69%

10%

8%

6%7%

Sharm ElSheikh

Dahab

Taba

Nuweiba

other

Sustainable Tourism VII 191


South Sinai has an arid desert climate, the winter temperature is warm and the summer weather is very hot and dry with low humidity, making high temperatures a lot more bearable. The temperature during the day can be about 40°C and decrease during the night time to about 30°C [7] (as shown in fig. 4).

Figure 4: Average temperature at South Sinai Government.

3 Energy in the hospitality sector of Egypt

Egypt faces a major challenge in providing a sufficient amount of electricity. Primary non-renewable energy resources contribute to 90% of the total energy resources needed for generating electricity in Egypt. Energy demand in Egypt is projected to grow at an average annual growth rate of 2.6% [8]. One of the critical aspects of the energy sector in Egypt is the high level of subsidies in energy prices, representing a substantial drain on Egypt’s budget; for the electricity at the commercial hotel sector subsidies in 2010 are over 50% for electricity, 75% in natural gas and over 90% in liquid petroleum gases. If energy subsidies are calculated on the basis of full economic cost, the resulting number will reach 140 billion EGP, equivalent to about 12% of GDP [9]. Energy subsidies amount to about 75% of all subsidies in Egypt and approximately 21% of the country’s budget [10].

4 Energy efficiency and renewable energy measures

One way to foster energy efficiency in the hotel sector in Egypt is to promote the most adaptable, practical and cost-effective solutions to hotels in order to improve their energy efficiency and integrate renewable energy. The aim of this section is to provide a review of energy efficiency and renewable energy



measures that are available to hotels in Egypt. It is intended to be a guide for hotel managers/owners, with an overview of several measures which can be selected individually for implementation in existing Egyptian hotels. A table with the energy efficiency and renewable energy measures is concluded at the end of this section that could be used in Egypt generally and Sharm El Sheikh specifically.

4.1 Building characteristics

A building’s envelope should increase energy efficiency performance while offering comfort to users using environmental architecture designs and passive cooling methods (fig. 5). When retrofitting a building’s envelope to get high energy efficiency performance, the following points should be considered [11].

4.1.1 Envelope A building’s envelope should prevent air infiltration to internal cooled spaces to avoid increasing the indoor air temperature. Air leaks from windows and doors, cracks, gaps between connections of AC pipes, lights, sanitation and electrical fixations should be avoided and blocked between cooled spaces and non-cooled spaces or outdoor temperature.

4.1.2 Thermal resistance Thermal resistance on a building’s envelope should be calculated on each 1m2 of the elevation with the consideration of both indoor and outdoor temperatures and the structure material including bricks, stones, concrete, plaster, cladding, sand, floor tiles, insulation and all other materials used in the structure.

4.1.3 Thermal insulation Thermal insulation should be used if needed and it should fill any heat leakage especially in connection between walls and ceilings.

4.1.4 External openings External openings, openings orientation and openings ratio to the walls ratio should be calculated and modified to control indoor air temperature and natural ventilation.

4.1.5 Shading devices Fixed or movable shading devices and louvers could be used to control the indoor air temperature.

4.1.6 Glazing Glazing should be designed and modified depending on a building’s external climate to control the indoor air temperature. If there is a conflict between natural light and indoor air temperature then specific types of glass that pass natural light and block heat should be considered. For example, adding multiple layers of glazing to the present windows for improving the hotel energy performance. Simple energy efficiency could be implemented in the facades of a running hotel without affecting its operation and with interesting results, such as installing solar films in windows.



Figure 5: Building envelope elements.

4.2 Cooling systems

4.2.1 Natural ventilation Natural indoor air circulation removes indoor pollution; affording indoor natural circulation is a necessity. The three main roles of natural ventilation are indoor thermal comfort, structure cooling and healthy indoor air quality [11].

4.2.2 Switching from individual split units to centralized air cooling systems There is an opportunity for switching to centralized cooling systems when the cycle life is completed, due to higher coefficient of performance (COP) ratios of centralized equipment and the lower equivalent full load hours (EFLH) of centralized equipment versus individual units [5].

