Towards integrated measures of biodiversity, ecosystem function and ecosystem service
description
Transcript of Towards integrated measures of biodiversity, ecosystem function and ecosystem service
Towards integrated measures of biodiversity, ecosystem function
and ecosystem service
Martin Solan, Jasmin Godbold, Mark Bulling
Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, UK
Marine goods and services
Beaumont et al. 2008
Human impact on the global ocean
Halpern et al. 2008
Year
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Cita
tion
fre
qu
en
cy
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 1 2 3
020
4060
8010
012
0
Habitat type of study
Ann
ual c
itatio
n ra
te
Accelerating interest
Year
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Num
ber
of p
ublic
atio
ns (
year
-1)
0
50
100
150
200
Investigating consequences of species loss
0
10
20
30
40
50
A B Expected A+B A+B
Species
Eco
syst
em p
roce
ss
Fix biomass
Manipulating benthic diversity
Concerns over consequences of biodiversity loss
-Ethical-Religious
Schulze & Mooney (1994) Vitousek et al. (1997)
Hypothesis generation
-Rivet-Redundancy -Idiosyncratic
-Expert opinion
Hypothetical scenariogeneration
Sala et al. (2000)
Laboratory experiments TheoreticalHistorical data
LimitationsCriticism, validation & modification
-Small scale-Simple communities-One trophic level-No species interactions
-Heterogeneity of variance-Confounding factorsAarssen (1997), Huston (1997),Ieno et al. (2006)
For reviews:-Hooper et al. (2005)-Naeem et al. (2002)-Hughes & Petchey (2001)-Loreau et al. (2001)
Phase
1: Envi
ronm
enta
l va
riati
on c
ontr
olled
Reality Filter
Emmerson & Huxham (2002) Tilman et al. (1997)Cardinale et al. (2004)
Theoretical
Yachi & Loreau (1999)Cardinale et al. (2000)Ives & Cardinale (2004)Gross & Cardinale (2005)
Connection to real world Field experimentsReal world in laboratory
Combinatorial
Biodiversity futuresbased on data
Sp. addition & removalIn-situ
Naeem & Wright (2003)
Duffy et al. (2003)
Model with validation
Empirically derivedscenario generation
Emmerson et al. (2001)Widdicombe et al. (2000)
Bruno et al. (2005)Bruno et al. (2006)
Hector et al. (1999)Symstad & Tilman (2001)Diaz et al. (2003)
Biles et al. (2003)Swan & Palmer (2004)O’Connor & Crowe (2005)
Movement to the real world
Solan et al. (2004) Zavaleta & Hulvey (2004)Bunker et al. (2005) McIntyre et al. (2007)
Bracken et al. (2008)
Emmerson & Raffaelli (2000) Swan & Palmer (2005)Fox (2006)
Flint & Kalke (2005)Raffaelli et al. (2005a, b)
Controversy
Natural & anthropogenic gradients of disturbance Indirect manipulations
Wardle et al. (1997)Troumbis & Memtsas (2000)Cardinale et al. (2005)Ruesink et al. (2006)Natural reduction of
confounding factorsStatistical partitioning
Phase
2: In
clusi
on o
f su
bse
t of
envi
ronm
enta
l va
riati
on
Phase
3: In
corp
ora
ting
envi
ronm
enta
l va
riati
on
Vitousek et al. (1994)Austin (2002)
e.g. -partial linear regression-variance partitioning
- Time (O’Connor & Crowe, 2005)- Multi-trophism (France & Duffy, 2006a)- Community complexity (France & Duffy, 2006b)- Multi-functionality (Hector & Bagchi, 2007)
Fukami & Wardle (2005) -Diseases-Extractive industry-Paleological record-“freak” disturbance events
Field observations
Summaries andmeta-analyses
Covich et al. (2004)Balvanera et al. (2006)Cardinale et al. (2006)Worm et al. (2006)
BEF indicesScholes & Briggs (2005)Rouget et al. (2006)Zhang & Zhang (2007)
-Economic-Scientific
Relevance
Srivastava & Vellend (2005)
Increasing system complexity
Application in the real world
Extension to landscape & ecosystem scales
Connection with ecosystem services
Translation to policy
Aid management and conservation issues
Srivastava & Vellend (2005)Millenium Assessment (2005)Diaz et al. (2006)
Expert advice
Loreau et al. (2006)
Godbold 2009
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
Year
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Pro
port
ion
of
cita
tions
to N
aee
m e
t al.
(199
4)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Year
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Pro
port
ion
of
cita
tions
to H
usto
n (
1997
)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Year
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Pro
port
ion
of
cita
tions
to T
ilma
n et
al.
(199
7)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Year
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Pro
port
ion
of
cita
tions
to L
ore
au e
t al.
(200
1)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Year
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Pro
port
ion
of
cita
tions
to H
ecto
r e
t al.
(199
9)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Year
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Pro
port
ion
of
cita
tions
to H
oop
er &
Vito
usek
(1
997)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
From Solan & Godbold 2009See also Benton et al. 2007
Percolation and credibility effects – not got to ES yet
Talk>Theory>Methods>Lab and field experiments>Observations>Application
Moving towards ecosystem services
EF
Biodiversity Biodiversity
ES
Straightforward translation?
Rate/magnitude
Time / Space
ES ~ f(biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, environment)
Biodiversity
Environment
B
E
Biodiversity
Environment
E
B
Revise our way of thinking
• Distinguish the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem processes from the effects of the environmental factors
• Statistically overcome the limitations of confounding, collinear & auto-correlated variables
Biodiversity Environment
(Pearson & Rosenberg, 1978)
Dilemma #1: what contributes to ecosystem services?
Dilemma #2: scale and context
Dilemma #3: data resolution
Different factors contributing to ecosystem services will require different resolution
Dilemma #4: technology, manpower and resources
Moving to the real world?
Sensors are developed…
And in an estuarine setting, fouling no longer an issue…
Technology exists already, but has not been used in this context….
The Ythan-net vision: linking ecosystem services to changes in biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
Real time data coupled with ground truth survey and observation