Torts.defamation

8/20/2019 Torts.defamation

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DEFENCES OF PRIVILEGE WITH REFERENCE TO THE TORT OF

DEFAMATION WITH CASE LAWS

LAW OF TORTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. ESSENTIAL INGREDIENTS OF DEFAMATION

3. SPECIFIC DEFENCE FOR TORT OF DEFAMATION

4. PRIVILEGES

4.1 ABSOLUTE PRIVILEGE

4.2 QUALIFIED PRIVILEGE

5. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN ABSOLUTE AND QUALIFUED PRIVILEGE

6. CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY


2/10

INTRODUCTION

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*') "- !(%#*"-+ 0 $h '. R/,$'$"%* +/*+- ,/%* %/"*"%* "* $h )'"* %* $h

(%)),*"('$"%* %& $h%,#h$ '*+ "*&%!)'$"%* &!%) %* "*+""+,' $% '*%$h!. A /!-%*- %*

%/"*"%* '0%,$ h")-& "- *%$ h"- !/,$'$"%*. I$ )'*- !'$h! $h'* %/"*"%* %& %$h!- '0%,$ h").

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))0! %& -%("$ $h -$) "* h"(h h "- h+ 0 "$ $h '*+ (!+"$ '*+ $!,-$ "$ !/%-- %*

h"- "*$"#*( h%*%,! '*+ "*$#!"$ ' $h- (%*-$"$,$ ' ','0 '--*$ &%! h") '*+ "$

+-!- /!%$($"%* '$ $h h'*+- %& '. D&')'$"%* "- "*,! $% $h !/,$'$"%* %& ' /!-%*. I&

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"*$!&!*( "$h $h /!%/!$ A )'*- !/,$'$"%* "* h"- /!%/!$ '*+ "& /%--"0 )%!

','0 $h'* %$h! /!%/!$.

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'! /!%/! '*+ h"(h !,* '&%, %& +&')'$"%* '. D&')'$"%* "- 0%$h ' ("" '*+ (!")"*'

!%*#. M"-(h"& $% ' /!"'$ "*+""+,' "- $h 0'-"- %& $h ' %& ("" %& +&')'$"%* h"

)"-(h"& $% $h -%("$ "- $h 0'-"- %& (!")"*' +&')'$"%*.

M'"* 0(',- %& h"-$%!"(' !'-%* E*#"-h ' +""+- '($"%* &%! +&')'$"%* "*$% 9

1.1 S'*+!

S'*+! "- $h /,0"('$"%* %& ' +&')'$%! -$'$)*$ "* ' $!'*-"*$ &%!).

E:')/- %& "$ )' 0 -/%7* 0 %!+- %! #-$,!-.


3/10

1.2 L"0

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-(,/$,! %! )%+ %& ' /!-%*< %! -$'$,$.

2. ESSENTIAL INGREDIENTS OF DEFAMATION

Th --*$"' "*#!+"*$- %& $h $%!$ %& +&')'$"%* h"(h '! '//"('0 0%$h $% "0 '*+

-'*+! '! $h &%%"*#=

2.1 Th -$'$)*$ ),-$ 0 +&')'$%!= "**,*+%

D&')'$%! -$'$)*$ "- %* h"(h $*+- $% "*,! $h !/,$'$"%* %& $h /'"*$"&&. D&')'$%!

-$'$)*$ '! $h! $/-. Th '!

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$h -%("$ '! "7 $% $'7 "$. Th -$'*+'!+ $% 0 '//"+ "- $h'$ %& ' !"#h$ )"*++ ' )'* %&

&'"! '!'# "*$"#*( '*+ *%$ $h'$ %& ' -/("' ('-- %& /!-%*- h%- ',- '! $h'$ %& '

-/("' ('-- %& /!-%*- h%- ',- '! *%$ -h'!+ %! '//!%+ 0 $h &'"! )"*++ ))0!-

%& $h -%("$ #*!'.

