Towards Institutionalizing Zakah At Community Level

8/14/2019 Towards Institutionalizing Zakah At Community Level

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www.cdss.ingeniousbd.org

Copyright CDSS 2000-2009 1

Towards Institutionalizing Zakah at Community Level

in Bangladesh: The PARSHI (Neighbourhood)

Model1

Dr. S. M. Ali Akkas

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Web: www.cdss.ingeniousbd.org

1. Introduction

In a situation of poor response to the public management of Zakah fund after

enactment of Zakah Act, there should be a fresh look to the reasons why it is so and what

could be a new approach to organizing collection and disbursement of Zakah. To thisauthor, public management of Zakah could not gain adequate trust because of the nature

of the government and the payment of Zakah as per Zakah Act has been made voluntary.

Assuming that the present Zakah Act will continue to be with same characteristic, thepaper attempts to respond to the query in Section-1 why an initiative of the type of a pilotscheme should be undertaken. Section-2 argues why current safety net programs can

exert very little effect on poverty alleviation initiative of the government and why a net

asset transfer mechanism needs to be put in place to effectively address the poverty issue.

Section-3 presents strengths of Zakah as an effective poverty alleviation tool. While

Section-4 deals with who should take the initiative, Section-5 illustrates how the program

should be approached. Section-6 tables a preliminary thought PARSHI The

Neighbourhood Model and Section-7 provides a brief idea on how to attemptinstitutionalisation of the PARSHI Model

2. Why Poverty is sustaining in Bangladesh?

2.1 Almost Non-functional Zakah Board in Bangladesh

Zakah collection by National Zakah Board has come down to few lakhs for the past

few years. Zakah administration at governmental level has virtually become

disfunctional. This reflects lack of confidence on the government machinery as regards

its eligibility of collecting and disbursing Zakah. The other most important factor for

undertaking private initiative of Zakah management is the persisting high percentage of

below poverty line population in spite of so-called successful interventions by NGOs.This has become rather inevitable when the ultra poor could not yet been reached by thetraditional NGOs target group approaches. Following discussions throughout Section-2

summarises authors recent policy research on the subject.2

1 The article was presented in a workshop Institutionalising Zakah at Private Level sponsored by Zakah

Forum as key-note paper.

2 Akkas, S. M. Ali (1999). Simulating Role of Zakah in Poverty Alleviation of Bangladesh under aDynamic Computable General Equilibrium Model, Policy Studies Series 1, Centre for Development

Studies and Services, Dhaka.


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2.2 Staggering Poverty Situation in Bangladesh

According to the Human Development Report 2004 Bangladesh has been ranked as

the second poorest ???? country of the world. About half of its population live belowpoverty level in terms of per capita daily calorie intake. Poverty line defined accordinglyprovides a worrisome picture of poverty situation in Bangladesh. Rural population below

poverty line is estimated to be 46% in 1993, which has declined to 40% in 1997. Below

poverty line urban population is reported to be 43.3% and 43.4% respectively during the

same period.

Rural Bangladesh

Of the total 98.77 million rural populations in 1999 (model generated), 5.2 million are

ultra poor representing 4.1%. Number of moderate poor is estimated to be 54.37 million

representing 42.7% of the rural population.3

Urban Area

Urban population is estimated to be 28.44 million in 1999 (model generated). Of this,

below poverty line urban population accounts 12.31 million. Among these huge urban

poor, number of ultra poor, very poor and moderate poor are accounted to 1.7 million, 4.1

million and 6.5 million representing respectively 6.1%, 14.5% and 22.7% of total urban

population.4

2.3 Inequality in the Distribution of Govt Transfer

The present outrage of poverty in Bangladesh is conditioned by size and growth of population, distorted play of market mechanism, and less judicious allocation of

government transfer payment leading to a distribution mechanism which has built-in biasto transfer resources from the poor to the rich. The study conducted by the present author shows extremely an iniquitous distribution of government transfers depriving altogetherthose household groups (landless and marginal farmers) who badly need it by anyconsideration of priority. Landless and marginal farmers representing respectively 4%and 26% of total household population get zero allocation of government transfer. On theother hand, medium and high education household group representing 8% and 3% oftotal household population appropriate respectively 34% and 38% i.e., 72% in total ofthe government transfer payments effectuated in 1993, the base year of the model run.

