Towards a research agenda Eden 2014, Zagreb
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Transcript of Towards a research agenda Eden 2014, Zagreb
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Online Distance Education- Towards a Research Agenda
Terry Anderson (Athabasca University, Canada)
Olaf Zawacki-Richter (University of Oldenburg, Germany)
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Can you name one important research result that has effected your online learning practice?
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Image from Alan Lavinehttp://cogdogblog.com/2012/07/17/mooc-hysertia/
Why don’t they (we) look at the research literature?
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Mobilizing Knowledge
Image source https://www.k4health.org/
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Mobilizing Knowledge
Image source https://www.k4health.org/
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What are the most important unresolved questions in Online Distance Education?
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Presentation Overview
• Part I: A research based review of the DE Research– Empirical study of major journals– Delphi Study about research areas in DE
• Part II:A response– Towards a Research Agenda
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Hierarchy of terms
Flexible Learning
Distance Learning
E-learning
OnlineLearning M-learning
Paper-basedDistance Learning
Contact Learning(residential/face-to-face)
(based on Brown, 2004)
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Towards a research agenda
Why is a research agenda important? to embedd research activities in a holistic structure to agree on gaps and priority research areas to support cooperations to communicate a clear research profile
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Quantify prior research
Review that research
Describe new research needs
Prioritize the research needs
Perform and eval. new research
Redefine the research agenda
Structure of research areas
Context
Towards a research agenda
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Towards a research agenda
Quantify prior research
Review that research
Describe new research needs
Prioritize the research needs
Perform and eval. new research
Redefine the research agenda
Structure of research areas
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Part I: Research based view of DE research
Research into academic journals to explore the scientific network of online distance education (ODE)
Development of a validated structure of research areas for ODE
Review of research between 2000 and 2011
Basic research to prepare a research agenda
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Journals as Scientific Knowledge Networks
Journals as important carriers of knowledge in a discipline
Research builds upon and refers to previous research Previous research is acknowledged by citations Social Network Analysis (SNA): The nodes are
journals and the ties in the network are citations. The journal network reveals relationships and patterns
of scientific information exchange, the "intellectual structure" of a discipline (Liu, 2007).
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Distance Education Journals
What are the major journals in the field and how do the journals relate to each other in a network of giving and receiving citations?
What are the most central and prestigious journals in the network?
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Selected Journals for SNA
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Journal Citation Network
Mean citation rate across all journals: 22 ("tie density") Standardized mean citation rate: 0.23 cites/paper
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UCINET 6 (Borgatti, Everett & Freeman, 2002)
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A map of DE journals
Young, F. W. (1985). Multidimensional scaling. In Kotz-Johnson (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences. http://forrest.psch.unc.edu/teaching/p208a/mds/mds.html
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A map of DE journals
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MDS Map of Distance Education Journals
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Research Areas in ODE
What are the most important research areas in ODE and how can they be categorized?
What are the most neglected research areas?
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Research Areas: Delphi Study
Expert panel: 25 individuals from 11 countries (average of 27 years of professional experience in distance education)
1. round: Experts were asked to list 10 important research areas 2. round: Experts were asked to rate research areas on a scale of
importance; What are the most neglected research areas?
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Classification of Research Areas
Three broad research perspectives or levels with 15 research areas:
1.Macro level: Distance education systems and theories→ global system level: 5 research areas
2.Meso level: Management, organisation and technology→ institutional level: 7 research areas
3.Micro level: Teaching and learning in distance education→ individual level: 3 research areas
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Classification of Research Areas
Macro level: Distance education systems and theories
1. Access, equity and ethics2. Globalization of education and cross-
cultural aspects3. Distance teaching systems and
institutions4. Theories and models5. Research methods in distance education
and knowledge transfer
Micro level: Teaching and learning in DE13. Instructional design14. Interaction and communication in learning
communities15. Learner characteristics
Meso level: Management, organisation and technology
6. Management and organisation7. Costs and benefits8. Educational technology9. Innovation and change10. Professional development and faculty
support11. Learner support services12. Quality assurance
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Publication and Authorship Patterns
What are the topics with the highest and lowest number of papers?
What are the most neglected research areas? Who are the leading authors and where do they come from?
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Literature Review Review of articles that were published in 5 prominent DE journals
o 12 years: 2000 to 2011o N= 1.020 (988 English, 32 French)
Journals:o Open Learning (UK)o Distance Education (Australia)o American Journal of Distance Education (USA)o Journal of Distance Education (Canada)o IRRODL (Canada)
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N=1,020
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Authorship Patterns: Leading Contributors
1,684 different authors contributed to the 1,020 articles 45 authors who published at least 4 articles:
Canada (14) USA (9) UK (8) Australia (5) China (3) Israel (2) Germany (1) Japan (1) New Zealand (1)
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So, quo vadis?
Quantify prior research
Review that research
Describe new research needs
Prioritize the research needs
Perform and eval. new research
Redefine the research agenda
Structure of research areas
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Online Distance Education – Towards a research agenda
edited by Olaf Zawacki-Richter
and Terry Anderson
Open Access or Purchase at http://www.aupress.ca/index.php/books/120233
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Internationalisation, social justice and open, distance and e-learning: what is to be done? • Access, equity and ethics: the democratization of access to
distance education afforded by new media … to those who have limited resources and poor infrastructure. Issues that refer to the (sustainable) provision of distance education
– Is online education inherently a social justice agenda?– What is the impact of distance education (e.g. via mobile
learning) on narrowing (or broadening) the digital divide and what is the role of ICT (information and communication technologies) and/or OER (open educational resources) in terms of access to education?