4.2.3 Replacement of air cooled chillers to absorption chillers In areas that are being connected to the natural gas grid, there is a chance of saving costs for producing the cooling demand through absorption chillers switching from electricity to a cheaper fuel, such as natural gas.

4.2.4 Cooling efficiently Installing automatic systems (key cards), turning off air conditioning and lights when guests leave their rooms in guest rooms. Surfaces of a cooling exchanger of the air conditioner are cleaned every three months. Electricity of air conditioning units is assured by shading the air conditioning condensers at 35% [12].

4.3 Water heating systems

4.3.1 Solar water heaters Solar water heaters (SWH) are one of the most relevant energy efficiency measures for the areas due to the high irradiation factor of 5.5 kWh/m2/day for much of the year. Changing central diesel boilers with solar water heating (SWH) designed for covering the heat demand of hot water for swimming pools in winter and, additionally, producing hot domestic water for the guest rooms [5].



4.3.2 Water conservation To reduce water demand, the hotels must have efficient equipment; another way would be to educate both in-house staff and customers [5].

4.3.3 Waste heat recovery systems Heat recovery systems are mainly dependent on waste energy (rejected heat to the atmosphere) by the different thermodynamic cycles applied in the hotels [5].

4.4 Lighting systems

4.4.1 Natural lighting Natural lighting is considered to be the most important method to improve energy efficient performance and reduce energy consumption in commercial buildings since most energy consumption in commercial buildings is through artificial lights and cooling the spaces with heat resulting from artificial lights [11].

4.4.2 Artificial lighting Artificial lighting is considered to be one of the major energy consumption elements in Egypt, and causes an additional load on cooling systems. Artificial lighting should have low thermal emissions; more energy efficient and low cost [11].

4.4.3 Automatic lighting systems Automatic light systems include a time control system, occupancy sensors system and light intensity control system [11].

4.4.4 PV lighting The main opportunity of PV application is considered to serve the demand of the landscape and both the indoor and outdoor lighting system due to the high irradiation factor in Egypt above 5.5 kWh/m2/day [5].

4.5 Electrical power systems

4.5.1 Power factor ratio Improving energy efficiency in electrical fittings and equipment in commercial buildings reduces electrical losses through increasing cables’ diameter, increasing efficiency in electrical convertors and motors and through balancing electrical loads. All electrical equipment including motors, AC units, light units and refrigerators should have a power factor (ratio between effective and apparent power) from 0.85 to 0.89 [11].

4.5.2 Adding pressure exchangers to the desalination plants This specific energy index could be reduced by 50% by using a pressure exchanger unit that recovers the pressure of disposed brine to the sea water introduced to the membranes. Therefore, it is highly recommended to introduce this concept to all installed RO plants since minor modifications are required for the process [5].



4.5.3 Building energy management system A building energy management system (BEMS) is a computer-based system that automatically monitors and controls a range of hotel services, including air conditioning, ventilation, heating, lighting and other energy consumers within the building or sometimes even groups of buildings [5].

4.5.4 Fuel switching to natural gas Hotels in Sharm El Sheikh are being connected to the natural gas grid as it is being expanded by the gas utility. Most of the hotels are utilizing diesel in their combustion systems. The benefits in this energy conservation measure are clear: less greenhouse gas emissions, combustion efficiency improvement, and removal for risks in fuel oil loading, transportation and unloading [5].

4.5.5 Cogeneration plants for natural gas grid connected areas Cogeneration (or combined heat and power, CHP) is the simultaneous production of electricity and thermal energy from the same fuel source [5] (fig. 6).

Figure 6: Cogeneration plants.

5 Conclusion

The desirable comfort needed in the hospitality sector can be achieved with lower energy consumption using energy efficient strategies and energy monitoring systems. Lack of energy efficient strategies and renewable energy resources are obvious in the hospitality sector in Egypt. Meanwhile, the technologies along with the high primarily and debit capital needed to achieve and afford these strategies are challenges which need creative solutions and funding methods to make it all possible. The possible energy efficient and renewable energy measures available to Egyptian hotels have been classified into five different groups, which are building’s envelope, cooling systems, water heating systems, lighting systems and electrical power systems. Each of these groups consists of different detailed measures, further information was provided for each measure concerning potential energy savings, estimated cost and the category it belongs to; specified as architectural, mechanical, electrical or other, as shown in the concluded table below (Table 1).