5

Inadequate Government Safety Net programs

Government safety net programs are often seasonal, poorly covered and aptlyregarded as least organised in terms of leakage. The important government safety net programs are Food for Works (FFW), Food for Education (FFE), Vulnerable Group Development (VGD) Program for disadvantaged women, and Test Relief (TR). Amongthese programs FFW is the largest, but the fastest growing and second largest program

3 Akkas, S. M. Ali (1999). Simulating Role of Zakah in Poverty Alleviation of Bangladesh under a

Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Model, Policy Studies Series 1, Centre for Development

Studies and Services Network, Dhaka.4 Ibid5 Ibid


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is the FFE. The authors same study depicts extent and coverage of the safety netinterventions. It is evident that the highest level of delivery of these programs took placein 1995-96 distributing 1078 thousand metric tons of wheat costing Tk. 13,970.9 million

and 70 thousand tons of rice valued Tk. 907.2 million. That means, food grains costing atotal of Tk. 14,878.1 million were distributed in 1995-96. It should be noted that the safety net programs are based on donors humanitarian grants with high degree of fluctuations. At the same time, it is hardly a net transfer mechanism since FFW, themajor component of the safety net programs, is given as wage to construct and repairrural infrastructure.

6

2.4 Income Inequality through Market Mechanism

Market mechanism, if allowed to work perfectly, is considered to be the most

efficient way of allocating/distributing income and resources among the economic agents.

Thus free-play of market mechanism, without any kind of planned intervention, would

likely to create poverty for those who fail to be in the marketplace for whatever reason.One of the basic postulates of market mechanism is that resources flow to activities or

economic agents where these can be used most efficiently. Thus market mechanism, in itspure sense, does not allow being compassionate to specially make provision for resources

to those who are considered to be less efficient. Hence, any program for the poor

designed purely with market character are unlikely to sustain. This is simply because the

programs in question do not admit that the poor first need to be fit for the marketplace

and this happens only when they have at their disposal a basic minimum asset/capital oftheir own to start with. Saying simply that the poor are efficient and that is why they are

entitled to have their access to credit is denial of the aforementioned truth. This argument

is applicable to the poor irrespective of whether they are moderate poor or ultra poor.

Crippled, physically or intellectually, do not come within the purview of this argumentbecause they require, in any case, doles for their survival.

However, market

mechanism has nothing to

do with poverty except the poor receive something by

its trickle down effectsemanated from higher

growth. Setting safety nets

for the poor is an out of the

market solution, which has

been proved to beextremely insufficient intaking care of poverty.

Government transfer

mechanism, another out of

the market intervention,

works heavily against the

poor favouring more who

are in higher income

6 Ibid.

Fig-1: Income Inequality through Market

Mechanism

4%

26%

17%

5%

27%

8%

5%

6%

2%

1%

7%

9%

10%

17%

8%

8%

16%

24%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

[landless HH]

[marginal farmer HH]

[small farmer HH]

[large farmer HH]

[non agriculture HH]

[illiterate HH]

[low education HH]

[med education HH]

[high education HH]

Shares Hp Shares hhY


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echelons as has already been noticed in Appendix-1.

On the contrary, Zakah is an obligatory social security arrangement for making those fit

who are unfit as market player and also a security for survival of those who will never befit for the marketplace.

Fig-1 illustrates clearly the income inequalities prevailing in different categories ofhouseholds. Landless household group representing 4% of total population receives only

1% of total household income. Marginal farmer household group being 26% of total

population gets only 7% of total household income. On the other hand, high education

household group representing 2% of total population receives only 24% of total

household income and medium education household group being 6% of total population

gets 16% of total household income. Thus below poverty line rural household population

consisting of landless, marginal and small farmers being 47% of total population receive

only 17% of total household income. On the other hand, high and medium educationhousehold constituting 8% of total population receive 40% of total household income.

