Chapter III

TOURISM SCENARIO IN TAMIL NADU AND THANJAVUR DISTRICT

This chapter consists of two parts. The first part narrates the

scenario of tourism development in India in general and Tamil Nadu in

particular. The second part describes the profile of the study area that is

Thanjavur district and its tourism scenario in a detailed manner. Before

presenting the analysis tourism scenario in Tamil Nadu, an overview of

tourism scenario in India as a whole is given here under.

“India is a fabulous world of splendor and rags the one

country under the sun with an imperishable interest the land

that all men desire to see.” - Mark Twain

The most basic feature characteristic of tourism is diversity and

India is a land of contrast. Thus this country has something to offer to

everyone. The beauty of its ancient monument, the beat and rhythm of its

folk and classical dances that have come down the ages almost

unchanged, its colourful crowded bazaars contrasting with the peace and

grandeur of the snow capped mountain tops, the quite back-waters of

Kerala and their beautiful beaches and above all its well-meaning,

charming people these are of few of the countless facets of India which

are timeless in their appeal. All these go to make India a paradise for

tourists.100

100 The New Encyclopedia Britannica, 21 (1986): 1.

74 Tourism Development in India: Pre-Independence Period

Active efforts have been made to reform and promote tourism in

India from the very beginning of the pre-independence period. The

following will highlight this point:

In India, the importance of tourism had been recognized even

before the Second World War. Though the war largely and adversely

effected the industry of tourism and came in the way to tourist promotion

activities of the Government, yet the maiden effective effort was made in

1945 to promote tourism in India. In that year the Sargent Committee was

constituted by the Government of India under the chairmanship of

Sir John Sargent who was the then Educational Adviser to the

Government of India. The main objectives of the Committee were to

survey and find out possibilities and potentialities of developing tourist

traffic in the country.101

Tourism Development in India: Post-Independence Period

Tourism in India developed properly only after a central tourist

organization was established after the recommendations made by the

Sargent Committee. In the year 1949 an exclusive Tourist Traffic Branch

was created. After this whole time attention was paid to the development

of tourism in India.102

101 Gulab Nabi, Socio-Economic Impact of Tourism, p.42 102 Ibid., pp.45-46

75

As a result of the recommendations of the Sargent Committee,

regional tourist offices were set up in the metropolitan cities of Bombay,

Delhi, Calcutta and Madras. As per the recommendations, an ad-hoc

Tourist Traffic Committee was appointed in 1948. This committee was

entrusted with the job of suggesting measures for promoting the

progressive tourism in India.

In the years to come, the Tourist Traffic Branch expanded its

activities in various ways and directions. The Tourist Traffic Division

expanded considerably and in 1955-56 the headquarters establishment was

expanded from one branch to four branches. Each of the branches had

a wide range of duties and responsibilities. The four Tourist Traffic

Divisions were:

1. Tourist Traffic Section

2. Tourist Administrative Section

3. Tourist Publicity Section

4. Distribution Section

The genesis of tourism development in India

India is a country with a variety of customs and conventions,

civilizations and religions and has something to show and offer to

everyone. It is colourful crowded bazaars contrasting with the peace and

grandeur of the snowcapped mountain tops. The quite backwaters of

Kerala and their beautiful beaches, and above all her well-meaning

charming people these are a few of the countless facets of India which are

timeless in their appeal.

76 India is endowed with the God-given bounties and beauties of

Mother Nature – the sky-kissing peaks of mountains, rivers and valleys,

seas and oceans and dales and vales. All these beauties have attracted

tourists and they have made India a sweet and sunny paradise for

tourists.103

A land of all seasons in India

India is a land of contrasts-from tropics to snows. It is vast, varied

and strikingly beautiful. The second most populous and the seventh

largest country in the world, India has the most ancient cultural heritage.

More than one hundred and twenty crore people, diverse in many ways,

inhabit over 32,87,782 square kilometers of the India soil. It has a land

frontier of 15,200 kilometres, and a coastline of about 6,000 kilometers.

The variety of its scenery, its intensive and equally varied agriculture, its

extremely diversified industry, its big cities and thickly populated areas,

its vast open countryside, its ports, its variety of languages and finally its

manifold relations with other nations of the world-all of these make India

an exciting and fascinating place.104

103 Gulab Nabi, op.cit., p.40 104 Tourism Development Principles and Practices, p.326.

77 Formation of ministry of tourism in India

A separate Department of Tourism was created on 1st March 1958

in the Ministry of Transport. Its main duty was to deal with all matters

pertaining to the promotion of tourism in India. The new department was

put under the charge of the Director General who had under him one

Deputy Director General and four Directors. Each one of them was given

the full-fledged charge of administration, publicity, travel relations, travel

and transport and planning and development. By Presidential orders dated

14th March, 1967, the Department of Aviation and Tourism which was

earlier under the Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation was formed

into a separate independent ministry named as the Ministry of Tourism

and Civil Aviation. It had two constituent departments: (i) Department of

Tourism and (ii) Department of Civil Aviation. The Ministry was put

under the direct charge of a full-time Minister. It was only after a period

of about eighteen years that the subject of tourism was given due

importance and was accorded a separate entity. Thus it got an independent

transport department. With the formation of the Ministry of Tourism and

Civil Aviation, tourism received the importance due to it and thus it

achieved sound and all-round expansion in its activities.105

105 Gulab Nabi, op.cit., pp.48-49

78

Chart 3.1

Organisation setup of the Ministry of Tourism

under Minister of Tourism (MoT)

Secretary

Director General of Tourism

Additional Director General

Chairman Hotel,

Restaurant and Travel Services

Joint Director General Administration

Deputy Director

General Planning and Programme

Deputy Secretary Market and Research

Director GeneralAdministration

and Finance

Deputy Director General

Publicity and Conference

Director

Supplementary Accommodation, Wildlife Division

Deputy Director General

Hotel Division

Deputy Director General Travel, Trade and Hospitality

Source: Annual Report 1992-93, New Delhi: Ministry of Tourism, Government of India. The Tourism Department of the Central Government is headed by

the Director General of Tourism. The government of India has given due

importance to the Director General with high status at par with an Addl.

Secretary, as overall in-charge of tourism in India. The Department of

Tourism is an independent body. It frames its own policies and plans and

is free to execute them The Director General is assisted by one Additional

Director General, one Chairman, one Joint Director, a Deputy Secretary

and, five Deputy Directors General. Apart from these, there are also

regional sub-offices in India and abroad. Within the country there are four

79 regional offices situated at Bombay, Calcutta, New Delhi and Chennai.

Besides these offices, there are seven sub-offices at the focal points of

international tourist interest, namely, Agra, Aurangabad, Cochin, Jaipur,

Jammu, Khajuraho and Varanasi.106

Department of Tourism (DoT)

It was on the 1st March 1958 that a separate tourism department

was created in the ministry of transport to deal will all matters concerning

tourism. Thus a long felt need of such a department was at last met. The

new department was not under the charge of the director general who had

under him one Deputy Director General and from Directors each in

change of administration, publicity, travel relations and planning and

development.107

The functions of the department of tourism are both the

promotional and organizational which are conducted by the following

divisions.

1. Planning and programming

2. Publicity and conference

3. Travel Trade and Hospitality

4. Accommodations

5. Supplementary accommodation and building

6. Market research and

7. Administration

106 Gulab Nabi, op.cit., pp.49-50. 107 M.A. Khan. Introduction to Tourism, Economic and Social Significance.

pp.233-234.

80 World Tourism Organization

The World Tourism Organization (WTO), an inter-governmental

technical body dealing with all aspects of tourism, began its legal

existence on January 2, 1975. It was born of the International Union of

Official Travel Organizations (IUOTO). The swift expansion of travel had

created the need for a world body able to deal with tourism problems at

the government level, and this led to the transformation of IUOTO into

WTO. Like its predecessor, the WTO has a very emphatic technical

character, essentially creative and dynamic, performing a well-defined

service for its member states.

Pacific Asia Travel Association

The Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA) was founded in the

year 1951 as a non-profit corporation to stimulate interest in the Pacific

region as a vacation land, and to develop, promote and facilitate travel to

and among the many Pacific destinations.

PATA’s first conference was held in January 1952 in Honolulu and

its headquarters established in San Francisco, USA in 1953. PATA has its

own director for Europe who is based in London and works to promote

traffic from the European markets into the Pacific region. PATA’s first

Asian office was opened in Manila, Philippines in 1976.

PATA is a non-profit organization set up with the objective of

developing, promoting and facilitating travel to and within the Pacific area

and South-East Asian region including India.

81 The activities of PATA including assisting small and up and

coming destinations to develop their infrastructure, providing expertise,

planning group travel schemes, destinations, hotels operations and

discounts. It provides up-to-date information and practical and theoretical

experience in the field of tourism. The annual conferences of PATA and

its workshops provide greater scope to its member to share their ideas and

exchange views about promotion of tourism in their respective regions.108

Tourism in India

Tourism in India was seen as a more service sector for a long time.

It has now been recognized as an export industry due to multiple

advantages. Through tourism gained importance belatedly, it has grown at

a rapid pace and enhanced its share in international tourism arrivals as

well as into foreign exchange earnings. Now, it is one of the largest

service industries in India, with a contribution of 6.23 per cent to the

national GDP India. According to world travel and tourism council, India

will be a tourism hot spot from 2009 to 2018 having the highest ten year

growth potential. The travel and tourism competitiveness report 2007

ranked tourism in India sixth in terms of price competitiveness.

108 M.A. Khan, op.cit. pp.241-242.

82 TABLE 3.1 Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) in India during 1997-2010

Year FTAs in India

(in million) Percentage change over

the previous year

1997 2.37 3.8

1998 2.36 -0.7

1999 2.48 5.2

2000 2.65 6.7

2001 2.54 -4.2

2002 2.38 -6.0

2003 2.73 14.3

2004 3.46 26.8

2005 3.92 13.3

2006 4.45 13.5

2007 5.08 14.3

2008 5.28 4.0

2009 (P) 5.11 -3.3

2010

(Jan–June) (P)

2.63 10.8 @

P: Provisional, @ Growth rate over Jan-June 2009 Source: (i) Bureau of Immigration, Government of India, for 1997-2008 (ii) Ministry of Tourism, Government of India for 1997-2008

Table 3.1 shows the foreign tourist arrivals in India from 1997 to

2010. In the year 1997, the number of arrivals is 2.37 million and in 2010,

it is 2.63 millions. The number of foreign tourist arrivals is slowly

increasing from 1997 to 2010. The Government has taken many efforts to

attract the tourists from various countries. During this period the growth

83 of the tourists arrival has increased by 215.61 per cent, eventhough it

shows the negative trend in 2001 and 2002.

TABLE 3.2 Foreign exchange earnings (FEE) from tourism in India

during 1997-2010

Year FEE from Tourism in India

(Rs. in crore) Percentage change over

the previous year

1997 10511 4.6

1998 12150 15.6

1999 12951 6.6

2000 15626 20.7

2001 15083 -3.5

2002 15064 -0.1

2003 20729 37.6

2004 27944 34.8

2005 33123 18.5

2006 39025 17.8

2007 44360 13.7

2008 # 50730 14.4

2009 # 54960 8.3

2010 # (Jan–June)

31373 27.1 @

# Advance Estimates, @ Growth rate over Jan-June, 2009. Source: (i) Reserve Bank of India, for 1997 to 2007. (ii) Ministry of Tourism, Government of India for 2008- 2010.

