topic-2 Measures of Dispersion€¦ · 1.Measures of Dispersion Dispersion is a measure of the...
Transcript of topic-2 Measures of Dispersion€¦ · 1.Measures of Dispersion Dispersion is a measure of the...
Measures of Dispersion
&skewness
statistics topic-2
intro--
1.Measures of Dispersion
Dispersion is a measure of the variation of the items.
If value of items are same then there is no variance and
dispersion will be zero.
More variations more will be dispersion.
MethoDs of Measuring Dispersion
1.Range
2.Interquartile range
&
Quartile deviation
3.Means
deviation
4.Standard
deviation.
5.Coefficient
of variation
6.Lorenze
curve.
1.Range
It is simplest measure of dispersion.
It is define the difference b/w largest and smallest value.
R=L - S
15,22,17,32,28
Largest value = 32 smallest value = 15
R=L - S
R= 32-15= 17.
Coefficient of Range
L-S
L+S=
32-15
32+15=
17
470.36
2.Interquartile range & Quartile deviation
A. Interquartile range.
It also called as semi-interquartile.
IQ.Range = Q3- Q1
B. Quartile deviation.
It is the difference b/w upper upper quartile (Q3) and
lower quartile(Q3)
Q3-Q1
2Q.D =
C. Coefficient of Quartile deviation.
Q3+Q1Coeff. Of Q.D =
Q3-Q1
3.Means deviation
It is also known as average deviation.
M.D from median =
Mean deviation can be can be computed either from the
mean or median.
It is the difference b/w upper upper quartile (Q3) and
lower quartile(Q3)
∑(X-M)
N
M.D from Mean =∑(X-x ̄)
N
4.Standard deviation
Standard deviation is most widely used measure of
dispersion.
S.D first used by Karl Pearson. In 1893.
S.D is also called as root mean square deviation.
Nσ = ∑(X-x ̄̄)2
S.D is denoted as - σ
S.D is widely used in sampling theory and test of
significant.
Coefficient of S.D =x ̄
σ
Difference between mean deviation and S.D
1.In M.D sign + and – ignored.
In S.D +,- sign not ignored.
2.M.D can be calculated either from mean ,median and
mode.
S.D is always computed from mean only.
Variance
It is also a measure of dispersion.
The term variance is first used by R.A.Fisher in 1918.
Variance is the square of the standard deviation.
Variance= σ2
Variance
= N
∑f(X-x ̄̄)2
5.Coefficient of variance.
Coefficient of variation is an important relative measure of
dispersion.
It was developed by Karl Pearson.
It is widely used in comparing the variability of two or
more series.
It is denoted as C.V.
C.V.
=
σ
x ̄*100
C.V.
=
σ
x ̄*100
Variance= 324
324 = 18
18
180* 100
1800
180=10
6.Lorenze curve
It is graphical method of dispersion.
It studies the degree of inequality in the distribution of
income and wealth b/w countries.
1.Measures of skewness
1.Measures of skewness
Skewness means lack of symmetry in frequency
distribution.
It gives us idea about the shape of the frequency curve.
When a distribution is not symmetrical it is called a
skewed distribution.
Skewness tells us about the asymmetry of the frequency
distribution.
syMMetrical anD skeweD Distribution.
In a symmetrical dist. Skewness is not present.
1.Symmetrical distribution-
In this situation mean,median and mode are equal.
x ̄=M=Z
1.Perfectly symmetrical distribution.
In this case x ̄,M, and Z. are equal.
+VE-VE
x ̄=M=Z
In this case normal
distribution is bell shaped.
In normal distribution mean
is zero and variance is 1.
2.skewed distribution-
a. positively skewed
distribution.
b. Negatively
skewed distribution.
a. positively skewed.
In this case x ̄,>M> Z. .
+VE-VE x ̄
In this case normal
distribution is +vly skewed..
MZ
Tail right side.
b. negatively skewed.
In this case x ̄,<M< Z. .
+VE-VE x ̄
In this case normal
distribution is -vly skewed..
M Z
Tail left side.
Measures of skewness
1.Karl Pearson
method
2.Bowley Method
3.kelly’s method.
1.Karl Pearson method
Carl Pearson method based on 4 components.
Mean,median,mode,and S.D.
Absolute measure Relative measure/coef. Of skewness
Sk= x ̄-z
When mode is ill(eliminate)
Sk= 3(x ̄-M)
Coeff. Of Sk=x ̄-z
σ
When mode is ill(eliminate)
Coeff. Of Sk=3(x ̄-z)
σ
In Karl Pearson method , coeff. Of skewness usually
lies bw +1 or -1.
If mode(z) is ill then value of skewness lies b/w +3 or -3.
2.Bowley Method
Bowley method is based upon median(M).
Bowley used first quartile (Q1) and third quartile(Q3).
Bowley method is also called quartile method of
measuring skewness .
Absolute measure Relative measure/coef. Of skewness
Sk= Q3+Q1-2M Coeff. Of Sk=Q3+Q1-2M
sQ3-Q1
3.kelly’s method.
Kellys’s method is based on percentiles (%) and
deciles(.)
Absolute measure Relative measure/coef. Of skewness
Sk= P90+P10-2MCoeff. Of Sk=
P90+P10-2M
P90-P10
This method is not popular .
It is suitable when the skewness is based on percentiles
or deciles.
Measures of kurtosis
&correlation
statistics topic-3