Income Inequalities created in the market and by intervention of government transferpayment are pervasive. More pervasive is the role of government transfer payment than

in the marketplace.7

2.5 Marginal Success of NGOs in Poverty Alleviation

NGOs role is generally applauded in their effort to ameliorating poverty situation in

Bangladesh. 363 NGOs, whose statistics are available, have in their command 5,275,454

members receiving cumulative disbursement of loan of Tk. 35,279 million as of June

1997. NGOs, recently been termed as micro-finance institutions, are providing loanswithout collateral to target group people who were otherwise not considered to be eligible

for bank loans. Recovery rates of loan money stand over 90% in most of the cases. There

are also government-run poverty alleviation programs providing similar as well as variant

kind of services to that of the NGOs and their performance is nonetheless inferior. Inspite of that target group approach faces challenges at least on three sustainability

grounds. These are: Ultra poor are hardly covered by any of these target group approaches due to reasons

such as: (a) either the people targeted withdraw themselves considering the program

is not suitable to them; and/or, (b) the program organizers find them relatively too

risky to include on recovery grounds. That means, organizations sustainability

becomes increasingly threatened by more and more inclusion of ultra poor; Graduation of the target group people, generally having no asset, has been

exceedingly arduous as they are put in a situation to survive on utilization of a very

small amount of loan hardly more than Tk. 5000/-. This puts borrowers sustainability

at stake; and,

The micro-finance institutions are mostly based on donors funds, which is not by

nature sustainable.

7 Ibid.


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With the above-mentioned three sustainability grounds, endorsing of entitlement to a

basic minimum initial asset/capital seems to be the sin-qua-non of any approach topoverty alleviation. One can find here the real implication of introducing Zakah in the

economy as the most effective tool to eradicate poverty. Once Zakah creates this initialasset base, only then one can expect smooth functioning of a financing scheme whatever

might be the size of loan.

2.6 Root Cause in the Failure of PAPs

It has already been mentioned that endorsement of entitlement to basic minimum

initial asset/capital is the sin-qua-non of any approach to poverty alleviation. Current

poverty alleviation programs lack this vital component in their program design. As a

result, all PAPs currently under application are bound to be unsustainable on grounds of

their donor dependence, inability to provide initial basic minimum ownership-capital and

less organizational sustainability due low capital productivity. Zakah creates such a

provision in an economy. It is a continuous transfer mechanism ensuring transfer ofresources from well-to-do to the poor and needy. Once this basic entitlement is granted,

access to credit adds a new dimension to graduation process of borrowers.

2.7 Need for Establishing a Reverse Asset Transfer Mechanism

Market system thus represents a transfer mechanism, which has built-in biases to

direct resources from low income to high-income groups. This trend has to be reversed.Zakah can set such a reverse transfer mechanism.

3. Strength of Zakah as an Effective Poverty Alleviation Tool

3.1 AggregateZakahReceipts: Rural

and Urban

Fig-2shows totalamount of

Zakah (Zakah

& Ushr) to be

collected in

Bangladesh

during the

period under

Fig-2: Zakah Collectable in Bangladesh

47,

213

44,

224

49,

698

53,

18

7

57,5

16

61,175

65

,149

69,

254

76,

080

83,

751

91,

777

100,

919

110,

517

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

InMillionTk.

Zakah Bangladesh


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simulation. An amount of Tk. 28,337 million may be collected as Zakah (including Ushr)

in the base year of the simulation, which stands at Tk. 47,213 million in 1998 andbecomes Tk.110,517 million in 2010.

3.2 How Much of the Poverty Gap Zakah Can Cover

Strength of Zakah as a poverty alleviation tool depends on how much of the

prevailing poverty gaps would be financed by Zakah proceeds. The strength can be

measured by portion of poverty gap that Zakah can finance at rural and urban areas. This

rural-urban segregation does not have any legal implication but it provides insights on the

effect of interventions pursued on regional basis. The information so received may help

preparing policies which will encourages resources to be transferred wherever thesewould be of best use.