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2.2 Th -'"+ -$'$)*$ ),-$ 0 !&! $% $h /'"*$"&&

T% -,((+ "* '* '($"%* %& +&')'$"%* $h /'"*$"&& ),-$ *%$ %* /!% $h'$ $h %!+- !

+&')'$%! 0,$ '-% $h'$ $h !&! $% h"). H ),-$ "+*$"& h")-& '- $h /!-%* +&')+.

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("!(,)-$'*(- %& $h /,0"('$"%* !'-%*'0 /%/ %,+ $h"*7 $h'$ $h /'--'#- !&!- $%

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h"- "*"$"' $$!- %! 0 $h &"!-$ '*+ '-$ $$!- %& h"- *') %! * 0 '-$!"-7- %! 0'*7- %! "&


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h !&!!+ $% ,*+! $h #,"- %& '* '#%!"(' h"-$%!"(' &"($"$"%,- %! &'*("&, *') %! 0

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h"- $!'-.

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$% $h /'"*$"&& h")-& "- *%$ *%,#h 0(',- +&')'$"%* "- "*,! $% $h !/,$'$"%* '*+

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$% $h /'"*$"&& "* ' '*#,'# -,//%-+ $% 0 7*%* $% $h /'"*$"&& *% +&')'$"%*.

M'h*+!' R') . H'!*'*+'* P!'-'+ A.I.R. 1??@ P'$. 445

I& ' $h"!+ /!-%* !%*#&, !'+- ' $$! )'*$ &%! $h /'"*$"&& $h +&*+'*$ "- *%$ "'0.

A!,),#' M,+'"! . A**')''" ),+'"'! A.I.R. ;1?66< 2 M.L.. 225

I& ' +&')'$%! $$! -*$ $% $h /'"*$"&& "- "7 $% 0 !'+ 0 -%)0%+ - $h! "- '

/,0"('$"%*. Wh* $h +&')'$%! )'$$! "- (%*$'"*+ "* ' /%-$('!+ %! ' $#!') $h

+&*+'*$ "- "'0 * "$h%,$ ' /!%%& $h'$ -%)0%+ - !'+ "$ 0(',- ' $#!') "- !'+

0 /%-$ %&&"( %&&"("'- h% $!'*-)"$ '*+ !(" "$ '*+ $h! "- ' h"#h /!%0'0""$ %& $h

/%-$('!+ 0"*# !'+ 0 -%)%*.

3. SPECIFIC DEFENCES FOR TORT OF DEFAMATION

Th )'"* +&*(- $% +&')'$"%* '!=

• ,-$"&"('$"%* %! $!,$h• F'"! (%))*$ '*+

• P!""# h"(h )' 0 "$h! '0-%,$ %! ,'"&"+.

USTIFICATION OR TRUTH

T!,$h "- '* '0-%,$ ,-$"&"('$"%* $% ' ("" '($"%* &%! +&')'$"%*. Th +&*+'*$ " -,((+

"& h -h%- $h'$ h'$ h h'- -/%7* %& $h /'"*$"&& "- -,0-$'*$"' $!,. Th ' h'- !(%#*"-+

$h"- +&*( &%! $h !'-%* $h'$ -"*( +&')'$"%* "- --*$"' '* "*,! $% ' )'*-


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!/,$'$"%* h* "$ "- h'$ "- -/%7* %& ' /!-%* "- $!, "$ )'*- %* $h'$ h"- !/,$'$"%* h'-

0* 0!%,#h$ +%* $% "$- /!%/! '*+ $h! "- *% !'-%* &%! h") $% (%)/'"*.

I& $h "- ''"'0 * $h%,#h $h /,0"('$"%* )'+ )'"("%,-. I& $h -$'$)*$ "-

-,0-$'*$"' $!, 0,$ "*(%!!($ 0,$ "*(%!!($ "* !-/($ %& (!$'"* /'!$"(,'!- $h +&*( "

''"'0.

A:'*+! . N%!$h E'-$!* R. ;1@@5< 6 B S. 34.