Jennifer O'Rourke Alan Tait
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Globalization and cross-cultural aspects
• aspects that refer to the global external environment and drivers, the development of the global distance education market, teaching and learning in mediated and multi-cultural environments and the implications for professional development and curriculum development.
Charlotte Nirmalani (Lani) Gunawardena,
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Distance teaching systems and institutions:
• Distance education delivery systems, the role of institutional partnerships in developing transnational programmes and the impact of ICT on the convergence of conventional education and distance education institutions (hybrid or mixed-mode).
Sarah Guri-Rosenblit,
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Theories and models
• Theoretical frameworks for and foundations of distance education, e.g. the theoretical basis of instructional models, knowledge construction, interaction between learners and the impact of social constructivism, connectivism and new learning theories on distance education practice.
Terry EvansMargaret Haughey
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Research methods in distance education and knowledge transfer
• Methodological considerations, the impact of distance education research and writing on practice and the role of professional associations and higher education institutions in improving practice. Literature reviews and works on the history of distance education are also subsumed within this area.
Farhad Saba
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Management and Organization • Strategies, administration and organizational
infrastructures and frameworks for the development, implementation and sustainable delivery of distance education programmes.– What is required for successful leadership in distance
education? – Distance education and policies relating to continuing
education, lifelong learning and the impact of online learning on institutional policies, as well as legal issues (copyright and intellectual property).
Ross Paul
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Costs and benefits: • Aspects that refer to financial management, costing,
pricing and business models in distance education. – Efficiency: What is the return on investment or
impact of distance education programmes? – What is the impact of ICT on the costing models
and the scalability of distance education delivery? – How can cost effective but meaningful learner
support be provided?
Greville Rumble
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Educational technology
• New trends in educational technology for distance education (e.g. Web 2.0 applications or mobile learning) and the benefits and challenges of using OERs, media selection (e.g. synchronous vs. asynchronous media), technical infrastructure and equipment for online learning environments, and their affordances for teaching and learning.
Grainne Canole
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Innovation and change
• Issues that refer to educational innovation with new media and measures to support and facilitate change in institutions (e.g. incentive systems for faculty, aspects referring to staff workloads, promotion and tenure).
Jon Dron
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Professional development and faculty support
• Professional development and faculty support services as a prerequisite for innovation and change. What are the competencies of online teachers, counselors and support service staff and how can they be developed?
Margaret Hicks
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Learner support services
• The infrastructure for and organisation of learner support systems (from information and counseling for prospective students to library services and technical support, to career services and alumni networks).
Jane Brindley
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Quality assurance• Issues that refer to accreditation and quality
standards in distance education. The impact of quality assurance requirements and regulation and the impact of quality learner support on enrolments and drop-out/ retention, as well as reputation and acceptance of distance education as a valid form of educational provision
Colin Latchem
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Instructional or learning design • Issues that refer to the stages of the instructional
design process for curriculum and course development. Special emphasis is placed on pedagogical approaches for tutoring online (scaffolding), the design of (culturally appropriate) study material, opportunities provided by new developments in educational technology for teaching and learning (e.g. Web 2.0 applications and mobile devices), as well as assessment practices in distance education.
Richard Schwier
Katy Campbell
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Interaction and communication in learning communities (Qualitative)
• Closely related to instructional design considerations is course design that fosters (online) articulation, interaction, reflection and collaboration throughout the learning and teaching process. Special areas include the development of online communities, gender differences and cross-cultural aspects in online communication.
Dianne Conrad
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Quantitative Analysis of Interaction Patterns in Online Distance Education
• Interaction and communication, as structures, are necessary, positive, and valuable to our well-being and health as learners, this chapter will elaborate on the nature of the related concepts of interaction and communication, the hallmarks of learning communities, outlining their historical evolution and their contribution to our current understanding and practice of online distance learning.
Allan Jeong,
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Learner characteristics• The aims and goals of adult and younger students studying at a
distance, the socio-economic background of distance education students, their different approaches to learning, critical thinking dispositions, media literacies and special needs. How do students learn online (learner behavior patterns, learning styles) and what competencies are needed for distance learning (e.g. ‘digital literacy’)?
Christine von Prümmer Mark Bullen
Joachim Stöter
Olaf Zawacki-Richter
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Student Dropout
Ormond Simpson Alan Woodley
The conversation exposes us to the brutal facts (hidden as they often are by reluctant institutions), reasons for the regrettable complacency of all actors - including students themselves. The chapter ends with suggestions for interventions – some of which have been tried, but none of which has resulted in the completion rates commonly achieved with campus based teaching and learning
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Online Distance Education – Towards a research agenda
edited by Olaf Zawacki-Richter
and Terry Anderson
Open Access or Purchase at http://www.aupress.ca/index.php/books/120233
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Slides at slideshare
Terry Anderson [email protected]
Your comments and questions most welcomed!
Olaf [email protected]