Table 3.2 gives the details of foreign exchange earnings through

tourism from 1997 to 2010. It shows that during 1997, it is 10,511 crores

and in 2010, it is 31,373 crores. Thus it is evident that tourism plays a

vital role in enhancing the foreign exchange earnings. In general, the

84 foreign exchange earnings from tourism have increased by 422.88 per cent

during the study period.

TABLE 3.3 Top 10 countries for foreign tourist arrivals (FTAs) in India

in 2009

S. No Source country FTAs*

(in Million) Percentage (%) Share

1. USA 0.803 15.72

2. UK 0.749 14.66

3. Bangladesh 0.458 8.97

4. Sri Lanka 0.241 4.72

5. Canada 0.221 4.33

6. France 0.195 3.82

7. Germany 0.194 3.80

8. Australia 0.149 2.92

9. Malaysia 0.134 2.62

10. Japan 0.124 2.43

Total of top 10 Countries 3.268 63.98

Others 1.840 36.02

All Countries 5.108 100.00

* Provisional Source: Bureau of Immigration, Government of India, New Delhi, 2010.

Table 3.3 shows the top ten international markets for India in 2009.

The USA tops among the ten countries, United Kingdom people, followed

by Bangladesh, numbering 0.458. India attracts only less number of

people from Malaysia and Japan. The Government should implement

85 tourism plans to attract more number of tourists from all over the world,

by adopting suitable advertisement policies globally. These 10 countries

account for 63.98 per cent of the total foreign tourists arrivals in India.

TABLE 3.4 Share of top 10 States/UTs of India in number of domestic

tourist visits in 2009

Rank State/UT Domestic Tourist Visits* in 2009

Number Percentage Share (%)

1. Andhra Pradesh 157489927 24.2

2. Uttar Pradesh 134831852 20.7

3. Tamil Nadu 115755800 17.8

4. Karnataka 32701647 5.0

5. Rajasthan 25558691 3.9

6. Maharashtra 23739130 3.7

7. Madhya Pradesh 23106206 3.6

8. Uttarakhand 21934567 3.4

9. West Bengal 20528534 3.2

10. Gujarat 15909931 2.4

Total of top 10 States 571556285 87.9

Others 78482388 12.1

Total 650038673 100.00

*Provisional Source: State/UT Tourism Departments. Note: Figures for Maharashtra has been estimated.

Table 3.4 shows the domestic tourist visits in top ten states in India

during 2009. Andhra Pradesh receives more number of domestic tourists

and its percentage of share is 24.2. Next to it, Uttar Pradesh shares 20.7

per cent followed by Tamil Nadu sharing 17.8. Karnataka and Rajasthan

86 receives less number of domestic tourists. The state and central

Governments are supposed to concentrated by adopting strategies to get

more tourists in states. These 10 states account for 87.9 per cent of the

states total domestic tourists arrivals in India.

TABLE 3.5 Share of top 10 States/UTs of India in number of foreign

tourist visits in 2009

Rank State/UTs Foreign Tourist Visits* in 2009

Number Percentage Share (%)

1. Tamil Nadu 2369050 17.3

2. Maharashtra 1999320 14.6

3. Delhi 1958272 14.3

4. Uttar Pradesh 1532573 11.2

5. West Bengal 1180418 8.6

6. Rajasthan 1073414 7.8

7. Andhra Pradesh 795173 5.8

8. Kerala 548737 4.0

9. Bihar 423042 3.1

10. Himachal Pradesh 400583 2.9

Total of top 10 States 12280582 89.6

Others 1436940 10.4

Total 13717522 100.00

* Provisional Source: State/UT Tourism Departments. Note: Figures for Delhi and Maharashtra have been estimated.

87

Table 3.5 shows foreign tourist visits in top ten states/UTS from

2009. Tamil Nadu attracts more number of foreign tourist visits and its

percentage of shame 17.3. Next to it Maharashtra shares 14.6 per cent

followed by Delhi sharing 14.3 per cent, Bihar and Himachal Pradesh less

numbers of foreign tourists. The state and central Governments are

supposed to concentrate by adopting strategies to get more tourists from

abroad. These top 10 states constitute 89.6 per cent of the total foreign

tourist arrivals in India.

TABLE 3.6 Share of India in International tourist arrivals in world and

Asia and the Pacific region 1997-2009

Year

International Tourist Arrivals

(in million) FTAs in India

(in million)

Percentage (%) share and rank of

India World

Percentage (%) share and rank of India in Asia and

the Pacific

World Asia and

the Pacific

% Share Rank % Share Rank

1997 593.0 89.0 2.37 0.40 2.67 1998 611.0 88.3 2.36 0.39 47th 2.67 1999 633.8 97.6 2.48 0.39 46th 2.54 2000 683.4 109.3 2.65 0.39 50th 2.42 11th 2001 683.4 114.5 2.54 0.37 51st 2.22 12th 2002 703.2 123.4 2.38 0.34 54th 1.93 12th 2003 691.0 111.9 2.73 0.39 51st 2.44 11th 2004 762.0 143.4 3.46 0.45 44th 2.41 11th 2005 803.4 154.6 3.92 0.49 43rd 2.53 11th 2006 847.0 166.8 4.45 0.53 44th 2.67 11th 2007 904.0 181.9 5.08 0.56 41st 2.79 11th 2008 919.0 184.0 5.28 0.57 41st 2.87 11th 2009 (P)

880.0 181.6 5.11 0.58 41st 2.81 11th

P: Provisional Source: (i) UNWTO Tourism Market Trends 2007 Edition for the years upto 2005. (ii) UNWTO Barometer June 2009 for 2006 and 2007 and Barometer June 2010 for 2008 and 2009.

88

Table 3.6 shows the international tourist arrivals in region-wise

from 1997 to 2009, the world arrivals are 593.0 millions and Asia and the

Pacific receives only 89.0 millions. The rates of world share 47th rank in

1998 and 11th place in 2009. The world arrivals in the year 2009 are 880.0

millions in which India and Asia and the Pacific 181.6 millions. It is seen

the percentage of annual change for India is slowly increasing from 2.37

in 1997 to 5.11 in 2009. It occupies 41st place in the case of foreign tourist

arrivals in India.

89 TABLE 3.7 Number of domestic and foreign tourist visits of all

States/UTs in India 1997-2009

Year

No. of domestic

tourist visits (in Million)

% change

No. of foreign tourist

visits % change

1997 159.88 14.1 5.50 9.3

1998 168.20 5.2 5.54 0.7

1999 190.67 13.4 5.83 5.3

2000 220.11 15.4 5.89 1.1

2001 236.47 7.4 5.44 -7.8

2002 269.60 14.0 5.16 -5.1

2003 309.04 14.6 6.71 30.1

2004 366.27 18.5 8.36 24.6

2005 391.95 7.0 9.95 19.0

2006 462.31 18.0 11.75 18.1

2007 526.56 13.9 13.27 12.9

2008 562.98 6.9 14.11 6.4

2009 (P)

650.04 15.5 13.72 -2.8

P: Provisional Source: State/UT Tourism Departments compiled data Note: Figure for Chhattishgarh, Delhi and Maharashtra have been estimated

Table 3.7 shows the domestic and foreign tourist visits from 1997

to 2009. The number of domestic tourist visits in 159.88 million and

foreign tourist visit 5.50 millions during the year 1997 and in 2009 the

domestic tourist visits has increased to 650.04 millions and foreign

tourists visit has increased 13.72 millions. It is less than compared to our

population.

90 TABLE 3.8 Foreign Tourist Arrivals and Foreign Exchange Earnings

from Tourism for the years 2000 - 2010

Year FTA

(in nos.)

(%) Percentage

Change Over

Previous Year

FEE (Rs. in Crore)

(%) Percentage

Change Over

Previous Year

FEE (in

Million US$)

(%) Percentage

Change Over

Previous Year

2000 2649378 6.7 15626 20.6 3460 15.0

2001 2537282 -4.2 15083 -3.5 3198 (-) 7.6

2002 2384364 -6.0 15064 -0.1 3103 (-) 3.0

2003 2726214 14.3 20729 37.6 4463 43.8

2004 3457477 26.8 27944 34.8 6170 38.2

2005 3918610 13.3 33123 18.5 7493 21.4

2006 4447167 13.5 39025 17.8 8634 15.2

2007 5081504 14.3 44360 13.7 10729 24.3

2009 5282603 4.0 50730# 14.4 11747# 9.5

2009 5167699 -2.2 54960# 8.3 11394# (-) 3.0

2010 5583746@ 9.1 64889# 18.1 14193# 24.6

Source: Annual Report 2010-11, Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, p.66.

Table 3.8 shows foreign tourist arrivals in India from 2000 to 2010.

In the year the number of arrivals 2649378 in number and foreign

exchange earnings 15,625 crores, 3460 millions US$ and in 2010, it is

5583746 in numbers foreign exchange earning (FEE) 64889 in crores and

14193 in millions US$. The number of foreign tourist arrivals is slowly

increasing from 2000 to 2010 and foreign exchange earning it is evident

that tourism plays a vital role in enhancing the tourism development.

91 Tourism Development in Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu, the Southern-most State of India, nestles in the Indian

Peninsula between the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Indian Ocean in the

South and the Western Ghats and Arabian Sea on the west in the north and

west. In the north and west, the state adjoins Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh

and Kerala. Tamil Nadu, with an estimated area of 1,30,058 sq. km ranks

eleventh among the states of India in size. The population of Tamil Nadu

as per the 2001 census is 62.40 million, constituting 6.05 per cent of the

total population of India. Chennai (Madras) is the capital city other

important cities/ places and Coimbatore, Salem, Madurai etc.

Tamil Nadu known for its ancient language and rich cultural

tradition has numerous places of tourism interest for people belonging to

other parts of the country and also other nations. Tourism in Tamil Nadu

has flourished since ancient times. During the glorious days of Chera,

Chola, and Pandiya, the three kingdoms of Tamil Nadu, people from

different parts of the world had visited the land to take part in the

religious-cultural celebrations like the ‘Indira Vizha.’ The widespread

trade relations with many countries which date-back to 5000 years in

history also contributed to the spread of the social cultural progress and

economic prosperity of the people of the land. The celebrated Chinese

tourist Yuwan Swang and Fahien have mentioned about the rich cultural

and political diversity of the Tamil people. In the medieval times, Marco

Polo and Ibun Bathutha were the famous travellers visiting Tamil Nadu.

92 The temples of Tamil Nadu, many built more than two hundred

years ago, provide both historical and religious attraction for visitors from

for off places. For people of the Hindu religion, a visit to Kasi and

Rameswaram are a must in lifetime. While Kasi is located on the banks of

river Ganga in North India, Rameswaram is an Island in the Southern end

of Tamilnadu. Similarly the numerous temples located all over the state

also have varied historical significance.

