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1
Bible Basics
“Sanctify them by Your truth, Your word is truth.” John 17:17
Where did the Bible come from?
According to Jewish tradition, Moses wrote the first five books of the Hebrew Bible.
•Hebrew word meaning "instruction" or "law"
•Greek word meaning "the five scrolls"
Following Moses, Jewish tradition maintains that the history of ancient Israel was kept by various
authors who lived during or near the time of the events they write about.
In 586 B. C., Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem. In Babylon many of the documents were
edited and compiled. Ezra is often credited with heading up the project. He brought them back
to the newly rebuilt Jerusalem and instigated religious reform. Other works were written and
added making a relatively complete version of the Jewish Bible.
The Bible is broken into three different sections-Law, Prophets and
Writing.
TORAH
Pentateuch
2
New Testament was written in Koine
consisting of Gospels, history of the early
church, and letters written by the leaders
of the early church.
Revelation is in the apocalyptic literature.
There were questions as to
whether books were written
by divine inspiration and
authentic.
By the end of the second
century most of the books that
now make up the New
Testament were determined to be
authentic.
Tanak
Septuagint
Apocrypha
Koine
Canonization
• - this is derived from the first letter of the Hebrew words for Law, Prophets and • - Greek translation meaning “70.” Reflecting the 70 writers who worked independently but came up with the exact same translation.
• ":hidden books” Books written and honored, but not considered by early Jews as divinely written. Removed during the Protestant Reformation in 16 th Century. Catholic and Eastern Orthodox still consider part of the Bible.
• common Greek.
• Greek word meaning “rule” or “measure.”
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How did we get the Bible?
In the case of the New Testament we have of
handwritten manuscripts of the books allowing scholars to determine what the earliest
manuscripts.
According to Jewish sources, manuscripts were copied with utmost care, and even the
most minor errors had to be fixed or a manuscript was discarded.
Masoretic Text - oldest copies of Hebrew Bible written by sect of Masoretic Jewish scribes.
In 1947, as the story goes, a young shepherd boy was watching his
flock when he threw a rock in an attempt to corral his straying
sheep. His rock flew into a cave and landed with a crash.
Entering the cave, the shepherd saw something that would change
study of Bible forever. He discovered a stash of 2,000-year-old
scrolls of the Bible and other ancient writings stored in ceramic
pots.
•
[We don’t have any
original copies of the
original manuscripts.
They were written on
papyrus which didn’t
have a great shelf life.
Just because we don’t
have the originals
doesn’t mean we don’t
have accurate copies.]
John Wycliff - translated Bible from Latin to English
William Tyndale - first New Testament to English from Greek
Martin Luther - Protestant
Reformation
Thomas Matthew - translated first entire Bible in English
Where was it
written?
Asia, Africa, Europe.
Written over
1500 year period.
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One sentence sums it up well:
Covenant: an agreement or contract that obligates one or
more parties to fulfill specific promises or duties.
Understanding the Covenant
A covenant is defined as, “a usually formal, solemn, and binding agreement:
COMPACT, a written agreement or promise usually under seal between two or more
parties especially for the performance of some action.”
Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary
God’s covenant is based out of ‘perfect love’, to a thousand generations. His
heart’s desire is for relationships that are never ending.
“Know therefore, that the Lord your God, He is God, the faithful
God, who keeps His covenant and His loving kindness to a thousand
generations with those who love Him and keep His
commandment s.” Deut. 7:9
“The Bible tells the story of God and His
relationship with His creation-most
particularly, human kind-which He initiates
through a series of covenants.”
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History of Covenants
For generations blood covenants have been made. Covenants are very foreign to the Western
world. Covenants required loyalty, integrity, faithfulness and unbreakable relationships.
