TowardanExplicationofthe CommunicationPhenomenon ... - KUIS · ˘ˇ Go#manˆ ˙˝˛˚...

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腊腏腑腎腉腁腋腒腔腗腚腆腕腝腅腘腃腄 ῌῌ腊腁腍腀腐腌腓腂腈 Go#man ῌῌ Toward an Explication of the Communication Phenomenon: From a Code Model to Go#man Uehara Asako This study attempts to clarify the complex phenomenon of commu- nication by applying Go#man[s micro-functional analytical model on flow of conversation. The model consists of two phases of the interaction mechanism: One is pan-cultural “system constraints,” and the other entails, culture-bound “ritual constraints.” The spe- cific objective is to provide evidence showing that people over the world have the same mechanism of face-to-face communication, but its process may vary from intracultural interaction to intercultural communication. This paper is divided into five sections. The first section delineates both theoretically and empirically how the basis of communication is non-linguistic. The second section pre- sents an argument on the importance of interactive approach by criticizing fixed and formalistic units of linguistic and conversation- al analyses. The third section deals with the “system constraints” of which critical requirements are elements of meta-communication. The discussion includes the theory of relevance constructed by Sperber and Wilson. The forth section deals with “ritual con- straints.” It shows several examples of culturally di#erent com- munication patterns which a#ect the system constraints and con- sequently change their function and communication process. The final section is an overview and a brief discussion on meanings of a universal communication pattern of “turn-taking” and human plasticity. 31

Transcript of TowardanExplicationofthe CommunicationPhenomenon ... - KUIS · ˘ˇ Go#manˆ ˙˝˛˚...

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Toward an Explication of the

Communication Phenomenon:

From a Code Model to Go#man

Uehara Asako

This study attempts to clarify the complex phenomenon of commu-

nication by applying Go#man[s micro-functional analytical model

on flow of conversation. The model consists of two phases of the

interaction mechanism: One is pan-cultural “system constraints,”

and the other entails, culture-bound “ritual constraints.” The spe-

cific objective is to provide evidence showing that people over the

world have the same mechanism of face-to-face communication, but

its process may vary from intracultural interaction to intercultural

communication. This paper is divided into five sections. The

first section delineates both theoretically and empirically how the

basis of communication is non-linguistic. The second section pre-

sents an argument on the importance of interactive approach by

criticizing fixed and formalistic units of linguistic and conversation-

al analyses. The third section deals with the “system constraints”

of which critical requirements are elements of meta-communication.

The discussion includes the theory of relevance constructed by

Sperber and Wilson. The forth section deals with “ritual con-

straints.” It shows several examples of culturally di#erent com-

munication patterns which a#ect the system constraints and con-

sequently change their function and communication process. The

final section is an overview and a brief discussion on meanings of

a universal communication pattern of “turn-taking” and human

plasticity.

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2 ���������<=>?@ABCD�;�E��FG�H8�IJ�� �K�LM�/N;����� .��O� PQ�����RSE�IJ�TFGUVW� XYWZ[��� .�\]�^����78�� ��_`.������;���� <=>?@ABCD���� !��ab�cZ[��d�� �[�5efg��� !�&'�<=>?@ABCD/N�ah�i��� ���jk�Ll�� .�G� m�"#$%#&'�����������no�� +,��� �������789�� pPJ�4��Go#man �1976, 1981��� !�"#$%#&'�&'qr�s��Z[t�u;�vw�x�GyGz5��{ 1�vw�� � !|"#$%#&'����}~qr�;�u�������;��������� ���� � !���u����+,�� �� ���FG � �#�"#��5�y�[����� .���� �o�d��� �#�LM��������G(���� ����� “Flying airplanes can be dangerous.” �Go#man,

1981, p. 30� �� G� ���[����Ll��[�LlZ[G ��-� ���-�d���-�� � ���� “I just met him at the cor-

ner.” ��-��� I | him ����-� the corner �����-���� � ��e� ����L �sentence meaning� ��#�Ll �utter-

ance meaning� ���� ������G4��8��� �o��� ����i���� ��������no�� a��/0������ "#$%#&'�� "#|%#�¡¢���u�������� �� � ������� �[�������� �vw�£��[� �������G��vw�{ 2�� �#�� �¤� �5FG������� ¤�

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1� A1: “It costs five.” �5 ����"3���B2: “How much did you say?” ���t��t2?�A2: “Five dollars.” �5����B1: “I[ll take it.” ��2K�s��

2� D: “Have you ever had a history of cardiac arrest in your fam-

ily?” ����*�#���#�2��*�����3�?�

P: “We never had no trouble with the police.” ���*�  I# t2';K�$�3¡¢��

D: “No. Did you have any heart trouble in your family?” ��!���#�£-¤t2@�3�?�

P: “Oh, that. Not that I know of.” ��� ~�� ¥�¦" �����

3� A: �Enters wearing a new hat� ��§9�¨©-ªt�«¬����B: �Shaking head� “No, I don[t like it.” ��­-®t��K<� ¯~

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�����4� A: Does he own my house? � hehhehh ������� �

���? ������B: eheh heh heh ���� �����C: Yeah he bought it last��a week ago. I don[t know, proba-

baly does. �������� . . .�������� !� "#$�%&' ()�*!��

+,� 2-�.�/�$�����0102' 3 1�45�6��78�9:�+;�$��<#��� 1�=>? ' 2�@A�B�C�2D�� 3�E4��B#$��' FG���8�H�B��I>JK��L92' MN!%7O�PQ8�$#' L9�+,�R�S-2D�� 4

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5� Do you remember the girl who talked to you in the theatre last

week? She is doing a first year biology course. �����2��4 T%���/�:���? �����mHl��������B��

6� Do you see that building over there? I[ve never been in that

planetarium. �D�g�D��H�:�? ���uCD�������������g1�$� !��

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�-.����/0�12�� ��%34 �56�� “reach” ��,�7�89� � �:;�<=,' �>?� �! “reach” �� ()��%-.�������4� @� �@�A0B' � �CDE.�AF�GGHI% �JK�?����56�LMND5:;� �4�!���-OP��QR�0����4� 3SD� TSD��U������V/�� W��XY� Z[�?����\�]����U����� ! ^,_� Go#man �`ab� ��V/� cd�����e���� ��%?�3��fghND� LihND' 4�G� C����j��� �! C,'� klm�nP� �opcoq�� �r�qs�tu0�56�� �r%vr�w,x0Ks�,'yqz��� �!Go#man % � “move” :;�e��%����{|ND�!

3 ���������}~��� ������������0�56�� Go#man �1976,1981� %���,K �MN���������� �����%�H��,5� C� 2 ����0�! CD��� �����P��� �systemconstraints� � �\�P��� �ritual constraints� � ��e���� �! ���\�� ���� (�0�3��������D�ohP���qz0�%� ����P����� ����� �¡¢%�HD�56�£¤�� ¥ohP�¦a�D' �! �������%�§$oh����� �¡¢���65�������fQ�,'¨©G� ��� CD�%���ª«,K ¬­� �56� �! ��I� ��������®S�D5����4� $��ohP\�%/¯���°��HD�������±²� I���� �! �����±²�� '�� $����²³�´�N�'µ~��B�! �����+����� �¡¢�£¤C������0�56�� Go#man �1976, p. 264� %����P���,'¶�·�¸¹��º �system requirements� �»'

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