Topic, 8, The Birth of Modern States and the Baroque1

8/9/2019 Topic, 8, The Birth of Modern States and the Baroque1

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3 ESO3 ESOTopic EightTopic Eight

::

The birth of modernThe birth of modern

states and thestates and theBaroqueBaroque


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As a result of the politicaland economic setbacks of the,14th century by about 1400

there was no dominant statein Europe

Germany and Italy were already,fragmented and in neither

there was any clear.preponderance The Iberian peninsula was

still split up in different.reigns

France suffered a civil warbetween two powerful

,families the Burgundians and

.the Armagnacs The situationmade far worse when Henry V

,of England invaded Normandyin 1415 and extended English

control to some parts of.France

155 thh entury overviewentury overview


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But this unstable balance:was destroyed after 1450

,In France English wereexpelled from French

( )soil except from Calais.by 1453

,In England failure inFrance and the loss of

Normandy provoked civil,war the War of the

. ,Roses In 1485 a new, ,dynasty the Tudors

succeeded in restoring.order

,In Spain the warringkingdoms of Castile and

Aragon were united in,1479 and in 1492 their

combined forcescompleted the reconquest

of the last Islamic.strongholds


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,In Germany a series of dynastic alliances united the Habsburg lands.with those of Luxemburg and Burgundy

All these,possessions and

later those of the,Spanish royal family

came to the emperor( - ),Charles V 1519 1556

making him thegreatest Christian

ruler since.Charlemagne

He systematicallyexpanded each of

these inheritancesand Habsburg

hegemony dominatedEurope for two

.centuries


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The inhabitants of,these countries

particularly the

,commercial classeswere prepared totolerate the royal

absolutism in returnfor security and

suppression of civil.war

Civil war and economic setbacks,had weakened the old nobility and

the church was also brought.increasingly under royal control

,The secular state in whichpolitics are divorced fromreligion and organized around an,impersonal centralized and

,unifying system of government wasstill two centuries away
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anthony_van_Dyck-_Portrait_of_Charles_V_on_Horseback.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anthony_van_Dyck-_Portrait_of_Charles_V_on_Horseback.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anthony_van_Dyck-_Portrait_of_Charles_V_on_Horseback.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_V_Arms-imperial.svg


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he Authoritarian Monarchies in Europehe Authoritarian Monarchies in EuropeAlthough the creation of the Authoritarian Monarchies was a common

process in Europe through the 15th century, there were only three wellconsolidated monarchies: France, England and Spain.

Once the HundredYears War ended, Francehad a long period of political and socialstability. Then, FrenchKings from Louis XI toFrancis I unified thecountry and reinforced

their position and power.


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,In Spain the territorial unification process took place during:the Catholic Kings reign they could unify all the Iberian areas

.except Portugal The noblemen lost part of their political

. ,influence but kept their economic and social position Later on

Spain became the hegemonic country in Europe during Charles I and.Philip II reigns

,However The Holy Empire and Italy did not experience thisterritorial unification process and they maintained their

political desegregation until 19thCentury

In England the situation wasdifferent. After the Hundred YearsWar, the conflicts continued: there

was an internal confrontation between the York and the Lancasterfamilies that concluded in the TwoRoses War. The aristocratic powerdeclined and opened the way to theroyal power. Henry VIII and

Elisabeth I consolidated theAuthoritarian Monarchy in England.


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During the last years of 15th( - ),century 1455 85 a civil war

claiming the throne of Englandtook place between the noble

(houses of York whose badge was a) (white rose and Lancaster later

):associated with the red rose.the War of two Roses The war

ended with the victory of the, ,Earl of Richmond Henry VII who

,founded the House of Tudor whichsubsequently ruled England and

. Wales for 117 years

155 thh entury overviewentury overview

he Redose ofhe HousefLancaster

he Whiteose ofhe Housef York

Englanngland


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Henry VII's marriage to Duke,of York daughter Elizabeth of

,York united the houses of.Lancaster and York The Wars

.of the Roses were ended It isgenerally said that with them

ended the era of feudalism in,England since the nobles, ,became too weak as a class to

contest the strong monarchy of.the Tudors :The Tudor Rose a combination of the

Red Rose of Lancaster and the WhiteRose of York

,About the middle of the 15th century Richard duke of,York came to the fore as leader of the opposition

.Lancastrian king Henry VI The Yorkists gained popularsupport as a result of discontent over the failure ofEnglish arms in the Hundred Years War and over the

