Topic 7 Weather. Atmospheric Temperatures Scale: Instrument: Isotherms: Celsius, Kelvin or...
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Transcript of Topic 7 Weather. Atmospheric Temperatures Scale: Instrument: Isotherms: Celsius, Kelvin or...
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Topic 7 Weather
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Atmospheric Temperatures
Scale:
Instrument:
Isotherms:
Celsius, Kelvin or Fahrenheit in U.S.
Thermometer
Lines on map that show equal temp.
Heating of the Atmosphere
Source: The Sun
Relationship between insolation and temp:Direct
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Ways in Which the Atmosphere is Heated
Conduction:
Direct Absorption:
Greenhouse Effect:
Condensation and Sublimation:
Coriolis Effect:
Air warms from contact with earth
Aerosols are heated by sun
Absorption of long wave infrared light
Both release energy
Rotation of earth causes friction between air and surface
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Convectional Transfer of Heat in the Atmosphere
Convection:
Convection Currents:
Air movement due to density differences
Circular patterns of air movement
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Heating and Cooling of Air by Expansion and Compression
Expansion: Causes air to coolWhen does air expand: When it risesCompression: Causes air to warmWhen does air compress:When it sinks
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Atmospheric Pressure and Density
Atmospheric Pressure: Pressure from weight of overlying air
Measurement and Changes in Air PressureBarometer: Instrument to measure pressureMercury Barometer: Standard but dangerous
Aneroid Barometer: Common and portable
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Units: Inches of mercury, millibars or Atm
Isobar:Line on a map that shows equal pressure
Standard pressure at sea level: 14.7lbs./in2, 29.92in of Hg, 1013.2 mb
Conversion: 1020.0mb= 30.12 inches
28.70 inches= 972.0mb
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Effect of Temperature on PressureIf air temperature rises what happens to:
1) Density of air? decreases
2) Air pressure? decreases
Effect of Water Vapor on Air PressureHigh water content: Less dense air, lower
pressure
Low water content: More dense air, higher pressure
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Masses:
H2O= 18
N2= 28
O2= 32
Water vapor replaces N2 and O2 causing density to go down!!!
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Effect of Altitude on Atmospheric pressure
As altitude increases what happens to density?
Air pressure?
Decreases
Decreases
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Wind:Movement of air from one place to anotherWind Speed
What causes wind: Differences in air pressure (flows from High to Low)
High Wind Speed: High air pressure gradient (isobars close together)
Low Wind Speed: Low pressure gradient (isobars are far apart)
Air Pressure Gradient: Change in A.P. / Distance
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Instrument: Anemometer
Units: Miles per hour or knots
Conversion to mph: 1knot = 1.15 mph
Local WindsLand Breeze: Night time breeze from the landSea Breeze: Day time breeze from the sea
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Wind Direction
What direction does wind move? High to Low
What role does the Coriolis Effect play?
Winds are deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere.
How are winds named?From where they come from
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Formation of Waves on Surface Waters
What causes waves? Friction between wind and water
Factors of wave height: Strength of wind and duration of wind
1) Duration: How long the wind has been in contact with water
2) Strength: Velocity of the wind
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General Circulation of Air in the Troposphere
Convection Cells
What causes global wind patterns? Unequal heating of earth’s surface
Planetary wind belts (pg. 14 ESRT): Study this page
Jet Stream: High speed, high altitude westerly wind
Uses: Planes use it when flying east
Effects: Influences weather in the U.S.
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Seasonal Shifting of Wind and Pressure Belts
What causes global winds? Convection due to unequal heating of earth
What could cause global winds to shift? Tilt of earth’s axis
Effects of shifts: Weather patterns change in certain seasons
Monsoons: Wet season of South East Asia
Importance
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Weather Movements in the U.S.Direction: From the southwest to the northeast
Name: Prevailing Westerlies
1)____Which map shows the most likely path this low-pressure center will follow during the next 12 hours?
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Formation of Surface Ocean Currents
What causes ocean currents? Global winds
Coriolis Effect: Deflects currents to right in N. Hemisphere, left in Southern
Do they shift? Currents spin clockwise in the N. Hemisphere, counter clockwise in Southern
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Atmospheric MoistureStates of moisture in the atmosphere: Solid, Liquid and Gas
How does water vapor enter the atmosphere?
1)
2)
Evaporation (change from liquid to gas)
Transpiration (vapor released by plants during photosynthesis)
Energy of Evaporation and Transpiration
Heat of Vaporization: 2260J/g
Where does the energy come from? The Sun
What happens to the temp. of a liquid when molecules evaporate? Decreases
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Factors Affecting Evaporation1) Energy Available: More energy causes a a higher rate of
evaporation
4) Wind Speed:
3) Degree of Saturation:
2) Surface Area:
High wind speed causes greater evaporation
Humid air does not allow evaporation
More surface area causes higher rate of evaporation
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Humidity Temperature and Dew Point
Humidity: Water content in the atmosphere
Absolute Humidity: The total mass of water in a parcel of air
Moisture Capacity:
Relative Humidity:
Maximum water air can hold at a certain temp.
