TOPIC 2 HISTORY OF PLANNING & URBANIZATION. TOPICS I.URBAN GROWTH XIX CENTURY II.A MODEL OF URBAN...

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TOPIC 2 HISTORY OF PLANNING & URBANIZATION

Transcript of TOPIC 2 HISTORY OF PLANNING & URBANIZATION. TOPICS I.URBAN GROWTH XIX CENTURY II.A MODEL OF URBAN...

Page 1: TOPIC 2 HISTORY OF PLANNING & URBANIZATION. TOPICS I.URBAN GROWTH XIX CENTURY II.A MODEL OF URBAN GROWTH III.PLANING ISSUES OF THE XIX CENTURY IV.URBAN.

TOPIC 2HISTORY OF PLANNING &

URBANIZATION

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TOPICS

I. URBAN GROWTH XIX CENTURYII. A MODEL OF URBAN GROWTH III. PLANING ISSUES OF THE XIX CENTURYIV. URBAN GROWTH XX CENTURYV. PLANNING ISSUES XX CENTURY VI. SIMILARITIES & DIFFERENCES OF THE

URBAN EXPERIENCE • USA VS. EUROPE • USA VS. DEVELOPING WORLD VII. CONTEMPORARY URBAN PROBLEMS

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URBAN GROWTH XIX CENTURY

• Farm productivity increase (less labor producing more output) releases some labor.

• Industrialization (shift from cottage industry to mass production).

• Demographic changes, in particular, migration. • Technological changes in transport and housing

affected density and concentration. • Economic activities, mainly industry, are

centralized and concentrated in the center of the city.

• Urban growth reinforcing itself through the expansion of commercial activities.

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A MODEL OF URBAN GROWTH

DEMOGRAPHICS(B-D) + M

FARM PRODUCTIVITYINCREASES

INDUSTRY GROWTH

MASS PRODUCTION

TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY

GROWTH OFCITIES

HOUSING

CO

MM

ER

CIA

L &

SE

RV

ICE

S

AC

TIV

ITIE

S

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PLANNING ISSUES XIX CENTURY

• Public health and sanitation are among the first urban problems planners begin dealing with.

• Open space or parks become a preventive measure of some diseases.

• Housing reform, mainly housing for the poor, also became another planning topic (zoning, housing codes, etc.) .

• Levy describes planning as a fusion of art, architecture, and planning.

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PLANNING ISSUES XIX CENTURY

• A breakthrough event that gave planning its very existence is the recognition of establishing some public control over the use of private land.

• Planning started to be seen as a means to deal with issues of interconnectedness and complexity giving as a a result master planning or comprehensive planning.

• Planning little by little becomes a governmental function.

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THE CHICAGO PLAN & CIVIC ART

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URBAN GROWTH XX CENTURY

• Decentralization forces begin emerging in tandem with improvements in transportation technology (water, railroads, electric cars, combustion engine or Ford’s model T).

• Transportation becomes more flexible and individualized (the density gradient becomes flatter).

• As the country and the population acquire wealth, particularly after WWII, population begins to move to the outskirts of the city and suburbs forming bedroom communities.

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URBAN GROWTH XX CENTURY

• Economic activities, such as retail and services, slowly begin to decentralize and deconcentrate from the center. Centrality begins to lose its meaning.

• All of the above could have not been possible without federal programs such as FHA loans, National Defense Highway act of 1956, tax incentives, etc.

• Finally, industry begin to move to the suburbs and the city is transformed from a monocentric to polycentric urban form.

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DENSITY GRADIENT

Populationper square mile

Distance from the center

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PLANNING ISSUES XX CENTURY • A great shift in the XX century was the acceptance of the

role of government, particularly federal, as a big planner due to the lessons of the Great Depression (TVA, highways & public parks are important examples).

• Dams & other water public works are another important example, particularly, for the Southwest.

• Urban Renewal or poor removal • Highway planning • Municipal planning (suburbanization) • Environmental planning (Late 1960s) • Equity planning (Civil rights movement) • Growth management (1980s) • Smart Growth (1990s) • Smarter growth

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SIMILARITIES & DIFFERENCES

EUROPE VS. USA

• How has history influenced the development of cities?

• Why doesn’t Europe have the “problem” of the empty downtown?

• How has Europe approached the issue of housing affordability?

• Why has Europe evolved towards a more environmentally “friendly” policies?

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SIMILARITIES & DIFFERENCES

DEVELOPING WORLD VS. USA• What are the key differences of the urban process? What

role does industrialization play? What role does the green revolution play?

• What are the differences in the urban hierarchy of the USA and Mexico? Urban primacy vs. rank size rule.

• How do the XIX century planning issues in the USA compare to the planning issues facing developing nations?

• Are the differences in urban development disappearing or becoming sharper?

• Are megacities such as Mexico City sustainable?

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Stages of development(Peter Hall)

• First: rural to urban migration

• Second: Industrialization

• Third: Suburbanization

• Fourth: Deconcentration

• Fifth: Multicentric cities

C. Fuentes• First: the establishment of

the border open the opportunities for commerce & services.

• Second: the surge of maquiladoras (industry) reorganize the urban structure and started competing with commerce & services for location near the bridges.

• Third: the transition from a monocentric to polycentric city.

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A MODEL OF URBAN GROWTH

DEMOGRAPHICS(B-D) + M

FARM PRODUCTIVITYINCREASES

INDUSTRIAL GROWTH

MASS PRODUCTION

TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY

GROWTH OFCITIES

HOUSING

COM

MERCIA

L &

SERVICES

ACTIVIT

IES


Architecture and Engienering at XIX Century

Architecture and Engienering at XIX Century

Walter Benjamin Paris_the_capital_of XIX Century

Walter Benjamin Paris_the_capital_of XIX Century

FROM RESEARCH TO INDUSTRY - International Atomic … · 2013-03-12 · Significant increase of the energy need in the XXI°Century, ... (mid-XIX° Century) CO Increasing of CO 2 ...

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Relativistic Classical Mechanics. XIX century crisis in physics: some facts Maxwell: equations of electromagnetism are not invariant under Galilean transformations.

Relativistic Classical Mechanics. XIX century crisis in physics: some facts Maxwell: equations of electromagnetism are not invariant under Galilean transformations.

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XIX Century XX Century XXI Century - Bryophytebryophytes-de-france.org/fichiers/Vieira_2015_poster.pdfLocally distributed in west and south Europe (south Britain, France, Portugal,

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Spain in the XIX century

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Last centuries have been characterized by the main technology in those times: XVIII Century: The mechanical systems (Industrial Revolution). XIX.

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4. The XIX Century

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