It is quiteevident fromthe Fig-3 that

Zakahcollected

from ruralarea cancover only

14.8% of therural povertygap in 1997.

The coveragerises overtime andbecomes24.7% in2005.

3.3 Urban Zakah as a share of Urban Poverty Gap

Per capita urban Zakah receipts covers 67% of the urban poverty gap. The coverage

increases up to 84.3% by the year 2005 as seen in Table-1 and Fig-4. A more elaborateillustration may also be seen in Appendix-IX.

Table-1: Portion of Urban Poverty Gap can be covered from ZakahTime 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Zakah/Poverty Gap 67.0% 71.4% 70.7% 74.1% 74.6% 75.8% 78.5% 81.3% 84.3%

F i g - 3 : P e r c e n t o f R u r a l P o v e r ty G a p

c o u l d b e c o v e r e d b y R u r a l Z a k a h

0 . 0 %

2 0 . 0 %

4 0 . 0 %

6 0 . 0 %

8 0 . 0 %

1 0 0 . 0 %

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Z a k a h / P o v e r ty G a p : R u r a l


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Source: Model generated data based on simulation run of the 26-Sector CGE model.

The extremely low coverage of poverty gap by rural Zakah receipts shows severity of rural

poverty compared to urban poverty and the limitation of any poverty alleviation strategy solelybased on rural Zakah. This warrants for mitigation strategy with tools beyond Zakah with the

necessary condition that the intervention package must be rural biased and ensures net transfer of

resources primarily from the rich to poor and equally from urban to rural.

3.4 Intervention by Zakah to Eradicate Rural Poverty

Since per capita Zakah availability of rural poor is extremely low (Tk. 365/- in 1997)compared to rural poverty gap (Tk. 3783/- in 1997), policies are to be devised so that income as

well as Zakah proceeds increase over time. Under a situation of low Zakah receipts per capita,phased intervention strategies need to be devised to cover different categories of the rural poor

until poverty is totally eradicated. The model simulates percentage distribution of rural ultra poor(landless households) 4% and rural moderate poor (marginal farmer households 25-26%, andsmall farmer households 16-17%) 41-43% over the period of simulation. Of course, if only therural ultra poor are selected first for disbursing whole amount of Zakah collected in rural area, per

capita Zakah receipt stands at Tk. 4594/-(1997) which is well above the rural per capita poverty

gap. That means, with an average family size of six members each family is likely to receive Tk.27,384/- (1997). The amount is nonetheless a small amount to create an asset base for a poor

family.

Step 1: Mobilise all rural Zakah to finance ultra poor Cut off poverty eradication time 2years: First year to create their asset base and 2

ndyear to form working capital.

The model projects that 10.5 years would be required to cover all moderate poor (marginal

farmer households and small farmer households) to bring them above poverty line if eachmoderate poor family is provided with Zakah equivalent to the amount planned to be given to anultra poor family. Since the per capita income of marginal farmer household population is double

the amount of the ultra poor and thereby the poverty gap being smaller time to be required tocover this group would be half i.e., 5 (five) years instead of around 10 (ten) years. The periodmay lessen further poverty gap with the small farmer households is considered. Per capita incomeof small farmer households being four times higher than that of the landless/ultra poor and the

poverty gap with this household group being further narrowed the actual time to be required to

cover all the moderate poor may be even less than 4 (four) years. If creation of asset base andprovision of working capital to these household groups are considered as in line with the ultrapoor, at best 8 (eight) years would be required to bring this moderate poor groups out of poverty.

At this stage it is important to recall that poverty income was defined to include only the calorie

intake. However, after having been covered all the poverty poor under this definition, povertymay be redefined to include other essentials in the commodity bundle in phases with increase ofincome level of the common people.