“Covenant agreements were entered into to bind two tribes together. The grounds for this
union were always based on their differences, not their similarities. Since the covenant
agreement was entered based on differences and not similarities, their strengths and
weaknesses balanced each other out. This union made both tribes strong. During
negotiations, the two families agreed to each party’s responsibility in the union. They agreed
upon a blessing for keeping the terms as well as a curse for breaking them. The fear of the
curse and the desire to benefit from the blessing kept the parties in line. Then each family
chose a representative. The representative was one who had the very character of the
family. If the family were strong warriors, the representative was the greatest and most
highly skilled warrior of them all. If the family were business-minded, the representative was
the most shrewd business person in the family. The representative was always someone
with whom the whole family could identify. He was also someone with whom outsiders
identified the family.
Next, they chose a covenant site. Family members would gather together to watch the rite
take place. After the site was chosen, the sacrificial animals were selected. They were most
often large animals who would shed a great deal of blood when they were slaughtered. The
animals were cut from the back of the neck down the backbone. The two halves fell to the
ground, laying opposite of each other. Their blood spilled on the ground between the two
halves, and the alley between them was customarily called the walkway of blood. As the
covenant ceremony began, each representative removed his coat and exchanged it with the
other representative. The coat represented the strength and authority of each family. By
exchanging coats, they symbolically exchanged authority. Then they exchanged their
weapons belts which meant that they would fight one another’s battles for them. After the
exchange of coats and weapons belts, the representatives stated the terms of the covenant.
Then comes the walk of blood. The representatives walked between the two animal halves
and stood in the midst of the blood and made irrevocable promises and stated the curse or
penalty for breaking the promises. [due to man’s imperfection, a covenant could be broken
and that is why they had ‘curses’ if it was broken.] Covenants were cut and blood was shed
so that the promises would make a deep and lasting impression on the memories of each of
the family members. Also, a very impressive procedure, the covenant representatives then
cut themselves either on the wrist or the hand in order to mingle their blood together. This
signified that the two were actually one, having the same blood. They lifted their arms so
that everyone could see the cuts.
Then they swore oaths by their gods. Either gunpowder or some other substance was
rubbed into the cut to make the scar that much more outstanding. The purpose of this was
to affect the memories of the families. That awesome, ugly scar would forever remind them
of the promises that they had made to each other. Then the two families exchanged their
names. Actually, they joined their names together. They also exchanged their friendship.
Then came a covenant meal of bread and wine. This was the grand finale of the covenant
rite. The bread represented the body, and the wine represented the blood. The meal of the
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bread and wine symbolized each family giving themselves to the other family even to the
point of dying for one another if need be. They ate ‘in remembrance’ of what they did that
day in cutting covenant together.” Taken from, Covenant Made by
Blood, by Kenneth Copeland.
What’s the difference between the Old and New Testaments?
Imagine the difference between how you treat your children.
When they are young, like the nation of Israel was, you must keep them under law
and correction to train them.
When they mature, you walk with them as a friend and companion whom you guide in a
different way based on their maturity.
We must honor and heed every part of God’s Word.
Jesus didn’t come to get rid of the Old Testament, but to fulfill it.
Matthew 5:17
They are like a last will and testament. Jesus had to die so we could get our inheritance.
The New Testament can be seen as Jesus Bridal contract with us.
Ketubah-marriage contract
with promises for us from
our Bridegroom.
Groom presents contract to
bride’s father. Groom goes
to prepare a place for them
to live and his father must
approve before the groom
can go collect his betrothed
wife.