.corruption of the court After lots of battles in which,the two dynasties achieved successively the throne in

, , ,1485 the Lancastrian claimant Henry Tudor defeated andkilled the Duke of York and ascended the throne as Henry

.VII


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udor dynastyudor dynasty,The first monarch,Henry VI Tudor

descendedpatrilineally from

the rulers of a Welsh principality

and maternally froma legitimized

branch of theEnglish royal House

.of Lancaster,In total five Tudormonarchs ruled

their domains forjust over a century

(from 1485 until).1603The Tudor line failed in 1603 with the death of Elizabeth I of

, .England who died without issue Through secret negotiations shearranged before dying the succession of the House of Stuart to the

,English throne uniting the Kingdoms of England and Scotland in a.personal union


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After being denied the right

,to divorce King Henry VIIIconvinced Parliament todeclare the Church in Englandseparate from that of the

,Catholic Church and to placehimself at the head of the

.Church

Henry VIII wanted to produce.a male heir He feared that

without an heir his nationwould again be thrown into.civil war His marriage toCatherine had only produced,daughters and she was too

old to bare any additional.children

,After becoming the head of the newly formed church King Henry. .VIII granted his divorce He than married Anne Boleyn After she

,failed to produce a male heir King Henry VIII had her executed. ,on charges of treason He would marry four more times and would

, .have only one son who would rule as King Edward VI During his,reign Henry VIII oversaw the legal union of England and Waleswith the Laws in Wales Acts.


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,Edward would only rule for a short time. . .and would die in A D 1553 Following his

death Henry s Catholic daughter came to. ,the throne Her name was Mary and she

,got married to the Spanish king Phillip.II

- .Queen Mary was overthrown by her half sister Elizabeth I Queen,Elizabeth was protestant and helped to strengthen the Church of

.England She brought all the people together by making the,Church of England more like the Catholic Church while still

.maintaining it as a separate church She reigned from 1558 to.1603

Elizabeth I

Bloody Mary I

Queen Mary

attempted to usefear and death tobring the

Catholic Church.back into England

After puttingmany people to,death she becameknown as Bloody.Mary


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,During the reign of Elisabeth I therelations between Spain and England

.gradually got worse

,In May 1588 Phillip sent the Spanish(Armada La Armada Invencible) against.England Phillip had political and

:religious reasons to attack England Phillip was the most powerful ruler in

, .Europe and he wanted to prove it English pirates like Francis Drake were

raiding Spanish ships and stealing.Spanish treasures Elisabeth I was helping Spain s enemies in

.the Netherlands , ,Elisabeth as she was Protestant was

ordering the torturing and imprisonment.of Catholics,Finally the Spanish plan broke down and

,the Armada just sailed round England.Scotland and Ireland and back to Spain

Under Queen Elisabeth I England became.much richer and improved living standards

, However Elisabeth s policies towardspeople were often cruel


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tuart dynasty and Civil Wartuart dynasty and Civil War

When Elisabeth died without,descendants James VI of

,Scotland from the House of,Stuarts became king both of

.England and Scotland,Charles I Stuart made some

(unpopular decisions expensive, )wars taxes that set

Parliament and Monarchy at.odds

The result was a long and( )bloody Civil War 1642 to 1648

.that brought many changes

( )Maps of territory held by Royalists red and( ), Parliamentarians green 1642 1645


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Oliver Cromwell was the leader

.of the Parliament s supporters

His orderly army defeated the.Royal army Charles I was

captured and executed on 30th.January 1649 From 1649 to 1660

.England was run as a republicCromwell became the leader of

the country until he died in.1658,In 1660 the Monarchy was

restored Charles II became thenew king of England

Oliver Cromwell

1642 to 1648: Civil War

1649: Execution of Charles I

1649 to 1660: English Cromwell Republic

16

42

16

48

1649

16

60

1660: Restoration of Monarchy


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, .In the early 1500s Wales was divided into two parts One

,part was already controlled by England but the other part.was controlled by Lords whose power grew over time

,The problem for the English was not the Welsh themselves( ).but these Lords called Marcher Lords If Wales was not

totally under English control it could be used by other.countries to attack England

Walesales

The solution to the problem wasthe Act of Union of England andWalesin 1536 during the reign

.of Henry the VIII These Actshad the following effects on the

:administration of Wales All Wales was divided into

.shires with English law Courts Wales would send MPs to.Parliament at Westminster