FAIR COMMENT

M'7"*# &'"! (%))*$ %* $h )'$$!- %& /,0"( "*$!-$ "- ' +&*( $% '* '($"%* &%!

+&')'$"%*. F%! $h"- +&*( "- ''"'0 $h &%%"*# --*$"'- '! !,"!+=

I$ ),-$ 0 ' (%))*$ ".. '* :/!--"%* %& %/"*"%* !'$h! $h'* '--!$"%* %& &'($-

Th (%))*$ ),-$ 0 &'"!

Th )'$$! (%))*$+ ,/%* ),-$ 0 %& /,0"( "*$!-$

COMMENT

C%))*$ )'*- '* :/!--"%* %& %/"*"%* %* (!$'"* &'($-. I$ -h%,+ 0 +"-$"*#,"-h+ &!%)

)'7"*# %& &'($-.

THE COMMENT MUST BE FAIR=

Th (%))*$ ('**%$ 0 $!, &'"! h* "$ "- 0'-+ ,/%* ,*$!, &'($-. A (%))*$ 0'-+ ,/%*

"**$+ '*+ ,*$!, &'($- "- *%$ &'"!. Th,- "* $h !" %& ' /' h* "))%!'"$ "-

")/,$+ 0 -,##-$"*# $h'$ "$ (%*$'"*+ '* "*("+*$ %& '+,$! h* "* &'($ $h! "- *% -,(h

"*("+*$ "* $h /' $h /' %& &'"! (%))*$ ('**%$ 0 $'7* .I& $h &'($- -,0-$'*$"' $!, '*+

,-$"& $h (%))*$ %& $h h"(h '! $!, -$'$+ $h +&*( %& &'"! (%))*$ ('* 0 $'7*

* $h%,#h -%) $h &'($- -$'$+ )' *%$ 0 /!%+.

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-$'# %& ' $h'$! 0,$ $h +&*+'*$ '*+ %$h! /!-%*- '($,'$+ 0 )'"( h"--+ '*+ h%%$+ '$

$h /'"*$"&& '*+ $h! 0 (',-+ h") $% %- h") *#'#)*$. H"--"*# '*+ h%%$"*# '&$!

(%*-/"!'( '- h+ $% 0 '($"%*'0 '*+ $h'$ '- *%$ ' &'"! (%))*$ %* $h /'"*$"&&-

/!&%!)'*(.

THE MATTER COMMENTED UPON MUST BE OF PUBLIC INTEREST


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A+)"*"-$!'$"%* %& G%!*)*$ +/'!$)*$- /,0"( (%)/'*"- (%,!$- (%*+,($ %& /,0"( )*

"7 )"*"-$!- %! %&&"(!- %& $h -$'$ /,0"( "*-$"$,$"%*- '*+ %(' ',$h%!"$"- /,0"( )$"*#-

/"($,!- $h'$!- /,0"( *$!$'"*)*$ $:$ 0%%7- *%- $(. '! (%*-"+!+ $% 0 )'$$!- %&

/,0"( "*$!-$

4. PRIVILEGE

L' #"- '0-%,$ /!%$($"%* $% -$'$)*$- )'+ 0 /!-%*- %* (!$'"* %(('-"%*-= * "&

$6h%- -$'$)*$- h'//* $% 0 &'- '*+ )'"("%,-. S,(h -$'$)*$- '! -'"+ $% 0 '0-%,$

/!""#+. I* -,(h ('-- "$ "- "* $h "*$!-$ %& $h -$'$ '*+ %& $h /,0"( "* #*!' $h'$

/!-%*- h' &, %& -/(h. Th "*$!-$- %& $h /,0"( %,$"#h $h'$ %& $h "*,!+ /!"'$

"*+""+,'-. F%! :')/ ' ))0! %& /'!"')*$ "- '%+ &, &!+%) %& -/(h %* $h

&%%! %& $h h%,-. H )' )'7 -/(h $h! (%*+)*"*# "* )%-$ %,$!'#%,- '*#,'#

/%--"0 $h (h'!'($! '*+ (%*+,($ %& '* %&&"(! '#'"*-$ h%) h )' h' -%) /!"'$

#!,+# %! " &"*#. Th '#'$"%*- )'+ )' 0 ,*&%,*++ '*+ $h -/(h h"#h

:'##!'$+. N!$h-- $h "*,!+ %&&"(! " h' *% !)+ 0&%! ' (%,!$ %& ' &%!