The European colonization has also led to the development of

many places during the last for hundred years, which have attained

historical significance. For example the Dutch premises in Tranquebar a

small seaside town in Thiruvarur district still has its Dutch remnants of

17th century. The spread of Christianity and Islam has also contributed to

the increase in the number of places of tourism interest in the state. The

shrine of Mother Mary in Velankanni and the Nagoor Durga are important

places visited by large number of tourists.

Chennai, the capital city of Tamil Nadu well known as “Madras”

besides being a traditional place of interest for its temples also speaks

volumes of the British legacy of the last three centuries. The beautiful

“Marina Beach” the second largest in the world also adds to the tourism

interest of the city.

From North to South Tamil Nadu have many places like Thanjavur,

Tiruchirappalli, Madurai, Tirunelveli and Nagarcoil, which are of

religious and historical significance. The hill stations of Ootacamund,

93 Kodaikanal and Yercaud, also invite tourists from far and near. Thus the

entire state has numerous places which year after year attract an increasing

number of tourists for a variety of reasons.

TABLE 3.9 Geographical, meteorological and demographic data for

Tamil Nadu

S. No. Items Statistics

Geographical Data

1. Latitude 8° 5’n to 13° 35 N

2. Longitude 76°15’E and 80° E

3 Area sq. km 1,30,058

Meteorological Data

1. Average Annual Rainfall (mm) 964.2

2. Temperature C° Minimum 11.8 and in hill area 3.3

Temperature C° Maximum 45.0

Demography

1. Total population 2001 (million) 62.40

2. Urban population 2001 (million) 82.67

3. Population density (sq. km) 480 persons

4. Decennial growth rate (1991-2001)% 11.72

5. Literacy rate % 73.45

Source: Final Report, Best practicals adopted by the State Government for the Development of Tourism, p.142.

94 Museum of Tamil Nadu

The first museum was founded by Ptolemy at Alexandria around

300 B.C. for Literary and Scientific study. The word Museum comes from

the Greek word “Moseion” means “temples of Muses” or “Place of

study”. A Museum is a permanent exhibition that creates a lasting

impression in the minds of the onlooker. They serve as audiovisual means

of education. They promote national integration and international

understanding. Museums use their collections not only for entertainment

but also for public education and research. Some museum collect and

display masterpieces of art others tell the existing story of mankind

through the relics of past ages. Today the term Museum includes

scientific, technological collections, botanical, zoological gardens and

aquariums.

Fort St. Museum (1948) it houses the fine collection of original

writings of the various personalities. Portraits of past governors, painting

of the storming of Srirangapatna and scenes of earlier Chennai adorn the

walls. Medieval weapons, collections of coins, silver wares, porcelain,

manuscripts and engravings are displayed. The marble statue of

Cornwallis is unique. The flag staff on the rampart facing the sea and the

main gate is 150 feet high. Governor Yale hoisted the union jack over Fort

St. George.

Art and Craft

Tamil Nadu has a distinctive tradition in fine arts and exquisite

crafts. The origin of most of the art and craft tradition of the state is

95 related to the influence of temple economy that prevailed for long periods

in history. The rich temples of the region not only gave patronage to

craftsmen but constant construction work in these temples helped the

craftsmen regularly upgrade their knowledge and experience. Today, the

craft traditions have developed into full-fledged industries in themselves.

Among the art and craft of Tamil Nadu, basketry, kolam, Tanjore arts and

weaving are well known.

Dances of Tamil Nadu

Temples in Tamil Nadu were the fulcrums of society and even

today arts forms that have their origin in religious worship continue to

colour daily life.

Bharatanatyam

Bharatanatyam, whose antiquity is well established, is the most

popular of Indian dances. It is said to have originated to Tanjore.

Bharatanatyam is a purest form of classical dance. It is a blend of Nritta

(the rhythmic movement of the body without any expression of emotion),

Nirtya (the combination of rhythm with expression through eyes, hands

and facial movements) and Natya (the dramatic element).

Bharatanatyam dance form is said to derive its name from Bharata

Muni, the author of Natya Shastra (treatise on dance) written between 2nd

century BC and 2nd century AD. The dance was then called Sadir. The

four borthers Chinnaiah, Ponniah, Sivanandam and Vadivelu collectively

famous as the Tanjore Quartrette codified Bharatanatyam in its present

96 form. Their compositions form the bulk of dancing even today. Male

gurus called Nattuvannars imparted training. This was the time when art

received maximum encouragement and dancers were given land and

valuables as gifts and were placed in high esteem.

Bharatanatyam saw its decline with the advent of the Mughals who

in turn promoted Persian dancers. They took to prostitution to earn a

livelihood thus putting Bharatanatyam into disrepute. Girls from good

families stopped learning dance and dancing came to be considered as a

lewd profession in the latter half of the nineteenth century and the first

half of the twentieth century.

Bharatanatyam was again revived by Rukmini Devi and E. Krishna

Iyer, Rukmini Devi started the institution Kalakshetra in 1936, and since

then there has been a wave of reform. Today many recognised universities

offer degree in Bharatanatyam, and artistes are given international

recognition and honour.

The music for Bharatanatyam is based on Carnatic classical music.

The chief musical instruments in Bharatanatyam are the Mridangam and a

pair of cymbals. Sometimes Veena, Violin, Ghatam and Flute are also

used. The Vidwan (expert) sets the refrain, which the Mridangam supplies

fractional measures of the broad beats. The dance direction is done by

Nattuvanar giving the Thaalam using hand symbols and singing Vaarthai.

There will be two singers as well. The dancer follows the Mridangam and

97 cymbals. A Tambura is often incorporated in the orchestra to provide the

Swara or scale for the refrain.

The costumes of the dancer are very gorgeous, which consists of

Paijama or Dhoti and Jacket of Kanchipuram silk and Banaras silk. The

dancer wears a lot of ornaments of shining stones on neck, ears, hands and

head, Jasmine garland in the hair and foot trinket with small bells. Women

wear a Veni or semi circle of real or artificial flowers round the bun or

plait of the hair. In the centre of the forehead a Tika or dot is impressed.

The modern Bharatanatyam was regularized by Thanjavur

Brothers, Ponnayya, Chinnayya, Sivanandam and Vadivelu. The modern

form of Bharatanatyam presentation is the arrangement of four Nattuvans

of Pandanallur. The Vidwan, Menaskshi Sunderam Pillay of Pandanallur,

the greatest teacher of Bharatanatyam is a direct descendant of the four

brothers.

It was Rukmini Devi Arundale, the celebrated dancer and scholar

who took this dance from out of the temple and gave it a new

respectability. She started a school at Tiruvanmiyur (the village just

outside Chennai) named Kalak-Shetra. The age-old, Gurukulam system of

education is still followed and many classes are conducted are conducted

in sylvan surroundings.

98 Folk dances

Tamil Nadu has rich tradition of folk arts and crafts displaying

traditional skill and dexterity handed down from generations. The folk

music and dances represent the rustic ethos, aesthetic values and melody.

The conduct of folk dances and music on occasions of temple festivals

and community functions gives entertainment, myth and merriment to the

villagers. The Therukoothu (Street Play), Thappattai Attam, Karagam and

Kavadi, Dummy Horse Dance and Peacock Dance, Oyilattam and

Silambam are all rural programmes of art forms, very old but still

conducted and enjoyed by people with abiding interest and enthusiasm.

Tourist Wealth of Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu is an enchanting state where modern technology and

contemporary vitality co-exist with tradition and old architecture. It is a

year round destination. The tourist wealth of the state can be broadly

grouped under the following heads.

1. Hill Resorts

The state consists of mountain ranges pastoral landscape, exotic

plants and shrubs and grassy hillocks. Notable hill resorts are

Udhagamandalam, Kodaikanal and Yercaud. The small roads that swirl

around the estates and hillocks provide refreshing experiences.

Udhagamandalam, known as the queen of hills, is all set to add

more feathers to its cap. The Nilgiris mountain railway which way

inaugurated in 1899 is likely to get world heritage status. Similarly the

99 Rose Garden at Udhagamandalam is likely to be declared as the Garden of

excellence by the international rose federation.

2. Beach Resorts

Tamil Nadu has 1076 km long spectacular coastline, which is one

seventh of the country’s total coastline. Tamil Nadu’s coast line has sugar

white bays and sun drenched beaches. Marina Beach is the second largest

in the world.

3. Water Falls

Water falls in the state like Hogenikkal, Courtallam, Thirparappu,

Kumbakarai, Papanasam etc. one some spectacles and breathtaking

experience.

4. Wildlife Sanctuaries

Sanctuaries at Mudumalai, Anamalai, Mondantherrai and

Kalakkadu are the important wild life sanctuaries which transform

magically from the tropical wet ever green to the dry deciduous and thorn

forests.

5. Zoological Parks

The Arignar Anna zoological part at Vandalur, Chennai draws

huge crowds and one can see a variety of wildlife in their natural habitat.

100 6. Bird Sanctuaries

The clacking and squawking of birds in the bird sanctuaries are

melodious. Notable bird sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu Vedanthangal is the

famous bird sanctuary located in Kancheepuram district. Other bird

sanctuaries are Pulicat in Tiruvallur district. Koothankulam in Tirunelveli

district Karaivetts in Perambalur district and Kodiakkarai in Nagapattinam

district.

7. Botanical/Horticultural Gardens

The horticultural gardens at places like Ooty and Coonoor are

immaculately maintained to provide visual feast to the eyes.

8. Temples, Churches and Mosques

They are exquisite and extravagant, delicate and district, yet at the

same time they are integrally linked with each other. They display the

indignity and artistic skill of sculptors. People voted through on line to

accord. Wonder of world states to Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple.

The histories of some of the temples and monuments date back even to

1000 years.

9. Heritage Monuments

Monuments at Mamallapuram and Gangaikonda Cholapuram have

unique and inspiring architecture. They are marvels of engineering skills

of the bygone era of great ancient rulers.

101 10. Mangroves

Mangroves at Pichavaram in Cuddalore district one of the largest

mangroves in the world. Mangroves are also found in Muthupet in

Thiruvarur district. It is now believed that Mangroves act as a good

deterrent in arresting the force of Tsunami, which struck the coastal areas

of Tamil Nadu on December 26, 2004. By planning saplings, artificial

Mangroves are developed to arrest Tsunami erosion in the marine areas.

11. Lakes

The Pulicat Lake in Tiruvallur district is the second largest

saltwater lagoon in India (after Chilika Lake in Orissa).

The following are the important tourism centres in Tamil Nadu.

Chennai

Chennai is a sprawling metropolis and the capital of Tamil Nadu.

Places to see include fort St. George, a former bastion of the British East

India company presently housing the Tamil Nadu state legislature and

secretariat; Marina, the second longest beach in the world. Anna and

MGR memorials, Santhome Cathedral Basilica a magnificent cathedral

built over the tomb of St. Thomas; Planetarium, Theosophical Society, the

world headquarters of the society of all faiths, located on the banks of

River Adyar and founded by Annie Besant, Olcott and Blavatslly;

Kalakshetra, when Bharatha Natyam and other classical dances of India

are taught; National Deer Park, which includes a Children’s Park and a

Snake Park located with in the metropolitan city; Arignar Anna

102 Zoological Park, memorials to national leaders like Mahatma Gandhi,

Kamaraj and Rajaji, Valluvar Kottam, built in memory of Saint

Thiruvalluvar, who wrote the world famous couplet-Thirukkural,

Kapaleeswerar Temple, a fine example of Dravidian temple, architecture

dedicated to lord Siva; Government Museum and Art Gallery one of the

oldest in the country, housing a superb collection of bronzes etc.