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England had been worried about Ireland for

.hundreds of years Ireland could be used as a base by England s enemies France and

.SpainBy 1485 England had tried many times to

.take over Ireland but failed Henry VII,claimed to be the King of all Ireland but

only controlled the area around Dublin

.known as the Pale,After 1485 England tried different ways of:taking over Ireland as driving Irish

Catholics away from their land andreplacing them with Protestant English and

.Scottish Every method England attempted.was extremely expensive

Irelandreland

During the 1600s Ireland was eventually taken over by the

.English By 1690% .Catholics held only 20 of the land and were very poor The

governmentpassed laws against the Catholics preventing them from voting

or having jobs.in government The Act of Union of 1800 between Ireland and

Britain signified

.that Ireland was completely taken over


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In 1707 an act was passed joining:the two countries

Act of Union of England and .Scotland These Acts had thefollowing effects on the

:administration of Scotland Scotland gave complete freedomto trade with England and her

.colonies

Scotland would send 45 MPs to.Parliament at Westminster Scottish Parliament would be

.closed England would give Scotland

,nearly 400 000 to pay off her.debts

-Between 1701 1713 England was at

,war with France and there were

great fears that James II wouldland in Scotland accompanied with

a French army and claim the throne.of Scotland for his son


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he Catholic Kingshe Catholic KingsThe Catholic Kings reign can be considered as the beginning of the

,Modern Age in Spain since once the Reconquista ,was finished theterritorial unification and the reform of the institutions took. .place The monarchs tried to reduce the influence of the nobility

Map of Europe at the end of 15th century


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, . In 1474 Isabella was proclaimed Queen of Castile When Isabella s, , ,brother king Enrique IV of Castile died his daughter Juana was

.proclaimed Queen However part of the nobility wanted Isabella to

inherit the crown since they were not sure that Juana was . , ,Enrique s daughter Both candidates Juana and Isabella and their

supporters began a war which ended when the Portuguese troops.that supported Juana were defeated by the Castilians

, ,In 1479 Fernando was appointed King of Aragon once his father. , ,died The Kingdom of Aragon was integrated by Aragn Catalonia

, , .Valencia Balearic Islands Naples and Sicily

The Crown of Aragon at itsgreatest extent in the

1380s

The Crown of Castile inthe 15th century

,After the marriageboth kingdoms united

however each of themmaintained its own

institutions so therewas only a territorial

.union The onlyinstitution in common.was Inquisition
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/LocationKingdomOfCastile.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Imperi_de_la_Corona_d'Arag%C3%B3.png


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The Catholic Monarchs setout to restore royal

.authority in Spain To

,accomplish their goal theyfirst created a groupnamed the Holy Brotherhood

( Santa Hermandad) These menwere used as a judicial

,police force for Spain the

forerunner of the today s

Guardia Civil . To replace,the courts the Catholic

Monarchs created the Royal(Council Consejo Real), andappointed chief

magistrates to run the

.towns and cities This

establishment of royalauthority can be seen as

one of the crucial stepstoward the creation of one

of Europe's first strong- .nation states


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Ferdinand and

Isabella werenoted for beingthe monarchs of

-the newly unitedSpain at the dawn

.of the modern eraThe Kings had a

goal ofcompleting theChristianReconquest of the

Iberian Peninsulaand to conquerthe Muslim

kingdom of

.GranadaAfter 10 years of many battles the Granada War ended in 1492when the Emir Boabdil surrendered the keys of the Alhambra

.Palace in Granada to the Castilian soldiers

The Capitulation of Granada by F. Padilla:Muhammad XII (Boabdil) confronts Ferdinand and Isabella.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_rendici%C3%B3n_de_Granada.jpg


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.Navarra was incorporated to the Spanish Kingdom in 1512 When,Pope Julius II declared a Holy League against France Navarre

.tried to remain neutral Ferdinand used this as an excuse to

,attack Navarre conquering it while its potential protector, ,France was beset by England Venice and Ferdinand's Italian.armies

All the territories conquered in America belonged to theCastilian Crown and they were called Reinos de Indias or simply

Las Indias.The different

administrationsand juridical

organizationsremained until the

18th century whenFelipe V

established thecommon

administrationbetween all thediverse

territoriesof the Spanish

.Crown
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Spanish_Empire_Anachronous_0.PNG

Topic, 8, The Birth of Modern States and the Baroque1

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