$h +&')'$%!. S/(h $h,- )'+ 0 $h ))0!.

Th !'-%* &%! $h"- ")),*"$ %& $h ))0! "- $h'$ "& -,(h '($"%*- ! *%$ '%+

))0!- %& /'!"')*$ " *%$ h' $h (%,!'# '*+ 0%+*-- $% -/'7 %,$ h'$ $h &

'0%,$ %&&"(!- '*+ /,0"( )* h"(h "- h"#h *(--'! $% 0!"*# $% "#h$ "*,-$"( '*+

(%!!,/$"%* "* $h '*+ '*+ $h!0 -,//!-- "*,-$"( '*+ (%!!,/$"%* '*+ *(%,!'# "*$#!"$

'*+ &&"("*( "* /,0"( "& '*+ -!"(-. B,$ $h"- '0-%,$ ")),*"$ "- #!'*$+ %* "* '

-$!"($ ")"$+ *,)0! %& ('-- &%! $h -$!%*#-$ !'-%*- %& /,0"( /%"(.

Th! '! (!$'"* %(('-"%*- h* $h ' !(%#*"- $h'$ !"#h$ %& &! -/(h %,$"#h- $h

/'"*$"&&- !"#h$ $% !/,$'$"%*= $h ' $!'$- "$h -,(h %(('-"%* - $% 0 /!""#+ '*+ '

+&')'$%! -$'$)*$ )'+ %* -,(h %(('-"%*- "- *%$ '($"%*'0. P!""#- "- %& $% 7"*+-=

". A0-%,$ /!""#

"". Q,'"&"+ /!""#

4.1 ABSOLUTE PRIVILEGE

I* )'$$!- %& '0-%,$ /!""# *% '($"%* "- &%! $h +&')'$"%* -$'$)*$ * $h%,#h $h

-$'$)*$ "- &'- %! h'- 0* )'+ )'"("%,-. I* -,(h ('-- $h /,0"( "*$!-$- +)'*+-

$h'$ "*+""+,'- !"#h$ $% !/,$'$"%* -h%,+ #" ' $% $h &!+%) %& -/(h. A0-%,$

/!""# "- !(%#*"+ "* $h &%%"*# ('--=


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I. P'!"')*$'! P!%(+"*#-

A!$"( 15;2< %& %,! (%*-$"$,$"%* /!%"+- $h'$=

;'< S$'$)*$- )'+ 0 ' ))0! %& "$h! H%,- %& /'!"')*$ "* /'!"')*$

;0< Th /,0"('$"%* 0 %! ,*+! $h ',$h%!"$ %& "$h! H%,- %& /'!"')*$ %& '*

!/%!$ /'/! %$- %! /!%(+"*#- ('**%$ 0 ,-$"%*+ "* ' (%,!$ %& '. A -")"'!

/!""# :"-$- !-/($ %& S$'$ L#"-'$,!- '((%!+"*# $% A!$"(- 1?4 ;2<

II. ,+"("' P!%(+"*#-

N% '($"%* &%! "0 %! "0 %! -'*+! "- h$h! '#'"*-$ ,+#- (%,*-- "$*-- %!

/'!$"- &%! %!+- !"$$* %! -/%7* "* $h (%,!- %& '* /!%(+"*# 0&%! '* (%,!$

!(%#*"+ 0 $h ' * $h%,#h $h %!+- !"$$* %! -/%7* ! !"$$* %!