Kancheepuram

Kancheepuram the city of Thousand Temples is one of the seven

sacred cities of India. A former capital of the Pallavas, it is famous for its

exquisitely woven silk sarees. Places to see include Ekambareswarar

Temple, Varadarjaswamy Temple, Vaikundaperumal Temple, Kamakoti

Mutt, Kailasanathar Temple, Kamakshi Amman Temple and Silk Fabric

Weaving Centers.

Mamallapuram

Once a flourishing of the Pallavas if ancient India, this monument

centre is today a World Heritage site and is renowned as a major beach

resort holiday centre in South India. Places to see include shone temple,

Five Rathas Arjuna’s Penance and Tiger’s cave. About 14 kms North is a

Crocodile Bank and 17 kms West is Thirukazhukundram, a pilgrim centre.

There are boating facilities at Muttukkadu backwaters midway between

Chennai and Mamallapuram and another one at Mudaliar Kuppam on

ECR beyond MGM on the way to Mamallapuram Amusements Parks like

VGP Golden Beach, Little Folks and MGM Dizzy World are situated.

103 Chidambaram

Chidambaram is famous for the temple dedicated to Lord Nataraja,

the cosmic Dancer (Lord Siva). The Annamalai University Located here is

a major residential university. Pichavaram (16 kms from here) is a place

of rare scenic beauty with its severe backwaters dotted with dense

mangrove forests, which boats of unique avifauna, T.T.D.C’S Arignar

Anna Tourist Complex at Pichavaram houses Restaurant and offer boating

facilities.

Thanjavur

The home of Carnatic music, musical instruments dance and

traditional handicrafts, Thanjavur is famous for the Brahadeswarar

Temple which is a world heritage site. The Temple constructed more than

thousand years ago by the Chola King Raja, Raja, is an architectural

marvel. The town of Thanjavur is also head quarters of the district of the

same name.

Chettinad

Chettinad is the home of the Chettiar community. Chettinad of

famous for its palaces and mansions and lip smacking food. The palaces

and mansions reflect a conglomeration of architecture and building styles.

Burma teak motif had made tiles, stained glass windows, elaborate

chandeliers and intricate carpentry are all unique ingredients of Chettinad

mansions. Every home is an architectural splendour.

104 Tiruchirapalli

Tiruchirapalli is known for its Rock Fort temple located at a higher

of over 83 metres other renowned temples are Lord Ranganathaswamy

Temple (Srirangam), the Siva Temple at Thiruvanaikaval and

Samayapuram Mariamman temple. Worth while excursions include

Narthamalai, Sithannavasal, Kudumiyanmalai, Kodumbalur famous for

their ancient monuments and Jain Caves with intricate war paintings.

Grand Anicut, across the Cauvery River, built by the Chola King

Karikalan in the second century A.D. is an engineering marvel and a fine

picnic spot. Aavudayarkoil (110 kms) away is known for its life size

sculptures, Mukkombu (20 kms) is another picnic spot, Viralimalai (28

kms) is famous for its Murugan Temple and Peacock Sanctuary.

Rameswaram

One of the most sacred towns of India, it is well known for its

temple corridor, the longest of its kind, the Bathing Ghat, Ganthamathana

Parvatham, Kothandaramar Temple, Kurusadai and other nearby Islands.

Kanyakumarai

Another famous pilgrim centre situated at the lands’ end of India,

at the confluence of the Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian

Sea. Place to see. Place to see Kumari Amman Temple, the colossal 133 –

foot tall Thiruvalluvar statue, Gandhi memorial, Beach and Vivekananda

memorial. Excursion centers include Temple with musical pillars

(13 kms).

105 Kodaikanal

Kodaikanal is one of India’s most beautiful hill stations located at

an altitude of 2133 mts (7000 Feet) frequented by tourists in large

numbers through out the year. Places of interest include Bryant’s Park,

Pillar Rocks, Lake, Solar observatory, Perumal Peak, Silver cascade,

Telescope Houses at Coaker’s walk and near Kurinji Andavar Temple,

Bear Shoal Falls, Borijam lake, Museum and Orchidarium at Sacred Heart

College, Shenbeganur, very good trek routes and available.

Courtallam

Courtallam, the spa of the south is situated at an elevation of 167

mts in the Western Ghats. This is a popular health resort. Its waterfalls are

known for their curative properties. Its bracing climate extends

particularly from June to September which is the main tourist season.

Excursion centers Thiruchendur Murugan Temple (99 kms), Tirunelveli

(58 kms), Rajapalayam (68 kms), Tenkasi (5 kms) and Mundanthurai

Tiger Sanctuary (75 kms).

Udhagamandalam

Popularly referred as “Queen of Hill stations” Ooty

(Udhagamandalm) is located at a height of 2,286 mts (7500 feet) popular

tourist attractions include the Botanical Gardens, Lake, Doddabetta and

Mukurti Peak. The Pykarakam and Sprawling Tea Plantations, Trek routes

are available TTDC has a telescope house at Doddabetta, Mudumalai

Wildlife Sanctuary is 60 kms from here Kotagiri is 29 kms from here

Coonoor is located 19 kms on Ooty – Coimbatore road.

106 Mudumalai

This is a famous wildlife sanctuary located at a distance of 60 kms

from Ooty. Coimbatore is the nearest Airport. Regular bus services are

available. The nearest rail head is Udhagamandalam. The will life

includes Elephant, Guar, Tiger, Panther, Sambar, Spotted Deer, Wild

Boar, and Bison Porcupine etc. The avifauna is varied with miruvets, horn

bills, fairly Blue Birds, Jungle Fowl and Flying Lizard etc. The Bandipur

Wildlife Sanctuary (Kerala) is abutting the Mudumalai Wildlife

Sanctuary.

Hogenakkal

A health resort known from its water falls. Hogenakkal is set

amidst lush green woods parisal (a boat made of hide and palm fiber) ride

through River Cauvery is a pleasant experience. Bangalore is the nearest

airport; Dharmapuri is the nearest rail head on the Bangalore Salem Route

130 (kms) Chennai is 350 kms from here.

Yercaud

Located in the Shervarayan Hills in Salem District, Yercaud is a

hill station visited by tourists, through out the year altitude 1500 mts (500

feet) places of interest include the lake, Anna Park, or Chidorium, Lady’s

seat, Pagoda point, Bear’s cave and the Shervarayan Temple.

Madurai

Madurai, once capital city of the Pandiyas, is the second largest

city in Tamil Nadu. It is famous for the Meenakshi Temple with its

107 towering gopuram and rare sculptures other important attractions include

Thirumalai Naicker Palace, Mariamman Tank, Koodal Azhar Temple and

Gandhi Museum. Excursion centers. The Murugan Temple,

Thirupparankundram (8 kms) Lord Azhagar Temple, Azhagal Koil

(21 kms) and Lord Subramanya Temple Solaimalai, Mandapam (25 kms)

is above Lord Azhagar Temple on a hillock, Palani Temple (122 kms) and

Suruli Waterfalls (128 kms).

TABLE 3.10 Tourist arrivals in Tamil Nadu (in lakhs)

Year Domestic Tourists

Foreign Tourists

Growth Rate Total

2000 229.82 7.86 100 237.68

2001 238.12 7.73 103.43 245.85

2002 246.62 8.05 103.66 254.67

2003 270.59 9.02 109.80 279.61

2004 300.77 10.58 111.35 311.35

2005 323.39 11.79 107.65 335.18

2006 392.14 13.35 120.98 405.49

2007 506.47 17.53 129.22 524.00

2008 626.18 20.40 123.39 646.58

2009 780.37 23.69 124.29 803.69

2010 1030.10 28.04 131.66 1058.14

Source:

1. Statistical Hand Book of Tamil Nadu 2007 2. Tamil Nadu Tourism and Cultural Department Policy Note 2009-

2010. 3. Indian Dance Festival 2010-2011 Government order 25th December

2010 25 January 2011. Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu p.11.

108

The above table depicts the position in regard to tourist arrivals in

Tamil Nadu during the period from 2000-2010.

Tamil Nadu promotes zero-tolerant tourism without any

compromise on socio cultural values and customs this has resulted in

generating quality tourism. The tourists are invariably aesthetic and

mature who appreciate the culture heritage of the state. Tamil Nadu is now

ranked third in attracting both domestic and foreign tourists. Proactive

efforts continue to make Tamil Nadu the most preformed destination in

India.

In the year 2009, the tourist arrival was 803.69 lakhs tourists

visited Tamil Nadu. During the year 2010, the tourist arrival was 1058.14.

When compared the tourist arrivals for the above one years, it has

recorded an increase of 254.45 lakhs in the year 2010.

Profile of Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation (TTDC)

The Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation TTDC is a

Government of Tamil Nadu Undertaking which was established in the

year 1971. The main aim of the creation of TTDC is to develop the

tourism sector in Tamil Nadu with the multiple activities performed by the

TTDC, its performances are positively established for the past more than

three decades. The TTDC is actively working towards the development of

the tourism industry particularly in Tamil Nadu by creating different

centers exclusively for tourism relatives.

109 Preservation of cultural heritage of Tamil Nadu is the most

significant social benefit from tourism. Cultural heritage is a composite of

many aspects of our history and present the arts, the architecture, the

archaeological and historical sites constitute one aspect of cultural

heritage.

The Temples, Mosques, Churches and Gurudwaras constitute

another. Handicrafts, Paintings, Sculptures, icons, Stone works etc.

constitute another. Dance and musical forms, Festivals, customs, Folk

rites and ritual constitute another aspect of cultural heritage museums

archives, educational institutions, libraries, theatres etc. constitute another.

Beliefs, attitudes are values are also part of cultural heritage these cultural

resources need to be preserved protected, revived, published and handed

down to posterity the TTDC opened its branches almost all important

tourism points in order to focus the above items.

Tourism actually represents an assembly of several industries. The

industries that are connected with tourism are Petroleum products

industry, railways, airways, roadways, automobiles construction material

industries, construction labour, hotel and restaurant industry personal care

products industry, Forestry products industry had arts and crafts products

industry, entertainment services industry, bar and beverage industry photo

products / service industry. Literature and book industry, textile and

personal use products industries and so on. It may be put these industries

into six broad types. Accommodation industry, travel service industry,

food and beverages industry, personal use products industry, shopping

110 goods industry and entertainment industry. The TTDC protect the cultural

heritage of Tamil Nadu in a systematic manner in order to attract tourists

from India and Accommodation industry is by far the most important

industry connected with tourism. Accommodation facilities of different

types-hotel, motel, campsites yatri-niwas, youth hostel, paying guest

accommodation in, cantles (country hotels) etc., hotel segment is by far

the most significant of all the types of accommodation. Accommodation

industry development is crucial to tourism growth. Home away from

home’s is the concept of accommodation. Location, accessibility, tariff,

facilities etc., count. The TTDC maintains accommodation facilities and

hotels in important tourism spots since these have been very essential to

tourists in order to facilitate their stay.

