Towards OpenMath Content Dictionaries as Linked Data
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Transcript of Towards OpenMath Content Dictionaries as Linked Data
Towards OpenMath Content Dictionaries asLinked Data
OpenMath Workshop 2010
Christoph Lange
Jacobs University, Bremen, GermanyKWARC – Knowledge Adaptation and Reasoning for Content
July 08, 2010
Christoph Lange (Jacobs University) Towards OpenMath Content Dictionaries as Linked Data July 08, 2010 1/13
Overview
Linked DataBest practices for publishing and connecting structured data on theweb
easy retrieval of further informationlightweight semantics enables scalable reasoningas decentral as the web
. . . just as OpenMath CDs?Not quite: CDs keep up in principle, but not in practice – so . . .
1 Whymake CDs Linked Data aware?2 And how?
Christoph Lange (Jacobs University) Towards OpenMath Content Dictionaries as Linked Data July 08, 2010 2/13
Overview
Linked DataBest practices for publishing and connecting structured data on theweb
easy retrieval of further informationlightweight semantics enables scalable reasoningas decentral as the web
. . . just as OpenMath CDs?Not quite: CDs keep up in principle, but not in practice – so . . .
1 Whymake CDs Linked Data aware?2 And how?
Christoph Lange (Jacobs University) Towards OpenMath Content Dictionaries as Linked Data July 08, 2010 2/13
The Linked Data principles
1 Use URIs to identify things2 Use HTTP URIs – can be dereferenced for looking up [information
about] things3 Provide useful (machine-understandable) information at those
URIs4 Link to other related things to improve information discovery
Christoph Lange (Jacobs University) Towards OpenMath Content Dictionaries as Linked Data July 08, 2010 3/13
Linked Open DataThe Semantic Web as it should have been right from the start
As of March 2009
LinkedCTReactome
Taxonomy
KEGG
PubMed
GeneID
Pfam
UniProt
OMIM
PDB
SymbolChEBI
Daily Med
Disea-some
CAS
HGNC
InterPro
Drug Bank
UniParc
UniRef
ProDom
PROSITE
Gene Ontology
HomoloGene
PubChem
MGI
UniSTS
GEOSpecies
Jamendo
BBCProgramm
es
Music-brainz
Magna-tune
BBCLater +TOTP
SurgeRadio
MySpaceWrapper
Audio-Scrobbler
LinkedMDB
BBCJohnPeel
BBCPlaycount
Data
Gov-Track
US Census Data
riese
Geo-names
lingvoj
World Fact-book
Euro-stat
flickrwrappr
Open Calais
RevyuSIOCSites
Doap-space
Flickrexporter
FOAFprofiles
CrunchBase
Sem-Web-
Central
Open-Guides
Wiki-company
QDOS
Pub Guide
RDF ohloh
W3CWordNet
OpenCyc
UMBEL
Yago
DBpediaFreebase
Virtuoso Sponger
DBLPHannover
IRIT Toulouse
SWConference
Corpus
RDF Book Mashup
Project Guten-berg
DBLPBerlin
LAAS- CNRS
Buda-pestBME
IEEE
IBM
Resex
Pisa
New-castle
RAE 2001
CiteSeer
ACM
DBLP RKB
Explorer
eprints
LIBRIS
SemanticWeb.org
Eurécom
RKBECS
South-ampton
CORDIS
ReSIST ProjectWiki
NationalScience
Foundation
ECS South-ampton
The opener the better (but also works in intranets)Christoph Lange (Jacobs University) Towards OpenMath Content Dictionaries as Linked Data July 08, 2010 4/13
LOD Applications – Researchers Map
Christoph Lange (Jacobs University) Towards OpenMath Content Dictionaries as Linked Data July 08, 2010 5/13
Linked Open Data Applications – RelFinder
Christoph Lange (Jacobs University) Towards OpenMath Content Dictionaries as Linked Data July 08, 2010 6/13
The Need for Mathematical Semantics
Statistical datasets of EU, US, UK being published as Linked Data
ahs:EH100 # ID of this data pointscv:dimension env:isle-of-wight ; # "region" dimensionscv:dimension env:year-2008 ; # "time" dimensionscv:dimension env:geese ; # type of items countedrdf:value "693"^^xsd:decimal ; # countscv:dataset ahs2:livestock . # back-reference to dataset
Here: count of items (per year and region)Also in those datasets: growth rates, densities, indices (derivedvalues!)How to check derived values, how to compute new ones?Need mathematical semantics!