-/%7* )'"("%,- "$h%,$ '* ,-$"&"('$"%* %! :(,- '*+ &!%) /!-%*' " " '*+

'*#! '#'"*-$ $h /!-%* +&')+

R%' /!%(+"*# '*+ -,))! '*+ !"$! #'!+* -%("$ L$+ . P'!7"*-%*

Th +&')'$%! !)'!7 0 ' "$*-- )' 0 (%*-"+!+ $% 0 !'*$ "& "$ "- '* '$$'(7 %* $h

(h'!'($! %& ' (%,*- h% '-% h'//*- $% 0 "*%+ "* $h (!")"*' /!%(+"*# ,*+!

-($"%* 1 C!. P.C. h"(h '! 0"*# (%*+,($+ 0 $h (%,!$.

R'"*+! >"-h%! . D,!#' S'h".

O$h! ")/%!$'*$ ('- T.G. N'"! . M/,!,!'$h S'*7,**" +'$ "$h $h -($"%* 1 C!.P.C.

I* %$h! ('- N'!''*' . E. S,00'**' "$ h'- 0* h+ $h'$ -$'$)*$- )'+ "* ' (%)/'"*$

)'+ $% $h /%"( ! '0-%,$ /!""#+ '*+ $h!&%! $h +&*+'*$J !-/%*+*$ h%

&"+ ' &'- (%)/'"*$ $% $h ")/,$"*# '* %&&*( %& !%00! '#'"*-$ $h /'"*$"&&J'//'*$

(%,+ *%$ 0 )'+ "'0 &%! $h +&')'$"%* %& /'"*$"&&.

III. S$'$ (%)),*"('$"%*-

A -$'$)*$ )'+ 0 %* %&&"(! %& $h -$'$ $% '*%$h! "* $h (%,!- %& %&&"("' +,$

"- '0-%,$ /!""#+ &%! $h !'-%*- %& /,0"( /%"(. S,(h /!""#- '-% :$*+- $%

!/%!$- )'+ "* $h (%,!- %& )""$'! '*+ *'' +,$"-. C%)),*"('$"%*- !'$"*# $% -$'$

)'$$!- )'+ 0 %* )"*"-$! $% '*%$h! %! 0 ' )"*"-$! $% $h (!%* "- '-% '0-%,$

/!""#.

Ch'$$!$%* . S(. O& -$'$ &%! I*+"' "* (%,*(".

4.2 QUALIFIED PRIVILEGE


8/10

I* %!+! $% -h% $h'$ ' ,'"&"+ /!""# /!%$($- ' (!$'"* -$'$)*$ $h +&*+'*$ ),-$

-h% $h'$=

• $h +&*+'*$ h'+ ' #%%+J&'"$h !'-%* $% 0" $h -$'$)*$ '- $!,

• $h +&*+'*$ h'+ ' /!-%*' %! /!%&--"%*' "*$!-$ "* 7*%"*# $h "*&%!)'$"%* "* $h

-$'$)*$ '*+

• Th +&*+'*$ -h'!+ $h -$'$)*$ %* "$h %$h!- h% '-% h'+ ' /!-%*' %!

/!%&--"%*' "*$!-$ "* 7*%"*# $h "*&%!)'$"%* "* $h -$'$)*$.

M'"( " +-$!% ,'"&"+ /!""#. I* (!$'"* ('-- $h +&*( %& ,'"&"+ /!""# "-

'-% ''"'0. U*"7 $h +&*( %& '0-%,$ /!""# "* $h"- ('- "$ "- *(--'! $h'$ $h

-$'$)*$ ),-$ h' 0* )'+ "$h%,$ )'"(. F%! -,(h ' +&*( $% 0 ''"'0 "$ "-

&,!$h! *(--'! $h'$ $h! ),-$ 0 '* %(('-"%* &%! $h )'7"*# $h -$'$)*$. G*!' -,(h

' /!""#- "- ''"'0 "$h! h* $h -$'$)*$ "- )'+ "* +"-(h'!# %& ' /!%$($"%* %& '*

"*$!-$ %! $h /,0"('$"%* "- "* $h &%!) %& /'!"')*$ ,+"("' %! %$h! /,0"( /!%(+"*#-.