Travel industry is the assemblage of all males of transport with

infrastructure. Transport needs of tourists differ from that of short distance

commuters. Comfort flexibility, speed, fairness of fare, safety etc., all

count. Long distance hall is generally fulfilled by airways, medium

distance by road sector. Road ways happen to be the complementary mode

and its development holds the key to tourism development. Road that are

narrow and of potholes and vehicles that are vexatious make travel.

Transport development must precede tourism development.

111

Chart 3.2

Organizational Chart

Department of tourism and culture

Secretary to Government

Directorate of tourism Tamil Nadu tourism development corporation Director of tourism Chairman Joint director Managing director Deputy director Assistant director General manger General manager (finance) 24 tourist officers and publication officer and Accounts officer Staff Managers

Staff Source: A.K. Raina Neelujain, Dynamics of Tourism, New Delhi:

Kaniskha Publishers (2004): 55.

Tourist offices and tourist information centres twenty four tourist

offices (18 with in state) and twenty six tourist information centres are

functioning within and outside Tamil Nadu to facilitate tourists.

112 TABLE 3.11 Tamil Nadu tourism at a glance

1. No of Tourist office : 24 (18 in Tamil Nadu and 6 in outside state)

2. No of Tourist information centers : 24 (18 in Tamil Nadu and 6 in outside state)

3. No of world Heritage monuments : 5

4. No of monuments maintained by state Archaeology Department

: 85

5. No of monuments maintained by Archaeological survey of India in Tamil Nadu

: 247

6. No of Forts : 11

7. No of Temples maintained : 14

8. No of Temples maintained by Hr and CE

: 38436

9. No of major ports : 3

10. No of major Hills stations : 3

11. Second Largest Beach : Marina

12. Highest Peak in Tamil Nadu : Doddabetta (2636 mts)

13. No of international Airports : 3

14. Total Length of Railway line in Tamil Nadu

: 3941 kms

15. Total Number of Youth Hostels : 7

16. Total Number of Hotels Tamil Nadu

: 53

17. Total Number of Boat Houses : 8

18. Total Number of coaches : 20

19. Total Number of Telescope Houses : 3

20. Amusement Parks : 23

Source: Tourism Policy Note 2009-2010, Tamil Nadu General, p.42

113 Tourist Information centers

Air Ports

Chennai (international terminal), Chennai (Domestic terminal),

Madurai, Coimbatore, Tiruchirappalli.

Railway stations

Chennai (Central), Chennai (Egmore), Madurai, Coimbatore,

Rameswaram, Tiruchirappalli, Tirunelveli.

Bus Stands

Chennai metropolitan Busterminus Koyambedu, Rameswaram.

Other Places

Gudalur (The Nilgiris District), Tranquebar (Nagapattinam

District), Hotel Tamil Nadu Complex, Thanjavur, Panchalankurichi

(Thoothukudi District).

Outside Tamil Nadu

Tourist Offices

New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkatta, Panaji (Goa), Jaipur, Agra.

Tourist information centers

Place State 1. Railway Junction Bangalore Karnataka 2. Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh3. Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 4. Ahmadabad Gujarat 5. Bhubaneswar Orissa 6. Lucknow Uttar Pradesh

114 TTDC offers comfortable accommodation

TTDC offers comfortable accommodation at reasonable cost at all

tourist important centers in Tamil Nadu. There are the following

important accommodation facilities like such as Restaurant Attached,

Conference Hall, Swimming Pool, Permit Room (Bar), Telephone / TV

Facilities, Lawn services, Car parking, ISD / STD Facilities, Laundry

Services, Doctors on Call, Children Amusement and Indoor Games.

Services on Tourism in TTDC

Hotel Management system (Hms)

TTDC has implemented Hotel Management System (HMS) in

major hotels. Hotels Tamil Nadu, Mamallapuram, Tiruchirapalli,

Madurai-1, Madurai-2, Kodaikanal, Yercaud, Udhagamandalam,

Coimbatore, Rameswaram, Tiruchendur, Thanjaur and Kanniyakumari

for operating the hotel functions with billing facilities.

Tours Management System (TMS)

TTDC has implemented Tours Management System covering the

entire tour operations conducted by TTDC at Tourism complex and sales

counters for operating the entire functions of tours billing facilities.

Boat house Management System

TTDC Boat houses operations are monitored through computer

where in the Boat position can be viewed at any time. This system has

been implemented at Muttukadu, Kodaikanal, Pykara, Pichavaram and

Yercaud.

115 Website in Tamil Language launched

A website WWW.TamilNaduTourism.Org/tamil has been launched

recently for the benefit of domestic tourists.

Major initiatives and Achievements of TTDC

- Popularizing lesser known tourist spots incentives to entrepreneurs.

- Subsidy for converting heritage buildings into heritage hotels.

- Rural Tourism areas identified for promotional activities.

- Tourist friendly campaigns Virunthinar Portuthum Virunthinar

Potruthum programmes organized.

- Emphasized responsibilities of hosts and guests through

Responsible Tourism concept with the need for clean environment.

- Strengthening medical tourism initiatives.

- Bed and Break fast (Home stay) scheme.

- Tourism development schemes through convergence of funds from

other Departments.

- Production of innumerable tourist literature – folders posters,

colourful calendar etc.

- Release of attractive advertisements and commercials.

- Participation in travel marts abroad and upcountry.

- Publicity campaigns with in the country.

- Effective Market.

- Showcasing cultural heritage through Fairs and Festivals.

- Digitizing the services of Tamil Nadu Tourism.

- Broad Based on line booking of Tourism services.

116 - Draft Tourism master plan through HUDCO.

- MICE Market explored – three regional level seminars in Chennai

Eco Tourism Governance Medical Tourism, Responsible Tourism

to high light MICE market.

- Cleanliness Campaigns.

- Monthly News letter to disseminate tourism activities events and

services.

Festivals with Assistance from the state Government

- Pongal Tourist Festival All over India – January

- Chithirai Vishu Festival, Papanasam – April

- Tea and Tourism Festival, Udhagamandalam – April

- Chithirai Full moon Festival, Poompuhar – May

- Kattabomman Vizha, Panchalamkurichi – May

- Salangai Natham and Bhagavatha Mela, Thanjavur – May

- Mango Festival, Krishnagiri

- Summer Festival at all Hill stations – May

- Kandhoori Festival, Nagore – May

- Sara Thiruvizha, Courtallam – July

- Thirupparappu vizha, Kanniyakumari District – July

- Adipparkky, Hogenekkal – July

- Velankanni Festival, Velankanni – August

- World Tourism day in all tourist centers – September

- Sathaya Vizha, Thanjavur – October

- Thiruvannamalai Deepam Festival – November

117

Tamil Nadu Tourism participated in all Government Exhibitions at

Madurai, Tirunelveli, Thanjavur, Coimbatore and Vellore and showcases

the tourism wealth of Tamil Nadu which includes lesser known centers in

the districts. Tamil Nadu Tourism has participated in Tourism and Travel

Trade meet and Fairs conducted all over India and high lighted the rich

tourism potential of out state.

World Tourism Day Celebrations

Rural Tourism is emerging as an important segment. Tamil Nadu

has tremendous potential in Rural Tourism and this is showcased in the

World Tourism Day celebrations appropriately as to height light the theme

for the world Tourism Day. “Tourism responding to the change of climate

change” This Department organized a number of activities like cleanliness

campaign Tourism Awareness Campaign and tourist friendly campaign in

Chennai and at important tourist spots in all Districts.

PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA: THANJAVUR DISTRICT

Thanjavur, one of the 31 districts in Tamil Nadu in South India, is

commonly known as the ‘Rice Bowl’ of the South. The district is situated

in the south east coast of Tamilnadu State.

Geographical Area

The composite Thanjavur district is bifurcated and later trifurcated

and now we have Thanjavur, Thiruvarur and Nagappatinam Districts. The

district lies on the East coast of Tamil Nadu. It is situated between 9.50’

and 11.25’ of the northern Latitude and 78.45’ and 79.25’ of the eastern

118 Longitude. The district is bounded in the North by the Coleroon which

separates it from Perambalur and Tiruchirappalli districts and on the East

it is bounded by Thiruvarur and Nagappattinam districts and on the south

by the Palk Strait Pudukkottai district and on the west by Pudukkottai and

Tiruchirappalli districts. There are no hills in the district. The district

being predominantly agricultural one is called the Granary of the South.

Population

According to 2001 census, the total population is 22,16,128 of

which 10,69,638 are males and 119500 are females. The 2001 population

census reveals that 14,76,256 persons are literate that is 66.61 per cent of

population and of which 8,14,354 are males and 6,61,902 are females. The

total area of the district is 3396.57 sqkm. The density of population is 652

per sqkm. The total workers in the district are 8,97,123 of which 6,18,471

are male and 2,78,652 are female. The rural workers are 6,48,543 and

urban workers are 2,48,670.

Rainfall

The maximum temperature of the district 39°C and the minimum

temperature is 29°C. The normal rainfall in the district during South West

monsoon is 342 mm (June to September) and during North East monsoon

545.7 mm (October to January). But the actual rainfall in 2007 was 252.8

mm is southwest monsoon and 445.1 mm in North West Monsoon.

Summer showers occur during March, April and May.

119 Production

The number of dairies in the district is one and milk chilling plant

is one. In the district 59 milk co-operative societies function and render

service to the rural people. The length of the coastal line is 45.1 km and

the number of coastal block is two. There are 27 coastal centres in the

district. The marine fish production is 11,726 MT and the inland fish

production is 920 MT. The district has vast scope for the development of

marine and inland fishing activities. The total forest area under reserved

forests is 3836.03 hectares. The turnout of forest production particularly

Timber is 3642.94 cu.m. The outturn of cashew nuts is 4.54 tons and fire

wood 54 tons.

Industries

In the district there were 232 registered working factories in 2007.

At that time, the number of man-hours work was 17.87 lakhs. There were

8 registered trade unions in 2006. There are no large scale industries in the

district but there were 10 medium scale industries 504 small scale

industries and 331 cottage scale industries in 2007.

Medical Facilities

Thanjavur district is well equipped with medical and health

facilities. Under modern medicine there are 16 hospitals, 16 dispensaries,

58 primary health centres, 309 health sub centres and 16 other medical

institutions. The total number of beds in hospitals and dispensaries is

4878. There are 231 doctors and 538 nurses.

120 Education and Road Facilities

In Thanjavur District, there are 4 universities in which 3 are

deemed universities. There are 27 Arts and Science Colleges. In the

district there is one medical college and 3 engineering colleges. There are

11 colleges for education and 7 teachers training institute. In total there

are 2167 schools which include nursery and primary Schools, middle

schools, high schools and higher secondary schools. In the district the

total road length is 8693 kms which includes national highways, state

highways etc. In total the railway length in the district 218.69 km and

there are 20 railways stations. It is connected with good communication

facilities like post and telegraph and telephones.