Step 2: Mobilise all rural Zakah to finance marginal farmer households and then small farmer households (moderate

rural poor) to create their asset base. The second year to form their working capital. Cut off povertyeradication time 10.5 years.

Step 3: Redefining poverty to include other essentials in the commodity bundle in phases with increase of income level

of the common people.


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3.5 Interventions by Zakah to Eradicate Urban Poverty

Urban poverty gap isestimated to be Tk. 2,666 in

1997. That means both urbanultra and very poor can becovered by Zakah receipts

each year. Per capita Zakahreceipts by urban ultra andvery poor being Tk. 3,756 theycan be brought under

immediate intervention for

poverty alleviation. If so, per

household annual Zakahreceipts would be around Tk.22,536. In 1999 per capitaZakah receipts by urban ultra

and very poor would be Tk

4,221 which would lead to a per household annual Zakah receipts of Tk. 25,326. The amount, ifprovided at a time, should form an initial capital for running at least a subsistent level livelihoodpossibly without requiring further help in the next year.

Table-2: Interventions to alleviate urban povertyTime 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Per capita Zakah receipt byultra poor 12,686 13,957 14,255 15,382 15,950 16,669 17,744 18,881 20,076

Per capita Zakah receipt byvery poor 5,337 5,871 5,996 6,471 6,710 7,012 7,464 7,943 8,446

Per capita Zakah receipt byultra & very poor 3,756 4,133 4,221 4,555 4,723 4,935 5,254 5,591 5,945

Per capita Zakah receipt bymoderate poor 3,409 3,750 3,830 4,133 4,286 4,479 4,768 5,073 5,395

Source: Model generated data based on simulation run of the 26-Sector CGE model.

Assuming that ultra and very poor are covered in the first year of urban intervention

for poverty alleviation, all moderate urban poor can be covered immediately in the next 1(one) year. That means, within two years time it would be possible to eradicate income

poverty (in terms of calorie intake). This will allow release of urban Zakah money from

the third year to make available for eradication of moderate poverty in rural Bangladesh.

This strategy, if pursued, will lessen the period of eradicating poverty of rural moderatepoor to 5 (five) years instead of 10.5 years.

4. Who Should Take the Initiative?

The first five verses ofsuratul Baqara tell clearly about who should take the initativeand why. The fifth verse categirically says about those who should take this initiative will

surely prosper. The translation of the verses read as follows:A.L.M.

This is the Book, in it is the guidance sure, without doubt, to those who fear God;Who believe in Unseen, aresteadfast in prayer, andspend out of what We have provided for them;

Fig-4: Percent of Urban Poverty Gap could be

covered by Urban Zakah

0.0%

20.0%

40.0%

60.0%

80.0%

100.0%

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Zakah/Poverty Gap:Urban


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And who believe in revelation sent to thee, and sent before thy time, and (in their hearts) have the assurance of the

Hereafter.They are on (true) guidance, from their Lord, and it is these who will prosper.

Whoever possesses the above qualities can join their hands in taking the initiative.

Not necessarily that initiators must be the persons with nisab level income only. Anybodywho wants to contribute (including Zakah) to the cause of Allah out of his or her incomecan be member of the Parshi. The Zakah Fund administration can help organize the

Parshi.

5. How the Program should be approached

The program would be more than establishing charitable centres covering area of

population that forms neighbourhood. Basis of the program would be the notable sayings

of the Prophet (S.M) that those who go to bed leaving their neighbours unfed are not

Muslims. This will be an initiative, which will work for a hunger-free community ableto discharge their duty as vicegerents of God. The program components may include

Zakah assistance to eligible persons with a view to build enabling environment for them

so that they are able to lead a sustainable livelihood. Assistance, capacity building, socio-

economic and religious orientations for discharging the responsibility of vicegerency

would be some of the important functions of the program. It would be ideal if the

neighbourhood community can be based centring a mosque.

