Topic VIII Growth of the United States

The Industrial RevolutionPeriod of time where machines replaced handmade tools and new sources of power such as steam, water, and wind replaced human and animal power. The Industrial Revolution began in England in the mid-1700s.New inventions led to a new way of producing goods.Example: 1764 James Hargreaves developed the spinning jenny which could spin several threads at once.

Samuel SlaterSamuel Slater was a skilled mechanic in a British textile mill who heard the Americans were offering rewards for those who could help design textile mills.Textile: a cloth, especially one manufactured by weaving or knitting; a fabric or Fiber or yarn for weaving or knitting into cloth In 1789 he left England and traveled to the United States having memorized plans for a textile factory. Slater helped Moses Brown, a Quaker capitalist, who had a mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Capitalist a person who invests in a business in order to make a profit.By 1793, he developed the first successful textile mill in the US which was powered by water

Eli Whitneyan American inventor who proposed the concept of interchangeable parts. All machine made parts would be alike which saves time and moneyInvented the cotton gin (engine) which separated cotton seeds from its fibersInvention of the cotton gin led to a swift growth (or boom) in cotton production

Lowell, MassachusettsFrancis Cabot Lowell, a Boston merchant, found a way to improve on British textile mills. He created a mill which combined spinning and weaving under one roof. After his death, his partners built an entire factory town and named it after him.To work in their new mills, the company hired young women from nearby farms. They were called Lowell Girls.In Lowell and other towns, companies hired mostly women and children because they could pay them low wages.

Lowell, Massachusetts

The mills of Lowell, Massachusetts are well-known for employing large numbers of women. In the 1840s, nearly half the female population of Lowell worked in the mills. Each mill employed a few hundred people. This trade card for the Merrimack Manufacturing Co. shows women working at the cloth-making machines.

Daily Life in the Factorieschild labor boys and girls as young as seven worked in factories.long hours 12 hours a day, six days a week.changes in home life more family members left the home; role of women changed.

American CitiesMany people left farms to work in factories. Older cities grew rapidly while new ones sprang up around factories. The movement of the population from farms to cities is called urbanization. Hazards dirt and gravel streets turned into mudholes when it rained, no sewers, garbage in the streets, disease, overcrowding, etc.Attractions theaters, museums, and circuses became popular.

2000 U.S. population density within each county, in persons per sq. mile (lower 48 states only): Light to dark (yellow to blue): 1-4 (y), 5-9 (lt. green), 10-24 (teal), 25-49 (dk. teal), 50-99 (blue-green), 100-249 (blue), 250-66,995 (black).

Transportation ImprovementsFlat Boats or flat-bottom boats, which were well-suited to the shallow waters of the Ohio River

Transportation ImprovementsRoads Turnpikes - private companies built gravel and stone roads. To pay for the roads, companies collected tolls from travelers.

First important turnpike in America. Also the first long-distance stone and gravel road in the country. Chartered in 1792 and completed in 1795, it ran 62 miles from Philadelphia to Lancaster and gave travelers an easier way to reach the Northwest Territory. Lancaster Turnpike

Transportation ImprovementsRoads (continued)National Road (or Cumberland Road) was built by the federal government between 1811 and 1839. The road stretched from Maryland to Illinois

National Road

Transportation ImprovementsSteamboatJohn Fitch showed members of the Constitutional Convention how a steam engine could power a boat (1787)Robert Fulton launched a steamboat in 1807 called the Clermont on the Hudson River.

Transportation ImprovementsSteam LocomotiveIn 1829, a steam powered locomotive called the Rocket was developed. It could travel up to 30 miles per hour.

Transportation ImprovementsCanal artificial channel filled with water that allows boats to cross a stretch of land

Erie Canal - canal which linked the Great Lakes with the Mohawk and Hudson rivers.

Impact on the United StatesEncouraged tradeProvided links between the East and the WestEncouraged settlement in remote areasNew states created

First RailroadsBegan in the early 1800sHorses or mules pulled cars along rails1829: steam powered locomotive called the Rocket was developed. It could travel up to 30 miles per hour.

Problems of First RailroadsUnsafeUnreliableWeak bridges and roadbedsLocomotives often broke downSmokestacks emitted thick black smoke and hot embers causing firesWooden rails (eventually replaced with iron rails)

Other Improvements

The Telegraph MachineDevice which sent electrical signals along a wireInvented by Samuel MorseSignal was based on a code of dots, dashes, and spaces eventually called Morse Code

Sewing MachineElias Howe creates first sewing machine in 1846

Mechanical ReaperCyrus McCormickInvents the Mechanical reaper in 1847Machine helped farmers harvest their crops faster. Before his invention farmers had to harvest grain by hand, using a long handled tool called a scythe.