In the district there are 3 revenue divisions with 8 revenue taluks,

50 revenue firkas and 906 revenue villages. In Thanjavur district there are

3 municipalities, 15 panchayats union and 59\89 village panchayats. There

are 3 development divisions and 14 blocks in the district.

The deltaic region

The deltaic region covers the whole northern and eastern portion of

the district where the Cauvery with its wide network of branches irrigate

more than half of the district. It comprises the whole of Kumbakonam

taluk and parts of Thanjavur, Papanasam taluk.

Non-Deltaic region

The rest of the southern and western areas of the district are non-

deltaic or upland region. A good portion of upland regions which was dry

121 has now been brought under irrigation with the help of Grand Anicut

canal, fed by the Cauvery Mettur project and by extension of the Vadavar

river. Non-deltaic region is also devoid of hills and slopes gradually

seawards.

Drainage

Cauvery is the main river of Thanjavur district. It drains towards

with its distributory branches in all directions. The Grand Anicut built

across the river by the king Karikal Chola in the second century A.D., is a

standing monuments depicting the skills of Tails is harnessing river of

agriculture. Cauvery-Kollidam and Cauvery-Vennar-Vettar are the Chief

river system of the district. Numerous distributaries of these two systems

are draining the entire district there by promoting agricultural activities

with in increased irrigation facilities, Kollidam, Vadavar, Vennar, Vettar,

Kudamurutti, Pamaniyar etc., are the major distributaries of river Cauvery

from October of January the river system get water from north-east

monsoon with in the district. There is usually a preliminary fresh in the

Cauvery in June.

Transport and communication

The nearest Airport located at Tiruchirapalli. There is one

important railway Junction in the district (i.e.) Thanjavur. The rail links

directly with Chennai, Mysore and Other important towns in the state.

There are more than 100 registered transport undertakings in this district.

The Tamilnadu state Transport Corporation with its Head quarter at

Kumbakonam has strength of 300 buses 2008-09. It operates town and

122 other services all over the district and also to some important towns in

neighboring district and also the union territory of Pondicherry town bus

services are made cheaper to suit most of the rural population. During this

decade the transport facility was made to the public by the introduction of

minibus services taxi and cab permits in small towns also.

Trade and commerce

The trade of the district mainly consists of rice, fish, handloom,

metal works and handicrafts. The items of import chiefly consists of silk

and cotton yarn brass sheets, copper, timber and other consumer goods.

The trade is carried on both by rail and road. Regarding surface transport,

most of the exports and import passes through the ports of Chennai and

Tuticorin. To help the trading and commercial establishments there are in

all 166 bank branches function in various parts of the district 2008-2009.

The following table shows the area, population and literates as per

2001 census.

123 TABLE 3.12 Area, population, literates – sex-wise by blocks and

municipalities (as per 2001 Census)

Sl. No

Name of the Blocks / Municipalities

Areas (sq.kms)

Population Literates

Persons Male Female Persons Male Female

Municipalities

1. Thanjavur 36.31 215314 106625 108689 170356 88881 81475

2. Kumbakonam 12.58 139954 69785 70169 108582 57353 51229

3. Pattukkottai 21.83 65533 32718 32815 47890 25850 22040

Block

1. Thanjavur 392.79 195484 97206 98278 132591 73471 59120

2. Budalur 286.01 97419 48493 48926 61700 34225 27475

3. Thiruvaiyaru 163.75 113370 56095 57275 75471 41570 33901

4. Orathanadu 409.79 165466 81115 84351 100106 57291 42815

5. Thiruvonam 211.65 79370 39281 40089 42674 25305 17369

6. Kumbakonam 176.00 186988 93432 93556 122450 68306 54144

7. Thiruvidaimarudur 190.47 183027 91310 91717 126248 69692 56556

8. Thiruppanandal 168.67 107401 53656 53745 66952 37765 29187

9. Papanasam 143.58 139951 68403 q71548 92550 50084 42466

10. Ammapet 243.97 115142 57434 57708 69954 39538 30416

11. Pattukottai 295.27 132882 64710 68712 84481 46955 37526

12. Madukkur 178.25 82187 39708 42479 52645 28917 23728

13. Peravurani 220.94 105364 51872 53492 66366 37809 28557

14. Sethubavachatram 244.71 91286 44795 46491 55240 31342 23898

Grand Total 3396.57 2216138 1096638 1119500 1476256 814354 661902

Source: District Statistical Hand Book 2006-07, Thanjavur District.

The total area of the district is 3396.57 sq. km and the population is

22,16,138 in which 10,96,638 are male and 11,19,500 are female. The

total literates are 14,76,256 in which 8,14,354 are male and 6,61,902 are

female.

124 TABLE 3.13 Population by religion

S. No

Religion Persons in

District Persons in

Tamil Nadu

Percentage (%)

In the District

Tamil Nadu

1. Hindu 1925677 54985079 86.89 88.11

2. Muslim 163286 3470647 7.37 5.56

3. Christian 124945 3785060 5.64 6.07

4. Sikh 38 9545 0.00 0.02

5. Buddhist 28 5393 0.00 0.01

6. Jain 657 83359 0.03 0.13

7. Other Religions

201 7252 0.01 0.01

8. Religions not stated

1306 59344 0.06 0.10

Total 2216138 62405679 100.00 100.00

Source: District Statistical Hand Book 2006-07, Thanjavur District.

From the above taluk elucidate that the population by religion in

the district the population belongs to Hindu religion is the high that is,

86.89 per cent which is lower than the percentage in Tamil Nadu (88.11).

125 TOURIST SPOTS IN THANJAVUR DISTRICT

Brahadeeswarar Temple

The Brahadeeswarar temple, called the Big Temple, is dedicated to

Lord Siva. It was built by the great Chola King Raja Raja (A.D. 1985-

1012). It is an outstanding example of Chola architecture. Recognizing its

unique architectural excellence, UNESCO has declared it a World

Heritage Monuments.

The 64.8 metre tall vimanam (lower over sanctum sanctorum) is

testimony to the engineering skill of the Cholas in keeping with the size of

the temple. It has a gigantic “Mahalingam” in the shrine, measuring 4

meters in height. A monolithic Nandhi chiseled out of single rock,

measures 5.94 meters in length, 2.51 meters in breath and 3.66 meters in

height. It is the second largest Nandhi in India. The Nandhi or bull is the

vehicle of Lord Siva. Beautiful Chola fresco paintings adorn the inner

walls of the Temple.

One of the outstanding temples in South India, the Brahadeeswarar

temple is the Chola dynasty’s finest contribution of Dravidian temple

architecture. What makes the construction so unique is the variation from

the usual temple building style of having a tall gopuram and smaller

vimanam. At the Big Temple the vimanam soars high while the gopuram

is smaller. The 64.8m tall, 14 tier pyramid shaped vimanam raised from a

square base is topped by a huge monolithic cupola carved from an 81.3

tonne block of granite. It was raised with the aid of a 6 km long inclined

plane.

126 The palace

Just 1 km away from the Brahadeeswarar Temple is a magnificent

palace, surrounded by huge fort walls. Dating back to the fourteenth

century A.D. it was built partly by the Nayaks and partly by the Marathas.

The Maratha royal family resides in this palace. It is a fascinating building

with huge corridors, spacious halls, decorated rooms, tall observation

towers, beautiful stucco works, wonderful fresco painted walls and

ceilings, an underground tunnel and intricate carvings. The royal family’s

sacred “Chandramauleeshwarar Temple” is located within the palace

walls.

Art gallery

The art gallery has fabulous collection of bronze icons, stone

sculpture and pieces of art. The collection is unique for its large

representation of Hindu Gods and Goddesses, myths and legends. The

exhibits are priceless for their historical association.

Saraswathi Mahal Library

Thanjavur Maharaja Serfoji’s Mahal Library is one among the few

libraries in the world with texts of the medieval period. It is a treasure

house of knowledge carefully fostered and nurtured by successive

dynasties of Nayakas and the Marathas of Thanjavur. It contains are

valuable collection of manuscripts, books, maps and paintings on all

aspects of Art, Culture and Literature. The Encyclopaedia Britannica, in

its survey of the Libraries of the world, describes it as “the most

127 remarkable Library in India”. This Library was made Public Library in

1918.

Sangeetha Mahal (Hall of music)

Also in the Palace is the Sangeetha Mahal, acoustically perfect

music hall. It is a striking example of the engineering skill of ancient

builders.

Royal Museum and Serfoji Memorial Hall

Located in the place complex, it displays rare antiques belonging to

the Maratha Royal Family. The artifacts, manuscripts, weapons, royal

robes and handicrafts made out of ivory, jade, lacquer, glass, porcelain,

wood, cloth and leather are worth seeing.

Sharjah Madi

This is in the eastern part of the palace, built in the Saracenic style

by Raja Serfoji after his return from Varanasi. It is six-storied and well-

known for its ornamental balconies. Its spacious halls bespeak the

grandeur of this palace. It enables the tourists to have a panoramic view of

Thanjavur City.

Rajarajan Manimandapam

It is the southern part of Thanjavur. It was built during the 8th

World Tamil Conference in 1995. This Manimandapam has a museum in

its ground floor.

128 Schwartz Church

This Church was built adjacent to Siva Ganga Tank in A.D. 1779

by Rajah Serfoji as a token of his affection to his tutor Rev. C.V.

Schwartz, a Danish missionary.

Sivaganaga Tank

This water tank lies beyond the North West compound of

Brahadeeswarar Temple. It is surrounded by large walls and known for its

sweet water.

Rajagopala Beerangi (Cannon)

This is huge cannon is placed at the eastern gate of the Fort. The

places is called ‘Beerangi Medu’. The Cannon is amazing in size and the

quality speaks of the metallurgical knowledge of the people of those

times. The Beerangi is the biggest in India.

Tholkappiyar Sadukkam

This Sadukkam (Square) was built during the 8th World Tamil

Conference. One can have a panoramic View of Thanjavur town from the

tower.

Tamil University

Established here in 1981, the Tamil University is engaged in

research and advanced studies in Tamil. It is devoted to the cause of

promoting Tamil literature and language. It enables advanced studies in

Tamil like Literature. Grammar, Linguistics, Religion and Philosophy,

129 Manuscriptology, History, Epigraphy, Sociology, Folklore, Anthropology,

Arts, Sculpture, Music, Drama, Legal Studies, Administration, Science,

Engineering, Computer Science, Medical Science, Encyclopedia and

Adult Education.

Punnainallur Mariamman Temple

The temple dedicated to Goddess Mariamman was built by

Maratha ruler Tulajaji A.D. 1677 It is 6 kms east of Thanjavur.

Thanjavur Art Plate

Thanjavur art plate is traditional metal craft of Tamil Nadu with its

intricate workmanship and value. The popular Thanjavur art plates feature

designs of deities, birds, flowers and geometric patterns, beaten out from

the back of copper and silver sheets. These are than encrusted on a brass

round plate, tray or pot (Kudam) or cup (Panchapathra). Generally the

designs follow a theme, mythological or non-religion and sometimes

special motifs on requirement. Now a days a part form brass wooden

bases they are covered with transparent vinyl rounds. Usually the art

plates are made in round shape of wall hangings or mounted on wooden

bases in a variety of ways, extensively used as mementoes or giveaways.