6. PARSHI The Neighbourhood Model - An Overview

PARSHI is a Bengali word, which means neighbours. In Islam taking care of

neighbours has great religious importance. If family is the first tier of Islamic society thenneighbourhood should be the second tier. Normally PARSHI comprises approximately

forty families surrounding a Muslim. PARSHI can be used to mean in broader sense as

well. Then it would mean next locality, village, Union Parishad, Thana, District,Division, Province or even a country. From the viewpoint of Zakah administration and its

management the wider meaning of PARSHI has great implication.

So far as program components are

concerned, PARSHI may consist of thefollowing program objectives as outlinedin the adjacent figure. These program

objectives clearly spell out nature and

dimensions of the neighbourhood model.Along with establishingsalat(prayer) andzakah (assistance), caring (rearing,raising, resourcefulness), organisation

building for economic wellbeing (society,savings), promoting human virtues

(honesty, humanism) and undertaking income generation activities (i.e., investment) are

major activities of the model.

Prayer

Assistance

RearingRaising

Resourcefulness

Society

Savings

Honesty

Humanism

PARSHI

Investment


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6.1 Creation of a Zakah Forum

Zakah Forum may be formed with the persons intending to pay Zakah in each area of

Parshi operation. The Zakah payers should have the belief and understanding that payment of Zakah individually does not correspond to the Quranic injunction of

establishing Zakah. Moreover, the Zakah payer should have the feeling that taking care ofeconomically unsound neighbours is a religious obligation. People with this mentality

forming a Zakah Forum can then think for institutionalizing Zakah at local level and canstart implementing Parshi Model.

6.2 Attempting Institutionalisation of the PARSHI Model A Practical WayForward

Motivated by the spirit of discharging the responsibility of Muslim with the role of vicegerentof Allah in this world one or few Zakah payers may select their own area preferably centring

mosque to start operation. Selecting an area around prospective Zakah payer(s) own habitationforms necessary condition of PARSHI. In essence this is a self imposed responsibility motivated

by the world view of Islamic philosophy. Institutionalisation of the PARSHI should start firston experimental basis. One or few areas may be selected preferably centring mosques whereZakah payers (shahib-e-mal) want to organise themselves under the proposed Zakah Forum (ZF)to collect and disburse Zakah as ordained in the Holy Quran. Wherever applicable mosque

committee may take this responsibility. An effective motivation that establishing Zakah is a

compulsory religious obligation should be the starting task. This should be followed by formingZakah Forum with the Memorandum of Understanding that ZF would be a comprehensive

platform taking care of specific socio-economic and religious activities which will build a model

for hunger-free Muslim community capable of discharging responsibility as vicegerent of God.

Institutionalizing collection and disbursement of Zakah at private level wasemphasized in a seminar organized by Zakah Forum in July 2000. In that seminar

Parshi (neighborhood model) a concept of Islamic community development - was

also presented, discussed and agreed upon for implementation on a pilot scheme basis.

The present author was requested in that seminar to develop a detail modus operandi of

the Parshi concept to fit to the requirements of its implementation as a pilot scheme.

This paper is a response to that exigency bringing forward a workable design that can be

thought of for experimentation.

6.2.1 Who Should Take the Initiative?

Since institutionalisation of Zakah by the state authority under the present socio-political context is not encouraging in Bangladesh, initiative should come from private

level who believe in and do have the commitment to the role as vicegerent of Allah.

Fortunately Zakah Forum has come up with that commitment. There are initiatives

particularly by the Masjid Council for Community Advancement (MCCA) which areutilising Zakah money by undertaking some important social welfare activities. It has

based some areas of Manikgang and implementing a number of programs including

religious teaching, education, health and sanitation and income generating activities. This

program needs to be continuously observed and monitored and seen how this can bring


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Zakah into picture and made it an integral part of self-engineered local process of Islamic

community development.The first five verses of Suratul Baqara tell clearly about who should take the

initiative and why. The fifth verse categorically says about persons taking initiative whowill surely prosper. The translation of the verses read as follows:

A.L.M.

