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![Page 1: Tougher Plants: Beating Stress by Protecting Photosynthesis in Genetically Modified Plants Based on a case study by R. Pals-Rylaarsdam and M.L. Tischler.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103122/56649cfa5503460f949cb97e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Tougher Plants:Beating Stress by Protecting Photosynthesis in Genetically Modified Plants
Based on a case study by R. Pals-Rylaarsdam and M.L. Tischler Department of Biological ScienceBenedictine University, Lisle, IL
![Page 2: Tougher Plants: Beating Stress by Protecting Photosynthesis in Genetically Modified Plants Based on a case study by R. Pals-Rylaarsdam and M.L. Tischler.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103122/56649cfa5503460f949cb97e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Plants are subject to many stresses
• The main stressors are:Cold Heat Salt
Frost damageHeat damage
Road runoff Irrigation evaporation or drought
![Page 3: Tougher Plants: Beating Stress by Protecting Photosynthesis in Genetically Modified Plants Based on a case study by R. Pals-Rylaarsdam and M.L. Tischler.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103122/56649cfa5503460f949cb97e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Glycine betaine is a molecule that moderates stresses in plants
CH2C
OH
O
NH3C
CH3H3C
![Page 4: Tougher Plants: Beating Stress by Protecting Photosynthesis in Genetically Modified Plants Based on a case study by R. Pals-Rylaarsdam and M.L. Tischler.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103122/56649cfa5503460f949cb97e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Plants are subject to many stresses
• The main stressors are:Cold Heat Salt
Frost damageHeat damage
Road runoff Irrigation evaporation or drought
![Page 5: Tougher Plants: Beating Stress by Protecting Photosynthesis in Genetically Modified Plants Based on a case study by R. Pals-Rylaarsdam and M.L. Tischler.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103122/56649cfa5503460f949cb97e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Wild type TransgenicPlants were exposed to 3C for 7 days, then transferred to the warm greenhouse.
NB: This figure is a simulation of a figure in the original article.
![Page 6: Tougher Plants: Beating Stress by Protecting Photosynthesis in Genetically Modified Plants Based on a case study by R. Pals-Rylaarsdam and M.L. Tischler.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103122/56649cfa5503460f949cb97e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What does wild type mean?
A. Unaltered experimental group
B. Group showing uncontrolled or “wild” grow
C. Genetically altered group
D. Group displaying the greatest variance in an observed trait
Unaltere
d experimental ..
.
Group sh
owing uncontro
...
Genetically
altere
d group
Group disp
laying t
he gre...
0% 0%0%0%
![Page 7: Tougher Plants: Beating Stress by Protecting Photosynthesis in Genetically Modified Plants Based on a case study by R. Pals-Rylaarsdam and M.L. Tischler.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103122/56649cfa5503460f949cb97e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
What does glycine betaine do for the leaves, flowers and fruits in cold-exposed plants?
![Page 8: Tougher Plants: Beating Stress by Protecting Photosynthesis in Genetically Modified Plants Based on a case study by R. Pals-Rylaarsdam and M.L. Tischler.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103122/56649cfa5503460f949cb97e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
What does glycine betaine do?
WT: wild type tomato plants
L1-L9: different lines of transgenic plants
Figure 3. Effects of chilling on various growth parameters. Five-week-old greenhouse-grown wild type and independent homozygous transgenic lines (L1, L5) were chilled (3°C) for 5 days, then returned to greenhouse.
![Page 9: Tougher Plants: Beating Stress by Protecting Photosynthesis in Genetically Modified Plants Based on a case study by R. Pals-Rylaarsdam and M.L. Tischler.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103122/56649cfa5503460f949cb97e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Which photosynthesis process is most effected by ion leakage?
A. Whether cells can capture light
B. Whether the Calvin cycle will function
C. Whether ATP synthase will function
D. Whether electrons will transfer from PS II
Wheth
er cells
can ca
pture
...
Wheth
er the Calvi
n cycle
...
Wheth
er ATP sy
nthase
wi..
Wheth
er electr
ons will
t...
0% 0%0%0%
![Page 10: Tougher Plants: Beating Stress by Protecting Photosynthesis in Genetically Modified Plants Based on a case study by R. Pals-Rylaarsdam and M.L. Tischler.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103122/56649cfa5503460f949cb97e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Plants are subject to many stresses
• The main stressors are:Cold Heat Salt
Frost damageHeat damage
Road runoff Irrigation evaporation or drought
![Page 11: Tougher Plants: Beating Stress by Protecting Photosynthesis in Genetically Modified Plants Based on a case study by R. Pals-Rylaarsdam and M.L. Tischler.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103122/56649cfa5503460f949cb97e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Figure 4. Changes in the oxygen-producing activity of PSII determined with thylakoid membranes isolated from leaves after exposed to different temperatures 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50°C in the chambers for 4 h, in wild type and transgenic plants. The values are mean + SE of three independent experiments.