Ratio of moisture in the air compared to moisture capacity
Practice1) A.H.=
M.C.=
R.H.=
3) A.H.=
M.C.=
R.H.=
2) A.H.=
M.C.=
R.H.=
5g
10g
10g
10g
2g
10g
50% 20%100%
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Relative humidity and Temperature
Warm air: Can hold a lot of water
Cold air: Can’t hold much water
What happens to R.H. if temp increases:
What happens to the absolute humidity?
What happens to R.H. and A.H. if water is added?
No change
R.H.=Up and A.H.=Up
Decreases:
Dew PointDew point: Temperature at which the air becomes saturated
How is the dew point reached: Add moisture or cool the air
What is the relative humidity at the dew point: 100%
What happens to the dew point if the absolute humidity is increased?
The dew point temperature would fall
Explanation
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Measuring Relative HumidityInstrument: Sling Psychrometer
Dry-bulb: Normal thermometer
Wet-Bulb: Thermometer with a wet wick at the end
Procedure
1) Locate dry-bulb page 12 ESRT
2) Subtract wet from dry
3) Locate difference on top of chart
4) Where row and column meet is the R.H.
Determining Dew Point Temp.
1) Locate dry-bulb page 12 ESRT2) Subtract wet from dry
3) Locate difference on top of chart
4) Where row and column meet is the D.P.
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PrecipitationInstrument: Rain Gauge
Rain: Falling liquid droplets >.2mm
Drizzle:
Snow:
Sleet:
Freezing Rain:
Falling liquid droplets from .2mm to .5mm
Rain or drizzle that freezes on contact with earth surface
Falling ice crystals formed from combining ice crystals
Ice pellets formed by freezing of rain as it falls
Layers of ice and snow from repeated up and down movementsHail:
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Cloud FormationHow does it happen? Air cools below the dew point
Where does it happen? The troposphere
What determines ice or liquid? The temperature
Cloud cover: Fraction or percent of the sky covered by clouds
Fog: Clouds that form at ground level
Condensation Nuclei: Dust or aerosols which water vapor condenses
seeding
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Calculating Cloud Base Altitude
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Air Masses and Fronts
mP mP
cTmT
cA
mT
cP
Air Masses: Large body of air with similar characteristics throughout
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Winds:
Low Pressure and High Pressure SystemsCyclones (lows): Low pressure weather system
Weather Associated: Nasty weather with wind and precipitation
COUNTERCLOCKWISE, INWARD, and UP
Anticyclone (highs): High pressure weather systems
Weather associated: Cool nice weather, clear skiesWinds: CLOCKWISE, OUTWARD, and DOWN
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Fronts Boundary between two different air massesFronts:
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Cold Front
Cold Front: Leading edge of a cold air mass
Weather: Stormy weather followed by cool dry air
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Warm Front
Warm Front: Leading edge of a warm air mass
Weather: Long period of rain follow by warm weather
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Occluded Front
Occluded Front: Warm air mass pinched between two cold air masses
Weather: Periods of stormy weather
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Stationary Front
Stationary Front: Two air masses remain stationary
Weather: Long periods of precipitation
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Storms and Severe WeatherStorm: Severe disturbance in the atmosphere
HurricanesWhere does the energy come from? Evaporating water from the oceans
Wind Speed: 74 mph or higher
What causes Hurricanes to weaken? Going over land or cold water (NO evap)
Where are they most dangerous? Gulf of Mexico and S.E. coast of US
Effects: Flooding, high winds, rain (MOST DANGEROUS PART IS Storm SERGE)
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ThunderstormsCauses: Collision of warm and cold air masses
Weather Associated: Hard rain, thunder, lightning, hail, wind
Hazards: Flooding, lightning (cause more deaths annually than all other storms)
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TornadoesWind Speed: Speeds from 40mph to >350mph
Diameter: From a few feet to > a half mile
Tornado alley: Midwest (Texas – S. Dakota and Minnesota)
Hazards: Strong winds, flying debris, heavy rains
Wind Direction: Counterclockwise, in and upFormation
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BlizzardsCriteria: 35 mph wind
Hazards: White outs, high winds, cold temperatures
Nor’easter: Powerful snow producing storm
March 3rd 1993
How can you prepare?
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Weather Map Station ModelsSynoptic Weather Map: Several weather
variables on one map
Station Models: Map symbol with weather information