TOWARD A TOBACCO-FREE SOCIETY Chapter 11. Who Uses Tobacco? 2 71 million Americans smoke 24% of...
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Transcript of TOWARD A TOBACCO-FREE SOCIETY Chapter 11. Who Uses Tobacco? 2 71 million Americans smoke 24% of...
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TOWARD A TOBACCO-FREE SOCIETY
Chapter 11
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Who Uses Tobacco?
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71 million Americans smoke 24% of men and 18% of women smoke
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Table 11.1 Who Smokes?
© 2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
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Figure 11.1 Annual mortality and morbidity among smokers attributable to smoking
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Why People Use Tobacco
Nicotine addiction Powerful psychoactive drug
The most physically addictive of all psychoactive drugs
Reaches the brain via the bloodstream in seconds
Loss of control Tolerance and withdrawal
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Why People Use Tobacco
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Social and Psychological Factors Established habits or cues to trigger
smoking are secondary reinforcers Genetic Factors
CYP2A6 DRD2
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Why Start in the First Place?
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90% of all new smokers in this country are Children and teenagers
1,300 children and adolescents start smoking every day
Average age 13 for smoking 10 for spit tobacco
Rationalizing the dangers, invincible Emulating smoking in the media
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Health Hazards
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Tobacco adversely affects nearly every part of the body, including: Brain Stomach Mouth Reproductive organs
Contains hundreds of damaging chemical substances Unfiltered cigarettes = 5 billion particles per cubic
MM 50,000 times more than smoggy urban air
Condensed particles in the cigarette produce a sticky, brown mass called cigarette tar
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Carcinogens and Poisons
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43 chemicals are linked to development of cancer (carcinogen) Benzo(a)pyrene Urethane
Cocarcinogens (ex. formaldehyde) Combine with other chemicals to cause cancer
Poisonous substances Arsenic Hydrogen cyanide
Carbon monoxide Contains amounts 400 times greater than is considered safe in
industrial workplaces Displaces oxygen in red blood cells
Additives Humectants, sugars, bronchodilators, ammonia, things to make
sidestream smoke less obvious
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“Light” and Low-Tar Cigarettes
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Low-tar, low-nicotine, or filtered cigarettes
No such thing as a safe cigarette Often smoke more, inhale more deeply,
etc. Less likely to quit
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Menthol Cigarettes
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70% of African Americans smoke menthol cigarettes African Americans absorb more nicotine
and metabolize it slower than other groups Anesthetizing effect of menthol, means
smokers inhale more deeply and hold smoke longer in the lungs
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Immediate Effects of Smoking
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Acts on the brain either by exciting or tranquilizing the nervous system At low doses nicotine is a stimulant (elevates bp and hr, etc.) In adults can increase alertness, concentration, information
processing, etc.) opposite effect in young people Can act as a sedative, and relieve symptoms of anxiety and
irritability Smokers can fine-tune nicotines effects and regulate their
moods by increasing or decreasing their
intake Depresses hunger
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The Long-Term Effects of Smoking
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Cardiovascular Disease Coronary heart disease (CHD) Atherosclerosis Myocardial infarction Stroke Aortic aneurysm Pulmonary heart disease
Lung cancer and other cancers Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Emphysema Chronic bronchitis
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Figure 11.4 Damage to the lungs caused by smoking
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Additional Health, Cosmetic, and Economic Concerns
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• Ulcers• Impotence• Reproductive health problems• Dental diseases• Diminished physical senses• Injuries• Cosmetic concerns• Economic costs
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Cumulative Effects
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People who smoke before 15 yrs. old and continue to smoke are half as likely to live to 75 versus those who did not smoke
Smokers spend one-third more time away from their jobs because of illness than nonsmokers
Both men and women show a greater rate of acute and chronic diseases
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Other Forms of Tobacco
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Spit (smokeless) tobacco More than 6.6 million adults 8% of all high school students
Cigar and pipes Highest rate among white males age 18-44
with higher-than-average income and education
Clove cigarettes and bidis Twice the tar, nicotine, and carbon
monoxide
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Figure 11.5 Tobacco use among middle school and high school students
© 2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
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The Effects of Smoking on the Nonsmoker
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Environmental Tobacco smoke (ETS) EPA designated ETS as a class A carcinogen Surgeon General issued a report in 2006
concluding that there is no safe level of exposure to ETS
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Environmental Tobacco Smoke
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Mainstream smoke Smoke exhaled by smokers
Sidestream smoke Smoke from the burning end of a cigarette,
cigar, or pipe 85% of smoke in a room comes from
sidestream smoke Twice the tar and nicotine, and three times the
benzo(a)pyrene, carbon monoxide, and ammonia
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ETS Effects
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Develop cough, headaches, nasal discomfort, eye irritation, breathlessness, and sinus problems
Allergies will be exacerbated Causes 3,000 deaths due to lung cancer Contributes to about 35,000 heart disease
deaths each year Nonsmokers can be affected by effects of ETS
hours after they leave a smoky environment Carbon monoxide lingers in bloodstream 5 hours later
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Infants, Children, and ETS
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Children exposed to ETS are more likely to have SIDs and low-birth weight Bronchitis, pneumonia, and asthma Reduced lung function Middle-ear infections Lung cancer, emphysema, and chronic
bronchitis later in life
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Smoking and Pregnancy
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Estimated 4600 infant deaths in the U.S.
Increased risk of miscarriage, premature birth, low birth weight, and long term impairments in growth and intellectual development
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The Cost of Tobacco Use to Society
© 2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
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Lost productivity from sickness, disability, and premature death makes it close to $167 billion per year
1998 Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) Tobacco companies have to pay $206 billion
over 25 years Limits or bans certain types of advertising,
promotions, and lobbying Designed to limit youth exposure and access to
tobacco
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What Can Be Done?
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Action at many levels Local level State level Federal level
FDA, EPA International level
WHO
Individual action
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How A Tobacco User Can Quit
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The benefits of quitting Options for quitting
“Cold-turkey” Changes to routines Over-the-counter prescription products Support from family and friends Smoking cessation programs Free telephone quitlines
1-800-QUITNOW
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TOWARD A TOBACCO-FREE SOCIETY
Chapter 11