Old Testament
Law (Exodus 20)
Judgment
Leper touches you...you become unclean
New Testament
Grace (Matt 5:21)
Mercy
Jesus touches leper...leper becomes
clean
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Old Testament-before Jesus as a person on earth
Minor Prophets
Shorter books, strategic times in history of Israel Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Malachi, Zechariah
Major Prophets
Outstanding Prophets over history of Israel Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel
Wisdom and Poetry
Various Authors during United Kingdom Job, The Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of
Solomon
Law
Creation, development of Israel, God’s special instructions to His special people
Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy
History
Israel entering promised land, into captivity, to partial restoration as a nation
Genesis, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1&2 Samuel, 1&2 Kings, 1&2 Kings, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther
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New Testament-during and after Jesus on earth and His return
Prophecy
Written by John on Island of Patmos Revelation
General Epistles
Written to a person or group not met reached by Paul
James, 1&2 Peter, 1,2&3 John, Jude
Pauline Epistles
Letters Paul wrote to a church or person for special purpose
Romans, 1&2 Corinthians, Galations, Ephesians, Phillipians, Colossians, 1&2 Thessalonians, 1&2 Timothy
Church History
Record of the spread of Christianity Acts
Gospels
Histories of the Life of Jesus Matthew, Mark, Luke, John
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How do I use it?
Read it as a library with lots of books
Read a single book, chapter, verse, word and think/pray/listen about what it means.
How do I look things up?
The name of the books in order is in the very beginning called the “Table of Contents.” The
names of the books are at the tops of the pages. The big numbers are chapters and the little
numbers are verses. Verses are like sentences or groups of sentences like in a poem sometimes.
Like a dictionary, the chapters and verses are in order at the top of the page by the name of the
book.
10
Brief Overview of Books of the Bible
OLD TESTAMENT
LAW
• Genesis
• Exodus
• Leviticus
• Numbers
• Deuteronomy
HISTORY
• Joshua
• Judges
• Ruth
• Samuel 1
• Samuel 2
• 1 Kings
• 2 Kings
• Chronicles 1
• Chronicles 2
• Ezra
• Nehemiah
• Ruth
• Esther
WISDOM/
POETRY
• Job
• Psalms
• Proverbs
• Ecclesiastes
• Song of Solomon
MAJOR PROPHETS
• Isaiah
• Jeremiah
• Lamentations
• Ezekiel
• Daniel
MINOR PROPHETS
• Hosea
• Joel
• Amos
• Obadiah
• Jonah
• Micah
• Nahum
• Habakkuk
• Zephaniah
• Haggai
• Zechariah
• Malachi
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Poetry Books usually thought to have been around the time of the United Kingdom and 2 Samuel.
Pre Exile
United Kingdom History Books
1 & 2 Samuel
1 Chronicles
Divided Kingdom ( Israel & Judah)
History Books
2 Chronicles,
1 & 2 Kings
Major Prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah,
Lamentations
Minor Prophets Hosea, Joel, Amos,
Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum,
Habakkuk, Zephaniah
Exile
Major Prophets Ezekiel
Daniel
Post Exile
History Books
Esther, Ezra &
Nehemiah
Minor Prophets
Haggai, Zechariah
Malachi
15
NEW TESTAMENT
Gospels
• Matthew
• Mark
• Luke
• John
CHURCH HISTORY
• Acts
Paul's Epistles
• Romans
• 1 Corinthians
• 2 Corinthians
• Galatians
• Ephesians
• Philippians
• Colossians
• 1 &2 Thessalonians
• 1 &2 Timothy
• Titus
• Philemon
General Epistles
• Hebrews
• James
• Peter 1
• 2 Peter
• 1 John
• 2 John
• 3 John
• Jude
Prophecy
• Revelation
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How to read the Bible for Yourself
There are different facets to reading the Bible. Ask yourself what it is you want from your time in
God’s Word and you’ll have a better idea of how to approach the Bible.
Even if you only want information you will likely receive a revelation of God in
one way or another.
There is a difference between Bible Study and Meditation.
3 Things are common to study or meditation:
Of course, always outwork the workers so I
suggest before you do anything, set yourself to receive the LOVE!
Do I want...
Information Revelation
Mental Work
Discipline
Time
17
So, practically how do I “study” the Bible?
As a Whole
Daily Reading
Book by Book
Choose a book, take notes, read repeatedly
Basic Questions to Ask:
Chapter by Chapter
Analyze the Chapter
Write a brief summary of the chapter.