Iron Plow1825 Jethro Wood developed iron plow with interchangeable parts1830 John Deere develops his steel plow

Clipper ShipsClipper Ship: sleek vessels which had tall masts and huge sailsExtremely fast ship which was used to transport cargo around the world

Railroads and Clipper ShipsRailroads and clipper ships increased commerce (trade) in the United States.Goods could be shipped quickly and cheaply.Northern areas developed factories whereas in the south and west focused on agricultureBy 1830s, factories made the transition from water to steam powerClipper ships were eventually outperformed by iron steamships

James MonroeFifth president of the United Statesdefeated Senator Rufus King of New York in election of 1816Wins again in election of 1820 against John Quincy Adams.Monroe hoped to create a new sense of national unity called the Era of Good Feelings Promote nationalism feeling of pride in ones country

Economic ProblemsProblems: 1. Bank of United States - created by Alexander Hamilton, its charter ran out in 1811. Bank lends money and regulates supply 2. Foreign Competition War of 1812 kept British imports to a minimum; this, in part, allowed people like Francis Cabot Lowell to build successful textile factories. But, after the war ended, trade resumed and more imports entered the U.S. Because the British had a head start on the Industrial Revolution, they were able to produce goods faster and cheaper. 3. Poor Infrastructure - system of roads, canals, bridges, etc.

Economic SolutionsBank Solution: Congress created the Second Bank of the United States in 1816. Banks can regulate money

Economic SolutionsForeign Competition Solution: 2. Congress passed the Tariff Act of 1816 this placed a tax on British imports.

Economic SolutionsInfrastructure Solutions: Use revenue collected by the federal government to build up the nations infrastructureExample: The National Road

Sectionalism and Henry Clay

John C. Calhoun - South Carolina, supported War of 1812, defended slavery, opposed to strong federal government.Daniel Webster New Hampshire, opposed War of 1812, opposed slavery, supported strong federal government for economic growth.Henry Clay - Kentucky, War Hawk, supported strong federal government for economic growth Sectionalism: loyalty to ones state or section rather than to the nation as a whole.The American System Henry Clay wanted to promote economic growth for all sections.The system called for high tariffs on imports which would help northern factories. Clay believed, northerners would have the money to buy farm products from the West and the South. High tariffs would also reduce American dependence on foreign goods. Clay also urged Congress to use money from tariffs to build roads, canals, and bridges. A better transportation system, he believed, would make it easier and cheaper for farmers in the West and the South to ship goods to city markets. The American System never fully went into effect. Congress spent little time on internal improvements (infrastructure). Southerners in particular disliked Clays plan because the South had many fine rivers on which to transport goods. Many southerners opposed paying for roads and canals that brought them no direct benefits.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)The dispute arose over Marylands proposal to tax the Second National Bank of the United States.Supreme Court ruled that states had no right to interfere with federal institutions within their borders.Chief Justice- John Marshall James McCulloch - Bank Cashier

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

The dispute arose over a New York law which attempted to control steam boat travel between New York and New JerseySupreme Court upheld the power of the federal government to regulate trade between states.

United States and Spanish FloridaThe First Seminole War (1817-1818) began when settlers attacked Florida Indians and the Indians retaliated by raiding isolated Georgia homesteads. Americans believed Spain had incited the Seminoles against the white settlers. The First Seminole War (1817-1818) began in earnest this year with a U.S. invasion of East Florida to punish hostile Seminole Indians, whose territory had become a refuge for runaway slaves. American troops on July 27, 1816, had destroyed the Seminole stronghold of Fort Apalachicola, on the river of that name. On December 27, 1817, General Andrew Jackson took command, with orders to pursue the Indians across the Florida boundary. Jackson marched his troops into Florida and captured St. Marks on April 7, 1818m and Pensacola on May 24. In the course of his campaign, Jackson seized two British traders, Alexander Arbuthnot and Robert Ambrister. He accused them of aiding the enemy and had the former hanged and the latter shot. There was a great outcry in England and considerable criticism in Washington. Nevertheless, popular opinion approved the campaign, which brought East Florida under American control and resulted in its cession to the U.S. by Spain in 1819 for five million dollars.. Adams-Onis Treaty

Monroe DoctrineForeign Policy statement under MonroeBasically said two things: 1. The United States would not interfere in the affairs of European Nations or existing colonies of the European Nations. 2. warned European nations not to attempt to regain control of newly independent countries of Latin America.