Tourism’s relationship to - Unibg October... · Relevance to tourism • Adopted by international...
Transcript of Tourism’s relationship to - Unibg October... · Relevance to tourism • Adopted by international...
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Tourism’s relationship to sustainable development
(SD)
Professor Andrew Holden
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SD- what is it and why is it important?
• Seeks to integrate nature and landscape conservation
with human development
•Term ‘sustainable development’ - World Conservation
Strategy published by the IUCN (1980)
•Brundtland Report- World Commission on Environment
and Development (1987)- ‘Our Common Future’
IUCN (1980) World Conservation Strategy, International Union for the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Geneva
World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) Our Common
Future, Oxford University Press, Oxford
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Concept of sustainable development
was embraced at the United Nations
Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED) - ‘Earth
Summit’ - 1992
Adopts Agenda 21 - an action plan
toward sustainable development- local
community involvement
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Why the 1980s?
Heightened environmental awareness in the West
Recognition that many environmental problems
are global e.g. ozone depletion, climate change-
they do not respect national boundaries- they
require international co-operation to solve them
The acceptance of ecology as a recognised
science also emphasised holism and inter-
connections
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Most cited definition of sustainable
development?
‘Yet in the end, sustainable development is not a
fixed state of harmony, but rather a process of
change in which the exploitation of resources, the
direction of the investments, the orientation of
technological development, and institutional
change are made consistent with future as well
as present needs’ (WCED, 1987:9)
World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) Our Common Future, Oxford University Press, Oxford
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Unpacking!
• Recognises the dynamism of society and its development- ‘a process of change’
• ‘Exploitation’ of ‘resources’- human centred/ anthropocentric
• The orientation of technological development and institutional change are towards ‘future’ needs- longitudinal time dimension
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Key Characteristics
• Idea of stewardship of nature aimed at protecting and conserving biodiversity and natural resources;
• Long-term perspective in human development planning for the benefit of future generations;
• Symbolism of a shift from a ‘brown’ to a ‘green’ economy
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Problems associated with the term
• Ambiguous – open to different interpretations of how it should be achieved;
• Politically contentious- has been willingly adopted by various stakeholders-governments; business; NGOs
• Can existing political and economic mechanisms deliver sustainable development?
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Relevance to tourism
• Adopted by international agencies (UNEP; UNWTO) and governments at varying spatial scales
• Nature dependent industry- environmental stability and quality
• Opportunity to use tourism for SD in rural/peripheral areas
• UNEP (2011:424) forecast of most rapidly growing types of tourism to at least 2030 will be ecotourism, nature, heritage, cultural and soft adventure tourism, alongside sub-sectors such as rural and community tourism.
• Balance between conservation and human development
• May be applied to mass tourism- i.e. how to make it more sustainable
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How does it relate to tourism?
‘The expected growth in the tourism sector and
the increasing reliance of many developing
countries, including small island developing
States, on this sector as a major employer and
contributor to local, national, subregional and
regional economies highlights the need for
special attention to the relationship between
environmental conservation and protection and
sustainable tourism’
(Osborn and Bigg, 1998:169)
Earth Summit II: Outcomes and Analysis
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Three major traditions of sustainable tourism(Saarinen, J., 2006)
• Resource based tradition- emphasis on the environmental planning and management of tourism with a strong ecological/conservation orientation
• Heavy emphasis on environmental planning and management e.g. Kanas national park
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Activity- Based Tradition
• An interpretation of sustainable tourism driven by the industry
• More ‘tourism-centric’- focussing more on the needs of tourism as an economic activity
• Accepts modification of nature for tourism
• Make the industry more environmentally friendly
• Light green- ‘green washing’?
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Community-based tradition (CBT)
• Participatory-planning approach
• Defining the goals and limits of tourism by local communities
• Places the community/host and the benefits that may be gained from tourism at the centre
• Notion of community is disparate but the CBT implies that sustainability can be defined by negotiation-indicates a social construction of acceptable changes within a community from tourism
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Summary of SD
• The concept reflects concerns over negative impacts on the environment and human well-being caused by economic development
• It aims to conserve nature whilst improving people’s well being and livelihood opportunties
• Based upon environmental, economic and social pillars
• A successful tourism industry is reliant upon resource conservation and community support
• It is ambiguous and open to interpretation by different stakeholders
• Sustainable tourism demonstrates different traditions
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Seminar
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WWOrgEPO7vE what is sustainable tourism? Air travel impacts