These wooden bases are also made in the shape of a temple tower or in

floral shape. They are most popularly used as government mementoes.

Thanjavur Paintings

Thanjavur paintings take their name from their place of origin.

These paintings, generally of the Hindu deities with ornamentation in

130 gold, were traditionally used in worship 400 years ago. The main deity,

represented in a symbolic stance, is centrally placed while some narrative

and illustrative subjects are also painted colours used are generally strong

and vivid and comprise of deep green, blue, red in the background while

figures are mainly depicted in white, yellow, green and blue. The colours

are applied in a flat brush stroke with variations, the final effect being

derived from the use of gold and the setting of gems which gives the

paintings an ornamental and rich look. Thanjavur paintings now hang in

officer and homes, although their original religious purpose has given way

to an ornamental one.

Thanjavur Garlands

Thanjavur garlands are made from the beads of sandal wood

power-paste in cotton string. The number of strings range from one to ten.

The strings are adorned with zari twisted and designed in different shapes

along with colorful foils, then knotted with a cane piece. Having the

richness of sandal perfume and also rich is colour, these popular garlands

are made in Thanjavur and thus the name used for garlanding the deities

and VIPs in functions as mark of respect.

Thanjavur Cut Glass Work

Attractive and eye catching at the first glance these flashy products

are made from coloured glass pieces and coloured paper in attractive

patterns used for house ceremonies (Kolu, Seemantham) showcasing

traditional elements.

131 Thanjavur Dancing Dolls

The Thanjavur district in Tamil Nadu is known for its dancing dolls

as the dancing dolls are known to be invariably from Thanjavur. These

dolls get the name from the prominent swaying heads of the dolls that are

balanced from the pointed neck that helps balance the head is a swaying

motion. The Thanjavur dolls are made from burnt Kaliman (clay) and

coloured. The most famous of these dolls are of a squat sitting couple and

a folk artists as dummy horses (Poikal Kudhirai).

Thiruvaiyaru

It is situated on the banks of the Cauvery. Thiruvaiyaru has an old

Siva Temple dedicated to Panchanatheeswarar. Pilgrims flock to this

temple throughout the year. Thiruvaiyaru is renowned for its association

with Saint Thiyagaraja, who along with Muthuswamy Dikshitar and

Shyama Sastri constitute the Trinity of Carnatic Music. The Thyagaraja

Aaradhana is held in January at the “Samadhi” of the saint-poet on the

riverbanks.

Exponents of Carnatic music come to Thiruvaiyaru and perform

during the ‘aaradhana’ to pay homage to Thiyagaraja.

Poondi Matha Basilica

This Basilica in Poondi village is a Roman Catholic Pilgrim Centre

like Velankanni. It attracts pilgrims from all over India. Accommodation

is provided to the pilgrims by the Church authorities.

132 Thirukandiyur

The two Temples, Brahmasirekandeeswarar Temple and the

Harasapavimochanam Perumal Temple are located here. It is one of the

Attaveeratta Sthalangal.

Grand Anicut

Karikala Cholan (second century A.D.) initiated construction of the

Grand Anicut by raising flood banks in the River Cauvery to irrigate the

wasteland beside the river. This ancient dam consists of a solid mass of

rough stone and clay, stretching across the River Cauvery. It is a fine

picnic spot.

Thingalur – Chandran

Thiruppalayam is a small village 8 km away from Thiruvaiyaru

situated along the Thiruvaiyaru – Kumbakonam bus route Thingalur is a

hamlet 1.5 km south of Thiruppalanam. Further a crescent is said to adorn

the main lingam of this temple this way also be the cause of the name

Thingalur. It is attended by above 1000 devotee district in the every day.

Thingalur is one of the Navagraga temples Chandran Moon is the separate

Sthalam.

Papanasam

Papanasam is historical town. There are two famous temples. One

is the Pallaivananathar Swamy Temple constructed by the Chola Kings.

The other is the 108 Sivalayam Temple, which has 108 Sivalingas. The

133 granary constructed by the Nayaks (A.D. 1600 – 1634) is a grand sight.

This State Archaeological Department has declared as a monument.

Palaivananathar Swamy Temple

There is a famous granary of Nayak Dynasty which can stone about

1500 bags of paddy and is a protected monument of Archaeological

Department and is situated in Sri Palaivananathar Swamy Temple in

Thirupalathurai Village 15 kms, South West Kumbakonam. It was built by

stone of line. The other is the 108 Sivalayam Temples which has 108

Sivalingms. The Sivalinga here was worshipped by Rama and Sita for

abduction of their sins. The granary constructed by the Nayaks (1600-

1634) is a grand sight. The state Archaeological Department has declared

it a monument. Navarathiri is the any annual which is attended by about

1000 devotees.

Thirukarugavoor

Arulmighu Mullaivanathar and Karpagarakshambigai Temple is

situated in the river bed of Vettaru a branch of Cauvery, at a distance of

20 kms, North-East from Thanjavur and at distance of 20 kms, South-

West from Kumbakonam. This sthalam Thirukarugavoor is of age old

greatness and extensively sung by the Great Saiva Saints Thirugnana

Sambandar and Thirunavukkarasar on the presiding deities God Eswara

Mullaivananathar and Goddesses Karpagarakshambigai, protecting the

foetus of the one and all devotees, who pray her with all sincere devotion.

134 Kumbakonam

The four large temples – Sarangapani, Kumbeswarar, Nageswara

and Ramaswamy temples – located here are noted for sculpture and

carvings. It is believed that a bath in the Mahamaham Tank on

Mahamaham day will cleanse one’s sins. The Mahamaham Festival,

celebrated here once in 12 years, is unique.

Darasuram

The Airavatheeswarar of Darasuram Temple built by Raja Raja

Chola II (Rajendra Chola) is an example of twentieth century Chola

architecture, and is well preserved even to this day. The frontal columns

of the temple have unique miniature sculpture. Darasuram is also a silk

weaving centre. UNESCO declared this as a heritage site.

Sri Naganathan Swamy Temple (Rahu)

Sri Naganantha Swamy temple (Sri Rahu abode) is an ancient

temple dedicated to Lord Shiva which is located at Thirunageswaram 7

km cast of Kumbakonam. It is believed that Rahu Bhagavan (one of the

nine orbiting planets of sun) absolved his curse by worshipping the Lord

here. One can see the rare Rahu Bhagavan idol with his consorts in this

temple. Devotees perform milk abishegam to get rid of their Rahu dosham

or its evil effects. During the time of the abishegams when the milk is

poured on Rahu idol, the milk turns bluish in colour to the eyes of the

devotees. Annually this temple is attended by about 5000 devotees.

135 Uppliyappan Koil

It is 6 kms Kumbakonam and 46 kms from Thanjavur. It is

dedicated to Lord Venkateshwara. The name of the Lord means “one who

does not eat salt”. It is located on the bus route from Kumbakonam on

Nachiarkoil.

Swamimalai Temple

Sri Swaminatha Swamy Temple is built on an artificial

Swamimalai, a small town near Kumbakonam. The hill temple has sixty

steps coinciding with the Tamil years. The presiding deities are life

images of Muruga and Siva the son importing the divine message

“Pranava” to his father. Sri Swaminatha Swamy is in six Feet high granite

idol in a standing posture offering a spectacular view to devotees this

temple is one of the six abodes (Arupadaiveedu) of Lord Murugan on the

way to Swamimalai a famous Vinayaga temple is located in

Thiruvalanjuli village where the Vinayaga idol is din white colour. The

main festivals are Karthikai, Thai Pongal more than 2000 local devotees

attend them.

Ayravatheeswarar Temples

Sri Ayravatheeswarar temple known for architectural skill is

located in Darasuram near Kumbakonam and was built by Rajendra

Chola. Famous icons have been discovered during recent renovations and

this temple is a protected monument under the control of Archeological

survey of India. Darasuram the Ayravatheeswara of Darasuram temple

built by Raja Raja Chola (Rajendra Chola) is an example of 12th century

136 Chola architecture and is well preserved even to this day the frontal

columns of the temple have unique miniature sculptures Darasuram is also

a silk weaving center which attract more than 1000 of devotees from all

over India and other countries.

Sarangapani Temple

This temple is also located near to big bazaar of Kumbakonam. It is

considered one among the three major shrines of lord Vishnu and it was

renovated during the period of Nayaka kingdom of sixteenth century

Sarangapani temple consists of the biggest Gopuram (150 ft) and five

Praharas and one holy tank, known as ‘Porthamarai Kulam’ which is

located behind the temple. The Karuvarai and Vimanam are made of with

12 sculptures columns shaped like a chariot. This temple has a big chariot.

The chariot rounds the four car streets once in a year. This is celebrated by

the people in and around the town.

Someswar Temple

It is situated in the southern portion of Sri Sarangapani temple.

This temple faces the Northern side with a small Gopuram at the eastern

portion near the entrance. The architectural style and element of this

temple resembles the Dravidian Architecture of thirteenth century of

Chola period. Arumugam and Thenar Mozhi Ammal are the other deities

located in this temple complex.

137 Nageswaran Temple

Nageswaran temple otherwise known as ‘Koothandavar Kovil’ is

located near the old bus stand area. Adhithya Cholan of Chola dynasty

constructed this temple during twelfth century. This temple stands as a

great marvel of Chola’s architecture, building technology and astronomy.

The design and orientation are designed and structured in such a way that

it allows the sun rays inside the temple and reflected on the “God Shiva”

only during the month of Chithirai (May-June) therefore, it bears another

name called “Sooriya Kottam” or “Keel Kottam”, the Karuvarai (Room of

God) of Nageswaran temple has similarity with that of Sarangapani

temple, as it is in the form of a chariot. The temple consists of two

Gopurams in the Eastern and Western directions.

Ramasamy Temple

Achutha Nayaka of Thanjavur constructed the Ramasamy temple

during sixteenth century. This temple is located on the south western

portion of “porthamarai kulam” this temple consists of one Gopuram, one

Maha Mandapam and Karuvarai. The columns of Maha Mandapam are

enriched with intricate stone carving works of the story of Lord Rama.

Vamana Avatharam, Meenakshi Kalyanam, Sugreeva Pattabishekam are

some of the famous carving works of this temple. The outer prahara

consists of a 219 wall painting, which explain the series of incidents from

the great Epic “Ramayanam”.

138 Chakarapani Temple

It is located in the northern portion of big bazaar street near the

river Cauvery. It is the second biggest Vaishnavite temple in

Kumbokonam town the eastern and western entrances of the temple are

known as “Dakshinayavayil” and “Utharayanavayil” respectively and

outer prahara of this temple is made in the front of a balcony. Agampara

Vinayakar, Panchamuga Ancheneyar and Vijayavalli are the important

idols located in this temple complex. The devotees believe that if one

worships faithfully for one mandalam (48 days), the Lord Chakkarapani

graces the prayer.

Mahamaham Tank

There are many teerthams (holy water) in Kumbakonam of which

the Mahamaham tank is well known. The tank covers an area of 2 acres

and is surrounded on all sides by picturesque mandapams. There is a

belief that it contains a number of other teerthams in the form of wells.