WT: Wild type tobacco plants and genetically modified tobacco plants
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 550
100
200
300
400
WT
Genetically modified
Temperature of treatment (oC)
Oxyg
en
-evo
lvin
g a
ctiv
ity o
f P
SII
(m
mo
l O
2 m
g-1
Ch
l h
-1)
![Page 12: Tougher Plants: Beating Stress by Protecting Photosynthesis in Genetically Modified Plants Based on a case study by R. Pals-Rylaarsdam and M.L. Tischler.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103122/56649cfa5503460f949cb97e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Which process in photosynthesis produces O2?
A. PS I
B. PS II
C. ATP synthase
D. Light capture
PS I PS II
ATP synth
ase
Light c
apture
0% 0%0%0%
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Make two observations from the data
Figure 4. Changes in the oxygen-producing activity of PSII determined with thylakoid membranes isolated from leaves after exposed to different temperatures 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50°C in the chambers for 4 h, in wild type and transgenic plants. The values are mean + SE of three independent experiments.
![Page 14: Tougher Plants: Beating Stress by Protecting Photosynthesis in Genetically Modified Plants Based on a case study by R. Pals-Rylaarsdam and M.L. Tischler.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103122/56649cfa5503460f949cb97e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Photosystem II
Structure of Photosystem II, PDB 2AXT http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PhotosystemII.PNG
![Page 15: Tougher Plants: Beating Stress by Protecting Photosynthesis in Genetically Modified Plants Based on a case study by R. Pals-Rylaarsdam and M.L. Tischler.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103122/56649cfa5503460f949cb97e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Which part of the molecule goes through the membrane?
A. Blue box
B. Red oval
Blue box
Red oval
0%0%
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Structure of Photosystem II, PDB 2AXT http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PhotosystemII.PNG
So, the blue box is trans-membrane.
The part below the blue box is associated with the membrane.
![Page 17: Tougher Plants: Beating Stress by Protecting Photosynthesis in Genetically Modified Plants Based on a case study by R. Pals-Rylaarsdam and M.L. Tischler.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103122/56649cfa5503460f949cb97e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Which of the following could explain why increased temperatures decrease PSII activity?
a. Thylakoid membranes become more permeable to ions
b. The chlorophyll breaks down
c. The peripheral proteins lose their ability to bind to the transmembrane proteins
d. Water cannot bind to PSII to form oxygen
Thylakoid m
embranes b
...
The chloro
phyll bre
aks ...
The peripheral p
roteins l
...
Wate
r cannot b
ind to PSI...
0% 0%0%0%
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Plants are subject to many stresses
• The main stressors are:Cold Heat Salt
Frost damageHeat damage
Road runoff Irrigation evaporation or drought
![Page 19: Tougher Plants: Beating Stress by Protecting Photosynthesis in Genetically Modified Plants Based on a case study by R. Pals-Rylaarsdam and M.L. Tischler.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103122/56649cfa5503460f949cb97e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Protein sizes are measured in kilodaltons (kDa)a: subunit of 18 kDab: subunit of 23 kDac: subunit of 33 kDa
Make two observations
![Page 20: Tougher Plants: Beating Stress by Protecting Photosynthesis in Genetically Modified Plants Based on a case study by R. Pals-Rylaarsdam and M.L. Tischler.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103122/56649cfa5503460f949cb97e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Which subunit is most stable and likely to be in the membrane?
A. AB. BC. C
A B C
0% 0%0%
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Which subunit is least stable and likely to be a peripheral subunit?
A. AB. BC. C
A B C
0% 0%0%
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What does glycine betaine do to protect PSII activity?A. Betaine protects peripheral proteins
again dissociation due to salt
B. Betaine protects transmembrane proteins from dissociation due to salt
C. Betaine promotes dissociation of transmembrane and peripheral proteins in the thylakoids
D. Betaine appers to have no impact on membrane proteins of the thylakoids
Betaine pro
tects perip
her..
Betaine pro
tects tr
ans...
Betaine pro
motes d
issoc..
.
Betaine appers
to have
..
0% 0%0%0%
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All the parts need to be together for photosynthesis!
PS II needs to work
Membrane can’t leak so ATP synthase works