This is the Book, in it is the guidance sure, without doubt, to those who fear God;Who believe in Unseen, are steadfast in prayer, and spend out of what We have

provided for them;And who believe in revelation sent to thee, and sent before thy time, and (in theirhearts) have the assurance of the Hereafter.They are on (true) guidance, from their Lord, and it is these who will prosper.

Whoever possesses the above qualities can join their hands in taking the initiative.

Not necessarily that initiators must be the persons with nisab level income. Anybody whowants to contribute (including Zakah) to the cause of Allah out of his or her income can

be member of the Zakah Forum.

Community development institution building falls under category of action research.

A research body should in any way be involved with the process. While MCCA maycontinue to implement the program as it is, Centre for Development Studies and Services

(CDSS) may take the responsibility in taking care of implementation status of only those

initiatives undertaken on pilot basis. Accordingly, CDSS may be provided with monetary

supports for its technical inputs from Zakah Fund. Terms of Reference for the CDSS

should be carefully developed and agreed upon by the Zakah Forum, and CDSS may beassigned the task as per TOR.

6.2.2 How the Program should be approached

The program would be more than establishing charitable centres covering area of

population that forms neighbourhood. Basis of the program would be the notable sayings

of the Prophet (S.M) that those who go to bed leaving their neighbours unfed are not

Muslims. This will be an initiative, which will work for a hunger-free community able

to discharge their duty as vicegerents of God. The program components may include

Zakah assistance to eligible persons with a view to build enabling environment for them

so that they are able to lead a sustainable livelihood. Assistance, capacity building, socio-economic and religious orientations for discharging the responsibility as vicegerent

would be some of the important functions of the program. It would be ideal if the

neighbourhood community can be based centring a mosque.

6.2.3 PARSHI The Neighbourhood Model


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An Overview

PARSHI is a Bengali word, which means neighbours. In Islam taking care of

neighbours has great religious importance. If family is the first tier of Islamic society thenneighbourhood should be the second tier. Normally PARSHI comprises approximately

forty families surrounding a Muslim. PARSHI can be used to mean in broader sense as

well. Then it would mean next locality, village, Union Parishad, Thana, District,

Division, Province or even a country. From the viewpoint of Zakah administration and its

management the wider meaning of PARSHI has great implication.

So far as program components are concerned, PARSHI may consist of the followingprogram objectives as outlined in Fig-5.

These program objectives clearly spell out nature and dimensions of the

neighbourhood model. Along with establishing salat (prayer) and zakah (assistance),caring (rearing, raising, resourcefulness), organisation building for economic wellbeing

(societal, savings), promoting human virtues (honesty, humanism) and undertaking

income generation activities (i.e., investment) are major activities of the model.

Institution of Zakah at Private Level The Zakah Forum

There should be an institution of Zakah at private level. The persons intending to pay

Zakah at private level in an organized manner should run this. The Zakah payers should

have the belief and understanding that payment of Zakah individually does not

correspond to the Quranic injunction of establishing Zakah. Moreover, the Zakah payer

should have the feeling that taking care of economically unsound neighbors is a religious

obligation. People with this mind can then think for institutionalizing Zakah at private

level. Memorandum of Understanding of the institution should spell out that the

institution would be a comprehensive platform taking care of specific socio-economicand religious activities which will build a model for hunger-free Muslim community

Abbreviating PARSHI/

Program Components:

The Program Objectives

Prayer 1. Establishing Salat

Assistance 2. Establishing Zakah

RearingRaisingResourcefulness

3. Caring

SocietalSavings

4. Socioeconomic uplift

HonestyHumanism

Human Rights

5. Promotion of HumanQualities & Human

Rights

PARSHI

Investment

6. Income Generationthrough Growth

Promotion


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capable of discharging responsibility as vicegerent of God. Fortunately, there are people

in Bangladesh who believe in this concept and have set up an institution of Zakah, whichis called Zakah Forum.