Outline the chapter
Ask the questions on the next page
Book
Author
Circumstances when written
Audience intented
Tell something
about them
18
Character Studies
Topic Studies
The Four “R”’s of Meditation and Contemplation
Taken from Todd Bentley Open Heavens Bible
Part of waiting in God’s presence involves contemplating and meditating on Scripture
until the Holy Spirit gives us revelation and understanding of God’s heart and mind.
Here are four steps you can take to practice meditation
the Word quickly and out loud so you can
hear it.
to it with your heart and mind. Respond to the passages that
were most
meaningful and reread those.
or meditate with an open mind and heart to God’s will.
in His presence.
What is the main subject?
Who are the main people?
What does it say about Christ?
What is the key or main verse?
What is the central lesson?
What are the main promises?
What are the main commands?
What error should I avoid?
What example is here?
What do I need most in this chapter to apply to my life today?
1.
2.
3.
4.
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The following are some powerful scriptures to kick-start your meditation and motivate you
to continue with this life-changing way of connecting with God and His Word:
• “With my whole heart I have sought You; Oh, let me not wander from Your commandments! Your word have I hidden in my heart, That I might not sin
• “Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly in all wisdom, teaching and admonishing one another in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing with grace in your hearts to the Lord.”
• “My son, give attention to my words; incline your ear to my sayings. Do not let them depart from your eyes; keep them in the midst of your heart; for they are life to those who find them, and health to all their flesh.”
Deuteronomy 11:18-21 • “Therefore you shall lay up these words of mine in your heart and in your
soul, and bind them as a sign on your hand, and they shall be as frontlets between your eyes. You shall teach them to your children, speaking of them when you sit in your house, when you walk by the way, when you lie down, and when you rise up. And you shall write them on the doorpost of your house and on your gates, that your days and the days of your children may be multiplied in the land of which the LORD swore to your fathers to give them, like the days of the heavens above the earth.”
Soaking Activation
As you begin soaking in God’s presence, ask Him
to forgive you for being so busy and distant. Ask
Him to help you silence your heart and mind so you
can hear His voice. Covenant with God to seek Him
and enter into the secret place. Now is the time to
be marinated in God, to be saturated with the Holy
Spirit.
Psalm 119:10 - 11
against You.”
Colossians 3:16
Proverbs 4:20 - 22
20
What are the “elementary principles?”
“For though by this time you ought to be teachers, you need someone to teach you again the first
principles of the oracles of God; and you have come to need milk and not solid food. For
everyone who partakes only of milk is unskilled in the word of righteousness, for he is a babe. But
solid food belongs to those who are of full age, that is, those who by reason of use have their senses
exercised to discern both good and evil. Therefore, leaving discussion of the elementary principles
of Christ, let us go on to perfection, not laying again the foundation of repentance from dead
works and of faith toward God, of the doctrine of baptisms, of laying on of hands, of resurrection
of the dead, and of eternal judgment.”
Hebrews 5:12-6:2
The Godhead
Our God is unique, but shows Himself in three persons---the Father, the Son, and the Holy
Spirit. This triple personhood is called the Trinity, and is somewhat a mystery, but the
Bible speaks of God this way, so we believe it. The Bible says God has some unique
attributes, qualities no created being shares, as well as attributes He chooses to share with
His created beings.
Some verses such as these speak of God without specifying which person, Father, Son or
Holy Spirit; but other verses speak of a specific person, such as Jesus as God the Son being
the eternally begotten of the Father (Philippians 2:6-8), despite choosing to humble Himself
to become a human being. The Bible Father (Philippians 2:6-8), despite choosing to
humble Himself to become a human being. The Bible speaks of the Holy Spirit as being
God as well, equal with Father and Son (I John 5:7), but appears as the One proceeding
from the Father and sent out by the Son (John 15:26).1
Attributes God Alone
Scripture
Attributes
Shared
Scripture
Infinite
Invisible spirit
Job 11:7-9
John 4:24
showing love 1 John 4:8, 16
graciousness, mercy and forgiveness
Exodus 34:6
unchangeable James 1:17, Malachi 3:6
eternal Psalms 90:2
almighty Genesis 17:1
absolute Exodus 3:14
all sufficient Acts 17:24-25
1 Source, Westminster Confession of Faith, 1658, 1688, 1983, Ch. 2, “Of God, and of the Holy Trinity.”
Eccles Printers Ltd., Inverness, Scotland.