Tab

le 1

: T

he p

ossi

ble

ener

gy e

ffic

ient

and

ren

ewab

le e

nerg

y m

easu

res

avai

labl

e to

Egy

ptia

n ho

tels

.

P

ossi

ble

EE

andREst

rate

gies

P

oten

tial

energysavings

Estimatedc

ost

(EG

P)

Cat

egor

y

Building

enve

lope

Pre

vent

ion

of a

ir in

filt

ratio

n to

fro

m o

utdo

or to

indo

or c

oole

d sp

aces

Spr

ay f

oam

48

/3.5

m

AR

CH

Add

ing

ther

mal

insu

lati

on to

bui

ldin

g ‘s

ext

erna

l wal

ls, r

oofs

and

flo

ors

(whe

n fe

asib

le)

AR

CH

Add

ing

fixe

d or

mov

eabl

e sh

adin

g to

ols

and

louv

ers

AR

CH

Rep

lace

men

t of

win

dow

s’ g

lass

to d

oubl

e gl

azed

win

dow

s

2100

/m2

AR

CH

Inst

alli

ng e

nerg

y sa

ving

win

dow

fil

ms

solu

tions

R

educ

e at

leas

t 50%

of

heat

gai

n sa

ving

fro

m 2

%

to 3

.5%

of

cool

ing

cons

umpt

ion

80–1

20/m

2 A

RC

H

Cooling

syst

ems

Natural

vent

ilat

ion

Usi

ng n

atur

al v

enti

lati

on m

etho

ds

Nat

ural

ven

tila

tion

coul

d re

duce

coo

ling

ene

rgy

cons

umpt

ion

in s

umm

er f

rom

10%

to 3

0%

A

RC

H

Artificialc

ooli

ng

syst

ems

Hig

h ef

fici

ent a

ir c

ondi

tion

ing

Red

uces

30%

of

ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

7999

(S

harp

3H

P

Inve

ter)

M

EC

H

The

rmal

insu

late

d ai

r co

ndit

ioni

ng p

ipes

M

EC

H

Sw

itch

ing

from

indi

vidu

al s

plit

s to

cen

tral

ized

coo

ling

sys

tem

sS

avin

g ar

ound

35%

of

the

elec

tric

al c

onsu

mpt

ion

to s

atis

fy g

uest

roo

m c

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ng d

eman

d

ME

CH

Rep

lace

men

t of

air

cool

ed c

hill

ers

to a

bsor

ptio

n ch

iller

s S

avin

gs a

roun

d 40

% f

or c

over

ing

the

sam

e co

olin

g de

man

d

ME

CH

Cle

anin

g th

e su

rfac

es o

f th

e ai

r co

ndit

ioni

ng c

ooli

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xcha

nger

ev

ery

3 m

onth

s

M

EC

H

Sha

ding

air

con

diti

onin

g co

nden

sers

to a

ssur

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fici

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of

air

cond

itio

ning

uni

ts

ME

CH

Add

ing

auto

mat

ic s

yste

ms

(key

car

ds)

turn

ing

off

air

cond

itio

ning

whe

n gu

ests

leav

e th

eir

room

s

E

LE

C

Add

ing

auto

mat

ic s

yste

ms

swit

chin

g of

f ai

r co

ndit

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gu

ests

roo

ms

and

publ

ic a

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whe

n w

indo

ws

are

open

ed

ME

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olar

wat

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heat

ers

(SW

H)

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lace

men

t of

sing

le e

lect

rica

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ters

to S

WH

S

WH

cou

ld r

educ

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ater

hea

ting

ene

rgy

cons

umpt

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to a

roun

d 80

%

50 E

GP

/L

(Sol

aris

Cal

tak)

R

EN



Tab

le 1

: C

ontin

ued.