Formation of Local PARSHI

Institutionalisation of the Parshi should start first on experimental basis. Initiallyinterested Zakah payers (shahib-e-mal) may form local Parshi within a mosquecommand area. Imam of the mosque or a Zakah payer may assume the leadership of the

Parshi. Each and every adult, male and female, should eventually be made member of the

Parshi. But initial members ofParshi would comprise with only of those who perform

salatfive times a day. Praying five times a day shall be the necessary condition for beinga member of theParshi. For the Muslims having income above nisab level i.e.,sahib-e-mal they can be members of the Parshi if the person subscribes the view that payingZakah is a religious obligation and the person is ready to pay Zakah. Parshi may be

divided into number of sub Parshis or Parshi Mahallas with one or few sahib-e-mal ineach Mahalla taking care of certain number of below poverty level households.

Therefore, Parshi Mahalla would be the lowest unit under Parshi taking care of all the

socio-religious and economic wellbeing of the Mahalla.

Conducting Baseline Survey of the Parshi

After formation of the Parshi a baseline survey will be conducted to identify and

assess Zakah payers and amount of Zakah to be collected along with people with below

nisab level income and their poverty gaps. The survey will be a comprehensive one tocollect complete demographic data of all households in the Parshi area, practice of theirreligion, their education status, and their health and sanitation conditions. On the basis of

the baseline survey Parshi Mahallas would be formed phase by phase.

Orientation on the Role of Muslim as Vicegerent

During or after Juma congregation on each Friday, orientation program can be

organized to provide religious discourse on the necessity for establishing Salat and

Zakah, infaq fi sabilillah, and responsibility as vicegerent towards building Islamicsociety (ummah) around a Muslim. This should be followed by motivational programswith a view to introduce with Parshi concept, its necessity and modus operandi.

Making Mosque a Centre of all Parshi Affairs

None of the aspects of human life is beyond boundary of Islam - a concept to be

clarified to each member of the Parshi. Social, economic and cultural life of the Parshi

members must be organized in the light of the sayings of the Holy Quran. A true model

of Islamic community is to be built up within the Parshi area as a model case. The Parshi

should develop within a very short period time as a society, which is educated,

prosperous, hunger-free and peaceful in terms of social security, tranquility and cohesion.

Making Zakah a vehicle for Comprehensive Parshi Development Program

Mechanism of paying Zakah would be associated with a comprehensive Parshi

development program. This will help build up capital base of the below nisab level


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people so that they can come out of poverty quickly and can lead a prosperous economic

life helpful to carryout the role of vicegerent in a meaningful way.


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Mosque

Parshi Parshi

ParshiParshi

PARSHI

Pilot Program 1

To be run by CDSS in

association with MCCA initially

for 3 years

Zakah Board Activities

Other Activities

P Prayer 1. EstablishingSalat

A Assistance 2. EstablishingZakah

R RearingRaising

Resourcefulness3. Caring

S SocietalSavings

4. Socioeconomicuplift

H HonestyHumanism

Human Rights

5. Promotion ofHuman Qualities

I Investment

6. IncomeGeneration

through Growth

Promotion

PARSHI Program

Components

Formation of Local PARSHI

Conducting Baseline Survey of

the Parshi

Orientation on the Role ofMuslim as Vicegerent

Making Mosque a Centre of all

Parshi Affairs

Making Zakah a vehicle forcomprehensive ParshiDevelopment Program

Program Steps

Program

Management


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7. Conclusion and Policy RecommendationsThe foregoing analysis confirms that Zakah can be an effective tool for poverty alleviation in

Bangladesh. This presupposes readiness of the Bangladesh society to pay Zakah the way it hasbeen prescribed in the holy Quran. Islamic Foundation may undertake awareness-raising-programdemonstrating effectiveness of Zakah as a successful poverty alleviation tool. It can select few

villages for implementation of a pilot scheme based on Parshi Model concept. This is certainly a preliminary concept and requires refinement, elaboration and giving concrete shape through

discussions. The practical process of refinement of the idea would be through lessons learnt fromfield level application.

Towards Institutionalizing Zakah At Community Level

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