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MAN
His fall and Redeemption
“All have sinned and come short of the glory of God”
As it is written, “There is none righteous, no, not one.”
Romans 3:23 Romans 3:10
Man is a created being, made in the likeness and image of
God . Through Adam’s transgressions and fall, sin
came into the world.
Genesis 1:26
Genesis 3:13
2 Corinthians 11:3
Romans 5:12
Jesus Christ, the Son of God was manifested to become our righteousness and gave His
life and shed His blood to redeem and restore man back to God
John 3:5, Romans 6:23
Salvation is the gift of God to man, separate from works of the law, and is made operative by grace through
faith in Jesus Christ as Lord, producing works acceptable to God
( Galatians 3:24; Ephesians 2:8; Romans 5:14 ; Philippians 2:13).
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• Man’s first step toward salvation is repentance from sins and faith toward God, resulting in the New Birth. The New Birth is necessary to all men, and when experienced, results in eternal life
Eternal Life and
The New Birth • 2 Corinthians 7:10, John 5:12
• The bible is the inspired Word of God, given to us through holy men of old who spoke and wrote as the Holy Spirit led them. We accept the Scriptures as our infallible guide in matters pertaining to conduct and beliefs.
The Scriptures •2 Tim. 3:16, 1 Thess. 2:13, 2 Peter 1:21
•Baptism, in water, is a direct commandment of our Lord Jesus to believers. The ordinance is a symbol of the Christian’s identification with Christ in His death, burial and resurrection. Water Baptism is symbolic of what saves us---having a redeemed Water conscience toward God, through faith in the resurrection of Christ
Baptism • Matt 28:19, Rom 6:4, Col 2:12, Acts 8:36-39, I Peter 3:21
• The Baptism in the Holy Spirit is a gift from God to empower all believers as promised by the Lord Jesus Christ and is received by faith and is a separate work of the Holy Spirit
Baptism In The
Holy Spirit • Matt. 3:11, John 14:16-17, Acts1:8, Acts2:38, Acts19:1-7, Acts 2:4
• We believe in sanctification (conformity to God’s standards) as a definite, yet progressive work of grace, commencing at the New Birth and continuing until
the consummation of salvation at Christ’s return
Sanctification •Heb.12:14, 1Thes. 5:23, 2 Peter 3:12-14, 1Cor.1:30).
• We believe that divine healing is available and is wrought by the power of God through the prayer of faith, by the laying on of hands, anointing with oil, and other means. Laying on of hands is also for impartation of blessing and authority. It is provided for in the atonement of Christ, and is available to us
Divine Healing today •Mark 16:18, James 5:14-15, 1Peter 2:24, Matt. 8:17, Isa. 53:4-5, 1 Tim 1;6, Deut 34:9
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What are symbols? Why does God use them? What can we learn?
What are symbols? A symbol stands for or suggests something else. They are visual
or conceptual representations of that what is
Ressurection
• of the dead and return of our Lord
• The angels said to Jesus’ disciples, “This Jesus, who has been taken up from you into heaven, will come in just the same way as you have watched Him go into heaven”. Our Lord Jesus shall return to earth as Lord of lords and King of kings
• Acts 1:11, Rev. 17:14
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In Hebrews 9:9, at the end of several verses describing the Tabernacle and its furniture, the author says, "It was symbolic for the present time in which both gifts and
sacrifices are offered which cannot make him who performed the service perfect in regard to the conscience. .