Christoph Lange (Jacobs University) Towards OpenMath Content Dictionaries as Linked Data July 08, 2010 7/13
Semantics of Derived ValuesPopulation Density ∶= Population
Area
# the density is computed by ...ahs:PD100 sl:computedFrom [# ... calling OpenMath’s arith1#dividesl:function <http://www.openmath.org/cd/arith1#divide> ;sl:arguments# ... passing the value of the EH100 data point as first argument[ sl:argPosition "1"^^xsd:int ;sl:argValue ahs:EH100 ] ,
# ... and the value of the AR100 data point as second argument[ sl:argPosition "2"^^xsd:int ;sl:argValue ahs:AR100 ] ].
How to compute?1 translate RDF to OpenMath object2 send to SCSCP computation service
Christoph Lange (Jacobs University) Towards OpenMath Content Dictionaries as Linked Data July 08, 2010 8/13
Non-Standard Derivations
Human Development Index of a country:
HDI ∶=13(LE +
23ALI +
13GEI + GDP)
Let this be http://example.org´¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¸¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¶
cdbase
/ statistics´¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¸¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¹¶
cd
# hdi°name
No standard phrasebook knows this!Linked Data solution: download definition from CD URI and use it
Christoph Lange (Jacobs University) Towards OpenMath Content Dictionaries as Linked Data July 08, 2010 9/13
Linked Data Principles in OpenMath
1 Use URIs to identify things – CDBase hardly ever used⇒ URIawareness?!
2 Use HTTP URIs – who has control overhttp://www.openmath.org/cd (the default CDBase)?
3 Provide useful information at those URIs – URIs are usuallyconsidered names only; if anything, non-semantic HTML isavailable from there
4 Link to other related things – ‘‘It is defined in Abramowitz andStegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions, section 4.1’’, buthow about a link to DLMF? To DBpedia?
Christoph Lange (Jacobs University) Towards OpenMath Content Dictionaries as Linked Data July 08, 2010 10/13
Technical and Conceptual Flaws of OpenMathIt’s not only to blame on the community, but also on the standard. . .
No MIME type specified⇒ can’t retrieve a CD file from a URI byHTTP content negotiation – application/openmath+xml?“It is important to stress that it is not CDs themselves which arebeing transmitted, but some ‘mathematics’ whose definitionsare held within the CDs” – discourages publishers of makingmachine-understandable CDs available!weak semantics of FMP (10th anniversary?) – anyway, practice ofRDF-based Linked Data and OpenMath advise to be pragmaticno way to link OpenMath symbols to anything but otherOpenMath symbols (e. g. DLMF or DBpedia)Links could be given by FMP or OMATTR⇒ link target has to beencoded as OMS⇒ restrictive cdbase / cd # name schema(hash vs. slash URIs)
Christoph Lange (Jacobs University) Towards OpenMath Content Dictionaries as Linked Data July 08, 2010 11/13
Conclusion
Linked Data applications lack mathematical semanticsOpenMath fails to meet Linked Data principlesWe need better practicesWe need a better specification
Christoph Lange (Jacobs University) Towards OpenMath Content Dictionaries as Linked Data July 08, 2010 12/13
Future Work
Integrate OpenMathcomputations right into RDFqueriesOpenMath entailmentregime for SPARQL,or simply SPARQL extensionfunctions
Computation?
Christoph Lange (Jacobs University) Towards OpenMath Content Dictionaries as Linked Data July 08, 2010 13/13