Every year in the month of Magha (February-March) a festival is

conducted here and the image of Lord Kumbeshwara is taken out in a

procession. The great Mahamaham festival, attracting Lakhs of people

from far and wide is celebrated in honor of Sri Kumbeswara Swami and it

takes place every 13th year. The exact time when the festival lakes place is

the conjunction of the moon with the Makha Nakshatra and Jupiter on the

full-moon time of the month of Magha. It is believed that on these

auspicious days the tank receives supplies of water from Ganges and eight

other holy rivers and all the deities are said to remain present here on that

occasion. This has been surrounded on all sides by 16 beautiful

139 mandapams which are stated to have been built in the year 1542. To the

north of the Mahamaham tank there is a shrine dedicated to Lord Siva

under the name Kasiviswanatha Temple for all the Nava Kannikas have

been built here.

Thirunageswaram

This temple is 5 kilometers from Kumbakonam. It is a vast Shiva

temple known for it is a shrine to Raghu, one of the nine celestial bodies

of Navagrahas. Legend has it that the mythological serpents Aadhi Seshan

Dakshan and Kaarkotan worshiped Shiva here. Legend also has it that it

that King Nala worshiped Shiva here as in Tirunallar.

Bodhendra Saraswati Swamigal Athistanam

Bodhendra Saraswati was the fifth-eighth Sankaracharya of the

Kamakoti Mutt, Kanchipuram and was the author of the authoritative

work “Namamirta-Rasayanam”, which is a treatise on the efficacy of

reciting the names of Bhagavan in many of his writing, chiefly in

Namamirta Rasayana and Namamirta Rasadaya. It was the “Nama

Siddhanta” of Bodhendra that was ultimately responsible for the evolution

of Bhajana Sampradaya as an institution is the religious use of the Hindu

community in south India. Bodhendra performed Tatanka Pratistha at

Jambukeswaram and while returning to Kanchi he attained Videha Mukti

at Govindapuram on a full moon day in the month of proshtapada of the

cyclic year prajotpatti (1692 A.D). It is said the spiritual presence of

Bodhandra still abides at the Adhistana at Govindapuram. It is said that in

the calm silence of the night a melodious voice uttering Rama Nama is

140 heard rising form subdued tones to a crescendo and then fading into

silence again.

Tiruvalanchuzhi Shiva Temple

This temple is 8 kms from Kumbakonam. It is known more

popularly for its shrine to Sweta Vinayakar said to be made of the foam of

the milky ocean. There is a large praharam with a beautiful greenish

garden.

Bronze castings

Bronze sculpture made at Swamimalai. The ancient craft of

panchaloha (bronze) casting of Lens which reached its apogee of

excellence under the cholas is done by the cire per dye or lost wax

method. The icon is first made in wax and three layers of clay applied on

the wax model which is then allowed to dry. When perfectly dry, the clay

coated mould is heated over an open ground oven and the molten wax

forced out through appropriate holes in the icons. When the mould is

completely drained of wax, molten metal is poured into the mould and

allowed to set. The mould is broken after a few days and the bronze icon

emerges. Chiseling, detailing and polishing follow. The icon is now

complete the only one of this kind in creation.

Patteeswaram

It is located at a distance of 6 miles from Kumbakonam and is

approachable only by a village road. It is said that a pot containing

141 ambrosia (Amrita) while drifting about in the deluge touched at this spot.

Such spots of rare mythological antiquating dating back to pre-creation.

Pre-creation days must have a corresponding sanctity.

Patteeswaram temple is one among them Patteeswaram is a Siva temple of

antiquity with many rare specimens of the past. The eldest daughter of

Kamadhenu Patti and the Tamil Saint Gnanasambandam worshipped Lord

Shiva in this temple. Another legend connected with this temple is that

Lord Rama visited this temple for getting rid of his Chaya Dosha (Stigma

of reflection). At the Northern entrance to the temple there is a deity

Goddess Durga. It is considered to be the most powerful deity in the

locality. Originally the Chola Kings installed and worshipped this

Goddess in their fort. After the fall of Chola Empire, the idols, of the four

deities were removed and installed inside the Patteeswaram temple. The

Goddess is very powerful from that time her arrival at this temple. The

original temple has lost its prominence and people throng for blessings

from her.

Thiruvidaimaruthur

This place is about 8 kms from Kumbakonam and 48 kms away

from Thanjavur. The River Cauvery passes through this place. The

presiding deity is Mahalingeswarar and Goddess is known as

Perunalmulaiyammai. People suffering from mental affliction visit the

place for relief.

142 Kanjanur

God Agneeswaraswamy and Goddess Sri Karpagambal Temple is

located at Kanjanur in Thiruvidaimaruthur Taluk 20 kms North East of

Kumbakonam. It is a faith prevail it if we pray God and Goddess all over

sins will be removed from us any annual festival which is attended by

about 1000 devotees.

Sooriyanar Kovil (Sun Temple)

Sooriyanar Kovil is one of the Navagraha temples dedicated to lord

Suriyan (Sun) it is 58 kms from Thanjavur large number of people

worship the sun God here. Sooriyanar Kovil is in a village 2 km north if

Aduthurai in Thanjavur district this village is famous for its sun temple

perhaps the only one in Tamil Nadu dedicated to the sun. Sun was called

by many different names such as Suryapusan, Bhanga Varuna, Vishnu,

Aryaman, Virasavan and Amsuman. This Temple is falling west with a

three tier Rajagopuram (tower) nearly 60 feet in height.

Mahalingaswamy Temple

Sri Mahalinga Swamy temple at Thiruvidaimarudur is a very big

temple and it’s believed that Brahmahathi Dosham was removed from

king Varagunapandian in this temple. Navarathiri is the any annual which

is attended by 1000 local devotees.

Thirubuvanam

There is a thirteenth century Chola temple dedicated to Lord Siva

known as Kumpaheswarar. The Temple occupies an important place in

temple art. It is one of the major silk weaving in the State.

143 Thirubuvanam Silk

Many people are engaged in the work of silk wearing in

Thirubuvanam. The excellence of craftsmanship can be seen from richly

brocaded sarees. There are 10 silk weavers cooperative societies and many

private merchants are involving in the silk business tourists used to visit

the silk shops and buy the items required by them.

Orathanadu

There is one famous Siva Temple situated at Orathanadu town.

Those who are not able to visit Kasi in North India can have a Dharsan of

Kasi Viswanathar and Kasi Visalakshi Amman at Orathanad town itself

since the main deity in this temple is Kasi Visalakshi Amman and Kasi

Viswanathar. White revolution is well implemented in Orathanad Taluk.

There is one big live stock farm Orathanad town itself.

Manora

Manora is situated on the shores of the Bay of Bengal in

Sarabendrarajanpattinam village, about 20 kms south of Pattukottai Town.

Manora is grand old town with lovely architecture and scenic

surroundings. Manora is memorial (Fort) Tower built in 1814 A.D by

Raja Serfoji of Thanjavur, in commemoration of the victory of the British

army over Napoleon Bonaparte, the French emperor, in the historic

“Battle of Waterloo” Manora is a pleasing blend of Roman Pillar

architecture. The sea, the breeze and the fisherman’s houses make Manora

a nice place to visit.

144 Navagraha Temples (Nine temples)

1. Suriyanar Koil (Sun Temple): One of the Navagraha Temples

dedicated to Lord Suriyan (Sun) in Thanjavur District. This place is 58

kms away from Thanjavur. This is the only place where the image of

the Sun is worshipped.

2. Thingalore (18 kms from Thanajvur): One of the Navagraha

Temples dedicated to Chandran (Moon). It is situated on Thanjavur to

Kumbakonam route. It attracts more pilgrims on all days.

3. Vaitheeswaran Kovil (90 kms): One of the Navagraha Temples

dedicated to Lord Angarahan (Mars). It is on the way to

Chidambaram.

4. Thiruvankadu (95 kms): One of the Navagraha Temples dedicated to

Lord Budhan (Mercury). It is nearer to Mayiladuthurai.

5. Alangudi (36 kms): Guru Temple – One of the nine planets. It is

dedicated to Lord Guru.

6. Kanchanur (57 kms): One of the Navagraha Temple, dedicated to

Lord Sukran (Venus). It is situated on the way to Mayiladuthurai.

7. Thirunallur (95 kms): The Siva temple here has a famous shrine

dedicated to Saneeswaran. It is believed that one can get rid of all

problems if one prays here.

8. Thirunageswaran (47 kms): It has a Navagraha temple dedicated to

Lord Rahu. It is 6 kms east of Kumbakonam and 47 kms from

Thanjavur.

9. Keezhaperumpallam (93 kms): One of the Navagraha Temple

dedicated to Lord Kethu. It is nearer to Poompuhar.

145 TABLE 3.14 Tourists arrivals in Thanjavur district

(in lakhs)

Year Domestic tourists

% to total

tourists

Foreign tourists

% to total

tourists Total

Growth Rate

2000 14.16 96.32 0.54 3.67 14.70 100

2001 14.95 96.45 0.55 3.54 15.50 105.44

2002 15.20 96.51 0.55 3.49 15.75 101.61

2003 15.46 96.50 0.56 3.50 16.02 101.71

2004 16.77 96.71 0.57 3.29 17.34 108.23

2005 16.83 96.72 0.57 3.17 17.40 100.34

2006 17.45 97.27 0.49 2.73 17.94 103.10

2007 22.37 97.35 0.61 2.65 22.98 128.09

2008 25.81 97.18 0.75 2.82 26.56 115.58

2009 29.15 96.94 0.92 3.05 30.07 113.21

2010 49.15 98.04 0.98 1.95 50.13 166.71

Average 20.04 96.90 0.64 3.07 22.22

Source: Tourist Office, TTDC, Thanjavur.

The tourists’ arrivals in Thanjavur district is presented in table

3.13. Tourist arrivals in Thanjavur district is ever increasing. They rose

from 14.70 lakhs in 2000 to 50.13 lakhs in 2010 recorded a growth of

166.71 per cent of the total tourists, on an average 20.04 per cent are

domestic tourists and foreign tourists constitute only 0.64 per cent.

Chapter IV

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT SCHEMES FOR THE GROWTH OF TOURISM

This chapter mainly presents the various support schemes and the

policies of the government towards the development of tourism in Tamil

Nadu in general and Thanjavur district in particular.

TOURISM POLICY AND SCHEMES

In order to develop tourism in Tamil Nadu in a systematic manner,

position it as a major engine of economic growth and to harness its direct

and multiplier effect for employment and poverty eradication in an

environmentally sustainable manner, the tourism policy was formulated in

the year 2002. The policy attempts to.

Imbibe tourist friendly culture among the state holders and service

providers under the campaign “Virundinar Potruthum-Virandinar

Potruthum” to ensure a pleasant stay by the tourist which has

generated a more acceptable word of mouth publicity and repeated

by visitors.

Highlight quality and affordability through effective publicity both

within and out side the country.

Conduct marketing meets at potential tourist centres

Frequent meetings with hoteliers, tour operators, representatives of

Airlines, Railway authorities and state holders for new promotional

avenues.