P

ossi

ble

EE

and

RE

str

ateg

ies

Pot

enti

al e

nerg

y sa

ving

s E

stim

ated

cos

t (E

GP

) C

ateg

ory

Sol

ar w

ater

hea

ters

(S

WH

) R

epla

cem

ent o

f ce

ntra

l die

sel b

oile

rs to

cen

tral

SW

H s

yste

m

SW

H c

ould

red

uce

wat

er h

eati

ng e

nerg

y co

nsum

ptio

n to

aro

und

80%

50

EG

P/L

(S

olar

is C

alta

k)

RE

N

Hea

t rec

over

y sy

stem

(H

RS

)

Rec

over

ing

reje

cted

hea

t in

chil

lers

in f

orm

of

preh

eati

ng p

roce

ss

for

dom

esti

c ho

t wat

er

ME

CH

Inst

alli

ng e

cono

miz

er a

t the

bas

e of

the

boile

r ch

imne

y to

pre

heat

th

e m

akeu

p w

ater

of

the

boil

er

ME

CH

Inst

alli

ng H

RS

for

hea

t rej

ecte

d fr

om e

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nera

tors

an

d/or

coo

ling

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f th

e en

gine

M

EC

H

Wat

er c

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ion

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/cha

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r qu

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w n

ot e

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inut

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hese

mod

els

redu

ce e

nerg

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d w

ater

use

by

at l

east

10%

ME

CH

Inst

alli

ng s

how

ers

wit

h co

ntro

l sys

tem

for

not

exc

eedi

ng 9

.5

lite

rs/m

inut

e

12 E

GP

(Id

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Sta

ndar

d)

ME

CH

Usi

ng f

auce

t aer

ator

s in

roo

ms,

bar

, res

taur

ants

, etc

.

12 E

GP

(Id

eal

Sta

ndar

d)

ME

CH

Toi

lets

equ

ippe

d w

ith

dual

flu

sh a

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w-f

low

har

dwar

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166

EG

P (

Idea

l S

tand

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M

EC

H

Con

trol

led

wat

er f

low

in s

wim

min

g po

ols

pum

ps

ME

CH

Usi

ng s

team

kit

tles

and

ste

am c

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rs

ME

CH

Min

imiz

atio

n of

the

evap

orat

ion

and

heat

loss

es a

t sw

imm

ing

pool

s R

educ

e en

ergy

for

hea

ting

fro

m 5

–10%

, and

25

–30%

of

pool

’s m

akeu

p w

ater

ME

CH

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rgy

effi

cien

t ele

ctri

cal w

ater

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ters

M

EC

HA

djus

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wat

er s

uppl

y te

mpe

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re f

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55–

65°C

inst

ead

of 7

5°C

and

mor

e

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HT

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ally

insu

latin

g w

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pip

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s N

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n na

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g th

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me

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e na

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tegr

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with

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or s

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A

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lean

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tran

spar

ent s

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10%

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T

able

1:

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tinue

d.

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ble

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and

RE

str

ateg

ies

Pot

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al e

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y sa

ving

s E

stim

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cos

t (E

GP

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ory

A

rtif

icia

l li

ghtin

g

Rep

lace

men

t of

conv

entio

nal/

inef

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units

for

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or a

nd o

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are

as to

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logy

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t (T

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and

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Aut

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l sys

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(T

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)

250

EG

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Occ

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enso

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m (

OS

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12

00 E

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Lig

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tens

ity

cont

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yste

m (

LIC

S)

LIC

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ould

red

uce

ligh

t ene

rgy

cons

umpt

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to m

ore

than

50%

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Pho

tovo

ltai

c on

-sit

e pr

oduc

tion

(PV

) P

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ppli

cati

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ghtin

g

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cons

umpt

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savi

ngs

usin

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are

usua

lly

100%

RE

N

PV

app

lica

tion

for

indo

or li

ghtin

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1400

0 E

GP

/kW

R

EN

Ele

ctri

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pow

er

syst

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Ene

rgy

effi

cien

t con

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and

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fac

tor

rati

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) to

all/

mos

t ele

ctri

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quip

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t is

from

0.8

5 to

0.8

9

M

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HU

sing

rad

ial d

istr

ibut

ion

syst

em to

red

uce

elec

tric

ity

loss

es.