. ." Under the Old Covenant each article in the Tabernacle was used in rituals those performing them may never have
understood. But now, the symbols of those rituals and articles give us understanding of humanity's relationship
with God under both Covenants. They clarify our privilege and responsibility to such a startling degree that it should fill us with wonder and thanksgiving.
Perhaps the most familiar symbol to many of us is
our nation's flag. Another modern use of symbols
appears under a different term — logo — but the
principle and usage are the same. All of us
instantly recognize a team, company, school or
church logo. When one sees the familiar logo,
one's thoughts transfer easily to the reality: the
team, company, school or church itself.
In a single word, person, object,
place, title, time, action or name, symbols explain what might be a
complex concept. One simple image
conveys the essence of the
reality.
Jesus deliberately chose the symbols of water, bread, wine, light, blood, vines and shepherds to
convey His meaning. Our understanding of what may otherwise
be a very difficult concept is greatly enhanced by an
everyday object used as a symbol.
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In I Corinthians 11:24-25 Paul states concerning the Passover
symbols:
and when He had given thanks, He broke it and said, "Take, eat; this
is My body broken for you; do this in remembrance of Me." In the same
manner He also took the cup after supper, saying, "This cup is the new
covenant in My blood. This do, as often as you drink it, in remembrance of Me."
How much more meaningful the Passover service becomes by holding the bread and
wine in one's hand and then in eating them consciously making them a part of our
bodies! What would the Passover service be like without them? It is almost
unimaginable.
One author said that through symbols, "God takes His Son to pieces."
Through them He brings within the range of our comprehension specific
details of Christ's work and character. Thus we find in men like Moses,
Joseph and David, and in animals like the lion and lamb, characteristics
that were completely expressed in Jesus Christ.
When working with biblical symbolism, one must follow two cardinal rules
understand that several different symbols may represent the same reality in
the Bible. For instance, the church is symbolized as a woman, a building in which
Christians are living stones, a human body of which Christ is the Head, and a
family of which Christians are brothers. Be sure to check the context in which a
symbol appears and do not try to force a symbol where it does not fit. allow the
Bible to interpret its own symbols. In Revelation 1:20, within the context of
John's vision, Christ explains the meaning of the seven stars and the seven
lampstands: "The mystery of the seven stars which you saw in My right hand,
and the seven golden lampstands: The seven stars are the angels of the
seven churches, and the seven lampstands which you saw
are the seven churches." The meanings of other symbols may be harder to locate, but
usually the Bible explains itself to those who study it diligently.
Even so, sometimes a symbol is shrouded in mystery and difficult to understand.
Perhaps we fail to understand the symbol because we are unfamiliar with the reality.
Imagine the apostle John's struggle with symbols that represent twentieth-century
warfare! Likewise, we struggle with the symbolism of sheep with whose characteristics
we in turn are unfamiliar.
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In the end we must learn to see symbols as pictures drawn by the hand of God through
which He teaches us things that might otherwise be all but incomprehensible. It
behooves us not to take them lightly. In studying symbols, take the time to research the
characteristics of the symbol to deepen and clarify your understanding of God, Christ
and Their purpose.
ByJohnW.Ritenbaugh
Forerunner, "Personal," July 1992
The Bride of Christ
Genesis 15, 24
Song of Solomon
Hosea 2:19
Isaiah 61:10
Isaiah 62:5
Jeremiah 3:14
Matthew 25:1-13
John 3:29
John 14:1-6
Ephesians 5:22-6
Revelation 19:7-12
Jesus in the Old Testament
People
Adam-
Abel-death of a Shepherd
Melchizedek-Genesis 14:18-20, Hebrews 7
Joseph
27
Moses
Jonah
Not People
The Ark
The lamb
All Offerings
The Brazen Serpent
Bread
Wine
Anything that is crushed, beaten, bruised
Water
*Most of these references above were taken from Study of the Types by Ada R. Habershon
*I also recommend Wilson’s Dictionary of Bible Types, Dream Interpretation books by Ira Milligan,
James Goll and Barbi Breathit