Th,- $% ''" $h"- +&*( $h +&*+'*$ h'- $% /!% $h &%%"*# $% /%"*$-

• Th -$'$)*$ -h%,+ 0 )'+ "* +"-(h'!# %& ' +,$ %! /!%$($"%* %& '* "*$!-$

Th %(('-"%* h* $h! "- ' ,'"&"+ /!""#- $% )'7 +&')'$%! -$'$)*$

"$h%,$ )'"( '! "$h! h* $h! "- :"-$"*# %& ' #' +,$ -%("' %! )%!' $%

)'7 -,(h ' -$'$)*$ %! :"-$*( %& -%) "*$!-$ &%! $h /!%$($"%* %& h"(h $h

-$'$)*$ "- )'+.

R.>. >'!'*"' . Th'(7!-

A*+ %$h! &')%,- ('- R'+h-h') T"'!" . E7*'$h

• Th -$'$)*$ -h%,+ 0 "$h%,$ )'"(

I* $h )'$$!- %& ,'"&"+ /!""# $h :)/$"%* &!%) "'0""$ &%! )'7"*#+&')'$%! -$'$)*$ "- #!'*$+ "& $h -$'$)*$ '- )'+ "$h%,$ )'"(. Th

/!-*( %& )'"( +-$!%- $h"- +&*(. Th )'"( "* !'$"%* $% ,'"&"+ /!""#

)'*- '* " )%$".

C!7 . M'*,:

H%!!%(7- . L'

5. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN ABSOLUTE AND QUALIFIED PRIVILEGE


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Th P'$*' h"#h (%,!$ "* $h /'*+ S,!"*+! S"*h' . B'#-h'!" P!'-'+ +"-$"*#,"-h+

0$* $h &%%"*# $h '0-%,$ '*+ ,'"&"+ /!""# "* $h &%%"*#

A0-%,$ /!""# Q,'"&"+ /!""#

;'< I* $h- "$ "- $h %(('-"%* h"(h "-

/!""#+ '*+ h* %*( $h *'$,! %&

%(('-"%* "- -h%* "$ &%%- '- ' *(--'!

"*&!*( $h'$ ! (%)),*"('$"%* %* $h'$

O(('-"%* "- /!%$($+.

;0< I* '0-%,$ "'0""$ $h +&*+'*$ #$-

'0-%,$ :)/$"%* &!%) $h "'0""$.

;(< S$'$)*$- '! /!%$($+ "* '

("!(,)-$'*(- "!!-/($" %& $h /!-*(

%& #%%+ %! 0'+ )%$"-.

;'< Th %(('-"%* "- *%$ /!""#+ ,*$" $h

+&*+'*$ h'- -h%* h% $h'$ %(('-"%* '-

)'+. I$ "- *%$ *%,#h $% h' '* "*$!-$ %!

' +,$ "* )'7"*# ' -$'$)*$ $h *(--"$

%& $h :"-$*( %& '* "*$!-$ %& +,$ "*

)'7"*# $h -$'$)*$ (%)/'"*+

;0< I* ,'"&"+ /!""# $h +&*+'*$ #$-

' (%*+"$"%*' :)/$"%* &!%) "'0""$.

;(< Q,'"&"+ /!""#- h'- 0* -$'0"-h+

0 $h +&*+'*$ "$ )' 0 )$ 0 $h

/!%"*# "* !/ ")/!%/! %! " )%$" %*

$h /'!$ %& $h +&*+'*$ "* -,(h ('-

+&*( %& ,'"&"+ /!""# '*"-h- '*+

$h /'"*$"&& -,((+-.

DEFAMATION OF FREEDOM OF PRESSS=

S'*'+'*+'-" . G''' M'' !++

F'($-=

I--,=

,+#)*$=

6. CONCLUSION

D&')'$"%* '-,"$- "*% &'- -$'$)*$- %& &'($ $h'$ (',- "*,! $% $h /!-%* 0"*#

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10/10

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Torts.defamation

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