E

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Rep

laci

ng e

lect

rica

l dis

trib

utio

n bo

ard

in th

e ce

nter

of

load

s to

red

uce

elec

tric

al lo

sses

.

EL

EC

A

ddin

g pr

essu

re e

xcha

nger

s to

the

desa

lina

tion

plan

ts in

stea

d of

rev

erse

osm

osis

(R

O)

tech

nolo

gy

Red

uce

plan

ts e

nerg

y co

nsum

ptio

n by

50

%

M

EC

H

Add

ing

buil

ding

ene

rgy

man

agem

ent s

yste

ms

(BE

MS

) to

mon

itor

and

con

trol

ene

rgy

cons

umpt

ion

with

in th

e bu

ildi

ng

All

owin

g sa

ving

s of

5%

of

the

tota

l el

ectr

ical

con

sum

ptio

n

ME

CH

Fue

l sw

itch

ing

to n

atur

al g

as to

impr

ove

com

bust

ion

effi

cien

cy a

nd r

educ

e gr

eenh

ouse

gas

em

issi

ons

E

nerg

y co

st s

avin

gs a

roun

d 38

%

cons

ider

ing

the

sam

e ef

fici

ency

ME

CH

Cog

ener

atio

n pl

ants

com

bini

ng c

ooli

ng, h

eat a

nd p

ower

sys

tem

(C

CH

P)

to c

once

rt f

uel t

o el

ectr

icit

y, h

ot w

ater

/ste

am a

nd c

hill

ed w

ater

, ins

tead

of

sing

le g

ener

atio

n sy

stem

(S

GS

)

Incr

easi

ng th

e ov

eral

l sys

tem

ef

fici

ency

, whi

ch d

oubl

e th

e ef

fici

ency

of

SG

S

ME

CH

Mor

e ef

fici

ent m

otor

s an

d pu

mps

wit

h va

riab

le s

peed

dri

vers

to a

void

ope

rati

ng a

t ful

l loa

ds

whe

n th

e de

man

d is

par

tial

. Im

prov

es th

ese

elec

tric

al s

yste

ms

effi

cien

cy u

p to

30%

ME

CH

Inst

alli

ng p

hoto

volta

ic (

PV

) sy

stem

for

ele

ctri

city

pro

duct

ion

E

nerg

y co

nsum

ptio

n sa

ving

s us

ing

PV

ar

e us

uall

y 10

0%

1400

0 E

GP

/kW

R

EN



References

[1] G. Beck, Grid Parity: The Art of Financing Renewable Energy Projects in the US, Fairmont Press, May, 2014.

[2] J. Yudelson, Greening Existing Buildings, California: McGraw-Hill Education, 2009.

[3] Ministry of Electricity and Energy, 2013 [online]. Available: http://www.moee.gov.eg [accessed 20 May 2015].

[4] Egyptian Hotel Association, Egyptian Hotel Association, 2013 [online]. Available: http://www.egyptianhotels.org/ [accessed 2014].

[5] AF-Mercados EMI, “Sustainable Energy Support for Built Environment Projects,” European Bank for Reconstruction & Development, Spain, September 2013.

[6] Tourism Development Authority, “Tourism Development Authority,” Tourism Development Authority, 2012. [online]. Available: http://www.tda.gov.eg/ [accessed 2015].

[7] World Weather Online, “World Weather Online,” [online]. Available: http://www.worldweatheronline.com/ [accessed 2014].

[8] International Energy Agency, OECD/IEA [online]. Available: http://www.iea.org/ [accessed 2014].

[9] The World Bank, “Data,” The World Bank, 2016 [online]. Available: http://data.worldbank.org/country/egypt-arab-republic [accessed 2015].

[10] African Development Bank Group, “Egypt Economic Outlook,” 2016 [online]. Available: http://www.afdb.org /en/countries/north-africa/egypt/ egypt-economic-outlook/ [accessed 2015].

[11] The Preparing Committee of the Egyptian Code for Energy Efficiency in Buildings, The Egyptian Code for Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Cairo: Housing & Building National Research Center, 2005.

[12] A. C. E. Barbara Fritz, How to Become a Green Star Hotel, Egypt: The Green Star Hotel Initiative, July, 2008.



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